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Babaei-Jadidi R, Dongre A, Miller S, Castellanos Uribe M, Stewart ID, Thompson ZM, Nateri AS, Bradding P, May ST, Clements D, Johnson SR. Mast-Cell Tryptase Release Contributes to Disease Progression in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:431-444. [PMID: 33882264 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2854oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a multisystem disease that causes lung cysts and respiratory failure. Loss of TSC (tuberous sclerosis complex) gene function results in a clone of "LAM cells" with dysregulated mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) activity. LAM cells and fibroblasts form lung nodules that also contain mast cells, although their significance is unknown. Objectives: To understand the mechanism of mast-cell accumulation and the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of LAM. Methods: Gene expression was examined using transcriptional profiling and qRT-PCR. Mast cell/LAM nodule interactions were examined in vitro using spheroid TSC2-null cell/fibroblast cocultures and in vivo using an immunocompetent Tsc2-null murine homograft model. Measurements and Main Results: LAM-derived cell/fibroblast cocultures induced multiple CXC chemokines in fibroblasts. LAM lungs had increased tryptase-positive mast cells expressing CXCRs (CXC chemokine receptors) (P < 0.05). Mast cells located around the periphery of LAM nodules were positively associated with the rate of lung function loss (P = 0.016). LAM spheroids attracted mast cells, and this process was inhibited by pharmacologic and CRISPR/cas9 inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2. LAM spheroids caused mast-cell tryptase release, which induced fibroblast proliferation and increased LAM-spheroid size (1.36 ± 0.24-fold; P = 0.0019). The tryptase inhibitor APC366 and sodium cromoglycate (SCG) inhibited mast cell-induced spheroid growth. In vivo, SCG reduced mast-cell activation and Tsc2-null lung tumor burden (vehicle: 32.5.3% ± 23.6%; SCG: 5.5% ± 4.3%; P = 0.0035). Conclusions: LAM-cell/fibroblast interactions attract mast cells where tryptase release contributes to disease progression. Repurposing SCG for use in LAM should be studied as an alternative or adjunct to mTOR inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Arundhati Dongre
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | | | - Ian D Stewart
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Zoe M Thompson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Abdolrahman S Nateri
- Cancer Genetics & Stem Cell Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Respiratory Theme, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, and
| | - Debbie Clements
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and Biodiscovery Institute.,National Centre for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Cho JH, Patel B, Bonala S, Manne S, Zhou Y, Vadrevu SK, Patel J, Peronaci M, Ghouse S, Henske EP, Roegiers F, Giannikou K, Kwiatkowski DJ, Mansouri H, Markiewski MM, White B, Karbowniczek M. Notch transactivates Rheb to maintain the multipotency of TSC-null cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1848. [PMID: 29184052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation abnormalities are a hallmark of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) manifestations; however, the genesis of these abnormalities remains unclear. Here we report on mechanisms controlling the multi-lineage, early neuronal progenitor and neural stem-like cell characteristics of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and angiomyolipoma cells. These mechanisms include the activation of a previously unreported Rheb-Notch-Rheb regulatory loop, in which the cyclic binding of Notch1 to the Notch-responsive elements (NREs) on the Rheb promoter is a key event. This binding induces the transactivation of Rheb. The identified NRE2 and NRE3 on the Rheb promoter are important to Notch-dependent promoter activity. Notch cooperates with Rheb to block cell differentiation via similar mechanisms in mouse models of TSC. Cell-specific loss of Tsc1 within nestin-expressing cells in adult mice leads to the formation of kidney cysts, renal intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive papillary renal carcinoma. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic condition causing tumours with differentiation abnormalities; however the molecular mechanisms causing these defects are unclear. Here the authors show that Notch cooperates with Rheb to block cell differentiation forming a regulatory loop that could underlie TSC tumorigenesis.
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3
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Pleniceanu O, Shukrun R, Omer D, Vax E, Kanter I, Dziedzic K, Pode-Shakked N, Mark-Daniei M, Pri-Chen S, Gnatek Y, Alfandary H, Varda-Bloom N, Bar-Lev DD, Bollag N, Shtainfeld R, Armon L, Urbach A, Kalisky T, Nagler A, Harari-Steinberg O, Arbiser JL, Dekel B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is central to the initiation and propagation of human angiomyolipoma, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:508-530. [PMID: 28275008 PMCID: PMC5376758 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiomyolipoma (AML), the most common benign renal tumor, can result in severe morbidity from hemorrhage and renal failure. While mTORC1 activation is involved in its growth, mTORC1 inhibitors fail to eradicate AML, highlighting the need for new therapies. Moreover, the identity of the AML cell of origin is obscure. AML research, however, is hampered by the lack of in vivo models. Here, we establish a human AML‐xenograft (Xn) model in mice, recapitulating AML at the histological and molecular levels. Microarray analysis demonstrated tumor growth in vivo to involve robust PPARG‐pathway activation. Similarly, immunostaining revealed strong PPARG expression in human AML specimens. Accordingly, we demonstrate that while PPARG agonism accelerates AML growth, PPARG antagonism is inhibitory, strongly suppressing AML proliferation and tumor‐initiating capacity, via a TGFB‐mediated inhibition of PDGFB and CTGF. Finally, we show striking similarity between AML cell lines and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of antigen and gene expression and differentiation potential. Altogether, we establish the first in vivo human AML model, which provides evidence that AML may originate in a PPARG‐activated renal MSC lineage that is skewed toward adipocytes and smooth muscle and away from osteoblasts, and uncover PPARG as a regulator of AML growth, which could serve as an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Hematology and Cord Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Racheli Shukrun
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Omer
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Einav Vax
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itamar Kanter
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Klaudyna Dziedzic
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Mark-Daniei
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sara Pri-Chen
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yehudit Gnatek
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hadas Alfandary
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Nephrology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nira Varda-Bloom
- Division of Hematology and Cord Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dekel D Bar-Lev
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Naomi Bollag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rachel Shtainfeld
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Leah Armon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Achia Urbach
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tomer Kalisky
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Cord Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel .,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Julian LM, Delaney SP, Wang Y, Goldberg AA, Doré C, Yockell-Lelièvre J, Tam RY, Giannikou K, McMurray F, Shoichet MS, Harper ME, Henske EP, Kwiatkowski DJ, Darling TN, Moss J, Kristof AS, Stanford WL. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived TSC2-Haploinsufficient Smooth Muscle Cells Recapitulate Features of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5491-5502. [PMID: 28830860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive destructive neoplasm of the lung associated with inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. Cell or animal models that accurately reflect the pathology of LAM have been challenging to develop. Here, we generated a robust human cell model of LAM by reprogramming TSC2 mutation-bearing fibroblasts from a patient with both tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and LAM (TSC-LAM) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), followed by selection of cells that resemble those found in LAM tumors by unbiased in vivo differentiation. We established expandable cell lines under smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth conditions that retained a patient-specific genomic TSC2+/- mutation and recapitulated the molecular and functional characteristics of pulmonary LAM cells. These include multiple indicators of hyperactive mTORC1 signaling, presence of specific neural crest and SMC markers, expression of VEGF-D and female sex hormone receptors, reduced autophagy, and metabolic reprogramming. Intriguingly, the LAM-like features of these cells suggest that haploinsufficiency at the TSC2 locus contributes to LAM pathology, and demonstrated that iPSC reprogramming and SMC lineage differentiation of somatic patient cells with germline mutations was a viable approach to generate LAM-like cells. The patient-derived SMC lines we have developed thus represent a novel cellular model of LAM that can advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and develop therapeutic strategies against LAM. Cancer Res; 77(20); 5491-502. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Julian
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P Delaney
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carole Doré
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Roger Y Tam
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krinio Giannikou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fiona McMurray
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas N Darling
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joel Moss
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arnold S Kristof
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Pleniceanu O, Omer D, Azaria E, Harari-Steinberg O, Dekel B. mTORC1 Inhibition Is an Effective Treatment for Sporadic Renal Angiomyolipoma. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 3:155-159. [PMID: 29340326 PMCID: PMC5762943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is the most common benign renal tumor. Despite a generally benign histology, AML can result in significant morbidity, from intra-abdominal hemorrhage and reduction in kidney function. While classically associated with the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, most AMLs are sporadic. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus) have been found to be effective in treating TSC- or lymphangioleiomyomatosis-associated AML, but to date it is unknown whether this strategy is effective for sporadic AML. Methods We stained tumor specimens of sporadic AML patients for pS6 to assess for mTORC1 activation. Results We detected strong activation of the mTORC1 pathway, similar to TSC-associated AML. Consequently, we showed that in vitro treatment with sirolimus results in significant growth inhibition of the human sporadic AML cell line SV7Tert, similar to the effect seen when the same treatment is applied to the human TSC-associated AML cell line UMBSV-tel. To further investigate the potential of mTORC1 inhibition for treating sporadic AML and assess whether the in vitro results are clinically relevant, we identified a patient with sporadic, bilateral AMLs, showing continued tumor growth following a partial nephrectomy. Using immunostaining, we detected strong mTORC1 activation in the patient's AML tissue. Accordingly, upon treatment with sirolimus, we noted significant reduction in the patient's tumor volume and resolution of hydronephrosis, without any significant side effects. Conclusion We propose mTORC1 inhibition as an effective treatment option for patients with sporadic AML, which represents the vast majority of patients with this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Omer
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Einat Azaria
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Tan W, Zakka LR, Gao L, Wang J, Zhou F, Selig MK, Anvari R, Sukanthanag A, Wang G, Mihm MC, Nelson JS. Pathological alterations involve the entire skin physiological milieu in infantile and early-childhood port-wine stain. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:293-296. [PMID: 27639180 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Tan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - L R Zakka
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
| | - L Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 412000, China
| | - F Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 412000, China
| | - M K Selig
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, U.S.A
| | - R Anvari
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - A Sukanthanag
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - G Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
| | - M C Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, U.S.A
| | - J S Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, U.S.A
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7
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Li J, Shin S, Sun Y, Yoon SO, Li C, Zhang E, Yu J, Zhang J, Blenis J. mTORC1-Driven Tumor Cells Are Highly Sensitive to Therapeutic Targeting by Antagonists of Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4816-27. [PMID: 27197195 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
mTORC1 is a central signaling node in controlling cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism that is aberrantly activated in cancers and certain cancer-associated genetic disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, while mTORC1-inhibitory compounds (rapamycin and rapalogs) attracted interest as candidate therapeutics, clinical trials have not replicated the promising findings in preclinical models, perhaps because these compounds tend to limit cell proliferation without inducing cell death. In seeking to address this issue, we performed a high-throughput screen for small molecules that could heighten the cytotoxicity of mTORC1 inhibitors. Here we report the discovery that combining inhibitors of mTORC1 and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC) can selectively and efficiently trigger apoptosis in Tsc2-deficient cells but not wild-type cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that coinhibition of mTORC1 and GCLC decreased the level of the intracellular thiol antioxidant glutathione (GSH), thereby increasing levels of reactive oxygen species, which we determined to mediate cell death in Tsc2-deficient cells. Our findings offer preclinical proof of concept for a strategy to selectively increase the cytotoxicity of mTORC1 inhibitors as a therapy to eradicate tumor cells marked by high mTORC1 signaling, based on cotargeting a GSH-controlled oxidative stress pathway. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4816-27. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sejeong Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sang-Oh Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chenggang Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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8
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Patel B, Patel J, Cho JH, Manne S, Bonala S, Henske E, Roegiers F, Markiewski M, Karbowniczek M. Exosomes mediate the acquisition of the disease phenotypes by cells with normal genome in tuberous sclerosis complex. Oncogene 2015; 35:3027-36. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Shimizu S, Ishigamori R, Fujii G, Takahashi M, Onuma W, Terasaki M, Yano T, Mutoh M. Involvement of NADPH oxidases in suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activities by sesamol. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 56:118-22. [PMID: 25759517 PMCID: PMC4345183 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been shown to play an important role in colon carcinogenesis. Moreover, one of the components of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), dominantly expressed in the colon, is implicated in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. We have reported that sesamol, one of the lignans in sesame seeds, suppressed COX-2 gene transcriptional activity in human colon cancer cells, and also suppressed intestinal polyp formation in Apc-mutant mice. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of NADPH oxidase in the inhibition of COX-2 transcriptional activity by sesamol. We found that several NADPH oxidase inhibitors, such as apocynin, showed suppressive effects on COX-2 transcriptional activity. Moreover, sesamol significantly suppressed NOX1 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrated that knockdown of NOX1 successfully suppressed COX-2 transcriptional activity. These results suggest that inhibition of NADPH oxidase, especially NOX1, may be involved in the mechanism of the suppression of COX-2 transcriptional activity by sesamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Shimizu
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oga-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Rikako Ishigamori
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Wakana Onuma
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Terasaki
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Oga-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Sirchia SM, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Colapietro P, Chiaramonte E, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. TSC2 epigenetic defect in primary LAM cells. Evidence of an anchorage-independent survival. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:766-79. [PMID: 24606538 PMCID: PMC4119383 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) can be sporadic or associated with TSC and is characterized by widespread pulmonary proliferation of abnormal α-smooth muscle (ASM)-like cells. We investigated the features of ASM cells isolated from chylous thorax of a patient affected by LAM associated with TSC, named LAM/TSC cells, bearing a germline TSC2 mutation and an epigenetic defect causing the absence of tuberin. Proliferation of LAM/TSC cells is epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent and blockade of EGF receptor causes cell death as we previously showed in cells lacking tuberin. LAM/TSC cells spontaneously detach probably for the inactivation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Akt/mTOR pathway and display the ability to survive independently from adhesion. Non-adherent LAM/TSC cells show an extremely low proliferation rate consistent with tumour stem-cell characteristics. Moreover, LAM/TSC cells bear characteristics of stemness and secrete high amount of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Anti-EGF receptor antibodies and rapamycin affect proliferation and viability of non-adherent cells. In conclusion, the understanding of LAM/TSC cell features is important in the assessment of cell invasiveness in LAM and TSC and should provide a useful model to test therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling their migratory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Dept. of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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11
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Gu X, Yu JJ, Ilter D, Blenis N, Henske EP, Blenis J. Integration of mTOR and estrogen-ERK2 signaling in lymphangioleiomyomatosis pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14960-5. [PMID: 23983265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive lung disease of women associated with the metastasis of tuberin-null cells with hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. Clinical trials with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin have revealed partial efficacy but are not curative. Pregnancy appears to exacerbate LAM, suggesting that estrogen (E2) may play a role in the unique features of LAM. Using a LAM patient-derived cell line (bearing biallelic Tuberin inactivation), we demonstrate that E2 stimulates a robust and biphasic activation of ERK2 and transcription of the late response-gene Fra1 associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In a carefully orchestrated collaboration, activated mTORC1/S6K1 signaling enhances the efficiency of Fra1 translation of Fra1 mRNA transcribed by the E2-ERK2 pathway, through the phosphorylation of the S6K1-dependent eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B. Our results indicate that targeting the E2-ERK pathway in combination with the mTORC1 pathway may be an effective combination therapy for LAM.
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12
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Chromatin remodeling by rosuvastatin normalizes TSC2-/meth cell phenotype through the expression of tuberin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:180-8. [PMID: 23426956 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-systemic syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 gene. In TSC2-null cells, Rheb, a member of the Ras family of GTPases, is constitutively activated. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and block the synthesis of isoprenoid lipids with inhibition of Rheb farnesylation and RhoA geranylgeranylation. The effects of rosuvastatin on the function of human TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) α-actin smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been investigated. The TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, previously isolated in our laboratory from the renal angiomyolipoma of two TSC patients, do not express tuberin and bear loss of heterozigosity caused by a double hit on TSC2 and methylation of TSC2 promoter, respectively. Exposure to rosuvastatin affected TSC2(-/meth) ASM cell growth and promoted tuberin expression by acting as a demethylating agent. This occurred without changes in interleukin release. Rosuvastatin also reduced RhoA activation in TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, and it required coadministration with the specific mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin to be effective in TSC2(-/-) ASM cells. Rapamycin enhanced rosuvastatin effect in inhibiting cell proliferation in TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells. Rosuvastatin alone did not alter phosphorylation of S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and at the higher concentration, rosuvastatin and rapamycin slightly decreased ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest that rosuvastatin may potentially represent a treatment adjunct to the therapy with mTOR inhibitors now in clinical development for TSC. In particular, rosuvastatin appears useful when the disease is originated by epigenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via di Rudini', 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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13
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Liu F, Lunsford EP, Tong J, Ashitate Y, Gibbs SL, Yu J, Choi HS, Henske EP, Frangioni JV. Real-time monitoring of tumorigenesis, dissemination, & drug response in a preclinical model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis/tuberous sclerosis complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38589. [PMID: 22719903 PMCID: PMC3376142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TSC2-deficient cells can proliferate in the lungs, kidneys, and other organs causing devastating progressive multisystem disorders such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Preclinical models utilizing LAM patient-derived cells have been difficult to establish. We developed a novel animal model system to study the molecular mechanisms of TSC/LAM pathogenesis and tumorigenesis and provide a platform for drug testing. Methods and Findings TSC2-deficient human cells, derived from the angiomyolipoma of a LAM patient, were engineered to co-express both sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Cells were inoculated intraparenchymally, intravenously, or intratracheally into athymic NCr nu/nu mice and cells were tracked and quantified using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT). Surprisingly, TSC2-deficient cells administered intratracheally resulted in rapid dissemination to lymph node basins throughout the body, and histopathological changes in the lung consistent with LAM. Estrogen was found to be permissive for tumor growth and dissemination. Rapamycin inhibited tumor growth, but tumors regrew after the drug treatment was withdrawn. Conclusions We generated homogeneous NIS/GFP co-expressing TSC2-deficient, patient-derived cells that can proliferate and migrate in vivo after intratracheal instillation. Although the animal model we describe has some limitations, we demonstrate that systemic tumors formed from TSC2-deficient cells can be monitored and quantified noninvasively over time using SPECT/CT, thus providing a much needed model system for in vivo drug testing and mechanistic studies of TSC2-deficient cells and their related clinical syndromes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/drug therapy
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Tuberous Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbing Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine P. Lunsford
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingli Tong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoshitomo Ashitate
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jane Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John V. Frangioni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fox MD, Billings SD, Gleason BC, Moore J, Thomas AB, Shea CR, Victor TA, Cibull TL. Expression of MiTF May be Helpful in Differentiating Cellular Neurothekeoma From Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor (Histiocytoid Predominant) in a Partial Biopsy Specimen. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:157-60. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182286a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Wang R, Dashwood WM, Nian H, Löhr CV, Fischer KA, Tsuchiya N, Nakagama H, Ashktorab H, Dashwood RH. NADPH oxidase overexpression in human colon cancers and rat colon tumors induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2581-90. [PMID: 20715105 PMCID: PMC3262595 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase/dual-oxidase (Nox/Duox) family members have been implicated in nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB)-mediated inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies. We sought to examine, for the first time, the role of Nox/Duox and NFκB in rats treated with the cooked meat heterocyclic amine carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). In the PhIP-induced colon tumors obtained after 1 year, Nox1, Nox4, NFκB-p50 and NFκB-p65 were all highly overexpressed compared with their levels in adjacent normal-looking colonic mucosa. Nox1 and Nox4 mRNA and protein levels also were markedly elevated in a panel of primary human colon cancers, compared with their matched controls. In HT29 human colon cancer cells, Nox1 knockdown induced G1 cell cycle arrest, whereas in Caco-2 cells there was a strong apoptotic response, with increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, -6, -7 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Nox1 knockdown blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase, inhibited the nuclear translocation of NFκB (p50 and p65) proteins, and attenuated NFκB DNA binding activity. There was a corresponding reduction in the expression of downstream NFκB targets, such as MYC, CCND1 and IL1β. The results provide the first evidence for a role of Nox1, Nox4 and NFκB in PhIP-induced colon carcinogenesis, including during the early stages before tumor onset. Collectively, the findings from this investigation and others suggest that further work is warranted on the role of Nox/Duox family members and NFκB in colon cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Hui Nian
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Christiane V. Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kay A. Fischer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Naoto Tsuchiya
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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16
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Abstract
The cells comprising pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are heterogeneous, with variable mixtures of cells exhibiting differentiation towards smooth muscle, fat, and vessels. Cells grown from LAM and AMLs have likewise tended to be heterogeneous. The discovery that LAM and AMLs contain cells with mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes is allowing investigators to discriminate between "two-hit" cells and neighboring cells, providing insights into disease pathogenesis. In rare cases, it has been possible to derive cells from human tumors, including AMLs and TSC skin tumors that are highly enriched for TSC2(-/-) cells. Cells derived from an Eker rat uterine leiomyoma (ELT3 cells) are Tsc2-null and these have been used in a rodent cell models for LAM. Further improvements in the ability to reliably grow well-characterized TSC2(-/-) cells from human tumors are critical to developing in vitro and in vivo model systems for studies of LAM pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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17
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Lesma E, Sirchia SM, Ancona S, Carelli S, Bosari S, Ghelma F, Montanari E, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. The methylation of the TSC2 promoter underlies the abnormal growth of TSC2 angiomyolipoma-derived smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:2150-9. [PMID: 19443708 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant disease that is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Smooth muscle-like cells (ASMs) were isolated from an angiomyolipoma of a patient with TSC. These cells lacked tuberin, were labeled by both HMB45 and CD44v6 antibodies, and had constitutive S6 phosphorylation. The cells bear a germline TSC2 intron 8-exon 9 junction mutation, but DNA analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification failed to demonstrate loss of heterozygosity. Testing for an epigenetic alteration, we detected methylation of the TSC2 promoter. Its biological relevance was confirmed by tuberin expression and a reduction in HMB45 labeling and S6 constitutive phosphorylation after exposure to the chromatin-remodeling agents, trichostatin A and 5-azacytidine. These cells were named TSC2(-/meth) ASMs. Their proliferation required epidermal growth factor in the medium as previously described for TSC2(-/-) ASMs. Blockade of epidermal growth factor with monoclonal antibodies caused the death of TSC2(-/meth) ASMs. In addition, rapamycin effectively blocked the proliferation of these cells. Our data show for the first time that methylation of the TSC2 promoter might cause a complete loss of tuberin in TSC2 cells, and that the pathogenesis of angiomyolipomas might also originate from epigenetic defects in smooth muscle cells. Additionally, the effect of chromatin-remodeling agents in these cells suggests a further avenue for the treatment of TSC as well as lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Dept. of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Lesma E, Grande V, Ancona S, Carelli S, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Anti-EGFR antibody efficiently and specifically inhibits human TSC2-/- smooth muscle cell proliferation. Possible treatment options for TSC and LAM. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3558. [PMID: 18958173 PMCID: PMC2570214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a tumor syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes, is characterized by the development of hamartomas. We previously isolated, from an angiomyolipoma of a TSC2 patient, a homogenous population of smooth muscle-like cells (TSC2−/− ASM cells) that have a mutation in the TSC2 gene as well as TSC2 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and consequently, do not produce the TSC2 gene product, tuberin. TSC2−/− ASM cell proliferation is EGF-dependent. Methods and Findings Effects of EGF on proliferation of TSC2−/− ASM cells and TSC2−/− ASM cells transfected with TSC2 gene were determined. In contrast to TSC2−/− ASM cells, growth of TSC2-transfected cells was not dependent on EGF. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt, PTEN, Erk and S6 was significantly decreased. EGF is a proliferative factor of TSC2−/− ASM cells. Exposure of TSC2−/− ASM cells to anti-EGFR antibodies significantly inhibited their proliferation, reverted reactivity to HMB45 antibody, a marker of TSC2−/− cell phenotype, and inhibited constitutive phosphorylation of S6 and ERK. Exposure of TSC2−/− ASM cells to rapamycin reduced the proliferation rate, but only when added at plating time. Although rapamycin efficiently inhibited S6 phosphorylation, it was less efficient than anti-EGFR antibody in reverting HMB45 reactivity and blocking ERK phosphorylation. In TSC2−/− ASM cells specific PI3K inhibitors (e.g. LY294002, wortmannin) and Akt1 siRNA had little effect on S6 and ERK phosphorylation. Following TSC2-gene transfection, Akt inhibitor sensitivity was observed. Conclusion Our results show that an EGF independent pathway is more important than that involving IGF-I for growth and survival of TSC−/− ASM cells, and such EGF-dependency is the result of the lack of tuberin.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/genetics
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/metabolism
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/pathology
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/therapy
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Smooth Muscle Tumor/genetics
- Smooth Muscle Tumor/metabolism
- Smooth Muscle Tumor/pathology
- Smooth Muscle Tumor/therapy
- Transfection
- Tuberous Sclerosis/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis/metabolism
- Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
- Tuberous Sclerosis/therapy
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology , Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry- Polo H. San Paolo, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Siddiqi AM, Li H, Faruque F, Williams W, Lai K, Hughson M, Bigler S, Beach J, Johnson W. Use of hyperspectral imaging to distinguish normal, precancerous, and cancerous cells. Cancer 2008; 114:13-21. [PMID: 18213691 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the cytologic diagnosis of cancer cells can be enhanced by the technique of hyperspectral imaging (HSI). METHODS As a proof of principle, HSI was employed to obtain hyperspectrum from a normal human fibroblast, as well as its telomerase-immortalized and SV40-transformed derivatives. Novel algorithms were developed to differentiate among these cell models based on spectral and spatial differences. Using the same technique with modified algorithms, the authors were able to differentiate among normal and precancerous (low-grade [LG] and high-grade [HG]) cervical cells and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on liquid-based Papanicolaou (Pap) test slides. RESULTS The specificity for identifying normal fibroblast cell type based on spatial and spectral algorithms was 74.2%. The sensitivity for identifying telomerase-immortalized and SV40-transformed cells was 100% and 90.3%, respectively. The system identified normal cervical cells with a specificity of 95.8%. With regard to LG precancerous cells and HG precancerous cells, the sensitivity was 66.7% and 93.5%, respectively. The sensitivity detected for SCC was 98.6%. CONCLUSIONS HSI can be utilized in prescreening liquid-based Pap test slides to improve efficiency in Pap test diagnoses with the goal of ultimately reducing the mortality from cervical cancer while reducing health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer M Siddiqi
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The two-hit hypothesis presented by Knudson in 1971 explains the development of tumours deficient in anti-oncogenes. Hamartomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis usually fit into this model, the first hit is a congenital lesion of either of the tuberous sclerosis genes (TSC1 or TSC2), and the second hit is loss of heterozygosity of this gene. Although this mechanism is true for most tumours associated with tuberous sclerosis, only 30-60% of brain and cardiac tumours show loss of heterozygosity--the remaining tumours develop despite the presence of an intact allele. Tumours in which loss of heterozygosity is rare, such as subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma, might all share a common feature that mimics loss of heterozygosity either by inactivation of the TSC complex or by direct activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or its downstream targets. Because phosphorylation of the TSC complex can inactivate it, expression and activation patterns of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), two potent protein kinases that are activators of the mTOR pathway, have been implicated. AKT activation is detected only in few samples, whereas ERK is hyperactive in all subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas. We postulate that ERK activation consistently detected in different tuberous-sclerosis-associated tumours is a molecular trigger for the development of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Jozwiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Lim SD, Stallcup W, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Au KS, Northrup H, Lang D, Fisher DE, Patel A, Amin MB, Arbiser JL. Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells? Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592550 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00070.lim] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney which express phenotypes of smooth muscle, fat, and melanocytes. These tumors appear with increased frequency in the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis and are the leading cause of morbidity in adults with tuberous sclerosis. While benign, these tumors are capable of provoking life threatening hemorrhage and replacement of the kidney parenchyma, resulting in renal failure. The histogenesis of these tumors is currently unclear, although currently, we believe these tumors arise from "perivascular epithelioid cells" of which no normal counterpart has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, stem cell precursors have been recognized that can give rise to smooth muscle and melanocytes. These precursors have been shown to express the neural stem cell marker NG2 and L1. In order to determine whether angiomyolipomas, which exhibit smooth muscle and melanocytic phenotypes, express NG2 and L1, we performed immunocytochemistry on a cell line derived from a human angiomyolipoma, and found that these cells are uniformly positive. Immunohistochemistry of human angiomyolipoma specimens revealed uniform staining of tumor cells, while renal cell carcinomas revealed positivity only of angiogenic vessels. These results support a novel histogenesis of angiomyolipoma as a defect in differentiation of stem cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Dug Lim
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Georgia 30322, USA
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22
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Lim SD, Stallcup W, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Au KS, Northrup H, Lang D, Fisher DE, Patel A, Amin MB, Arbiser JL. Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells? Mol Med 2007; 13:160-5. [PMID: 17592550 PMCID: PMC1892760 DOI: 10.2119/2006–00070.lim] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney which express phenotypes of smooth muscle, fat, and melanocytes. These tumors appear with increased frequency in the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis and are the leading cause of morbidity in adults with tuberous sclerosis. While benign, these tumors are capable of provoking life threatening hemorrhage and replacement of the kidney parenchyma, resulting in renal failure. The histogenesis of these tumors is currently unclear, although currently, we believe these tumors arise from "perivascular epithelioid cells" of which no normal counterpart has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, stem cell precursors have been recognized that can give rise to smooth muscle and melanocytes. These precursors have been shown to express the neural stem cell marker NG2 and L1. In order to determine whether angiomyolipomas, which exhibit smooth muscle and melanocytic phenotypes, express NG2 and L1, we performed immunocytochemistry on a cell line derived from a human angiomyolipoma, and found that these cells are uniformly positive. Immunohistochemistry of human angiomyolipoma specimens revealed uniform staining of tumor cells, while renal cell carcinomas revealed positivity only of angiogenic vessels. These results support a novel histogenesis of angiomyolipoma as a defect in differentiation of stem cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Dug Lim
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William Stallcup
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Research Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Lefkove
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baskaran Govindarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Lang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avani Patel
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Jack L Arbiser, Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB 5309, Atlanta, GA 30322. Phone: 404-727-5063; Fax: 404-727-5878; E-mail:
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23
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Lesma E, Grande V, Carelli S, Brancaccio D, Canevini MP, Alfano RM, Coggi G, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Isolation and growth of smooth muscle-like cells derived from tuberous sclerosis complex-2 human renal angiomyolipoma: epidermal growth factor is the required growth factor. Am J Pathol 2005; 167:1093-103. [PMID: 16192644 PMCID: PMC1603666 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a tumor suppressor gene disorder characterized by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. These mutations lead to the development of benign tumors involving smooth muscle cells, causing life-threatening lymphangioleiomyomatosis. We isolated and characterized two types of cells bearing a mutation in TSC2 exon 18 from a renal angiomyolipoma of a TSC patient: one population of alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle-like cells with loss of heterozygosity for the TSC2 gene (A(+) cells) and another of nonloss of heterozygosity keratin 8/18-positive epithelial-like cells (R(+) cells). Unlike control aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, A(+) cells required epidermal growth factor (EGF) to grow and substituting EGF with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 failed to increase the cell number; however, omission of EGF did not cause cell loss. The A(+) cells constantly released IGF-1 into the culture medium and constitutively showed a high degree of S6K phosphorylation even when grown in serum-free medium. Exposure to antibodies against EGF and IGF-1 receptors caused a rapid loss of A(+) cells: 50% by 5 days and 100% by 12 days. Signal transduction mediated by EGF and IGF-I receptors is therefore involved in A(+) cell survival. These results may offer a novel therapeutic perspective for the treatment of TSC complications and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Adult
- Angiomyolipoma/genetics
- Angiomyolipoma/pathology
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/physiology
- Exons
- Female
- Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Keratins/metabolism
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Muscle, Smooth/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Rhodamines
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Tuberous Sclerosis/genetics
- Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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24
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Govindarajan B, Shah A, Cohen C, Arnold RS, Schechner J, Chung J, Mercurio AM, Alani R, Ryu B, Fan CY, Cuezva JM, Martinez M, Arbiser JL. Malignant transformation of human cells by constitutive expression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13936-43. [PMID: 15695519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500411200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) comprise a family of growth factors strongly implicated in human oncogenesis. A number of human tumors overexpress PDGF family members or have translocations activating PDGF receptors. Whereas the epidemiologic evidence implicating PDGF in human tumors is strong, malignant transformation of human cells by overexpression of PDGF has not been demonstrated. We have previously developed a human cell line by the sequential introduction of large T cells and telomerase, and we have demonstrated that these cells express functionally active PDGF receptor (PDGFR) beta. In order to determine whether growth factor-mediated transformation of human cells could occur, these cells were transduced with a retrovirus encoding PDGF-BB. Constitutive expression of PDGF-BB led to malignant transformation in nude mice. This is the first demonstration of constitutive signaling causing malignant transformation of human cells. Some of the changes that occur because of constitutive growth factor expression can be reversed by the clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor Glivec, whereas other changes are not reversible by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Our model allows the assessment of epigenetic changes that occur during human carcinogenesis. In addition, these studies provide insight into the clinical failure of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy for advanced malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Govindarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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25
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Lu X, Arbiser JL, West J, Hoedt-Miller M, Sheridan A, Govindarajan B, Harral JW, Rodman DM, Fouty B. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand can induce apoptosis in subsets of premalignant cells. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:1613-20. [PMID: 15509531 PMCID: PMC1618658 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the transformation from a normal to a malignant cell, several mutations are required to bypass the pathways responsible for controlling proliferation. Premalignant cells have acquired some, but not all of these mutations and consequently have not yet attained a malignant phenotype characterized by tumor formation in vivo. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in malignant cells while sparing normal ones and is currently being considered as adjuvant therapy for various human malignancies. Whether TRAIL is effective in inducing apoptosis in premalignant cells is unclear, however. We studied the effect of TRAIL on two human premalignant cell lines the SV7tert and HA1E cells. Both cell lines had been immortalized by the addition of simian virus 40 large T antigen and the telomerase subunit hTERT, but had not been transformed into malignant cells. TRAIL initiated apoptosis by activating both the mitochondrial-independent and -dependent apoptotic pathways in both cell lines at relatively low doses whereas it had no effect on normal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells even at high doses. These results suggest that TRAIL can induce apoptosis in premalignant cells and suggests a novel therapy for the treatment of premalignant lesions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lu
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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26
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Fukushi JI, Makagiansar IT, Stallcup WB. NG2 proteoglycan promotes endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis via engagement of galectin-3 and alpha3beta1 integrin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3580-90. [PMID: 15181153 PMCID: PMC491820 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-03-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by microvascular pericytes in newly formed blood vessels. We have used in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the role of NG2 in cross-talk between pericytes and endothelial cells (EC). Binding of soluble NG2 to the EC surface induces cell motility and multicellular network formation in vitro and stimulates corneal angiogenesis in vivo. Biochemical data demonstrate the involvement of both galectin-3 and alpha3beta1 integrin in the EC response to NG2 and show that NG2, galectin-3, and alpha3beta1 form a complex on the cell surface. Transmembrane signaling via alpha3beta1 is responsible for EC motility and morphogenesis in this system. Galectin-3-dependent oligomerization may potentiate NG2-mediated activation of alpha3beta1. In conjunction with recent studies demonstrating the early involvement of pericytes in angiogenesis, these data suggest that pericyte-derived NG2 is an important factor in promoting EC migration and morphogenesis during the early stages of neovascularization.
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27
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Yu J, Astrinidis A, Howard S, Henske EP. Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulate LAM-associated angiomyolipoma cell growth and activate both genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L694-700. [PMID: 12922981 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00204.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive lung disease affecting almost exclusively women. The reasons for this strong gender predisposition are poorly understood. Renal angiomyolipomas occur in 50-60% of sporadic LAM patients. The smooth muscle cells of pulmonary LAM and renal angiomyolipomas are nearly indistinguishable morphologically. Here, we report the first successful cell culture of a LAM-associated renal angiomyolipoma. The cells carried inactivating mutations in both alleles of the TSC2 gene and expressed estrogen receptor , estrogen receptor , and androgen receptor. To elucidate the cellular pathways through which steroid hormones influence LAM pathogenesis, we treated the cells with both estradiol and tamoxifen. Cell growth was stimulated by estradiol, associated with phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK at 5 min and an increase in c-myc expression at 4 h. Tamoxifen citrate also stimulated cell growth, associated with increased phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and expression of c-myc, indicating that tamoxifen has agonist effects on angiomyolipoma cells. This response to tamoxifen in human angiomyolipoma cells differs from prior studies of Eker rat leiomyoma cells, possibly reflecting cell type or species differences in cells lacking tuberin. Our data provide the first evidence that estradiol stimulates the growth of angiomyolipoma cells, that tamoxifen has agonist effects in angiomyolipoma cells, and that estradiol and tamoxifen impact both genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways in angiomyolipoma cells. The responsiveness of angiomyolipoma cells to estradiol may be related to the underlying reasons that LAM affects primarily women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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28
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Abstract
While the usual or myxoid-type neurothekeoma has been reasonably well established as being a tumor of neural origin, the cellular neurothekeoma remains in disputed histogenesis. We studied a series of 11 cellular neurothekeomas using paraffin immunoperoxidase staining with microphthalmia transcription factor (Mitf), NKI/C3, and S-100. The majority of the tumors in our series stained with NKI/C3 (9/11) and Mitf (9/11). All failed to stain with S-100. Furthermore, we divided our series of cellular neurothekeomas according to cytomorphology; tumors demonstrating predominantly spindled morphology, predominantly epithelioid morphology, and mixed spindle and epithelioid morphology. The two tumors that failed to stain with NKI/C3 both demonstrated predominantly spindled morphology. One of the tumors that failed to stain with Mitf showed exclusive spindled morphology, while the other showed mixed morphology (spindle and epithelioid). Two of the tumors, which stained strongly with Mitf, however, showed exclusive epithelioid morphology. This current study furthers the concept that cellular neurothekeoma is a tumor of neuroectodermal origin, and further suggests that it may express some component of melanocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Page
- Knoxville Dermatopathology Laboratory, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA.
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29
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Maldonado M, Baybis M, Newman D, Kolson DL, Chen W, McKhann G, Gutmann DH, Crino PB. Expression of ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, NF kappa B, and MAP kinase in tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 14:279-90. [PMID: 14572449 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-9961(03)00127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) develop cortical tubers characterized by disorganized cytoarchitecture and morphologically abnormal cell types, such as dysplastic neurons (DNs) and giant cells (GCs). As part of ongoing cDNA array analysis to study the molecular pathogenesis of tuber formation, we detected increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA, a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that functions in cytokine signaling, in tubers. Western and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that ICAM-1 protein was selectively expressed in tubers, but was only minimally expressed in control cortex, adjacent nontuberal cortex, or in non-TSC focal cortical dysplasia. Increased expression of ICAM-1 was found in mice in which the Tsc1 gene was conditionally inactivated in astrocytes. Expression of molecules involved in ICAM-1 activation and cytokine signaling were increased in tubers, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Numerous CD68-immunoreactive macrophages were observed clustered around GCs further supporting an inflammatory response in tubers. Expression of caspase 8 and Fas support cytokine activation and detection of TUNEL reactivity suggests ongoing cell death in tubers. Specific alterations in ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB1, and MAPK expression coupled with the detection of numerous CD68-immunoreactive macrophages suggests activation of proinflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in tubers that may culminate in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maldonado
- PENN Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Abstract
Several types of pediatric liver tumors exhibit structural features apparently reflecting processes which normally occur during hepatic ontogenesis: some hepatoblastomas mimic distinct phases of hepatogenesis, including the formation of mesenchymal structures closely associated with immature epithelia, and there are tumors almost exclusively consisting of complex mesenchymal patterns. Current classifications of hepatoblastomas refer to the identification of more or less mature (differentiated) single or mixed components seen in histologic preparations. These do not, however, attempt to integrate ontogenic pathways, in contrast for example, to nephroblastoma and associated lesions, where such a view has proved to be highly fruitful. Based on the fact that an enormous amount of knowledge has recently been accumulated regarding hepatic ontogenesis, time may have come to look at these tumors with a new eye. In what follows, we aim at trying to analyze distinct features of pediatric hepatic tumors (except vascular tumors) within the background of ontogenesis. Some key steps of hepatogenesis and the regulatory factors involved may, in the future, deliver an armamentarium to search for novel molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenic pathways.
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31
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Arbiser JL, Govindarajan B, Bai X, Onda H, Kazlauskas A, Lim SD, Amin MB, Claesson-Welsh L. Functional tyrosine kinase inhibitor profiling: a generally applicable method points to a novel role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta in tuberous sclerosis. Am J Pathol 2002; 161:781-6. [PMID: 12213705 PMCID: PMC1867243 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors often exhibit activation of specific tyrosine kinases, which may allow targeting of therapy through inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling. This strategy has been used successfully in the development of STI571 (gleevec), an inhibitor of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase that has been used successfully in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. STI571 also shows activity against c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRbeta) tyrosine kinase signaling, thus potentially expanding the number of tumors that may respond to it. We describe a simple and rapid method to assess functional activity of tyrosine kinase signaling that is broadly applicable to tumor types. As proof of principle, we have applied it to cells that serve as models of the autosomal-dominant tumor syndrome tuberous sclerosis (TS). We found that TS model cells derived from tuberin heterozygous mice and from a human renal angiomyolipoma are highly sensitive to PDGFR antagonists and that these cells express PDGFRbeta. Given that PDGFRbeta signaling is inhibited by STI571, we found that SV7tert human angiomyolipoma cells are sensitive to STI571. Thus, we describe a novel but simple method of determining the functional tyrosine kinase profile of a neoplastic cell and our results suggest that STI571 might be useful in the treatment of neoplasms commonly seen in patients with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The growth and turnover of blood vessels in the skin is fundamental in normal development, wound repair, hair follicle cycling, tumor cell metastasis, and in many different states of cutaneous pathology. Whereas many investigations are focused on mechanisms of angiogenesis in the skin, the influence of cellular aging and replicative senescence (i.e., the inability, after a critical number of population doublings, to replicate) on microvascular remodeling events has received relatively less attention. In this article, we review the clinical and pathologic relationships associated with cutaneous vascular aging and update current knowledge of endothelial cell survival characteristics. A hypothesis is presented in which endothelial cell aging and survival are linked to molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation, quiescence, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. We review recent results demonstrating how activation of telomerase in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells affects their durability both in vitro and in vivo and conclude by linking these studies with current concepts involving endothelial cell precursors, control of postnatal somatic cell telomerase activity, and murine model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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