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Xu H, Mastenbroek J, Krikke NTB, El-Asal S, Mutlaq R, Casewell NR, Slagboom J, Kool J. Nanofractionation Analytics for Comparing MALDI-MS and ESI-MS Data of Viperidae Snake Venom Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:370. [PMID: 39195780 PMCID: PMC11360109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, it is estimated that there are 1.8 to 2.7 million cases of envenoming caused by snakebites. Snake venom is a complex mixture of protein toxins, lipids, small molecules, and salts, with the proteins typically responsible for causing pathology in snakebite victims. For their chemical characterization and identification, analytical methods are required. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-LC-ESI-MS) is a widely used technique due to its ease of use, sensitivity, and ability to be directly coupled after LC separation. This method allows for the efficient separation of complex mixtures and sensitive detection of analytes. On the other hand, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is also sometimes used, and though it typically requires additional sample preparation steps, it offers desirable suitability for the analysis of larger biomolecules. In this study, seven medically important viperid snake venoms were separated into their respective venom toxins and measured by ESI-MS. In parallel, using nanofractionation analytics, post-column high-resolution fractionation was used to collect the eluting toxins for further processing for MALDI-MS analysis. Our comparative results showed that the deconvoluted snake venom toxin masses were observed with good sensitivity from both ESI-MS and MALDI-MS approaches and presented overlap in the toxin masses recovered (between 25% and 57%, depending on the venom analyzed). The mass range of the toxins detected in high abundance was between 4 and 28 kDa. In total, 39 masses were found in both the ESI-MS and/or MALDI-MS analyses, with most being between 5 and 9 kDa (46%), 13 and 15 kDa (38%), and 24 and 28 kDa (13%) in size. Next to the post-column MS analyses, additional coagulation bioassaying was performed to demonstrate the parallel post-column assessment of venom activity in the workflow. Most nanofractionated venoms exhibited anticoagulant activity, with three venoms additionally exhibiting toxins with clear procoagulant activity (Bothrops asper, Crotalus atrox, and Daboia russelii) observed post-column. The results of this study highlight the complementarity of ESI-MS and MALDI-MS approaches for characterizing snake venom toxins and provide a complementary overview of defined toxin masses found in a diversity of viper snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Mastenbroek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha T. B. Krikke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan El-Asal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rama Mutlaq
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Julien Slagboom
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Yuan W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liang H, Xu Q, Liu Z, Weng X. Plasma membrane lipid composition and metabolomics analysis of Yorkshire boar sperms with high and low resistance to cryopreservation. Theriogenology 2023; 206:28-39. [PMID: 37178672 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of sperm to freezing varies widely among boars. The semen ejaculate of different boars can be grouped into poor freezability ejaculate (PFE) and good freezability ejaculate (GFE). In this study, five Yorkshire boars each of the GFE and PFE were selected by comparing the changes in sperm motility before and after cryopreservation. Firstly, we found that the sperm plasma membrane of the PFE group showed weak integrity after PI and 6-CFDA staining. Then the electron microscopy results verified that the plasma membrane condition of all segments of GFE was better than that of PFE segments. Furthermore, the lipid composition of sperm plasma membranes in GPE and PFE sperm was analyzed by using mass spectrometry, and 15 lipids showed differences between the two groups. Among those lipids, only phosphatidylcholine (PC) (14:0/20:4) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (14:0/20:4) were higher in PFE. The remaining lipid contents, including those of dihydroceramide (18:0/18:0), four hexosylceramides (18:1/20:1, 18:0/22:1, 18:1/16:0, 18:1/18:0), lactosylceramide (18:1/16:0), two hemolyzed phosphatidylethanolamines (18:2, 20:2), five phosphatidylcholines (16:1/18:2, 18:2/16:1, 14:0/20:4, 16:0/18:3, 18:1/20:2), and two phosphatidylethanolamines (14:0/20:4, 18:1/18:3), were all positively correlated with resistance to cryopreservation (p < 0.05, r > 0.6). Moreover, we analyzed the metabolic profile of sperm using untarget metabolomic. KEGG annotation analysis revealed that the altered metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Finally, we determined that the contents of oleic acid, oleamideetc, N8-acetylspermidine etc., were different between GFE and PFE sperm. In summary, the different lipid metabolism levels and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma membrane may be key factors contributing to differences in sperm resistance to cryopreservation among boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hanlin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Breeding and Feeding of Pig in Northern Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Breeding and Feeding of Pig in Northern Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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3
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Jakop U, Engel KM, Hürland M, Müller P, Osmers JH, Jung M, Schulze M. Lipid alterations by oxidative stress increase detached acrosomes after cryopreservation of semen in Holstein bulls. Theriogenology 2023; 197:37-45. [PMID: 36470108 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nearly exclusive use of cryopreserved semen in cattle breeding enables long shipping distances, higher storage times, quarantine to avoid germ transmission and easy dispersal of high genetic value bulls. Spermatozoa from bulls are well freezable and improvement of cryopreservation protocols over decades has led to high semen quality. However, there is still some loss of spermatozoa in each semen dose due to detached acrosomes after thawing. There are even individual bulls with extremely high numbers of detached acrosomes after cryopreservation, called "bad freezers". This study screened 1092 ejaculates from 59 Holstein bulls for the difference in detached acrosomes before and after cryopreservation (ΔAC). The individual bull influenced ΔAC (P < 0.001) and allowed selection for individuals with repeatedly low ΔAC (good freezers) or high ΔAC (bad freezers). Good freezers were superior to bad freezers in a thermo-resistance test (78.2% vs. 33.6% total motility, respectively, P = 0.047) and had higher non-return rates (NRR: 46.8% vs. 40.8%, respectively, P = 0.016). Since oxidative stress is one possible explanation for premature acrosome reaction, the radical reduction capacity of the seminal fluid was measured, finding that this parameter was reduced in bad freezer bulls during cryopreservation (P = 0.043). Analysis of lipid species in sperm cells by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) showed a reduction of ether lipids and plasmalogens as well as an increase in formyl-lysophosphatidylcholines only within the bad freezers during cryopreservation (P = 0.043). In conclusion these findings show, that lipid alteration caused by oxidative stress is one essential reason for highly augmented acrosome reacted spermatozoa in bad freezer bulls. Therefore, increased use of antioxidants in the extender could be a possible starting point for developing individualized extenders for bad freezer bulls of high genetic value, in order to raise sperm quality after cryopreservation even in those bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jakop
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany.
| | - Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Hürland
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany; RBB Rinderproduktion Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH, Lehniner Str. 9, D-14550, Groß Kreutz (Havel), Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Osmers
- RBB Rinderproduktion Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH, Lehniner Str. 9, D-14550, Groß Kreutz (Havel), Germany
| | - Markus Jung
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow, Bernauer Allee 10, D-16321, Bernau, Germany
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Gautier C, Aurich C. "Fine feathers make fine birds" - The mammalian sperm plasma membrane lipid composition and effects on assisted reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106884. [PMID: 34776291 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sperm plasma membrane is important in modulating many sperm functions. The sperm membrane is composed of a complex mixture of lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. There are differences of sperm membrane composition among mammalian species with two groups differing in the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), either docosahexaenoic (ω-3 PUFA) or docosapentaenoic acid (ω-6 PUFA). During testicular and epididymal maturation, composition of the sperm plasma membrane evolves with spermatozoa gaining the capacity for fertilization. The importance of fatty acid metabolism for complete spermatogenesis has been elucidated using gene knockout mice. During epididymal transit cholesterol content decreases and PUFA content increases, conferring more fluidity properties to the sperm membrane. The relatively lesser content of antioxidant enzymes and the relatively larger content of PUFA make the spermatozoa particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation during sperm preservation. In numerous studies, there was adding of PUFA and antioxidants to the diet of animals or to semen extenders with the aim to improve sperm membrane integrity. This review highlights the current knowledge on the sperm membrane composition and effects on sperm function in mammalian domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Jakop U, Müller K, Müller P, Neuhauser S, Callealta Rodríguez I, Grunewald S, Schiller J, Engel KM. Seminal lipid profiling and antioxidant capacity: A species comparison. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264675. [PMID: 35259184 PMCID: PMC8903242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On their way to the oocyte, sperm cells are subjected to oxidative stress, which may trigger the oxidation of phospholipids (PL). Applying MALDI-TOF MS, HPTLC and ESI-IT MS, we comparatively analyzed the PL compositions of semen and blood of species differing in their reproductive systems and types of nutrition (bull, boar, stallion, lion and man) with regard to the sensitivity to oxidation as well as the accumulation of harmful lyso-PL (LPL), transient products of lipid oxidation. In addition, the protective capacity of seminal fluid (SF) was also examined. The PL composition of erythrocytes and blood plasma is similar across the species, while pronounced differences exist for sperm and SF. Since the blood function is largely conserved across mammalian species, but the reproductive systems may vary in many aspects, the obtained results suggest that the PL composition is not determined by the type of nutrition, but by the relatedness of species and by functional requirements of cell membranes such as fluidity. Sperm motion and fertilization of oocytes require a rather flexible membrane, which is accomplished by significant moieties of unsaturated fatty acyl residues in sperm lipids of most species, but implies a higher risk of oxidation. Due to a high content of plasmalogens (alkenyl ether lipids), bull sperm are most susceptible to oxidation. Our data indicate that bull sperm possess the most effective protective power in SF. Obviously, a co-evolution of PL composition and protective mechanisms has occurred in semen and is related to the reproductive characteristics. Although the protective capacity in human SF seems well developed, we recorded the most pronounced individual contaminations with LPL in human semen. Probably, massive oxidative challenges related to lifestyle factors interfere with natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jakop
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow e. V., Bernau, Germany
| | - Karin Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Sonja Grunewald
- Department of Dermatology, Training Center of the European Academy of Andrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jurgen Schiller
- Department of Dermatology, Training Center of the European Academy of Andrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin M. Engel
- Department of Dermatology, Training Center of the European Academy of Andrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Engel KM, Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Nimptsch A, Lemmnitzer K, Vos DRN, Hopf C, Schiller J. A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101145. [PMID: 34995672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemmnitzer
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany.
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Kumar M, Prasad R, Singh A. High-Throughput Phospholipidomics of Candida Cells: From Sample Preparation to Data Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:127-140. [PMID: 36008661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory identification of Candida species is often complicated by overlapping features. Species specificity is critical to the appropriate use of interventions.Accurate identification and quantification of lipid species in complex lipid mixtures are crucial for assigning biological functions to lipids of fungi. Recently, much has been achieved in the field of mass spectrometry, allowing high-throughput screening of simple and complex lipid structures. The next-generation, high-resolution mass spectrometers allow accurate analysis and a much broader spectrum for lipidomic studies; nonetheless, these are often expensive, and data analysis is complex, which presents a challenge in routine lipid studies. Alternatively, by coupling the ion trap with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) platform, we can achieve rapid, sensitive, and accurate quantification of lipids in Candida extracts. Moreover, the approach is simple and relatively cost-effective. Below, we discuss the key features of ion trap HPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based comparative lipidomics of Candida cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bastos NM, Rossi GF, da Silva Leão BC, Negrão F, Ferreira CR, Vrisman DP, Rodrigues NN, Zorzetto MF, de Paula Freitas-Dell'Aqua C, Vantini R, Monteiro FM, Mercadante MEZ, Eberlin MN, de Lima VFMH, Mingoti GZ. Effects of paternal diet and antioxidant addition to the semen extender on bovine semen characteristics and on the phenotype of the resulting embryo. Theriogenology 2021; 175:23-33. [PMID: 34481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term dietary supplementation of young Nellore bulls with rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and of the inclusion of catalase in the semen extender on semen quality, in vitro sperm fertilizing ability, and intracytoplasmic lipid content in the resulting embryos. Twelve Nellore bulls were supplemented with rumen-protected PUFAs or with a basal diet from 14 to 24 months of age. The semen was collected at the end of supplementation. For cryopreservation, the ejaculate was divided into two equal volumes and catalase was added to the extender in one of the fractions. Thus, the experimental design consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with two diets (control and PUFA) and two extenders (Cat+ and Cat-). Total motility and the percentage of rapid cells in fresh semen were negatively affected by dietary supplementation with PUFAs (P < 0.05), but these effects did not persist after freezing. The frozen/thawed semen of animals fed PUFAs exhibited an increase in the percentages of damaged plasma and acrosomal membranes, as well as an increase in the proportion of lipids ions at m/z 578 and m/z 757 detected by MALDI-MS. Nevertheless, there was no effect of the treatments on in vitro embryo development. However, embryos derived from bulls supplemented with PUFAs exhibited higher lipid accumulation compared to control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, PUFA supplementation promoted worsening of semen quality without affecting the in vitro sperm fertilizing ability; however, the paternal diet affected the intracytoplasmic lipid content in the resulting embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Marins Bastos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Genetics and Animal Breeding, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Fazan Rossi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Caetano da Silva Leão
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Negrão
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL, USA; ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Ramires Ferreira
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dayane Priscila Vrisman
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Nantes Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Vantini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Morato Monteiro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ/APTA), Sertãozinho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Genetics and Animal Breeding, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zoccal Mingoti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Animal Reproduction, Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Campus Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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He K, Chen C, Deng J, Hou YJ, Xiang Z, Yang Y. In situ detection and imaging of lysophospholipids in zebrafish using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4637. [PMID: 32789983 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) (MALDI-FTICR-MS) imaging method was developed to rapid and in situ detect the spatial distribution of lysophospholipids (LPLs) in zebrafish. The combination of MALDI with ultrahigh-resolution FTICR-MS achieves the MS imaging of LPLs with a mass resolution up to 50 000, which allows accurate identification and clear spatial visualization of LPLs in complex biological tissues. A series of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) was detected using positive ion detection mode, and their concentration differences and spatial distributions were clearly visualized in different parts of zebrafish tissue. The method is rapid, simple, and efficient, being a desirable way to understand the spatial distribution of LPLs in biosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ya-Jun Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhangmin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou, 510070, China
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10
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Engel KM, Dzyuba V, Dzyuba B, Schiller J. Different glycolipids in sperm from different freshwater fishes - A high-performance thin-layer chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8875. [PMID: 32621632 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glycolipids play important roles in many physiological processes - despite their commonly low abundance. This study summarizes selected data on the (glyco)lipid composition of sperm from different fish species. METHODS Lipid extraction of fish sperm was performed according to the procedure by Bligh and Dyer. The lipid composition of the organic extracts was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and electrospray ionization ion trap (ESI-IT)MS coupled to high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). RESULTS It was shown that sperm from carp, northern pike, rainbow trout and burbot contain high amounts of neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids as well as sulfoglycolipids. These particular lipids are presumably involved in reproduction requirements. CONCLUSIONS Phospholipids and glycolipids in crude lipid extracts can be analyzed in parallel by MS coupled to TLC. The direct application of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) helps to elucidate the glycolipid structure. Thus, compositional analysis can be performed very rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
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11
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Lee SH, Kim YJ, Kang BH, Yun YS, Park CK. The relationship between acrosome reaction and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in boar sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:624-631. [PMID: 32108385 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between acrosome reactions and fatty acid composition with respect to fertility in boar sperm. The acrosome reaction was induced more than 85% by 60 mM methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), and plasma membrane integrity was significantly reduced dependent on the MBCD level in boar sperm (p < .05). The acrosome-reacted sperm exhibited significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) composition compared to the non-acrosome reaction group (p < .0001). In addition, the PUFAs, C22:5n-6 (docosapentaenoic acid [DPA]; p < .01) and C22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]; p < .0001) were significantly decreased, and cleavage and blastocyst formation of oocytes were significantly (p < .0001) decreased in acrosome-reacted sperm relative to non-acrosome-reacted sperm. Moreover, acrosome reaction was positively correlated with SFAs, whereas negatively correlated with PUFAs, of the PUFAs, the DPA (p = .0005) and DHA (p = <.0001) were negatively correlated with the acrosome reaction. Therefore, these results suggest that the PUFAs composition of sperm is closely involved in acrosome reaction in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Lee
- Discipline of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Kang
- Discipline of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yong Sik Yun
- Department of Mathematics and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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12
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Engel KM, Dzyuba V, Ninhaus-Silveira A, Veríssimo-Silveira R, Dannenberger D, Schiller J, Steinbach C, Dzyuba B. Sperm Lipid Composition in Early Diverged Fish Species: Internal vs. External Mode of Fertilization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020172. [PMID: 31979037 PMCID: PMC7072473 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of sperm membranes is crucial for fertilization and differs among species. As the evolution of internal fertilization modes in fishes is not understood, a comparative study of the sperm lipid composition in freshwater representatives of externally and internally fertilizing fishes is needed for a better understanding of taxa-specific relationships between the lipid composition of the sperm membrane and the sperm physiology. The lipidomes of spermatozoa from stingray, a representative of cartilaginous fishes possessing internal fertilization, and sterlet, a representative of chondrostean fishes with external fertilization, have been studied by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), electrospray MS, gas chromatography-(GC) MS, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). NMR experiments revealed higher cholesterol content and the presence of phosphatidylserine in stingray compared to sterlet sperm. Unknown MS signals could be assigned to different glycosphingolipids in sterlet (neutral glycosphingolipid Gal-Cer(d18:1/16:0)) and stingray (acidic glycosphingolipid sulpho-Gal-Cer(d18:1/16:0)). Free fatty acids in sterlet sperm indicate internal energy storage. GC-MS experiments indicated a significant amount of adrenic acid, but only a low amount of docosahexaenoic acid in stingray sperm. In a nutshell, this study provides novel data on sperm lipid composition for freshwater stingray and sterlet possessing different modes of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M. Engel
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-15708
| | - Viktoriya Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší, 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (C.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira
- Department of Biology and Zootechny, Ilha Solteira, Faculty of Engineering, São Paulo State University, Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory—LINEO, Monção Street, 226, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; (A.N.-S.); (R.V.-S.)
| | - Rosicleire Veríssimo-Silveira
- Department of Biology and Zootechny, Ilha Solteira, Faculty of Engineering, São Paulo State University, Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory—LINEO, Monção Street, 226, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; (A.N.-S.); (R.V.-S.)
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Lipid Metabolism and Muscular Adaptation Workgroup, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší, 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (C.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší, 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (C.S.); (B.D.)
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13
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Engel KM, Jakop U, Müller K, Grunewald S, Paasch U, Schiller J. MALDI MS Analysis to Investigate the Lipid Composition of Sperm. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181030123256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The sperm plasma membrane meets the requirements of sperm transit
through the female genital tract and subsequent fertilization. Commonly, the (phospho)lipid composition
of sperm is characterized by tremendous amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acyl residues such
as docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid. While human sperm contain almost exclusively diacyl
lipids, many animal sperm additionally contain significant amounts of ether lipids such as alkylacyl-
and alkenyl-acyl lipids (plasmalogens).
Hypothesis/Objective:
It is suggested that deviations from the typical lipid composition are indicative
of pathological changes. Therefore, simple methods to elucidate the sperm lipid composition are essential.
Method:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a fast
and simple method. Since the selection of the most suitable matrix is a crucial step in MALDI MS,
this topic will be highlighted. It will also be shown that MALDI MS can be easily combined with
thin-layer chromatography to overcome ion suppression effects.
Results:
The lipid composition of sperm from different species can be elucidated by MALDI MS.
However, different matrix compounds have to be used to record positive and negative ion mass spectra.
Since some sperm (glyco)lipids are characterized by the presence of sulfate residues which suppress
the detection of less acidic lipids in the negative ion mode, previous separation is often necessary.
It will be also emphasized that plasmalogens can be easily identified by either enzymatic digestion
or treatment with acids.
Conclusion:
MALDI MS is a reliable method to obtain sperm lipid fingerprints in a simple and convenient
way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M. Engel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Jakop
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Grunewald
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology Clinic, Andrological Unit, University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Paasch
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology Clinic, Andrological Unit, University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal- Straße 23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Razza EM, Sudano MJ, Fontes PK, Franchi FF, Belaz KRA, Santos PH, Castilho ACS, Rocha DFO, Eberlin MN, Machado MF, Nogueira MFG. Treatment with cyclic adenosine monophosphate modulators prior to in vitro maturation alters the lipid composition and transcript profile of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes and blastocysts. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1314-1328. [PMID: 29681258 DOI: 10.1071/rd17335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes resume meiosis spontaneously after removal from the ovarian follicle. We tested the effects of a 2-h prematuration treatment (Pre-IVM) with forskolin (FSK) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) on the lipid content of oocytes and blastocysts, on the membrane lipid composition of blastocysts and on the transcriptional profiling of cumulus cells and blastocysts in a high-throughput platform. Embryonic development rates to the morula (mean 56.1%) or blastocyst (mean 26.3%) stages were unaffected by treatment. Lipid content was not affected after Pre-IVM, but was increased after IVM in treated oocytes. Conversely, the lipid content was reduced in Pre-IVM blastocysts. Pre-IVM COCs generated blastocysts containing blastomeres with more unsaturated lipids in their membranes. Pre-IVM also altered the relative abundance of 31 gene transcripts after 2h and 16 transcripts after 24h in cumulus cells, while seven transcripts were altered in blastocysts. Our results suggest that the Pre-IVM treatment affected the lipid composition and transcriptional profiles of COCs and blastocysts. Therefore, Pre-IVM with FSK and IBMX could be used either to prevent spontaneous meiotic resumption during IVM or to modulate lipid composition in the membrane and cytoplasm of blastocysts, potentially improving bovine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Razza
- Nove de Julho University, Rua Nicolau Assis, 15, 17011102, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus J Sudano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472Km 592, Caixa Postal 118, 97508000, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia K Fontes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, 18618970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Franchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, 18618970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Roberta A Belaz
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda s/n, 13083859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila H Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, 18618970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony C S Castilho
- University of Western São Paulo, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572 -- Bairro Limoeiro, 19067175, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele F O Rocha
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda s/n, 13083859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda s/n, 13083859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Machado
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, 18618970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F G Nogueira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State, Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, 18618970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Lee SH, Kim YJ, Ho Kang B, Park CK. Effect of nicotinic acid on the plasma membrane function and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition during cryopreservation in boar sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1251-1257. [PMID: 31287595 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nicotinic acid on plasma membrane integrity and fatty acid composition in frozen-thawed boar sperm. Boar semen was cryopreserved using freezing extender containing nicotinic acid (NA), then plasma membrane integrity, osmotic equilibration, lipid peroxidation and fatty acid were analysed. The plasma membrane integrity of frozen-thawed sperm was significantly higher in the 10 mM NA than in the 0 and 20 mM NA treatment groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the osmotic equilibration ability was not different in treatment groups, but lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased in the 10 mM NA treatment group (p < 0.05). The saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased in the 10 mM NA treatment group, and C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6, C22:5n-6 and C22:6n-3, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were significantly increased in the 10 mM NA treatment groups (p < 0.05). In summary, 10 mM NA improved plasma membrane integrity, inhibited lipid peroxidation and increased PUFAs in frozen-thawed boar sperm. These results suggest that NA may be useful to protect the plasma membrane and inhibit the loss of PUFAs for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Lee
- Discipline of ICT, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeong Ho Kang
- Discipline of ICT, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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16
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Engel KM, Sampels S, Dzyuba B, Podhorec P, Policar T, Dannenberger D, Schiller J. Swimming at different temperatures: The lipid composition of sperm from three freshwater fish species determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:65-72. [PMID: 30922837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spawning behavior of different fish species is as diverse as their habitats. A lot of factors influence the (phospho)lipid composition of fish sperm, including the water temperature at which spawning takes place. Therefore, this study aimed on the elucidation of the phospholipid composition of sperm from three fish species from different orders (common carp - Cyprinus carpio, northern pike - Esox lucius and burbot - Lota lota) with different spawning temperatures by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as well as gas chromatography. Next to the lipid composition that was different for carp, northern pike and burbot, regarding the moieties of the different (phospho)lipid classes (particularly sphingomyelin and acidic phospholipids) and the saturation degree of the fatty acyl residues, there were differences observed depending on the analytical method that was used. The results from TLC and NMR investigations differed regarding the amounts of the different phospholipids. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sabine Sampels
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Podhorec
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, South Bohemian Research Centre for Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Lipid Metabolism and Muscular Adaptation Workgroup, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Leopold J, Popkova Y, Engel KM, Schiller J. Recent Developments of Useful MALDI Matrices for the Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipids. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040173. [PMID: 30551655 PMCID: PMC6316665 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the most successful “soft” ionization methods in the field of mass spectrometry and enables the analysis of a broad range of molecules, including lipids. Although the details of the ionization process are still unknown, the importance of the matrix is commonly accepted. Both, the development of and the search for useful matrices was, and still is, an empirical process, since properties like vacuum stability, high absorption at the laser wavelength, etc. have to be fulfilled by a compound to become a useful matrix. This review provides a survey of successfully used MALDI matrices for the lipid analyses of complex biological samples. The advantages and drawbacks of the established organic matrix molecules (cinnamic or benzoic acid derivatives), liquid crystalline matrices, and mixtures of common matrices will be discussed. Furthermore, we will deal with nanocrystalline matrices, which are most suitable to analyze small molecules, such as free fatty acids. It will be shown that the analysis of mixtures and the quantitative analysis of small molecules can be easily performed if the matrix is carefully selected. Finally, some basic principles of how useful matrix compounds can be “designed” de novo will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kathrin M Engel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, Leipzig University, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Engel KM, Schiller J, Müller K, Dannenberger D, Jakop U. The Phospholipid Composition of Kangaroo Spermatozoa Verified by Mass Spectrometric Lipid Analysis. Lipids 2017; 52:857-869. [PMID: 28801719 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of kangaroo sperm has not been successful so far, and yet there is no promising cryopreservation protocol for these cells available. However, conservation of gametes is extremely important, particularly in the context of preserving endangered species. As spermatozoa are comprised of different membrane systems, the composition of these membranes might account for difficulties in cryopreservation. Lipids, as the main components, affect the physical properties of biological membranes and play a major role in sperm maturation. Therefore, knowledge of the lipid composition is crucial for any further step toward the preservation of the species. We used MALDI-TOF, ESI-IT, tandem mass spectrometry, and thin layer chromatography to investigate the lipid composition of epididymal spermatozoa of four different kangaroo species. Spectra of these species were very similar with respect to the identified lipid species. Tremendous changes in the lipid composition during the transit of sperm from caput to cauda epididymis could be seen, specifically an increase in poly-unsaturated fatty acids, ether lipids, and plasmalogens, as well as a reduction in mono- and di-unsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, phosphatidylcholines containing docosatrienoic acid (22:3), a heretofore unknown fatty acid for sperm membranes, showed the highest abundance in kangaroo sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16/18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Müller
- Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Function of Bioactive Lipids Unit, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Willhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Jakop
- Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Lucio CF, Brito MM, Angrimani DSR, Belaz KRA, Morais D, Zampieri D, Losano JDA, Assumpção MEOA, Nichi M, Eberlin MN, Vannucchi CI. Lipid composition of the canine sperm plasma membrane as markers of sperm motility. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:208-213. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CF Lucio
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - MM Brito
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - DSR Angrimani
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - KRA Belaz
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - D Morais
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - D Zampieri
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - JDA Losano
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - MEOA Assumpção
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - MN Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - CI Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R. Egmond
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Universiteit Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Fuchs B. Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:599-617. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Effects of Hoechst33342 staining on the viability and flow cytometric sex-sorting of frozen-thawed ram sperm. Cryobiology 2015; 70:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Stoyanovsky DA, Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, He RR, Watkins S, Pitt BR, Bayir H, Kagan VE. Improved spatial resolution of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging of lipids in the brain by alkylated derivatives of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:403-12. [PMID: 24497278 PMCID: PMC3973445 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the major techniques for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of biological systems along with secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and desorption electrospray mass spectrometry (DESI). The inherent variability of MALDI-MSI signals within intact tissues is related to the heterogeneity of both the sample surface and the matrix crystallization. To circumvent some of these limitations of MALDI-MSI, we have developed improved matrices for lipid analysis based on structural modification of the commonly used matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). METHODS We have synthesized DHB containing -C6H13 and -C12H25 alkyl chains and applied these matrices to rat brain using a capillary sprayer. We utilized a Bruker Ultraflex II MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer to analyze lipid extracts and tissue sections, and examined these sections with polarized light microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. RESULTS O-alkylation of DHB yields matrices, which, when applied to brain sections, follow a trend of phase transition from crystals to an oily layer in the sequence DHB → DHB-C6H13 → DHB-C12H25 . MALDI-MSI images acquired with DHB-C12H25 exhibited a considerably higher density of lipids than DHB. CONCLUSIONS Comparative experiments with DHB and DHB-C12H25 are presented, which indicate that the latter matrix affords higher lateral resolution than the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Stoyanovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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24
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Mass spectrometry and inflammation—MS methods to study oxidation and enzyme-induced changes of phospholipids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1291-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Le Guillou J, Ropers MH, Gaillard C, David-Briand E, Desherces S, Schmitt E, Bencharif D, Amirat-Briand L, Tainturier D, Anton M. Organization of lipids in the artificial outer membrane of bull spermatozoa reconstructed at the air–water interface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 108:246-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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A simple method to identify ether lipids in spermatozoa samples by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6675-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Surface analysis of lipids by mass spectrometry: more than just imaging. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:329-53. [PMID: 23623802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is now an indispensable tool for lipid analysis and is arguably the driving force in the renaissance of lipid research. In its various forms, mass spectrometry is uniquely capable of resolving the extensive compositional and structural diversity of lipids in biological systems. Furthermore, it provides the ability to accurately quantify molecular-level changes in lipid populations associated with changes in metabolism and environment; bringing lipid science to the "omics" age. The recent explosion of mass spectrometry-based surface analysis techniques is fuelling further expansion of the lipidomics field. This is evidenced by the numerous papers published on the subject of mass spectrometric imaging of lipids in recent years. While imaging mass spectrometry provides new and exciting possibilities, it is but one of the many opportunities direct surface analysis offers the lipid researcher. In this review we describe the current state-of-the-art in the direct surface analysis of lipids with a focus on tissue sections, intact cells and thin-layer chromatography substrates. The suitability of these different approaches towards analysis of the major lipid classes along with their current and potential applications in the field of lipid analysis are evaluated.
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Wegener J, Zschörnig K, Onischke K, Fuchs B, Schiller J, Müller K. Conservation of honey bee (Apis mellifera) sperm phospholipids during storage in the bee queen--a TLC/MALDI-TOF MS study. Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:213-22. [PMID: 23279974 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is characterized by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity of senescence-related processes, and has therefore become a model organism of gerontological research. Sperm of honey bee drones can remain fertile for several years within the storage organ of queens. The reason for this longevity is unknown, but the suppression of lipid peroxidation seems to play a decisive role. Here, we examined the questions of whether spermatheca- and in vitro-stored honey bee sperm are indeed resistant to lipid peroxidation, and whether the nature of sperm lipids could explain this resistance. The lipid composition of bee sperm was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) combined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The positive ion mass spectra of drone sperm lipids are dominated by two glycerophosphocholine (GPC) species, although small amounts of sphingomyelins (SM) and glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE) are also detectable after TLC. Alkyl/acyl and alkenyl/acyl compounds of GPC, and alkyl/acyl as well as diacyl compounds of GPE were detected containing oleyl, oleoyl, palmityl and palmitoyl as the most abundant residues. Assignments of all compounds have been additionally verified by enzymatic digestion and exposition to HCl. During incubation of sperm in the presence of air, characteristic lipid oxidation products such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) appear. Inside the spermatheca, however, sperm lipids are obviously protected from oxidation and their composition does not change, even if they are stored over years. Our data support the view that the membrane composition of honey bee sperm could help to explain the extraordinary longevity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wegener
- Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Strasse 32, D-16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
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29
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Tapia JA, Macias-Garcia B, Miro-Moran A, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Salido GM, Peña FJ, Aparicio IM. The Membrane of the Mammalian Spermatozoa: Much More Than an Inert Envelope. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 3:65-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Effect of Hoechst 33342 on stallion spermatozoa incubated in KMT or Tyrodes modified INRA96. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 131:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Fuchs B. Analysis of phospolipids and glycolipids by thin-layer chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:62-73. [PMID: 22503924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry (TLC-MALDI-MS) of organic extracts from biological samples allows untargeted analysis and structural characterization of phospholipids and glycolipids ionized from the near-surface region of a sample separated on a TLC-plate. In particular, MALDI-MS enables the sensitive detection of many analytes directly from the solid surface of an ordinary TLC-plate even without previous staining. It will be shown that the detailed fatty acyl composition of phospholipids can be determined solely by TLC-MALDI-MS without previous derivatization, enzymatic cleavage and/or reversed phase separation. MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) MS is thus a powerful method in this field due to its high sensitivity, low extent of induced fragmentation and simple, user-friendly performance. This review summarizes the so far available knowledge about combined TLC-MALDI-MS for phospholipid and glycolipid characterization together with the technical workflow and a survey of applications. Finally a perspective on the future of TLC-MALDI-MS is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Rahman MB, Vandaele L, Rijsselaere T, Zhandi M, Maes D, Shamsuddin M, Van Soom A. Oocyte quality determines bovine embryo development after fertilisation with hydrogen peroxide-stressed spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:608-18. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of gametes to specific stressors at sublethal levels can enhance the gametes’ subsequent performance in processes such as cryopreservation. In the present study, bull spermatozoa were subjected to H2O2 for 4 h at 100-, 200- and 500-μM levels; computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay were used for evaluation of subsequent sperm motility and DNA integrity, respectively. Exposure of spermatozoa to H2O2 did not affect sperm motility but DNA integrity was negatively affected by 500 μM H2O2 compared with mock-exposed spermatozoa, whereas both motility and DNA integrity were affected compared with untreated spermatozoa. Nevertheless, insemination of oocytes with spermatozoa exposed to 200 μM H2O2 increased fertilisation, cleavage and blastocyst rates (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the higher blastocyst yield after fertilisation of oocytes with spermatozoa exposed to 200 μM H2O2 was related to oocyte diameter, with large–medium oocytes yielding higher blastocyst rates, while small-diameter oocytes consistently failed to develop into blastocysts. In conclusion, the results indicate that exposure of spermatozoa to 200 μM H2O2 before sperm–oocyte interaction may enhance in vitro embryo production in cattle. However, this increased embryo production is largely dependent on the intrinsic quality of the oocytes.
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Fuchs B, Bresler K, Schiller J. Oxidative changes of lipids monitored by MALDI MS. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:782-95. [PMID: 21964445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation processes of lipids are of paramount interest from many viewpoints. For instance, oxidation processes are highly important under in vivo conditions because molecules with regulatory functions are generated by oxidation of lipids or free fatty acids. Additionally, many inflammatory diseases are accompanied by lipid oxidation and, therefore, oxidation products are also useful disease (bio)markers. Thus, there is also considerable interest in methods of (oxidized) lipid analysis. Nowadays, soft ionization mass spectrometric (MS) methods are regularly used to study oxidative lipid modifications due to their high sensitivities and the extreme mass resolution. Although electrospray ionization (ESI) MS is so far most popular, applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) MS are increasing. This review aims to summarize the so far available data on MALDI analyses of oxidized lipids. In addition to model systems, special attention will be paid to the monitoring of oxidized lipids under in vivo conditions, particularly the oxidation of (human) lipoproteins. It is not the aim of this review to praise MALDI as the "best" method but to provide a critical survey of the advantages and drawbacks of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstrasse16/18, Leipzig, Germany
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MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a simple tool to determine the phospholipid/glycolipid composition of sperm: Pheasant spermatozoa as one selected example. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 123:270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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The cryoprotective effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on bovine semen quality. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fuchs B, Süss R, Schiller J. An update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:450-75. [PMID: 20643161 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)--often but not exclusively coupled with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer--is primarily established in the protein field, there is increasing evidence that MALDI MS is also very useful in lipid research: MALDI MS is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities to a relatively high extent and provides very simple mass spectra without major fragmentation of the analyte. Additionally, MALDI MS devices originally purchased for "proteomics" can be used also for lipids without the need of major system alterations. After a short introduction into the method and the related ion-forming process, the MALDI mass spectrometric characteristics of the individual lipid (ranging from completely apolar hydrocarbons to complex glycolipids with the focus on glycerophospholipids) classes will be discussed and the progress achieved in the last years emphasized. Special attention will be paid to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS because this is normally considered to be the "weak" point of the method, particularly if complex lipid mixtures are to be analyzed. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely clear, it will be also explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial in order to be able to detect all compounds of interest. Two rather recent developments will be highlighted: "Imaging" MS is nowadays widely established and significant interest is paid in this context to the analysis of lipids because lipids ionize particularly well and are, thus, more sensitively detectable in tissue slices than other biomolecules such as proteins. It will also be shown that MALDI MS can be very easily combined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) allowing the spatially-resolved screening of the entire TLC plate and the detection of lipids with a higher sensitivity than common staining protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstrasse 16-18, Germany
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Schober C, Schiller J, Pinker F, Hengstler JG, Fuchs B. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine is – in contrast to – choline – generated under in vivo conditions exclusively by phospholipase A2 but not by hypochlorous acid. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jakop U, Fuchs B, Süss R, Wibbelt G, Braun B, Müller K, Schiller J. The solubilisation of boar sperm membranes by different detergents - a microscopic, MALDI-TOF MS, (31)P NMR and PAGE study on membrane lysis, extraction efficiency, lipid and protein composition. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:49. [PMID: 19906304 PMCID: PMC2781011 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detergents are often used to isolate proteins, lipids as well as "detergent-resistant membrane domains" (DRMs) from cells. Different detergents affect different membrane structures according to their physico-chemical properties. However, the effects of different detergents on membrane lysis of boar spermatozoa and the lipid composition of DRMs prepared from the affected sperm membranes have not been investigated so far. Results Spermatozoa were treated with the selected detergents Pluronic F-127, sodium cholate, CHAPS, Tween 20, Triton X-100 and Brij 96V. Different patterns of membrane disintegration were observed by light and electron microscopy. In accordance with microscopic data, different amounts of lipids and proteins were released from the cells by the different detergents. The biochemical methods to assay the phosphorus and cholesterol contents as well as 31P NMR to determine the phospholipids were not influenced by the presence of detergents since comparable amounts of lipids were detected in the organic extracts from whole cell suspensions after exposure to each detergent. However, matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry applied to identify phospholipids was essentially disturbed by the presence of detergents which exerted particular suppression effects on signal intensities. After separation of the membrane fractions released by detergents on a sucrose gradient only Triton X-100 and sodium cholate produced sharp turbid DRM bands. Only membrane solubilisation by Triton X-100 leads to an enrichment of cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine in a visible DRM band accompanied by a selective accumulation of proteins. Conclusion The boar sperm membranes are solubilised to a different extent by the used detergents. Particularly, the very unique DRMs isolated after Triton X-100 exposure are interesting candidates for further studies regarding the architecture of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Jakop
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
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Haynes CA, Allegood JC, Park H, Sullards MC. Sphingolipidomics: methods for the comprehensive analysis of sphingolipids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2696-708. [PMID: 19147416 PMCID: PMC2765038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise a highly diverse and complex class of molecules that serve as both structural components of cellular membranes and signaling molecules capable of eliciting apoptosis, differentiation, chemotaxis, and other responses in mammalian cells. Comprehensive or "sphingolipidomic" analyses (structure specific, quantitative analyses of all sphingolipids, or at least all members of a critical subset) are required in order to elucidate the role(s) of sphingolipids in a given biological context because so many of the sphingolipids in a biological system are inter-converted structurally and metabolically. Despite the experimental challenges posed by the diversity of sphingolipid-regulated cellular responses, the detection and quantitation of multiple sphingolipids in a single sample has been made possible by combining classical analytical separation techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with state-of-the-art tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. As part of the Lipid MAPS consortium an internal standard cocktail was developed that comprises the signaling metabolites (i.e. sphingoid bases, sphingoid base-1-phosphates, ceramides, and ceramide-1-phosphates) as well as more complex species such as mono- and di-hexosylceramides and sphingomyelin. Additionally, the number of species that can be analyzed is growing rapidly with the addition of fatty acyl Co-As, sulfatides, and other complex sphingolipids as more internal standards are becoming available. The resulting LC-MS/MS analyses are one of the most analytically rigorous technologies that can provide the necessary sensitivity, structural specificity, and quantitative precision with high-throughput for "sphingolipidomic" analyses in small sample quantities. This review summarizes historical and state-of-the-art analytical techniques used for the identification, structure determination, and quantitation of sphingolipids from free sphingoid bases through more complex sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, lactosylceramides, and sulfatides including those intermediates currently considered sphingolipid "second messengers". Also discussed are some emerging techniques and other issues remaining to be resolved for the analysis of the full sphingolipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Haynes
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
| | - Jeremy C. Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-5048, U.S.A
| | - Hyejung Park
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
| | - M. Cameron Sullards
- School of Biology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, U.S.A
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Fuchs B, Bischoff A, Süß R, Teuber K, Schürenberg M, Suckau D, Schiller J. Phosphatidylcholines and -ethanolamines can be easily mistaken in phospholipid mixtures: a negative ion MALDI-TOF MS study with 9-aminoacridine as matrix and egg yolk as selected example. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:2479-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bauer A, Schumann A, Gilbert M, Wilhelm C, Hengstler JG, Schiller J, Fuchs B. Evaluation of carbon tetrachloride-induced stress on rat hepatocytes by 31P NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: lysophosphatidylcholine generation from unsaturated phosphatidylcholines. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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MALDI-TOF “fingerprint” phospholipid mass spectra allow the differentiation between ruminantia and feloideae spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2009; 71:568-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lorkiewicz P, Cecilia Yappert M. 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-5-nitropyridine as a basic matrix for negative-mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis of phospholipids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:137-43. [PMID: 19086041 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fast and easy analysis of phospholipids (PLs) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been well demonstrated. However, when using common organic matrices, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), the detection of most PL classes in positive-ion mode is difficult when PLs containing zwitterionic groups, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) are present. To reduce this limitation, 2-(2-aminoethyloamino)-5-nitropyridine (AAN), a basic compound, was evaluated as an alternative matrix. Negative-ion spectra showed enhanced detection of phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidyl serines (PSs), phosphatidyl glycerols (PGs), and phosphatidyl inositols (PIs) in simple mixtures and in a crude methanolic soybean extract. The relative ionization efficiency (RIE) was highest for PIs and lowest for PGs, PSs, and PEs. Compared to DHB and para-nitroaniline, AAN resulted in greater sensitivity for the detection of PL classes in the negative mode. Indeed, the S/N ratio was nearly an order of magnitude higher than that reported for similar PI concentrations but with DHB. MALDI spots produced with AAN were homogeneous thus allowing automation and improved reproducibility. Positive-mode traces could also be acquired with AAN as the matrix, but with lower sensitivity than in the negative mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Fuchs B, Schiller J, Süß R, Zscharnack M, Bader A, Müller P, Schürenberg M, Becker M, Suckau D. Analysis of stem cell lipids by offline HPTLC-MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:849-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fuchs B, Süß R, Nimptsch A, Schiller J. MALDI-TOF-MS Directly Combined with TLC: A Review of the Current State. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Many diseases as atherosclerosis and metabolic dysfunctions are known to correlate with changes of the lipid profile of tissues and body fluids. Therefore, the importance of reliable methods of lipid analysis is obvious. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was so far primarily used for protein analysis, this method has itself proven to be very useful in lipid analysis, too. This review provides an overview of applications of MALDI-TOF MS in lipid analysis and summarizes the specific advantages and drawbacks of this modern soft-ionization method. The focus will be on the analysis of body fluids and cells as well as the diagnostic potential of the method in the lipid field. It will be shown that MALDI-TOF mass spectra can be recorded in a very short time and provide important information on the lipid as well as the fatty acyl composition of the lipids of an unknown sample. However, it will also be shown that only selected lipid classes (in particular those with quaternary ammonia groups as phosphatidylcholine) are detected if crude mixtures are analyzed as they are more sensitively detectable than other ones. This review ends with a short outlook emphasizing current methodological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- University of Leipzig, Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16/18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Fuchs B, Schiller J, Cross MA. Apoptosis-associated changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of hematopoietic progenitor cells monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 150:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fuchs B, Müller K, Göritz F, Blottner S, Schiller J. Characteristic Oxidation Products of Choline Plasmalogens are Detectable in Cattle and Roe Deer Spermatozoa by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2007; 42:991-8. [PMID: 17717713 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines and -phosphoethanolamines) are important constituents of spermatozoa membranes and possess significant antioxidative properties. This particularly holds as plasmalogens from spermatozoa also possess a very high content of highly unsaturated fatty acyl residues (especially 22:6). The organic spermatozoa extracts of two different ruminants (cattle and roe deer) were analyzed for their contents of characteristic choline plasmalogen oxidation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. It will be shown that 1-hydroxy-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC 22:6) and formyl-LPC 22:6 are reliable measures of lipid oxidation of spermatozoa and allow, accordingly, conclusions about the storage conditions. All data on spermatozoa were also confirmed by the investigation of the oxidation behavior of selected reference compounds. It will be shown that, equally if plasmalogens or diacyl PC species are used, oxidation takes place primarily at the double bond next to the glycerol backbone. These data were additionally confirmed by recording the corresponding post source decay (PSD) fragment ion spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
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Fuchs B, Schiller J, Süss R, Schürenberg M, Suckau D. A direct and simple method of coupling matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for the analysis of phospholipids from egg yolk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:827-34. [PMID: 17673987 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the most important application of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is "proteomics," there is growing evidence that this soft ionization method is also useful for phospholipid (PL) analysis. Although all PLs are detectable by MALDI-TOF MS, some lipid classes, particularly those with quaternary amines such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs), are more sensitively detected than others, and these suppress the signals of less sensitively detected PLs when complex mixtures are analyzed. Therefore, a separation of the total organic extract into individual lipid classes is necessary. As MALDI uses a solid sample, the direct evaluation of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates is possible. We report here on a method of directly coupling MALDI-TOF MS and TLC that can be easily implemented on commercially available MALDI-TOF devices. A total extract of hen egg yolk is used as a simple PL mixture to demonstrate the capabilities of this method. It will be shown that "clean" spectra without any major contributions from fragmentation products and matrix peaks can be obtained, and that this approach is even sensitive enough to detect the presence of PLs at levels of less than 1% of the total extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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