1
|
Xiao D, Xiong M, Wang X, Lyu M, Sun H, Cui Y, Chen C, Jiang Z, Sun F. Regulation of the Function and Expression of EpCAM. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1129. [PMID: 38791091 PMCID: PMC11117676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a single transmembrane protein on the cell surface. Given its strong expression on epithelial cells and epithelial cell-derived tumors, EpCAM has been identified as a biomarker for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and exosomes and a target for cancer therapy. As a cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM has a crystal structure that indicates that it forms a cis-dimer first and then probably a trans-tetramer to mediate intercellular adhesion. Through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), EpCAM and its proteolytic fragments are also able to regulate multiple signaling pathways, Wnt signaling in particular. Although great progress has been made, increasingly more findings have revealed the context-specific expression and function patterns of EpCAM and their regulation processes, which necessitates further studies to determine the structure, function, and expression of EpCAM under both physiological and pathological conditions, broadening its application in basic and translational cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Mengqing Lyu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Hanxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yeting Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Fan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang ZQ, Liu J, Sun LY, Ong HH, Ye J, Xu Y, Wang DY. Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions. Allergy 2024; 79:1146-1165. [PMID: 38372149 DOI: 10.1111/all.16064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins establish a physical barrier between epithelial cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by safeguarding host tissues against pathogens, allergens, antigens, irritants, etc. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of TJs plays an essential role in the development and progression of inflammatory airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps. Among them, CRS with nasal polyps is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to a poor prognosis and significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Its pathogenesis primarily involves dysfunction of the nasal epithelial barrier, impaired mucociliary clearance, disordered immune response, and excessive tissue remodeling. Numerous studies have elucidated the pivotal role of TJs in both the pathogenesis and response to traditional therapies in CRS. We therefore to review and discuss potential factors contributing to impair and repair of TJs in the nasal epithelium based on their structure, function, and formation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hsiao Hui Ong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Higashi T, Saito AC, Chiba H. Damage control of epithelial barrier function in dynamic environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151410. [PMID: 38579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover the surfaces and lumens of the internal organs of multicellular animals and crucially contribute to internal environment homeostasis by delineating distinct compartments within the body. This vital role is known as epithelial barrier function. Epithelial cells are arranged like cobblestones and intricately bind together to form an epithelial sheet that upholds this barrier function. Central to the restriction of solute and fluid diffusion through intercellular spaces are occluding junctions, tight junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates. As part of epithelial tissues, cells undergo constant renewal, with older cells being replaced by new ones. Simultaneously, the epithelial tissue undergoes relative rearrangement, elongating, and shifting directionally as a whole. The movement or shape changes within the epithelial sheet necessitate significant deformation and reconnection of occluding junctions. Recent advancements have shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which epithelial cells sustain their barrier function in dynamic environments. This review aims to introduce these noteworthy findings and discuss some of the questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cencer CS, Robinson KL, Tyska MJ. Loss of intermicrovillar adhesion impairs basolateral junctional complexes in transporting epithelia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585733. [PMID: 38562895 PMCID: PMC10983982 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells in the gut and kidney rely on protocadherin-based apical adhesion complexes to organize microvilli that extend into the luminal space. In these systems, CDHR2 and CDHR5 localize to the distal ends of microvilli, where they form an intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) that links the tips of these structures, promotes the formation of a well-ordered array of protrusions, and in turn maximizes apical membrane surface area. Recently, we discovered that IMACs can also form between microvilli that extend from neighboring cells, across cell-cell junctions. As an additional point of physical contact between cells, transjunctional IMACs are well positioned to impact the integrity of canonical tight and adherens junctions that form more basolaterally. Here, we sought to test this idea using cell culture and mouse models that lacked CDHR2 expression and were unable to form IMACs. CDHR2 knockout perturbed cell and junction morphology, led to loss of key components from tight and adherens junctions, and impaired barrier function and wound healing. These results indicate that, in addition to organizing apical microvilli, IMACs provide a layer of cell-cell contact that functions in parallel with canonical tight and adherens junctions to support the physiological functions of transporting epithelia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun L, Li C, Zhao N, Wang B, Li H, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhao X. Host protein EPCAM interacting with EtMIC8-EGF is essential for attachment and invasion of Eimeria tenella in chickens. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106549. [PMID: 38281605 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The five epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF) of Eimeria tenella microneme protein 8 (EtMIC8) (EtMIC8-EGF) plays a vital role in host cell attachment and invasion. These processes require interactions between parasite proteins and receptors on the surface of host cells. In this study, five chicken membrane proteins potentially interacting with EtMIC8-EGF were identified using the GST pull-down assay and mass spectrometry analysis, and only chicken (Gallus gallus) epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) could bind to EtMIC8-EGF. EPCAM-specific antibody and recombinant EPCAM protein (rEPCAM) inhibited the EtMIC8-EGF binding to host cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the rEPCAM protein showed a binding activity to sporozoites in vitro, and a significant reduction of E. tenella invasion in DF-1 cells was further observed after pre-incubation of sporozoites with rEPCAM. The specific anti-EPCAM antibody further significantly decreased weight loss, lesion score and oocyst output during E. tenella infection, displaying partial inhibition of E. tenella infection. These results indicate that chicken EPCAM is an important EtMIC8-interacting host protein involved in E. tenella-host cell adhesion and invasion. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the role of adhesion-associated microneme proteins in E. tenella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding City, 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ningning Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muto H, Honda T, Tanaka T, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto K, Ito T, Imai N, Ishizu Y, Maeda K, Ishikawa T, Adachi S, Sato C, Tsuji NM, Ishigami M, Fujishiro M, Kawashima H. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Changes in Tight Junctions in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061473. [PMID: 36986203 PMCID: PMC10056729 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on intestinal permeability has been well established. When bacteria and their metabolites from the intestinal tract flow into the portal vein, inflammation in the liver is triggered. However, the exact mechanism behind the development of a leaky gut caused by an HFD is unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the leaky gut related to an HFD. C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD or control diet for 24 weeks, and their small intestine epithelial cells (IECs) were analyzed using deep quantitative proteomics. A significant increase in fat accumulation in the liver and a trend toward increased intestinal permeability were observed in the HFD group compared to the control group. Proteomics analysis of the upper small intestine epithelial cells identified 3684 proteins, of which 1032 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Functional analysis of DEPs showed significant enrichment of proteins related to endocytosis, protein transport, and tight junctions (TJ). Expression of Cldn7 was inversely correlated with intestinal barrier function and strongly correlated with that of Epcam. This study will make important foundational contributions by providing a comprehensive depiction of protein expression in IECs affected by HFD, including an indication that the Epcam/Cldn7 complex plays a role in leaky gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Muto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taku Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinya Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Norihiro Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoji Ishizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Biological Systems Control Team, Biomedicinal Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), Tsukuba University, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Biological Science Course, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
- Division of Immune Homeostasis, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Life Technology and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8560, Japan
| | - Noriko M Tsuji
- Division of Immune Homeostasis, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamimachi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Life Technology and Science, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8560, Japan
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 22-870-1 Sakae-cho-nishi, Tokyo 271-8587, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza 352-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Varadarajan S, Raya-Sandino A, Nusrat A. Clipping EpCAM to release Claudin-7 for the greater good of the epithelial barrier. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211127. [PMID: 36516449 PMCID: PMC9754701 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of epithelial barrier function requires dynamic repair and remodeling of tight junctions. In this issue, Higashi et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202204079) demonstrate that the proteolytic cleavage of EpCAM by membrane-anchored serine proteinases releases Claudin-7 to join tight junctions, suggesting a novel mechanism that couples sensing with repair of damaged tight junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Higashi T, Saito AC, Fukazawa Y, Furuse M, Higashi AY, Ono M, Chiba H. EpCAM proteolysis and release of complexed claudin-7 repair and maintain the tight junction barrier. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213688. [PMID: 36378161 PMCID: PMC9671161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202204079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TJs maintain the epithelial barrier by regulating paracellular permeability. Since TJs are under dynamically fluctuating intercellular tension, cells must continuously survey and repair any damage. However, the underlying mechanisms allowing cells to sense TJ damage and repair the barrier are not yet fully understood. Here, we showed that proteinases play an important role in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. At TJ break sites, EpCAM-claudin-7 complexes on the basolateral membrane become accessible to apical membrane-anchored serine proteinases (MASPs) and the MASPs cleave EpCAM. Biochemical data and imaging analysis suggest that claudin-7 released from EpCAM contributes to the rapid repair of damaged TJs. Knockout (KO) of MASPs drastically reduced barrier function and live-imaging of TJ permeability showed that MASPs-KO cells exhibited increased size, duration, and frequency of leaks. Together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of TJ maintenance through the localized proteolysis of EpCAM at TJ leaks, and provide a better understanding of the dynamic regulation of epithelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan,Correspondence to Tomohito Higashi:
| | - Akira C. Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Y. Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan-claudin family interactome analysis reveals shared and specific interactions. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
10
|
Szabo R, Ward JM, Artunc F, Bugge TH. EPCAM and TROP2 share role in claudin stabilization and development of intestinal and extraintestinal epithelia in mice. Biol Open 2022; 11:275770. [PMID: 35730316 PMCID: PMC9294608 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EPCAM (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of most epithelial and epithelium-derived tumor cells and reported to regulate stability of epithelial tight junction proteins, claudins. Despite its widespread expression, loss of EPCAM function has so far only been reported to prominently affect intestinal development, resulting in severe early onset enteropathy associated with impaired growth and decreased survival in both humans and mice. In this study, we show that the critical role of EPCAM is not limited to intestinal tissues and that it shares its essential function with its only known homolog, TROP2 (Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2). EPCAM-deficient mice show significant growth retardation and die within four weeks after birth. In addition to changes in small and large intestines, loss of EPCAM results in hyperkeratosis in skin and forestomach, hair follicle atrophy leading to alopecia, nephron hypoplasia in kidney, proteinuria, and altered production of digestive enzymes by pancreas. Expression of TROP2 partially, but not completely, overlaps with EPCAM in a number developing epithelia. Although loss of TROP2 had no gross impact on mouse development and survival, TROP2 deficiency generally compounded developmental defects observed in EPCAM-deficient mice, led to about 60% decrease in embryonic viability, and further shortened postnatal lifespan of born pups. Importantly, TROP2 was able to compensate for the loss of EPCAM in stabilizing claudin-7 expression and cell membrane localization in tissues that co-express both proteins. These findings identify overlapping functions of EPCAM and TROP2 as regulators of epithelial development in both intestinal and extraintestinal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) at the University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Is High Expression of Claudin-7 in Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma Associated with a Poor Survival Rate? A Comparative Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122915. [PMID: 35740581 PMCID: PMC9221359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The need for predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) brought us to an era where the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models is increasing. We investigated the expression of Claudin-7, a tight junction component, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of normal epithelial mucosa, and its potential prognostic role in advanced CRCs by drawing a parallel between statistical and AI algorithms. Claudin-7 immunohistochemical expression was evaluated in the tumor core and invasion front of CRCs and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival using statistical and AI algorithms. The Kaplan–Meier univariate survival analysis showed that the immunohistochemical overexpression of Claudin-7 in the tumor invasive front may represent a poor prognostic factor in advanced stages of CRCs. On the contrary, AI models could not predict the same outcome, probably because of the small number of patients included in our cohort. Abstract Aim: The need for predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) brought us to an era where the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models is increasing. We investigated the expression of Claudin-7, a tight junction component, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of normal epithelial mucosa, and its potential prognostic role in advanced CRCs, by drawing a parallel between statistical and AI algorithms. Methods: Claudin-7 immunohistochemical expression was evaluated in the tumor core and invasion front of CRCs from 84 patients and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival. The results were compared with those obtained by using various AI algorithms. Results: the Kaplan–Meier univariate survival analysis showed a significant correlation between survival and Claudin-7 intensity in the invasive front (p = 0.00), a higher expression being associated with a worse prognosis, while Claudin-7 intensity in the tumor core had no impact on survival. In contrast, AI models could not predict the same outcome on survival. Conclusion: The study showed through statistical means that the immunohistochemical overexpression of Claudin-7 in the tumor invasive front may represent a poor prognostic factor in advanced stages of CRCs, contrary to AI models which could not predict the same outcome, probably because of the small number of patients included in our cohort.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rallabandi R, Sharp B, Cruz C, Wang Q, Locsin A, Driscoll CB, Lee E, Nelson T, Devaux P. miRNA-mediated control of exogenous OCT4 during mesenchymal-epithelial transition increases measles vector reprogramming efficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:48-61. [PMID: 34977272 PMCID: PMC8683617 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OCT4 is a key mediator of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, but the mechanistic insights into the role of exogenous OCT4 and timelines that initiate pluripotency remain to be resolved. Here, using measles reprogramming vectors, we present microRNA (miRNA) targeting of exogenous OCT4 to shut down its expression during the mesenchymal to the epithelial transition phase of reprogramming. We showed that exogenous OCT4 is required only for the initiation of reprogramming and is dispensable for the maturation stage. However, the continuous expression of SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC is necessary for the maturation stage of the iPSC. Additionally, we demonstrate a novel application of miRNA targeting in a viral vector to contextually control the vector/transgene, ultimately leading to an improved reprogramming efficiency. This novel approach could be applied to other systems for improving the efficiency of vector-induced processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Rallabandi
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Regenerative Sciences PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brenna Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Conrad Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexis Locsin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christopher B. Driscoll
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ella Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tim Nelson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Patricia Devaux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Regenerative Sciences PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kamble PR, Patkar SR, Breed AA, Pathak BR. N-glycosylation status of Trop2 impacts its surface density, interaction with claudin-7 and exosomal release. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 714:109084. [PMID: 34774484 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast antigen 2 (Trop2) is a type I transmembrane protein post-translationally modified by N-linked glycosylation. It was originally detected in trophoblasts but was later shown to be frequently overexpressed in many epithelial cancers. Recently, anti-Trop2 antibody-drug conjugate has been FDA approved for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast and urothelial carcinomas, making it an important tumor antigen. The current study explored the significance of N-glycosylation of Trop2 by substituting specific N-glycan addition sites by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant proteins were characterized in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. The N-glycosylation mutants did not affect protein expression, stability, dimerization ability and matriptase mediated cleavage. However, N120A and N208A mutants showed decreased interaction with its binding partner claudin-7. Our earlier reported Trop2 mutant V194A, which shows aberrant glycosylation, also displayed hampered interaction with claudin-7. To further characterize the mutants, stable clones expressing wild type and mutant Trop2 were generated in OVCAR3 cell line. Interestingly, surface biotinylation assay showed significantly higher surface expression of N120A and N208A mutants whereas surface localization was drastically reduced for V194A Trop2 mutant. Though overexpression of wild type Trop2 did not cause any change in fibronectin-mediated FAK (Focal adhesion kinase) signaling; expression of N120A mutant, surprisingly downregulated FAK signaling. Furthermore, exosomal release of Trop2 was also decreased in N120A and N208A mutants. This data suggests that site-specific N-glycan addition determines Trop2 surface density, claudin-7 interaction and exosomal release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya R Kamble
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivali R Patkar
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Ananya A Breed
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhakti R Pathak
- Cellular and Structural Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan M, Kohlbauer V, Blancke Soares A, Schinke H, Huang Y, Kranz G, Quadt T, Hachmeister M, Gires O. Interactome analysis reveals endocytosis and membrane recycling of EpCAM during differentiation of embryonic stem cells and carcinoma cells. iScience 2021; 24:103179. [PMID: 34693227 PMCID: PMC8517208 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is expressed in epithelia, carcinoma, teratoma, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). EpCAM displays spatiotemporal patterning during embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in carcinomas. Potential interactors of EpCAM were identified in murine F9 teratoma cells using a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based proteomic approach (n = 77, enrichment factor >3, p value ≤ 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene ontology terms revealed interactions with regulators of endosomal trafficking and membrane recycling, which were further validated for Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11. Endocytosis and membrane recycling of EpCAM were confirmed in mF9 cells, E14TG2α ESC, and Kyse30 carcinoma cells. Reduction of EpCAM during mesodermal differentiation and TGFβ-induced EMT correlated with enhanced endocytosis and block or reduction of recycling in ESCs and esophageal carcinoma cells. Hence, endocytosis and membrane recycling are means of regulation of EpCAM protein levels during differentiation of ESC and EMT induction in carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Vera Kohlbauer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Blancke Soares
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Schinke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanchi Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Kranz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Quadt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Hachmeister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intestinal immunoregulation: lessons from human mendelian diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1017-1037. [PMID: 33859369 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that maintain intestinal homeostasis despite constant exposure of the gut surface to multiple environmental antigens and to billions of microbes have been scrutinized over the past 20 years with the goals to gain basic knowledge, but also to elucidate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and to identify therapeutic targets for these severe diseases. Considerable insight has been obtained from studies based on gene inactivation in mice as well as from genome wide screens for genetic variants predisposing to human IBD. These studies are, however, not sufficient to delineate which pathways play key nonredundant role in the human intestinal barrier and to hierarchize their respective contribution. Here, we intend to illustrate how such insight can be derived from the study of human Mendelian diseases, in which severe intestinal pathology results from single gene defects that impair epithelial and or hematopoietic immune cell functions. We suggest that these diseases offer the unique opportunity to study in depth the pathogenic mechanisms leading to perturbation of intestinal homeostasis in humans. Furthermore, molecular dissection of monogenic intestinal diseases highlights key pathways that might be druggable and therapeutically targeted in common forms of IBD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Functional Implications of the Dynamic Regulation of EpCAM during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070956. [PMID: 34209658 PMCID: PMC8301972 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelial tissues. EpCAM forms intercellular, homophilic adhesions, modulates epithelial junctional protein complex formation, and promotes epithelial tissue homeostasis. EpCAM is a target of molecular therapies and plays a prominent role in tumor biology. In this review, we focus on the dynamic regulation of EpCAM expression during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the functional implications of EpCAM expression on the regulation of EMT. EpCAM is frequently and highly expressed in epithelial cancers, while silenced in mesenchymal cancers. During EMT, EpCAM expression is downregulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and EMT transcription factors, as well as by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). The functional impact of EpCAM expression on tumor biology is frequently dependent on the cancer type and predominant oncogenic signaling pathways, suggesting that the role of EpCAM in tumor biology and EMT is multifunctional. Membrane EpCAM is cleaved in cancers and its intracellular domain (EpICD) is transported into the nucleus and binds β-catenin, FHL2, and LEF1. This stimulates gene transcription that promotes growth, cancer stem cell properties, and EMT. EpCAM is also regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and the EpCAM ectoderm (EpEX) is an EGFR ligand that affects EMT. EpCAM is expressed on circulating tumor and cancer stem cells undergoing EMT and modulates metastases and cancer treatment responses. Future research exploring EpCAM’s role in EMT may reveal additional therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ayyıldız Civan H, Leitner C, Östreicher I, Schneider AM, Cremer M, Mayr JA, Rossi R, Müller T, Janecke AR. Three Novel EPCAM Variants Causing Tufting Enteropathy in Three Families. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:503. [PMID: 34198699 PMCID: PMC8232273 DOI: 10.3390/children8060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tufting enteropathy (TE) is caused by recessive EPCAM mutations, and is characterized by intractable diarrhea of congenital onset and disorganization of enterocytes. TE generally requires parenteral nutrition (PN) during childhood or intestinal bowel transplantation. We report three unrelated families with six children with TE. We highlight the high rate of disease-related mortality. We observe adequate weight gain with PN, but low to normal and stunted body length, supporting the recent notion that a short stature might be intrinsic to TE. The diagnosis of TE in the index patients from each family was delayed for months to years, even when clinical data, duodenal biopsies, or exome sequencing data were obtained early on. We identified three novel pathogenic EPCAM variants: a deletion of exon 1 that removes the ATG initiation codon, a missense variant c.326A > G (p.Gln109Arg), and nonsense mutation c.429G > A (p.Trp143*) in a compound heterozygous state with the Mediterranean splice site variant c.556-14A > G (Tyr186Phefs*6). Homozygosity for p.Gln109Arg was associated with absent EPCAM staining, and compound heterozygosity for p.Trp143*/Tyr186Phefs*6 was associated with reduced EPCAM staining in duodenal biopsies; such observations might contribute to a genotype-phenotype correlation in larger cohorts of TE patients. This study extends the clinical and molecular spectrum of TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasret Ayyıldız Civan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrititon, Health Science University, Istanbul Bakırkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, 34147 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Coleen Leitner
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Iris Östreicher
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Neukoelln, 12351 Berlin, Germany; (I.Ö.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Anna-Maria Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-M.S.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Malte Cremer
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Neukoelln, 12351 Berlin, Germany; (I.Ö.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-M.S.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Rainer Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Neukoelln, 12351 Berlin, Germany; (I.Ö.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.L.); (T.M.)
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tavsan Z, Ayar Kayalı H. EpCAM-claudin-tetraspanin-modulated ovarian cancer progression and drug resistance. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:57-68. [PMID: 32091301 PMCID: PMC7757826 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1732761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cell adhesion are involved in cancer progression, but the mechanisms underlying the progression and cell adhesion have remained poorly understood. Focusing on the complex between EpCAM, claudins and tetraspanins, we described a sequence of events by which of the molecules associate each other in ovarian cancer. The interactions between molecules were evaluated by immunoprecipitations and then immunoblotting. To identify the effects of complex formation on the ovarian cancer progression, the different types of ovarian cancer cell lines were compared. In this study, we report the identification of the EpCAM-claudin-4 or -7-CD82 complex in the ovarian cancer progression and metastasis in vitro. Additionally, we demonstrated palmitoylation and intra- or extra-cellular regions are critically required for the complex formation. These results represent the first direct evidence for the link between the dynamism of cell adhesion molecules and ovarian cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Tavsan
- Chemistry Department, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Ayar Kayalı
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.,International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Polak ME, Singh H. Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000182. [PMID: 33645739 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter-acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling-dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β-Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady-state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell-cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ouchi T, Morimura S, Dow LE, Miyoshi H, Udey MC. EpCAM (CD326) Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Stem Cells via Rho-Associated Kinase. Cells 2021; 10:256. [PMID: 33525555 PMCID: PMC7912093 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans with biallelic inactivating mutations in Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) develop congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE). To gain mechanistic insights regarding EpCAM function in this disorder, we prepared intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) organoids and spheroids. IEC organoids and spheroids were generated from ROSA-CreERT2 EpCAMfl/fl mice. Proliferation, tight junctions, cell polarity and epithelial integrity were assessed in tamoxifen-induced EpCAM-deficient organoids via confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. Olfm4-expressing stem cells were assessed in IEC cells in vitro and in vivo via fluorescence in situ hybridization. To determine if existing drugs could ameliorate effects of EpCAM deficiency in IEC cells, a variety of pharmacologic inhibitors were screened. Deletion of EpCAM resulted in increased apoptosis and attenuated growth of organoids and spheroids. Selected claudins were destabilized and epithelial integrity was severely compromised. Epithelial integrity was improved by treatment with Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) inhibitors without restoration of claudin expression. Correspondingly, enhanced phosphorylation of myosin light chain, a serine/threonine ROCK substrate, was observed in EpCAM-deficient organoids. Strikingly, frequencies of Olfm4-expressing stem cells in EpCAM-deficient IEC cells in vitro and in vivo were decreased. Treatment with ROCK inhibitors increased numbers of stem cells in EpCAM-deficient organoids and spheroids. Thus, EpCAM regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis via a signaling pathway that includes ROCK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ouchi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan;
| | - Sohshi Morimura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita-shi, Chiba 286-8520, Japan
| | - Lukas E. Dow
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Mark C. Udey
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tufting Enteropathy: A Review of Clinical and Histological Presentation, Etiology, Management, and Outcome. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5608069. [PMID: 33029133 PMCID: PMC7530495 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5608069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), also named intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a rare, autosomal recessive enteropathy with persistent and life-threatening intractable diarrhea early in life. Intractable diarrhea is present independent of breast or formula feeding. Most CTE patients require total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and in severe cases, small bowel transplantation is needed. In the last decade, we have seen remarkable progress in certain aspects, such as the pathogenesis and diagnostic methods of the disease. Rapidly developing molecular analysis techniques have improved the diagnostic methods for CTE and reduced invasive and expensive procedures. Mutations in the gene encoding human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) were identified in the typical form of CTE, which usually exhibits isolated refractory diarrhea. Moreover, the syndromic form of CTE features anal and choanal atresias as well as ophthalmologic signs, which are associated with mutations in the gene encoding Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kunitz Type 2 (SPINT2). This article reviews CTE disease based on its clinical and histological presentation, etiology and pathogenesis, and management and outcome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Fagotto F, Aslemarz A. EpCAM cellular functions in adhesion and migration, and potential impact on invasion: A critical review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188436. [PMID: 32976980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM has long been known as a cell surface protein highly expressed in carcinomas. It has since become one of the key cancer biomarkers. Despite its high fame, its actual role in cancer development is still controversial. Beyond a flurry of correlative studies, which point either to a positive or a negative link with tumour progression, there has been surprisingly few studies on the actual cellular mechanisms of EpCAM and on their functional consequences. Clearly, EpCAM plays multiple important roles, in cell proliferation as well as in cell adhesion and migration. The two latter functions, directly relevant for metastasis, are the focus of this review. We attempt here to bring together the available experimental data to build a global coherent view of EpCAM functions. We also include in this overview EpCAM2/Trop2, the close relative of EpCAM. At the core of EpCAM (and EpCAM2/Trop2) function stands the ability to repress contractility of the actomyosin cell cortex. This activity appears to involve direct inhibition by EpCAM of members of the novel PKC family and of a specific downstream PKD-Erk cascade. We will discuss how this activity can result in a variety of adhesive and migratory phenotypes, thus potentially explaining at least part of the apparent inconsistencies between different studies. The picture remains fragmented, and we will highlight some of the conflicting evidence and the many unsolved issues, starting with the controversy around its original description as a cell-cell adhesion molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Fagotto
- CRBM, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier 34293, France.
| | - Azam Aslemarz
- CRBM, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier 34293, France; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A1B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gires O, Pan M, Schinke H, Canis M, Baeuerle PA. Expression and function of epithelial cell adhesion molecule EpCAM: where are we after 40 years? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:969-987. [PMID: 32507912 PMCID: PMC7497325 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) was discovered four decades ago as a tumor antigen on colorectal carcinomas. Owing to its frequent and high expression on carcinomas and their metastases, EpCAM serves as a prognostic marker, a therapeutic target, and an anchor molecule on circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs/DTCs), which are considered the major source for metastatic cancer cells. Today, EpCAM is reckoned as a multi-functional transmembrane protein involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, stemness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of carcinoma cells. To fulfill these functions, EpCAM is instrumental in intra- and intercellular signaling as a full-length molecule and following regulated intramembrane proteolysis, generating functionally active extra- and intracellular fragments. Intact EpCAM and its proteolytic fragments interact with claudins, CD44, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and intracellular signaling components of the WNT and Ras/Raf pathways, respectively. This plethora of functions contributes to shaping intratumor heterogeneity and partial EMT, which are major determinants of the clinical outcome of carcinoma patients. EpCAM represents a marker for the epithelial status of primary and systemic tumor cells and emerges as a measure for the metastatic capacity of CTCs. Consequentially, EpCAM has reclaimed potential as a prognostic marker and target on primary and systemic tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer", Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Henrik Schinke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
- MPM Capital, Cambridge MA, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Anchor to Isolate Clinically Relevant Circulating Tumor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081836. [PMID: 32764280 PMCID: PMC7464831 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has received increased attention as the main membrane marker used in many enrichment technologies to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Although there has been a great deal of progress in the implementation of EpCAM-based CTC detection technologies in medical settings, several issues continue to limit their clinical utility. The biology of EpCAM and its role are not completely understood but evidence suggests that the expression of this epithelial cell-surface protein is crucial for metastasis-competent CTCs and may not be lost completely during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the most significant advantages and disadvantages of using EpCAM as a marker for CTC enrichment and its potential biological role in the metastatic cascade.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tikiyani V, Babu K. Claudins in the brain: Unconventional functions in neurons. Traffic 2020; 20:807-814. [PMID: 31418988 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bonafide claudin proteins are functional and structural components of tight junctions and are largely responsible for barrier formation across epithelial and endothelial membranes. However, current advances in the understanding of claudin biology have revealed their unexpected functions in the brain. Apart from maintaining blood-brain barriers in the brain, other functions of claudins in neurons and at synapses have been largely elusive and are just coming to light. In this review, we summarize the functions of claudins in the brain and their association in neuronal diseases. Further, we go on to cover some recent studies that show that claudins play signaling functions in neurons by regulating trafficking of postsynaptic receptors and controlling dendritic morphogenesis in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vina Tikiyani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Babu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India.,Centre for Neuroscience (CNS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gaber A, Lenarčič B, Pavšič M. Current View on EpCAM Structural Biology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061361. [PMID: 32486423 PMCID: PMC7349879 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EpCAM, a carcinoma cell-surface marker protein and a therapeutic target, has been primarily addressed as a cell adhesion molecule. With regard to recent discoveries of its role in signaling with implications in cell proliferation and differentiation, and findings contradicting a direct role in mediating adhesion contacts, we provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the available structural data on EpCAM and interpret it in the light of recent reports on its function. First, we describe the structure of extracellular part of EpCAM, both as a subunit and part of a cis-dimer which, according to several experimental observations, represents a biologically relevant oligomeric state. Next, we provide a thorough evaluation of reports on EpCAM as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule with a structure-based explanation why direct EpCAM participation in cell–cell contacts is highly unlikely. Finally, we review the signaling aspect of EpCAM with focus on accessibility of signaling-associated cleavage sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-479-8550
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tavsan Z, Kayali HA. Protein Kinase C regulates the complex between cell membrane molecules in ovarian cancer. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Wu CJ, Lu M, Feng X, Nakato G, Udey MC. Matriptase Cleaves EpCAM and TROP2 in Keratinocytes, Destabilizing Both Proteins and Associated Claudins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041027. [PMID: 32326212 PMCID: PMC7226414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The homologs EpCAM and TROP2, which both interact with claudin-1 and claudin-7, are frequently coexpressed in epithelia including skin. Intestine uniquely expresses high levels of EpCAM but not TROP2. We previously identified EpCAM as a substrate of the membrane-anchored protease matriptase and linked HAI-2, matriptase, EpCAM and claudin-7 in a pathway that is pivotal for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) homeostasis. Herein, we reveal that TROP2 is also a matriptase substrate. Matriptase cleaved TROP2 when purified recombinant proteins were mixed in vitro. TROP2, like EpCAM, was also cleaved after co-transfection of matriptase in 293T cells. Neither EpCAM nor TROP2 cleavage was promoted by protease-disabled matriptase or matriptase that harbored the ichthyosis-associated G827R mutation. We confirmed that EpCAM and TROP2 are both expressed in skin and detected cleavage of these proteins in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) after the physiologic inhibition of matriptase by HAI proteins was relieved by siRNA knockdown. Knockdown of EpCAM or TROP2 individually had only small effects on claudin-1 and claudin-7 levels, whereas elimination of both markedly diminished claudin levels. HAI-1 knockdown promoted EpCAM and TROP2 cleavage accompanied by reductions in claudins, whereas HAI-2 knockdown had little impact. Double knockdown of HAI-1 and HAI-2 induced nearly complete cleavage of EpCAM and TROP2 and drastic reductions of claudins. These effects were eliminated by concurrent matriptase knockdown. Decreases in claudin levels were also diminished by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine and cleaved EpCAM/TROP2 fragments accumulated preferentially. We demonstrate that TROP2 and EpCAM exhibit redundancies with regard to regulation of claudin metabolism and that an HAI, matriptase, EpCAM and claudin pathway analogous to what we described in IECs exists in keratinocytes. This study may offer insights into the mechanistic basis for matriptase dysregulation-induced ichthyosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jin Wu
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: (C.-J.W.); (M.C.U.); Tel.: +1-301-760-7452 (C.-J.W.); +1-314-454-8547 (M.C.U.)
| | - Michael Lu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Xu Feng
- Retired from National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Gaku Nakato
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan;
| | - Mark C. Udey
- Dermatology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence: (C.-J.W.); (M.C.U.); Tel.: +1-301-760-7452 (C.-J.W.); +1-314-454-8547 (M.C.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE, Nasir SN, Yew LT. Revisiting the Roles of Pro-Metastatic EpCAM in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020255. [PMID: 32046162 PMCID: PMC7072682 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein that was discovered as a tumour marker of epithelial origins nearly four decades ago. EpCAM is expressed at basal levels in the basolateral membrane of normal epithelial cells. However, EpCAM expression is upregulated in solid epithelial cancers and stem cells. EpCAM can also be found in disseminated tumour cells and circulating tumour cells. Various OMICs studies have demonstrated that EpCAM plays roles in several key biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM can be detected in the bodily fluid of cancer patients suggesting that EpCAM is a pathophysiologically relevant anti-tumour target as well as being utilized as a diagnostic/prognostic agent for a variety of cancers. This review will focus on the structure-features of EpCAM protein and discuss recent evidence on the pathological and physiological roles of EpCAM in modulating cell adhesion and signalling pathways in cancers as well as deliberating the clinical implication of EpCAM as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
30
|
Miyazono S, Otani T, Ogata K, Kitagawa N, Iida H, Inai Y, Matsuura T, Inai T. The reduced susceptibility of mouse keratinocytes to retinoic acid may be involved in the keratinization of oral and esophageal mucosal epithelium. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:225-237. [PMID: 32006103 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes take up serum-derived retinol (vitamin A) and metabolize it to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), which binds to the nuclear retinoic acid receptor (RAR). We previously reported that serum-affected keratinocyte differentiation and function; namely, it inhibited keratinization, decreased loricrin (LOR) and claudin (CLDN) 1 expression, increased keratin (K) 4 and CLDN4 levels, and reduced paracellular permeability in three-dimensional (3D) cultures of mouse keratinocytes (COCA). Contrarily, RAR inhibition reversed these changes. Here, we aimed to examine whether atRA exerted the same effects as serum, and whether it was involved in the differential oral mucosa keratinization among animal species. Porcine oral mucosal keratinocytes, which form non-keratinized epithelium in vivo, established keratinized epithelium in 3D cultures. Both mouse and porcine sera induced non-keratinized epithelium at 0.1% in COCA 3D cultures. Although atRA caused the same changes as serum, its effective concentration differed. atRA inhibited keratinization at 0.1 nM and 1 nM in porcine or human keratinocytes and COCA, respectively. Furthermore, atRA upregulated CLDN7 in the cytoplasm but not in cell-cell contacts. These atRA-induced changes were reverted by RAR inhibition. The results indicate that serum-induced changes are probably due to the effect of serum-derived atRA, and that mouse keratinocytes require higher atRA concentrations to suppress keratinization than porcine and human keratinocytes. We propose that the lower susceptibility of mouse keratinocytes to atRA, rather than a lower retinol concentration, is a possible reason for the keratinization of mouse oral mucosal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Miyazono
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Takahito Otani
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ogata
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Norio Kitagawa
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuko Inai
- Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuura
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yahyazadeh Mashhadi SM, Kazemimanesh M, Arashkia A, Azadmanesh K, Meshkat Z, Golichenari B, Sahebkar A. Shedding light on the EpCAM: An overview. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12569-12580. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Muhammad Yahyazadeh Mashhadi
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Production Expert at Samandaroo 8 (Biotech Pharmaceutical) Co. Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Behrouz Golichenari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim DH, Lu Q, Chen YH. Claudin-7 modulates cell-matrix adhesion that controls cell migration, invasion and attachment of human HCC827 lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2890-2896. [PMID: 30854065 PMCID: PMC6365970 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins, and serve important roles in epithelial barrier, selective ion transports and cancer metastasis. Although the exact role of claudin-7 in human lung cancer has not been completely elucidated, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that claudin-7 is associated with the survival of patients with lung cancer. Our previous studies have demonstrated that claudin-7 forms a protein complex with integrin β1 in human lung cancer cells. The knockdown (KD) of claudin-7 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) reduced integrin β1 expression and increased the cell proliferative rate, whereas claudin-7 re-expression in the KD cells decreased the cell proliferation. It is unknown as to whether claudin-7 and integrin β1 regulate cell proliferation and invasion synergistically or independently. In the present study, it was observed that ectopic expression of integrin β1 in claudin-7 KD lung cancer cells did not reduce the cell proliferation. However, integrin β1-transfected cells migrated more effectively in wound healing and cell invasion assays and were more adhesive in a cell attachment assay when compared with those of claudin-7 KD cells. This indicates that claudin-7 controls cell proliferation, while cell attachment and motility were regulated partially through integrin β1. Additionally, claudin-7 overexpression in claudin-7 KD cells resulted in an improved ability to attach to the surface of cell culture plates and a higher expression of focal adhesion proteins when compared with claudin-7 non-KD control cells, which supports the role of claudin-7 in cell adhesion and motility. Taken together, these data suggest that claudin-7 regulates cell motility through integrin β1, providing additional insight into the roles of claudins in carcinogenesis and cancer cell metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.,Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.,Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okui N, Kamata Y, Sagawa Y, Kuhara A, Hayashi K, Uwagawa T, Homma S, Yanaga K. Claudin 7 as a possible novel molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2019; 19:88-96. [PMID: 30416041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer consists of various subpopulations of cells, some of which have aggressive proliferative properties. The molecules responsible for the aggressive proliferation of pancreatic cancer may become molecular targets for the therapies against pancreatic cancer. METHODS From a human pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2, MIA PaCa-2-A cells with an epithelial morphology and MIA PaCa-2-R cells with a non-epithelial morphology were clonogenically isolated by the limiting dilution method. Gene expression of these subpopulations was analyzed by DNA microarray. Gene knockdown was performed using siRNA. RESULTS Although the MIA PaCa-2-A and MIA PaCa-2-R cells displayed the same DNA short tandem repeat (STR) pattern identical to that of the parental MIA PaCa-2 cells, the MIA PaCa-2-A cells were more proliferative than the MIA PaCa-2-R cells both in culture and in tumor xenografts generated in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, the MIA PaCa-2-A cells were more resistant to gemcitabine than the MIA PaCa-2-R cells. DNA microarray analysis revealed a high expression of claudin (CLDN) 7 in the MIA PaCa-2-A cells, as opposed to a low expression in the MIA PaCa-2-R cells. The knockdown of CLDN7 in the MIA PaCa-2-A cells induced a marked inhibition of proliferation. The MIA PaCa-2-A cells in which CLDN7 was knocked down exhibited a decreased expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-Erk)1/2 and G1 cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS CLDN7 may be expressed in the rapidly proliferating and dominant cell population in human pancreatic cancer tissues and may be a novel molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Okui
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kamata
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sagawa
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuhara
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hayashi
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uwagawa
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadamu Homma
- Division of Oncology, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu P, Kai C, Kawasaki S, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto K, Tsujikawa M, Hayashi R, Nishida K. A New in Vitro Model of GDLD by Knocking Out TACSTD2 and Its Paralogous Gene EpCAM in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:30. [PMID: 30619650 PMCID: PMC6314060 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (GDLD) is a rare autosomal recessive corneal dystrophy that causes severe vision loss. Because of its poor prognosis, there is a demand for novel treatments for GDLD. Here, we establish a new in vitro disease model of GDLD based on immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. Methods By using transcription activator-like effector nuclease plasmids, tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2) and its paralogous gene, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), were knocked out in HCE-T cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed to obtain cells in which both TACSTD2 and EpCAM were knocked out (DKO cells). In DKO cells, the expression levels and subcellular localizations of claudin (CLDN) 1, 4, and 7, and ZO-1 were investigated, along with epithelial barrier function. By using DKO cells, the feasibility of gene therapy for GDLD was also investigated. Results DKO cells exhibited decreased expression and aberrant subcellular localization of CLDN1 and CLDN7 proteins, as well as decreased epithelial barrier function. Transduction of the TACSTD2 gene into DKO cells nearly normalized expression levels and subcellular localization of CLDN1 and CLDN7 proteins, while significantly increasing epithelial barrier function. Conclusions We established an in vitro disease model of GDLD by knocking out TACSTD2 and its paralogous gene, EpCAM, in HCE-T cells. This cell line accurately reflected pathological aspects of GDLD. Translational Relevance We expect that the cell line will be useful to elucidate the pathogenesis of GDLD and develop novel treatments for GDLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chifune Kai
- Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Ocular Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Yamamoto
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
Collapse
|
38
|
Pathak SJ, Mueller JL, Okamoto K, Das B, Hertecant J, Greenhalgh L, Cole T, Pinsk V, Yerushalmi B, Gurkan OE, Yourshaw M, Hernandez E, Oesterreicher S, Naik S, Sanderson IR, Axelsson I, Agardh D, Boland CR, Martin MG, Putnam CD, Sivagnanam M. EPCAM mutation update: Variants associated with congenital tufting enteropathy and Lynch syndrome. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:142-161. [PMID: 30461124 PMCID: PMC6328345 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule gene (EPCAM, previously known as TACSTD1 or TROP1) encodes a membrane‐bound protein that is localized to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells and is overexpressed in some tumors. Biallelic mutations in EPCAM cause congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), which is a rare chronic diarrheal disorder presenting in infancy. Monoallelic deletions of the 3′ end of EPCAM that silence the downstream gene, MSH2, cause a form of Lynch syndrome, which is a cancer predisposition syndrome associated with loss of DNA mismatch repair. Here, we report 13 novel EPCAM mutations from 17 CTE patients from two separate centers, review EPCAM mutations associated with CTE and Lynch syndrome, and structurally model pathogenic missense mutations. Statistical analyses indicate that the c.499dupC (previously reported as c.498insC) frameshift mutation was associated with more severe treatment regimens and greater mortality in CTE, whereas the c.556‐14A>G and c.491+1G>A splice site mutations were not correlated with treatments or outcomes significantly different than random simulation. These findings suggest that genotype–phenotype correlations may be useful in contributing to management decisions of CTE patients. Depending on the type and nature of EPCAM mutation, one of two unrelated diseases may occur, CTE or Lynch syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar J Pathak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - James L Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Barun Das
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jozef Hertecant
- Genetics/Metabolics Service, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Trevor Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vered Pinsk
- Division of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Baruch Yerushalmi
- Division of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Odul E Gurkan
- Department of Pediatrics, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael Yourshaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erick Hernandez
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Miami Children's Health System, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Sandhia Naik
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ian R Sanderson
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Irene Axelsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - C Richard Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher D Putnam
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Mamata Sivagnanam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barth AIM, Kim H, Riedel-Kruse IH. Regulation of epithelial migration by epithelial cell adhesion molecule requires its Claudin-7 interaction domain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204957. [PMID: 30304739 PMCID: PMC6179577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a glycoprotein on the surface of epithelial cells that is essential for intestinal epithelial integrity and expressed at high levels in many epithelial derived cancers and circulating tumor cells. Here we show the effect of EpCAM levels on migration of Madin-Darby-Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. MDCK cells depleted of EpCAM show increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and of myosin, and increased cell spreading and epithelial sheet migration into a gap. In contrast, over-expression of EpCAM inhibits ERK and myosin activation, and slows epithelial sheet migration. Loss of EpCAM is rescued by EpCAM-YFP mutated in the extracellular domain required for cis-dimerization whereas EpCAM-YFP with a mutation that inhibits Claudin-7 interaction cannot rescue increased ERK, myosin activation, and increased migration in EpCAM-depleted cells. In summary, these results indicate that interaction of EpCAM and Claudin-7 at the cell surface negatively regulates epithelial migration by inhibiting ERK and actomyosin contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela I. M. Barth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Honesty Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gaber A, Kim SJ, Kaake RM, Benčina M, Krogan N, Šali A, Pavšič M, Lenarčič B. EpCAM homo-oligomerization is not the basis for its role in cell-cell adhesion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13269. [PMID: 30185875 PMCID: PMC6125409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface tumor marker EpCAM plays a key role in proliferation, differentiation and adhesion processes in stem and epithelial cells. It is established as a cell-cell adhesion molecule, forming intercellular interactions through homophilic association. However, the mechanism by which such interactions arise has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we first show that EpCAM monomers do not associate into oligomers that would resemble an inter-cellular homo-oligomer, capable of mediating cell-cell adhesion, by using SAXS, XL-MS and bead aggregation assays. Second, we also show that EpCAM forms stable dimers on the surface of a cell with pre-formed cell-cell contacts using FLIM-FRET; however, no inter-cellular homo-oligomers were detectable. Thus, our study provides clear evidence that EpCAM indeed does not function as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule and therefore calls for a significant revision of its role in both normal and cancerous tissues. In the light of this, we strongly support the previously suggested name Epithelial Cell Activating Molecule instead of the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Seung Joong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nevan Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Šali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang L, Yang Y, Yang F, Liu S, Zhu Z, Lei Z, Guo J. Functions of EpCAM in physiological processes and diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1771-1785. [PMID: 30015855 PMCID: PMC6108866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which was originally identified as a tumor-associated antigen due to its high expression level in rapidly growing epithelial tumors. Germ line mutations of the human EpCAM gene have been indicated as the cause of congenital tufting enteropathy. Previous studies based on cell models have revealed that EpCAM contributes to various biological processes including cell adhesion, signaling, migration and proliferation. Due to the previous lack of genetic animal models, the in vivo functions of EpCAM remain largely unknown. However, EpCAM genetic animal models have recently been generated, and are useful for understanding the functions of EpCAM. The authors here briefly review the functions and mechanisms of EpCAM in physiological processes and different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ziqin Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The Claudin-like Protein HPO-30 Is Required to Maintain LAChRs at the C. elegans Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7072-7087. [PMID: 29950505 PMCID: PMC6083452 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3487-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Communications across chemical synapses are primarily mediated by neurotransmitters and their postsynaptic receptors. There are diverse molecular systems to localize and regulate the receptors at the synapse. Here, we identify HPO-30, a member of the claudin superfamily of membrane proteins, as a positive regulator for synaptic localization of levamisole-dependent AChRs (LAChRs) at the Caenorhabditis elegans neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The HPO-30 protein localizes at the NMJ and shows genetic and physical association with the LAChR subunits LEV-8, UNC-29, and UNC-38. Using genetic and electrophysiological assays in the hermaphrodite C. elegans, we demonstrate that HPO-30 functions through Neuroligin at the NMJ to maintain postsynaptic LAChR levels at the synapse. Together, this work suggests a novel function for a tight junction protein in maintaining normal receptor levels at the NMJ. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Claudins are a large superfamily of membrane proteins. Their role in maintaining the functional integrity of tight junctions has been widely explored. Our experiments suggest a critical role for the claudin-like protein, HPO-30, in maintaining synaptic levamisole-dependent AChR (LAChR) levels. LAChRs contribute to <20% of the acetylcholine-mediated conductance in adult Caenorhabditis elegans; however, they play a significant functional role in worm locomotion. This study provides a new perspective in the study of LAChR physiology.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kebenko M, Goebeler ME, Wolf M, Hasenburg A, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R, Ritter B, Rautenberg B, Atanackovic D, Kratzer A, Rottman JB, Friedrich M, Vieser E, Elm S, Patzak I, Wessiepe D, Stienen S, Fiedler W. A multicenter phase 1 study of solitomab (MT110, AMG 110), a bispecific EpCAM/CD3 T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct, in patients with refractory solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1450710. [PMID: 30221040 PMCID: PMC6136859 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1450710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the tolerability and antitumor activity of solitomab, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors not amenable to standard therapy received solitomab as continuous IV infusion in a phase 1 dose-escalation study with six different dosing schedules. The primary endpoint was frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and antitumor activity. Sixty-five patients received solitomab at doses between 1 and 96 µg/day for ≥28 days. Fifteen patients had dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs): eight had transient abnormal liver parameters shortly after infusion start or dose escalation (grade 3, n = 4; grade 4, n = 4), and one had supraventricular tachycardia (grade 3); all events resolved with solitomab discontinuation. Six patients had a DLT of diarrhea: four events resolved (grade 3, n = 3; grade 4, n = 1), one (grade 3) was ongoing at the time of treatment-unrelated death, and one (grade 3) progressed to grade 5 after solitomab discontinuation. The maximum tolerated dose was 24 µg/day. Overall, 95% of patients had grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs, primarily diarrhea, elevated liver parameters, and elevated lipase. Solitomab half-life was 4.5 hours; serum levels plateaued within 24 hours. One unconfirmed partial response was observed. In this study of a BiTE® antibody construct targeting solid tumors, treatment of relapsed/refractory EpCAM-positive solid tumors with solitomab was associated with DLTs, including severe diarrhea and increased liver enzymes, which precluded dose escalation to potentially therapeutic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kebenko
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Annette Hasenburg
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Beate Rautenberg
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eva Vieser
- Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Heterogeneity of Circulating Tumor Cells in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040727. [PMID: 29565320 PMCID: PMC6017975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological properties of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and their dynamics during neoadjuvant chemotherapy are important, both for disease progression prediction and therapeutic target determination, with the aim of preventing disease progression. The aim of our study was to estimate of different CTC subsets in breast cancer during the NACT (neoadjuvant chemotherapy). The prospective study includes 27 patients with invasive breast cancer, T2-4N0-3M0, aged 32 to 60 years. Venous heparinized blood samples, taken before and after biopsy, after each courses of chemotherapy (on days 3-7), and before surgical intervention, served as the material for this study. Different subsets of circulating tumor cells were determined on the basis of the expression of EpCAM, CD45, CD44, CD24, and N-Cadherin using flow cytometry. As the result of this study, it has been observed that significant changes in the quantity of the different subsets of circulating tumor cells in patients' blood were observed after carrying out the 3rd course of NACT. NACT causes significant changes in the quantity of six CTC subsets, with various combinations of stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties.
Collapse
|
45
|
Mohtar MA, Hernychova L, O'Neill JR, Lawrence ML, Murray E, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR. The Sequence-specific Peptide-binding Activity of the Protein Sulfide Isomerase AGR2 Directs Its Stable Binding to the Oncogenic Receptor EpCAM. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:737-763. [PMID: 29339412 PMCID: PMC5880107 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AGR2 is an oncogenic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein disulfide isomerase. AGR2 protein has a relatively unique property for a chaperone in that it can bind sequence-specifically to a specific peptide motif (TTIYY). A synthetic TTIYY-containing peptide column was used to affinity-purify AGR2 from crude lysates highlighting peptide selectivity in complex mixtures. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry localized the dominant region in AGR2 that interacts with the TTIYY peptide to within a structural loop from amino acids 131–135 (VDPSL). A peptide binding site consensus of Tx[IL][YF][YF] was developed for AGR2 by measuring its activity against a mutant peptide library. Screening the human proteome for proteins harboring this motif revealed an enrichment in transmembrane proteins and we focused on validating EpCAM as a potential AGR2-interacting protein. AGR2 and EpCAM proteins formed a dose-dependent protein-protein interaction in vitro. Proximity ligation assays demonstrated that endogenous AGR2 and EpCAM protein associate in cells. Introducing a single alanine mutation in EpCAM at Tyr251 attenuated its binding to AGR2 in vitro and in cells. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to identify a stable binding site for AGR2 on EpCAM, adjacent to the TLIYY motif and surrounding EpCAM's detergent binding site. These data define a dominant site on AGR2 that mediates its specific peptide-binding function. EpCAM forms a model client protein for AGR2 to study how an ER-resident chaperone can dock specifically to a peptide motif and regulate the trafficking a protein destined for the secretory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aiman Mohtar
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR.,§National University of Malaysia, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- ¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Robert O'Neill
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR
| | - Melanie L Lawrence
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR
| | - Euan Murray
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR.,¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- ¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- From the ‡University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH4 2XR; .,¶Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.,‖University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim YS, Kaidina AM, Chiang JH, Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY. Cancer stem cell molecular markers verified in vivo. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750817010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
47
|
Runggaldier D, Pradas LG, Neckel PH, Mack AF, Hirt B, Gleiser C. Claudin expression in the rat endolymphatic duct and sac - first insights into regulation of the paracellular barrier by vasopressin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45482. [PMID: 28374851 PMCID: PMC5379655 DOI: 10.1038/srep45482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing and balance functions of the inner ear rely on the homeostasis of the endolymphatic fluid. When disturbed, pathologic endolymphatic hydrops evolves as observed in Menière’s disease. The molecular basis of inner ear fluid regulation across the endolymphatic epithelium is largely unknown. In this study we identified the specific expression of the tight junction (TJ) molecules Claudin 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 16 in epithelial preparations of the rat inner ear endolymphatic duct (ED) and endolymphatic sac (ES) by high-throughput qPCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Further we showed that Claudin 4 in the ES is a target of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), a hormone elevated in Menière’s disease. Moreover, our transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the TJs of the ED were shallow and shorter compared to the TJ of the ES indicating facilitation of a paracellular fluid transport across the ED epithelium. The significant differences in the subcellular localization of the barrier-forming protein Claudin 3 between the ED and ES epithelium further support the TEM observations. Our results indicate a high relevance of Claudin 3 and Claudin 4 as important paracellular barrier molecules in the ED and ES epithelium with potential involvement in the pathophysiology of Menière’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Runggaldier
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lidia Garcia Pradas
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter H Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Gleiser
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hagen SJ. Non-canonical functions of claudin proteins: Beyond the regulation of cell-cell adhesions. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1327839. [PMID: 28548895 PMCID: PMC5501131 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1327839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions form a barrier to the diffusion of apical and basolateral membrane proteins thus regulating membrane polarity. They also regulate the paracellular movement of ions and water across epithelial and endothelial cells so that functionally they constitute an important permselective barrier. Permselectivity at tight junctions is regulated by claudins, which confer anion or cation permeability, and tightness or leakiness, by forming several highly regulated pores within the apical tight junction complex. One interesting feature of claudins is that they are, more often than not, localized to the basolateral membrane, in intracellular cytoplasmic vesicles, or in the nucleus rather than to the apical tight junction complex. These intracellular pools of claudin molecules likely serve important functions in the epithelium. This review will address the widespread prevalence of claudins that are not associated with the apical tight junction complex and discuss the important and emerging non-traditional functions of these molecules in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Hagen
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Kim YS, Kaidina AM, Chiang JH, Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY. [Molecular markers of cancer stem cells verified in vivo]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 62:228-38. [PMID: 27420613 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to analyze molecular markers of cancer stem cells. Only studies that confirmed tumor-initiating capacity of this population by in vivo assay in immunodeficient mice were included. Final sample of papers that fully correspond with initial aim consists of 97 original studies. The results of their analysis reveal that markers commonly used for cancer stem cells deriving were as follows: CD133, СD44, ALDH, CD34, CD24 and EpCAM. The review also contains description of molecular features of some cancer stem cell markers, modern approaches to cancer treatment by targeting this population and brief assessment of cancer stem cell theory development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Kaidina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - J H Chiang
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - K N Yarygin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Lupatov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|