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Köhler ZM, Szepesi Á. More Than a Diamine Oxidase Inhibitor: L-Aminoguanidine Modulates Polyamine-Related Abiotic Stress Responses of Plants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030747. [PMID: 36983901 PMCID: PMC10052680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aminoguanidine (AG) is an inhibitor frequently used for investigating plant abiotic stress responses; however, its exact mode of action is not well understood. Many studies used this compound as a specific diamine oxidase inhibitor, whereas other studies used it for reducing nitric oxide (NO) production. Recent studies suggest its antiglycation effect; however, this remains elusive in plants. This review summarises our current knowledge about different targets of AG in plants. Our recommendation is to use AG as a modulator of polyamine-related mechanisms rather than a specific inhibitor. In the future overall investigation is needed to decipher the exact mechanisms of AG. More careful application of AG could give more insight into plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Márton Köhler
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Wang W, Paschalidis K, Feng JC, Song J, Liu JH. Polyamine Catabolism in Plants: A Universal Process With Diverse Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:561. [PMID: 31134113 PMCID: PMC6513885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine (PA) catabolic processes are performed by copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) and flavin-containing PA oxidases (PAOs). So far, several CuAOs and PAOs have been identified in many plant species. These enzymes exhibit different subcellular localization, substrate specificity, and functional diversity. Since PAs are involved in numerous physiological processes, considerable efforts have been made to explore the functions of plant CuAOs and PAOs during the recent decades. The stress signal transduction pathways usually lead to increase of the intracellular PA levels, which are apoplastically secreted and oxidized by CuAOs and PAOs, with parallel production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Depending on the levels of the generated H2O2, high or low, respectively, either programmed cell death (PCD) occurs or H2O2 is efficiently scavenged by enzymatic/nonenzymatic antioxidant factors that help plants coping with abiotic stress, recruiting different defense mechanisms, as compared to biotic stress. Amine and PA oxidases act further as PA back-converters in peroxisomes, also generating H2O2, possibly by activating Ca2+ permeable channels. Here, the new research data are discussed on the interconnection of PA catabolism with the derived H2O2, together with their signaling roles in developmental processes, such as fruit ripening, senescence, and biotic/abiotic stress reactions, in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms involved in crop adaptation/survival to adverse environmental conditions and to pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Konstantinos Paschalidis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jian-Can Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Kumar Y, Zhang L, Panigrahi P, Dholakia BB, Dewangan V, Chavan SG, Kunjir SM, Wu X, Li N, Rajmohanan PR, Kadoo NY, Giri AP, Tang H, Gupta VS. Fusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1589-603. [PMID: 26801007 PMCID: PMC5066658 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular changes elicited by plants in response to fungal attack and how this affects plant-pathogen interaction, including susceptibility or resistance, remain elusive. We studied the dynamics in root metabolism during compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), using quantitative label-free proteomics and NMR-based metabolomics. Results demonstrated differential expression of proteins and metabolites upon Foc inoculations in the resistant plants compared with the susceptible ones. Additionally, expression analysis of candidate genes supported the proteomic and metabolic variations in the chickpea roots upon Foc inoculation. In particular, we found that the resistant plants revealed significant increase in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism; generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lignification and phytoalexins. The levels of some of the pathogenesis-related proteins were significantly higher upon Foc inoculation in the resistant plant. Interestingly, results also exhibited the crucial role of altered Yang cycle, which contributed in different methylation reactions and unfolded protein response in the chickpea roots against Foc. Overall, the observed modulations in the metabolic flux as outcome of several orchestrated molecular events are determinant of plant's role in chickpea-Foc interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwant Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Limin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Priyabrata Panigrahi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Veena Dewangan
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Sachin G Chavan
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant M Kunjir
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Narendra Y Kadoo
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Metabolomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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McDowell RE, Amsler MO, Li Q, Lancaster JR, Amsler CD. The immediate wound-induced oxidative burst of Saccharina latissima depends on light via photosynthetic electron transport. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:431-441. [PMID: 26986660 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by an oxidative burst are an important component of the wound response in algae, vascular plants, and animals. In all taxa, ROS production is usually attributed solely to a defense-related enzyme like NADPH-oxidase (Nox). However, here we show that the initial, wound-induced oxidative burst of the kelp Saccharina latissima depends on light and photosynthetic electron transport. We measured oxygen evolution and ROS production at different light levels and in the presence of a photosynthetic inhibitor, and we used spin trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance as an orthogonal method. Using an in vivo chemical probe, we provide data suggesting that wound-induced ROS production in two distantly related and geographically isolated species of Antarctic macroalgae may be light dependent as well. We propose that electron transport chains are an important and as yet unaddressed component of the wound response, not just for photosynthetic organisms, but for animals via mitochondria as well. This component may have been obscured by the historic use of diphenylene iodonium, which inhibits not only Noxes but also photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport as well. Finally, we anticipate physiological and/or ecological consequences of the light dependence of macroalgal wound-induced ROS since pathogens and grazers do not disappear in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E McDowell
- Department of Biology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Margaret O Amsler
- Department of Biology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Surgery, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Charles D Amsler
- Department of Biology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
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5
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Roach T, Colville L, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV, Havaux M, Kranner I. A proposed interplay between peroxidase, amine oxidase and lipoxygenase in the wounding-induced oxidative burst in Pisum sativum seedlings. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:130-8. [PMID: 24996671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces form the barrier between a plant and its environment. Upon damage, the wound healing process begins immediately and is accompanied by a rapid production of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), essential in deterring pathogens, signalling responses and cell wall restructuring. Although many enzymes produce extracellular ROS, it is unclear if ROS-producing enzymes act synergistically. We characterised the oxidative burst of superoxide (O2(·-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that follows wounding in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Rates of ROS production were manipulated by exogenous application of enzyme substrates and inhibitors. The results indicate significant roles for di-amine oxidases (DAO) and peroxidases (Prx) rather than NADPH oxidase. The burst of O2(·-) was strongly dependent on the presence of H2O2 produced by DAO. Potential substrates released from wounded seedlings included linoleic acid that, upon exogenous application, strongly stimulated catalase-sensitive O2(·-) production. Moreover, a 65kD plasma membrane (PM) guaiacol Prx was found in the secretome of wounded seedlings and showed dependence on linoleic acid for O2(·-) production. Lipoxygenases are suggested to modulate O2(·-) production by consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids in the apoplast. Overall, a O2(·-)-producing mechanism involving H2O2-derived from DAO, linoleic acid and a PM-associated Prx is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roach
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Louise Colville
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Richard P Beckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| | - Farida V Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation.
| | - Michel Havaux
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/Cadarache, UMR 7265 CNRS-CEA-Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Liu JH, Wang W, Wu H, Gong X, Moriguchi T. Polyamines function in stress tolerance: from synthesis to regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:827. [PMID: 26528300 PMCID: PMC4602114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses, which can affect their growth and development, productivity, and geographic distribution. In order to survive adverse environmental conditions, plants have evolved various adaptive strategies, among which is the accumulation of metabolites that play protective roles. A well-established example of the metabolites that are involved in stress responses, or stress tolerance, is the low-molecular-weight aliphatic polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. The critical role of polyamines in stress tolerance is suggested by several lines of evidence: firstly, the transcript levels of polyamine biosynthetic genes, as well as the activities of the corresponding enzymes, are induced by stresses; secondly, elevation of endogenous polyamine levels by exogenous supply of polyamines, or overexpression of polyamine biosynthetic genes, results in enhanced stress tolerance; and thirdly, a reduction of endogenous polyamines is accompanied by compromised stress tolerance. A number of studies have demonstrated that polyamines function in stress tolerance largely by modulating the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their direct, or indirect, roles in regulating antioxidant systems or suppressing ROS production. The transcriptional regulation of polyamine synthesis by transcription factors is also reviewed here. Meanwhile, future perspectives on polyamine research are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Hong Liu,
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China,
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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Cona A, Tisi A, Ghuge SA, Franchi S, De Lorenzo G, Angelini R. Wound healing response and xylem differentiation in tobacco plants over-expressing a fungal endopolygalacturonase is mediated by copper amine oxidase activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 82:54-65. [PMID: 24907525 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the involvement of copper amine oxidase (CuAO; EC 1.4.3.21) in wound healing and xylem differentiation of Nicotiana tabacum plants over-expressing a fungal endopolygalacturonase (PG plants), which show constitutively activated defence responses. In petioles and stems of PG plants, we found higher CuAO activity and lower polyamine (PA) levels, particularly putrescine (Put), with respect to wild-type (WT) plants. Upon wounding, a more intense autofluorescence of cell wall phenolics was observed in correspondence of wound surface, extending to epidermis and cortical parenchima only in PG plants. This response was mostly dependent on CuAO activity, as suggested by the reversion of autofluorescence upon supply of 2-bromoethylamine (2-BrEt), a CuAO specific inhibitor. Moreover, in unwounded plants, histochemical analysis revealed a tissue-specific expression of the enzyme in the vascular cambium and neighboring derivative cells of both petioles and stems of PG plants, whereas the corresponding WT tissues appeared unstained or faintly stained. A higher histochemical CuAO activity was also observed in xylem cells of PG plants as compared to WT xylem tissues suggesting a peculiar role of CuAO activity in xylem differentiation in PG plants. Indeed, roots of PG plants exhibited early xylem differentiation, a phenotype consistent with both the higher CuAO and the lower Put levels observed and supported by the 2-BrEt-mediated reversion of early root xylem differentiation and H2O2 accumulation. These results strongly support the relevance of PA-catabolism derived H2O2 in defence responses, such as those signaled by a compromised status of cell wall pectin integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cona
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", V.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", V.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Sandip Annasaheb Ghuge
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", V.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", V.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", V.le G. Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy.
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8
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Yang R, Yin Y, Guo L, Han Y, Gu Z. Sequence analysis of diamine oxidase gene from fava bean and its expression related to γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in seeds germinating under hypoxia-NaCl stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1585-1591. [PMID: 24170570 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized via the polyamine degradation pathway in plants, with diamine oxidase (DAO) being the key enzyme. In this study the cDNA of DAO in fava bean was cloned and its expression in seeds germinating under hypoxia-NaCl stress was investigated. RESULTS Fava bean DAO cDNA is 2199 bp long and contains 2025 bp of open reading frame that encodes 675 amino acid peptides with a calculated molecular weight of 76.31 kDa and a pI of 5.41. Hypoxia and hypoxia-NaCl stress enhanced DAO activity and resulted in GABA accumulation in germinating fava bean. However, DAO gene expression was down-regulated under hypoxia compared with non-stress condition, while its expression in the cotyledon and shoot was up-regulated under hypoxia-NaCl. In addition, DAO expression could be promoted to enhance GABA accumulation after increasing the stress intensity using NaCl. DAO gene expression was significantly inhibited by aminoguanidine treatment under hypoxia but increased under hypoxia-NaCl. CONCLUSION Under hypoxia, GABA accumulation due to NaCl was mainly concentrated in the cotyledon. The GABA content increase under hypoxia did not result from DAO gene expression, but DAO existing in seeds was activated under hypoxia. DAO gene expression was up-regulated to enhance GABA accumulation after increasing the stress intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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9
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The role of chitinases and glucanases in somatic embryogenesis of black pine and hybrid firs. Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlucanase and chitinase enzymes play an important role in different plant processes including defense against pathogens and morphogenesis. Moreover, their role in the processes of somatic embryogenesis has been demonstrated. It has been suggested, that the presence of this type of proteins might be a marker for embryogenic potential of callus cultures. In this work we screened for the presence of glucanases and chitinases in liquid growth media of a set of conifer embryogenic cell lines in order to find correlation with their embryogenic potential. We have found that none of the 12 chitinase isoforms detected in culture media of Pinus nigra Arn. or the nine chitinases detected in media with Abies alba × A. cephalonica and Abies alba × A. numidica embryogenic tissues could be linked to their embryogenic capacity. Similarly, none of the six glucanase isoforms detected in the extracellular fluid of Pinus nigra Arn. cultures can be assigned as a marker of embryogenic potential. Thus, our data indicate the large variability and doubtless importance of glucanases and chitinases for cell growth and development of somatic embryos, however, do not support the premise that they are markers of embryogenesis.
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Moschou PN, Wu J, Cona A, Tavladoraki P, Angelini R, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. The polyamines and their catabolic products are significant players in the turnover of nitrogenous molecules in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5003-15. [PMID: 22936828 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are nitrogenous molecules which play a well-established role in most cellular processes during growth and development under physiological or biotic/abiotic stress conditions. The molecular mode(s) of PA action have only recently started to be unveiled, and comprehensive models for their molecular interactions have been proposed. Their multiple roles are exerted, at least partially, through signalling by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which is generated by the oxidation/back-conversion of PAs by copper amine oxidases and PA oxidases. Accumulating evidence suggests that in plants the cellular titres of PAs are affected by other nitrogenous compounds. Here, we discuss the state of the art on the possible nitrogen flow in PAs, their interconnection with nitrogen metabolism, as well as the signalling roles of PA-derived H(2)O(2) during some developmental processes and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Moschou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Shen SH, Wertz DL, Klinman JP. Implication for functions of the ectopic adipocyte copper amine oxidase (AOC3) from purified enzyme and cell-based kinetic studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29270. [PMID: 22238597 PMCID: PMC3251558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AOC3 is highly expressed in adipocytes and smooth muscle cells, but its function in these cells is currently unknown. The in vivo substrate(s) of AOC3 is/are also unknown, but could provide an invaluable clue to the enzyme's function. Expression of untagged, soluble human AOC3 in insect cells provides a relatively simple means of obtaining pure enzyme. Characterization of enzyme indicates a 6% titer for the active site 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor and corrected k(cat) values as high as 7 s(-1). Substrate kinetic profiling shows that the enzyme accepts a variety of primary amines with different chemical features, including nonphysiological branched-chain and aliphatic amines, with measured k(cat)/K(m) values between 10(2) and 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). K(m)(O(2)) approximates the partial pressure of oxygen found in the interstitial space. Comparison of the properties of purified murine to human enzyme indicates k(cat)/K(m) values that are within 3 to 4-fold, with the exception of methylamine and aminoacetone that are ca. 10-fold more active with human AOC3. With drug development efforts investigating AOC3 as an anti-inflammatory target, these studies suggest that caution is called for when screening the efficacy of inhibitors designed against human enzymes in non-transgenic mouse models. Differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes show a uniform distribution of AOC3 on the cell surface and whole cell K(m) values that are reasonably close to values measured using purified enzymes. The latter studies support a relevance of the kinetic parameters measured with isolated AOC3 variants to adipocyte function. From our studies, a number of possible substrates with relatively high k(cat)/K(m) have been discovered, including dopamine and cysteamine, which may implicate a role for adipocyte AOC3 in insulin-signaling and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. Finally, the demonstrated AOC3 turnover of primary amines that are non-native to human tissue suggests possible roles for the adipocyte enzyme in subcutaneous bacterial infiltration and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam H. Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Wertz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Judith P. Klinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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12
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Aribaud M, Jégo S, Wicker E, Fock I. Ralstonia solanacearum induces soluble amine-oxidase activity in Solanum torvum stem calli. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:787-796. [PMID: 20650643 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solanum torvum is reported to carry resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. So, this wild species is used as rootskock for eggplants or tomatoes in naturally infected soil. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the polyamine metabolism pathway in the resistance mechanisms of this species. Calli induced from Solanum torvum stem explants were inoculated with the bacteria under partial vacuum. All calli showed a hypersensitive response after infiltration. Furthermore, amine oxidase activity with aldehyde and H(2)O(2) production was detected in soluble protein extracts of calli infiltrated by the bacteria. Due to its preferential affinity for aliphatic amines, this enzyme was supposed to have amine oxidase-like (AO-like) activity. Moreover, the length of aliphatic chain cycle altered the oxidative deamination kinetics of potential substrates. The AO-like catalytic activity was significantly inhibited by chelator agents such as ethylene-diamine-tretraacetic (EDTA), and also by semi-carbazide as aminoguanidine. These results suggested that (i) the prosthetic group of the AO-like enzyme could be a tyrosine-derived 6-hydroxytopaquinone structure, copper containing; (ii) this enzyme could be a semi-carbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Aribaud
- UMR C53 Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical Université de La Réunion-CIRAD, CIRAD, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
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Aribaud M, Noirot M, Gauvin A, Da Silva-Robert C, Fock I, Kodja H. Evidence of parietal amine oxidase activity in Solanum torvum Sw. stem calli after Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:313-321. [PMID: 19201615 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Calli induced from Solanum torvum stem explants were inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum under partial vacuum. All calli showed a hypersensitive response after infiltration. Furthermore, amine oxidase activity with aldehyde and H(2)O(2) production was detected in semi-purified cell walls of calli infiltrated by the bacteria. Due to its preferential affinity for monoamines, this enzyme is supposed to have monoamine oxidase-like (MAO-like) activity. Moreover, the presence of hydroxyl radicals in the aromatic cycle alters the oxidative deamination kinetics of potential substrates. Indeed, the oxidation of dopamine (+2, OH) was shown to be faster than that of tyramine (+1, OH), which in turn was faster than that of phenylethylamine (0, OH). The MAO-like catalytic activity was significantly inhibited by some reducing agents such as sodium bisulphite and cysteine, and also by tryptamine under anaerobiosis. This latter result suggested that the prosthetic group of the MAO-like enzyme could be a tyrosine-derived 6-hydroxytopaquinone structure. Finally, the sigmoid kinetics of the MAO-like enzyme in semi-purified cell walls did not correspond to that expected for a purified MAO, suggesting that the kinetics were affected by some factors present in cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Aribaud
- Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, UMR "Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical" Université de La Réunion-CIRAD, 15 avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis messag cedex 9, La Réunion, France
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14
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Cuzzocrea S, Masini E. Plant histaminase as an investigational drug in splanchnic artery occlusion and reperfusion. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1151-60. [PMID: 18616412 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.8.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amine oxidases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in the metabolism of biogenic amines. Copper amine oxidases catalyze the oxidative deamination of primary amine groups of several biogenic amines, such as putrescine, cadaverine and histamine. OBJECTIVE In the present review the effects of a plant amine oxidase (histaminase, EC1.4.3.6), purified from pea seedlings, in the prevention of splanchnic postischemic reperfusion damage are reported. CONCLUSION Various studies have clearly indicated that the use of histaminase will offer a good perspective for a novel therapeutic approach in the medical treatment of intestinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- University of Messina, School of Medicine, Department of Clinical, Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica-Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria-Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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15
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Groppa MD, Zawoznik MS, Tomaro ML, Benavides MP. Inhibition of root growth and polyamine metabolism in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedlings under cadmium and copper stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 126:246-56. [PMID: 18679587 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although sunflower is usually regarded as a highly tolerant crop, impairment of root growth at initial stages of plant development may result in poor crop establishment and higher susceptibility to pathogen attack. In order to evaluate if Cd2+ and Cu2+ may impact on sunflower germination and initial root development, a pot experiment under controlled conditions was carried out. Possible involvement of polyamine metabolism in sunflower response to these stressors was also investigated. Although Cd2+ and Cu2+ treatments affect neither seed germination nor radical emergence, sunflower seedlings grown in the presence of these heavy metals showed significant inhibition of root growth, being this inhibition greater for Cd2+. Both metals caused significant increases in proline contents at the highest concentrations tested (0.5 and 1 mM), and these increments were more pronounced for Cd2+ treatments, especially between days 3 and 10. Metals also increased putrescine (Put) contents at all concentrations assayed from the seventh day onward, causing no variations on this polyamine time-course pattern. Spermine and spermidine contents, however, were increased only by 1 mM Cd2+. Arginine decarboxylase seems to have been the enzyme responsible for Put increases under both metal treatments. This work demonstrates that initial root growth of sunflower seedlings may be significantly impaired in Cd2+ or Cu2+ contaminated soils. It also shows that polyamines are key biological compounds, which are probably involved in signaling pathways triggered under stress environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Groppa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Petrivalský M, Brauner F, Luhová L, Gagneul D, Sebela M. Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase activity during wound healing of mechanically injured pea seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1410-8. [PMID: 17728013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH, EC 1.2.1.19) is an enzyme that, in association with amine oxidase, participates in polyamine catabolism. In plants, the enzyme is well characterized in pea seedlings. In this study, we used etiolated and light-grown pea seedlings as model plants to evaluate the possible AMADH role in response to stress caused by mechanical damage. In the beginning, the activity distribution of AMADH, amine oxidase and peroxidase in organs of 7-day-old intact pea seedlings was analyzed. To perform mechanical damage, stems of 10-day-old seedlings were each divided into four segments of equal length. The top (=fourth) segments were then longitudinally cut with a lancet. During healing, the injured segments and their control counterparts were harvested in 1-day intervals and analyzed for activity of the above enzymes, polyamine and 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) concentrations. The injury elicited increases in AMADH, amine oxidase and peroxidase activities in both etiolated and green seedlings, accompanied by parallel increases in putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and GABA content. Histochemical experiments allowed visualization of increased AMADH activity in cross sections obtained from the injured stem segments. The activity was localized in cortical parenchyma and epidermal cells adjacent to the wound site in spatial correlation with an intensive lignification. In the control seedlings, AMADH activity or lignification in these tissues could not be visualized. Thus, we conclude that, in plants, AMADH may participate in processes of adaptation to stress events caused by mechanical injury, which involve polyamine catabolism, GABA production and lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Petrivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Groppa MD, Ianuzzo MP, Tomaro ML, Benavides MP. Polyamine metabolism in sunflower plants under long-term cadmium or copper stress. Amino Acids 2006; 32:265-75. [PMID: 16738798 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different doses of cadmium and copper was studied in relation to growth and polyamine (Pas) metabolism in shoots of sunflower plants. Cadmium accumulated to higher levels than copper and shoot length was reduced by 0.5 and 1 mM Cd, but only by 1 mM Cu. At 1 mM of Cd or Cu, Put content increased 270% and 160% with Cd2+ and Cu2+, respectively. Spermidine (Spd) was modified only by 1 mM Cd, while spermine (Spm) declined after seeds germinated, increasing thereafter but only with 1 mM Cd or Cu (273% over the controls for Cd and 230% for Cu at day 16). Both ADC and ODC activities were increased by 1 mM Cd, whereas 1 mM Cu enhanced ADC activity, but reduced ODC activity at every concentration used. The role of Pas as markers of Cd or Cu toxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Groppa
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Cona A, Rea G, Angelini R, Federico R, Tavladoraki P. Functions of amine oxidases in plant development and defence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2006; 11:80-8. [PMID: 16406305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases and flavin-containing amine oxidases catalyse the oxidative de-amination of polyamines, which are ubiquitous compounds essential for cell growth and proliferation. Far from being only a means of degrading cellular polyamines and, thus, contributing to polyamine homeostasis, amine oxidases participate in important physiological processes through their reaction products. In plants, the production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) deriving from polyamine oxidation has been correlated with cell wall maturation and lignification during development as well as with wound-healing and cell wall reinforcement during pathogen invasion. As a signal molecule, H(2)O(2) derived from polyamine oxidation mediates cell death, the hypersensitive response and the expression of defence genes. Furthermore, aminoaldehydes and 1,3-diaminopropane from polyamine oxidation are involved in secondary metabolite synthesis and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cona
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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19
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Su G, An Z, Zhang W, Liu Y. Light promotes the synthesis of lignin through the production of H2O2 mediated by diamine oxidases in soybean hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:1297-303. [PMID: 16425447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze the relationship between polyamine oxidative degradation induced by light and the Lignin synthesis in cell walls, the activities of diamine oxidases and peroxidase, the contents of H2O2 and lignin, and the growth of hypocotyls in soybean [Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.] grown under tight or in darkness were investigated. In comparison with the dark treatment, light irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of soybean hypocotyls and promoted the activities of diamine oxidases and peroxidase as well as the accumulation of H2O2 and lignin. Treatments with the different concentrations of diamine oxidase inhibitors (2-hydroxyethylhydrazine and aminoguanidine) under the light condition inhibited diamine oxidase activity, and decreased the contents of H2O2 and lignin. The results provide evidence for the hypothesis that light irradiation could promote the accumulation of H2O2 and lignin in cell walls by activating polyamine oxidative degradation mediated by diamine oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Su
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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20
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Cane KA, Mayer M, Lidgett AJ, Michael AJ, Hamill JD. Molecular analysis of alkaloid metabolism in AABB v. aabb genotype Nicotiana tabacum in response to wounding of aerial tissues and methyl jasmonate treatment of cultured roots. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:305-320. [PMID: 32689133 DOI: 10.1071/fp04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the wound-inducible alkaloid, nicotine, in roots of the allotetraploid species Nicotiana tabacum L. is strongly influenced by the presence of two non-allelic genes, A and B. Together, these loci affect baseline transcript levels of genes dedicated to secondary metabolism (e.g. PMT and A622) as well as genes with roles in separate areas of primary metabolism (e.g. ODC, ADC, SAMS - polyamines; QPT - pyridine nucleotide cycle). Experiments comparing high alkaloid variety NC 95 (AABB genotype) and near-isogenic low alkaloid N. tabacum variety LAFC 53 (aabb genotype) indicate that together, mutations in the A and B loci diminish, but do not ablate, the propensity of roots to increase transcript levels of genes involved in alkaloid metabolism after damage to aerial tissues or direct treatment with the wound hormone, methyl jasmonate. Accordingly, roots of aabb genotype can increase their nicotine content somewhat in response to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cane
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Melinda Mayer
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR2 2AN, UK
| | - Angela J Lidgett
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR2 2AN, UK
| | - John D Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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21
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Longu S, Padiglia A, Pedersen JZ, Finazzi Agrò A, Mura A, Maccioni P, Floris G, Medda R. Nitric oxide covalently labels a 6-hydroxydopa-derived free radical intermediate in the catalytic cycle of copper/quinone-containing amine oxidase from lentil seedlings. Biol Chem 2005; 386:25-31. [PMID: 15843144 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of NO-derivatized polyamines called "NONOates" with an amine oxidase from lentil seedlings was studied. 3,3-Bis(aminoethyl)-1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-triazene (DETA-NONOate) and 3,3'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)bis-1-propanamine (DPTA-NONOate) were found to be irreversible inactivators of the lentil enzyme. The spectrum of the protein was strongly affected in the course of reaction with both compounds, leading to the formation of a covalent adduct with a stable band at 334 nm. The corresponding amine compounds diethylentriamine (DETA) and norspermidine (DPTA) were substrates of the lentil enzyme that did not lead to enzyme inactivation. Diethylamine-NONOate, not containing amino groups, was found to be an irreversible inactivator of the amine oxidase only in the presence of a substrate. Since all NONOates spontaneously decompose in solution with release of NO, it seems as if the latter is responsible for the enzyme inhibition. The insensitivity of the native enzyme to NO suggested that this compound was unreactive toward both the cofactors, 6-hydroxydopa quinone (TPQ) and Cu(II), and thus a model for the irreversible inactivation could involve the attack by NO of the Cu(I)-semiquinolamine radical catalytic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Longu
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Goehring AS, Rivers DM, Sprague GF. Attachment of the ubiquitin-related protein Urm1p to the antioxidant protein Ahp1p. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 2:930-6. [PMID: 14555475 PMCID: PMC219378 DOI: 10.1128/ec.2.5.930-936.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urm1p is a ubiquitin-related protein that serves as a posttranslational modification of other proteins. Urm1p conjugation has been implicated in the budding process and in nutrient sensing. Here, we have identified the first in vivo target for the urmylation pathway as the antioxidant protein Ahp1p. The attachment of Urm1p to Ahp1p requires the E1 for the urmylation pathway, Uba4p. Loss of the urmylation pathway components results in sensitivity to a thiol-specific oxidant, as does loss of Ahp1p, implying that urmylation has a role in an oxidative-stress response. Moreover, treatment of cells with thiol-specific oxidants affects the abundance of Ahp1p-Urm1p conjugates. These results suggest that the conjugation of Urm1p to Ahp1p could regulate the function of Ahp1p in antioxidant stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- April S Goehring
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1229, USA
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23
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Padiglia A, Floris G, Longu S, Schininà ME, Pedersen JZ, Finazzi Agrò A, De Angelis F, Medda R. Inhibition of lentil copper/TPQ amine oxidase by the mechanism-based inhibitor derived from tyramine. Biol Chem 2004; 385:323-9. [PMID: 15134347 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidase from lentil (Lens esculenta) seedlings was shown to catalyze the oxidative deamination of tyramine and three similar aromatic monoamines, benzylamine, phenylethylamine and 4-methoxyphenylethylamine. Tyramine, an important plant intermediate, was found to be both a substrate and an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme whereas the other amines were not inhibitory. In the course of tyramine oxidation the enzyme gradually became inactivated with the concomitant appearance of a new absorption at 560 nm due to the formation of a stable adduct. Inactivation took place only in the presence of oxygen and was probably due to the reaction of the enzyme with the oxidation product of tyramine, p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. The kinetic data obtained in this study indicate that tyramine represents a new interesting type of physiological mechanism-based inhibitor for plant copper amine oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 1-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
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24
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Rea G, de Pinto MC, Tavazza R, Biondi S, Gobbi V, Ferrante P, De Gara L, Federico R, Angelini R, Tavladoraki P. Ectopic expression of maize polyamine oxidase and pea copper amine oxidase in the cell wall of tobacco plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:1414-26. [PMID: 15064377 PMCID: PMC419818 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.036764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To test the feasibility of altering polyamine levels by influencing their catabolic pathway, we obtained transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing either maize (Zea mays) polyamine oxidase (MPAO) or pea (Pisum sativum) copper amine oxidase (PCuAO), two extracellular and H(2)O(2)-producing enzymes. Despite the high expression levels of the transgenes in the extracellular space, the amount of free polyamines in the homozygous transgenic plants was similar to that in the wild-type ones, suggesting either a tight regulation of polyamine levels or a different compartmentalization of the two recombinant proteins and the bulk amount of endogenous polyamines. Furthermore, no change in lignification levels and plant morphology was observed in the transgenic plants compared to untransformed plants, while a small but significant change in reactive oxygen species-scavenging capacity was verified. Both the MPAO and the PCuAO tobacco transgenic plants produced high amounts of H(2)O(2) only in the presence of exogenously added enzyme substrates. These observations provided evidence for the limiting amount of freely available polyamines in the extracellular space in tobacco plants under physiological conditions, which was further confirmed for untransformed maize and pea plants. The amount of H(2)O(2) produced by exogenously added polyamines in cell suspensions from the MPAO transgenic plants was sufficient to induce programmed cell death, which was sensitive to catalase treatment and required gene expression and caspase-like activity. The MPAO and PCuAO transgenic plants represent excellent tools to study polyamine secretion and conjugation in the extracellular space, as well as to determine when and how polyamine catabolism actually intervenes both in cell wall development and in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rea
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome 00146, Italy
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25
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Cona A, Cenci F, Cervelli M, Federico R, Mariottini P, Moreno S, Angelini R. Polyamine oxidase, a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, is up-regulated by light and down-regulated by auxin in the outer tissues of the maize mesocotyl. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:803-13. [PMID: 12586904 PMCID: PMC166856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.011379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2002] [Revised: 08/27/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exogenously supplied auxin (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) inhibited light-induced activity increase of polyamine oxidase (PAO), a hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme, in the outer tissues of maize (Zea mays) mesocotyl. The same phenomenon operates at PAO protein and mRNA accumulation levels. The wall-bound to extractable PAO activity ratio was unaffected by auxin treatment, either in the dark or after light exposure. Ethylene treatment did not affect PAO activity, thus excluding an effect of auxin via increased ethylene biosynthesis. The auxin polar transport inhibitors N(1)-naphthylphthalamic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid caused a further increase of PAO expression in outer tissues after light treatment. The small increase of PAO expression, normally occurring in the mesocotyl epidermis during plant development in the dark, was also inhibited by auxin, although to a lesser extent with respect to light-exposed tissue, and was stimulated by N(1)-naphthylphthalamic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, thus suggesting a complex regulation of PAO expression. Immunogold ultrastructural analysis in epidermal cells revealed the association of PAO with the secretory pathway and the cell walls. The presence of the enzyme in the cell walls of this tissue greatly increased in response to light treatment. Consistent with auxin effects on light-induced PAO expression, the hormone treatment inhibited the increase in immunogold staining both intraprotoplasmically and in the cell wall. These results suggest that both light and auxin finely tune PAO expression during the light-induced differentiation of the cell wall in the maize mesocotyl epidermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cona
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre," Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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26
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Padiglia A, Medda R, Scanu T, Longu S, Rossi A, Floris G. Structure and nucleotide sequence of Euphorbia characias copper/TPQ-containing amine oxidase gene. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:435-41. [PMID: 12523646 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021337302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding for a copper containing amine oxidase has been isolated and sequenced from young leaves of Euphorbia characias, a perennial mediterranean shrub. A single long open reading frame of 2068 pb encodes a protein composed of 653 amino acids with a molecular mass of about 74 kDa. A putative 24-aminoacid signal peptide precedes the sequence of the mature protein, with characteristics of a secretion signal peptide. Alignments of Euphorbia amine oxidase cDNA nucleotide sequence with that of amine oxidase from the seedlings of the pulses lentil, pea, and chickpea reveal several conserved regions, especially in the C-terminus, with a homology 90%-97%. The near 5' region shows several insertions, deletions, and different nucleotide sequence with ca. 60% homology. The enzyme contains 1%-2% carbohydrate deduced by deglycosylation experiments. Five cysteine residues are present in the deduced aminoacid sequence with a single disulfide bridge as judged by titration with cysteine reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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27
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del Río LA, Corpas FJ, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Gómez M, Barroso JB. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems and nitric oxide in peroxisomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:1255-1272. [PMID: 11997374 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/53.372.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles with an essentially oxidative type of metabolism. Like chloroplasts and mitochondria, plant peroxisomes also produce superoxide radicals (O2*(-)) and there are, at least, two sites of superoxide generation: one in the organelle matrix, the generating system being xanthine oxidase, and another site in the peroxisomal membranes dependent on NAD(P)H. In peroxisomal membranes, three integral polypeptides (PMPs) with molecular masses of 18, 29 and 32 kDa have been shown to generate radicals O2*(-). Besides catalase, several antioxidative systems have been demonstrated in plant peroxisomes, including different superoxide dismutases, the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and three NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. A CuZn-SOD and two Mn-SODs have been purified and characterized from different types of peroxisomes. The four enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase) as well as the antioxidants glutathione and ascorbate have been found in plant peroxisomes. The recycling of NADPH from NADP(+) can be carried out in peroxisomes by three dehydrogenases: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. In the last decade, different experimental evidence has suggested the existence of cellular functions for peroxisomes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the recent demonstration of the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in plant peroxisomes implies that these organelles could also have a function in plant cells as a source of signal molecules like nitric oxide (NO*), superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and possibly S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A del Río
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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28
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Tiwari BS, Belenghi B, Levine A. Oxidative stress increased respiration and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ATP depletion, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition, and programmed cell death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 128:1271-81. [PMID: 11950976 PMCID: PMC154255 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2001] [Accepted: 01/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria constitute a major source of reactive oxygen species and have been proposed to integrate the cellular responses to stress. In animals, it was shown that mitochondria can trigger apoptosis from diverse stimuli through the opening of MTP, which allows the release of the apoptosis-inducing factor and translocation of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here, we analyzed the role of the mitochondria in the generation of oxidative burst and induction of programmed cell death in response to brief or continuous oxidative stress in Arabidopsis cells. Oxidative stress increased mitochondrial electron transport, resulting in amplification of H(2)O(2) production, depletion of ATP, and cell death. The increased generation of H(2)O(2) also caused the opening of the MTP and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. The release of cytochrome c and cell death were prevented by a serine/cysteine protease inhibitor, Pefablock. However, addition of inhibitor only partially inhibited the H(2)O(2) amplification and the MTP opening, suggesting that protease activation is a necessary step in the cell death pathway after mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- Department of Plant Sciences, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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29
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Dove JE, Klinman JP. Trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) from copper amine oxidases and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) from lysyl oxidase. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 58:141-74. [PMID: 11665487 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)58004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Dove
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Copper/topa quinone-containing amine oxidases — Recent research developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Padiglia A, Medda R, Lorrai A, Paci M, Pedersen JZ, Boffi A, Bellelli A, Agrò AF, Floris G. Irreversible inhibition of pig kidney copper-containing amine oxidase by sodium and lithium ions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4686-97. [PMID: 11532005 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidase was found to be inhibited in a complex way by small alkali metal ions. Classic enzyme kinetic studies showed that Li+ and Na+ were weak noncompetitive inhibitors, whereas the larger alkali metals K+, Rb+ and Cs+ were not inhibitors. However, freezing in the presence of Na+ or Li+ surprisingly resulted in complete and irreversible inactivation. In the case of Li+, it was possible to show that one ion per subunit was retained permanently in the inactivated enzyme, suggesting a structural rearrangement. The mechanism of inhibition was studied using a wide range of spectroscopic and analytic techniques. Only minor changes in the protein structure could be detected, except for a significant change in the geometry of the copper site. The unique topaquinone cofactor was apparently functional and able to proceed through the reductive half of the catalytic cycle, but the enzyme no longer reacted with oxygen. The effect of Na+ and Li+ was source-specific for pig kidney and bovine kidney amine oxidases, while the enzymes from bovine serum or plants were not inactivated, consistent with a mechanism dependent on small structural differences. A model for irreversible inactivation is proposed in which the cofactor is co-ordinated directly to copper, in analogy with the inactivation reported for Escherichia coli amine oxidase under crystal growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padiglia
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Italy
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32
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Padiglia A, Medda R, Bellelli A, Agostinelli E, Morpurgo L, Mondovi’ B, Agrò A, Floris G. The Reductive and Oxidative Half‐Reactions and the Role of Copper Ions in Plant and Mammalian Copper−Amine Oxidases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(20011)2001:1<35::aid-ejic35>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Medda
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellelli
- CNR Center of Molecular Biology University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Morpurgo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Mondovi’
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Floris
- Correspondence address: Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi Università di Cagliari, Città Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy Fax: (internat.) + 39‐070/675‐4523
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33
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Medda R, Padiglia A, Lorrai A, Finazzi Agrò A, Floris G. Arginine and ornithine oxidation catalyzed by lentil seedling copper-amine oxidase. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 19:51-7. [PMID: 10882172 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007094909853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of L-ornithine and L-arginine catalyzed by lentil (Lens esculenta) seedling copper-amine oxidase has been investigated by polarographic techniques, optical spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis. Both L-ornithine and L-arginine were found to be poor substrates for lentil amine oxidase. L-Ornithine was oxidized to glutamate-5-semialdehyde and ammonia, in similar manner as usual substrates. Glutamate-5-semialdehyde spontaneously cyclizes to delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Arginine is oxidized by an unusual mechanism yielding glutamate-5-semialdehyde, ammonia, and urea as reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Medda
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Italy
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34
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Kauss H, Fauth M, Merten A, Jeblick W. Cucumber hypocotyls respond to cutin monomers via both an inducible and a constitutive H(2)O(2)-generating system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:1175-82. [PMID: 10444101 PMCID: PMC59351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.4.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyls from etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) seedlings were gently abraded at their surface to allow permeation of elicitors. Segments from freshly abraded hypocotyls were only barely competent for H(2)O(2) elicitation with fungal elicitor or hydroxy fatty acids (classical cutin monomers). However, elicitation competence developed subsequent to abrasion, reaching an optimum after about 4 h. This process was potentiated in seedlings displaying acquired resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium due to root pretreatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid or a benzothiadiazole. Induction of competence depended on protein synthesis and could be effected not only by surface abrasion, but also by fungal spore germination on the epidermal surface or by rotating the seedlings in buffer. Inhibitor studies indicated that the inducible mechanism for H(2)O(2) production involves protein phosphorylation, Ca(2+) influx, and NAD(P)H oxidase. In contrast, a novel cucumber cutin monomer, dodecan-1-ol, also elicited H(2)O(2) in freshly abraded hypocotyls without previous competence induction. This finding suggests the presence of an additional H(2)O(2)-generating system that is constitutive. It is insensitive to inhibitors and has, in addition, a different specificity for alkanols. Thus, dodecan-1-ol might initiate defense before the inducible H(2)O(2)-generating system becomes effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kauss
- Fachbereich Biologie der Universitat, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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35
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Verdoucq L, Vignols F, Jacquot JP, Chartier Y, Meyer Y. In vivo characterization of a thioredoxin h target protein defines a new peroxiredoxin family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19714-22. [PMID: 10391912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.28.19714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the two thioredoxin genes in yeast dramatically affects cell viability and growth. Expression of Arabidopsis thioredoxin AtTRX3 in the Saccharomyces thioredoxin Delta strain EMY63 restores a wild-type cell cycle, the ability to grow on methionine sulfoxide, and H2O2 tolerance. In order to isolate thioredoxin targets related to these phenotypes, we prepared a C35S (Escherichia coli numbering) thioredoxin mutant to stabilize the intermediate disulfide bridged complex and we added a polyhistidine N-terminal extension in order to purify the complex rapidly. Expression of this mutant thioredoxin in the wild-type yeast induces a reduced tolerance to H2O2, but only limited change in the cell cycle and no change in methionine sulfoxide utilization. Expression in the Delta thioredoxin strain EMY63 allowed us to isolate a complex of the thioredoxin with YLR109, an abundant yeast protein related to PMP20, a peroxisomal protein of Candida. No function has so far been attributed to this protein or to the other numerous homologues described in plants, animals, fungi, and prokaryotes. On the basis of the complementation and of low similarity with peroxiredoxins, we produced YLR109 and one of its Arabidopsis homologues in E. coli to test their peroxiredoxins activity. We demonstrate that both recombinant proteins present a thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity in vitro. The possible functions of this new peroxiredoxin family are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verdoucq
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5545, Université de Perpignan, Avenue de Villeneuve, F 66025, Perpignan, France
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