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Ondrejčáková L, Gregová M, Bubová K, Šenolt L, Pavelka K. Serum biomarkers and their relationship to axial spondyloarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103512. [PMID: 38168574 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) constitute a group of chronic inflammatory immune-mediated rheumatic diseases characterized by genetic, clinical, and radiological features. Recent efforts have concentrated on identifying biomarkers linked to axial SpA associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), offering predictive insights into disease onset, activity, and progression. Genetically, the significance of the HLA-B27 antigen is notably diminished in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) associated with IBD, but is heightened in concurrent sacroiliitis. Similarly, certain polymorphisms of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP-1) appear to be involved. Carriage of variant NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms has been demonstrated to correlate with the risk of subclinical intestinal inflammation in AS. Biomarkers indicative of pro-inflammatory activity, including C-reactive protein (CRP) along with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), are among the consistent predictive biomarkers of disease progression. Nevertheless, these markers are not without limitations and exhibit relatively low sensitivity. Other promising markers encompass IL-6, serum calprotectin (s-CLP), serum amyloid (SAA), as well as biomarkers regulating bone formation such as metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1). Additional candidate indicators of structural changes in SpA patients include matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tenascin C (TNC), and CD74 IgG. Fecal caprotein (f-CLP) levels over long-term follow-up of AS patients have demonstrated predictive value in anticipating the development of IBD. Serologic antibodies characteristic of IBD (ASCA, ANCA) have also been compared; however, results exhibit variability. In this review, we will focus on biomarkers associated with both axial SpA and idiopathic intestinal inflammation, notably enteropathic spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ondrejčáková
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Gregová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Bubová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - L Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - K Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhang J, Luo Y, Wu B, Huang X, Zhao M, Wu N, Miao J, Li J, Zhu L, Wu D, Shen M. Identifying functional dysregulation of NOD2 variant Q902K in patients with Yao syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:58. [PMID: 38395960 PMCID: PMC10885518 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-024-03286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The study investigated the pathogenesis of Yao syndrome (YAOS), a rare systemic autoinflammatory disease associated with the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene variants. METHODS RNA sequencing analyses were used to detect transcriptomic profile changes. Immunoblot and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the NOD2-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways and ELISA was used to detect cytokines. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of YAOS revealed NOD-like receptor signaling pathway enrichment. Compared with HCs, P-RIP2, p-p65, p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK notably increased in PBMCs of a patient with YAOS. P-RIP2, p-p65, and p-p38 elevated in small intestinal mucosa tissues. P-p65 and p-p38 in synovial tissues from YAOS were higher than those in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Serum interleukin (IL)-6 level along with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 secreted from PBMCs were markedly higher in patients with YAOS in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). The supernatants of synovial cells from a patient with YAOS showed substantially higher IL-1β and IL-6 levels than those of RA and OA. Canakinumab therapy of a Q902K heterozygous patient with YAOS resulted in notable clinical improvement. CONCLUSION Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the hyperactivation of NOD2-mediated signaling pathways were found in the NOD2 variant Q902K patient with YAOS. NOD2-RIP2-MAPK pathway might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of YAOS. These results provide new perspectives for targeted therapies in YAOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bingxuan Wu
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengzhu Zhao
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Junke Miao
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, PUMCH; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, PUMCH; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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4
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Iyer K, Erkert L, Becker C. Know your neighbors: microbial recognition at the intestinal barrier and its implications for gut homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1228283. [PMID: 37519301 PMCID: PMC10375050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1228283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) perform several physiological and metabolic functions at the epithelial barrier. IECs also play an important role in defining the overall immune functions at the mucosal region. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface and in other cellular compartments enable them to sense the presence of microbes and microbial products in the intestinal lumen. IECs are thus at the crossroads of mediating a bidirectional interaction between the microbial population and the immune cells present at the intestinal mucosa. This communication between the microbial population, the IECs and the underlying immune cells has a profound impact on the overall health of the host. In this review, we focus on the various PRRs present in different cellular compartments of IECs and discuss the recent developments in the understanding of their role in microbial recognition. Microbial recognition and signaling at the epithelial barrier have implications in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, epithelial barrier function, maintenance of commensals, and the overall tolerogenic function of PRRs in the gut mucosa. We also highlight the role of an aberrant microbial sensing at the epithelial barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Iyer
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lena Erkert
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Richard N, Savoye G, Leboutte M, Amamou A, Ghosh S, Marion-Letellier R. Crohn’s disease: Why the ileum? World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3222-3240. [PMID: 37377591 PMCID: PMC10292140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i21.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by immune-mediated flares affecting any region of the intestine alternating with remission periods. In CD, the ileum is frequently affected and about one third of patients presents with a pure ileal type. Moreover, the ileal type of CD presents epidemiological specificities like a younger age at onset and often a strong link with smoking and genetic susceptibility genes. Most of these genes are associated with Paneth cell dysfunction, a cell type found in the intestinal crypts of the ileum. Besides, a Western-type diet is associated in epidemiological studies with CD onset and increasing evidence shows that diet can modulate the composition of bile acids and gut microbiota, which in turn modulates the susceptibility of the ileum to inflammation. Thus, the interplay between environmental factors and the histological and anatomical features of the ileum is thought to explain the specific transcriptome profile observed in CD ileitis. Indeed, both immune response and cellular healing processes harbour differences between ileal and non-ileal CD. Taken together, these findings advocate for a dedicated therapeutic approach to managing ileal CD. Currently, interventional pharmacological studies have failed to clearly demonstrate distinct response profiles according to disease site. However, the high rate of stricturing disease in ileal CD requires the identification of new therapeutic targets to significantly change the natural history of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richard
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Mathilde Leboutte
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Asma Amamou
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Rachel Marion-Letellier
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
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Witte MB, Saupe J, Reiner J, Bannert K, Schafmayer C, Lamprecht G, Berlin P. Ileocolonic Healing after Small Ileocecal Resection in Mice: NOD2 Deficiency Impairs Anastomotic Healing by Local Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3601. [PMID: 37240707 PMCID: PMC10219437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ileocecal resection (ICR) is frequently performed in Crohn's disease (CD). NOD2 mutations are risk factors for CD. Nod2 knockout (ko) mice show impaired anastomotic healing after extended ICR. We further investigated the role of NOD2 after limited ICR. C57B16/J (wt) and Nod2 ko littermates underwent limited ICR including 1-2 cm terminal ileum and were randomly assigned to vehicle or MDP treatment. Bursting pressure was measured on POD 5, and the anastomosis was analyzed for matrix turn-over and granulation tissue. Wound fibroblasts from subcutaneously implanted sponges were used for comparison. The M1/M2 macrophage plasma cytokines were analyzed. Mortality was not different between groups. Bursting pressure was significantly decreased in ko mice. This was associated with less granulation tissue but was not affected by MDP. However, anastomotic leak (AL) rate tended to be lower in MDP-treated ko mice (29% vs. 11%, p = 0.07). mRNA expression of collagen-1α (col1 α), collagen-3α (col3 α), matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)2 and mmp9 was increased in ko mice, indicating increased matrix turn-over, specifically in the anastomosis. Systemic TNF-α expression was significantly lower in ko mice. Ileocolonic healing is impaired in Nod2 ko mice after limited ICR by local mechanisms maybe including local dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B. Witte
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Saupe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Berlin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Establishment of Epithelial Inflammatory Injury Model Using Intestinal Organoid Cultures. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:3328655. [PMID: 36926182 PMCID: PMC10014157 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3328655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial dysfunction is critical in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, most cellular experiments related to epithelial barrier studies in IBD have been based on tumor cell line that lack a variety of intestinal epithelial cell types. Thus, intestinal organoids can present the three-dimensional structure and better simulate the physiological structure and function of the intestinal epithelium in vitro. Here, the crypts were isolated from the small intestine of mice; with the participation of major cytokines (EGF, Noggin, and R-Spondin 1 included), the intestinal organoids were established at a density of 100 crypts per well, containing intestinal stem cells (ISC), Paneth cells, goblet cells, and intestinal endocrine cells. We found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) could induce the inflammatory response of intestinal organoids, and a dose of 10 ng/mL could maintain stable passaging of organoids for dynamic observation. After stimulation with TNF-α, the intestinal organoid cultures showed lower expression of the cell proliferation-related protein identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67 (Ki67), the ISC marker leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), and the intestinal tight junction proteins occludin (Ocln) and claudin-1 (Cldn1) while higher expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 15 and the chemokines C-X-C motif ligand 2 (Cxcl2) and Cxcl10 significantly. In this study, we successfully established an epithelial inflammatory injury model of intestinal organoids, which provides an effective in vitro model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD.
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Ai LS, Yu YB. Role of Paneth cells-associated Crohn's disease susceptibility genes in development of Crohn's disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:1009-1015. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i23.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory digestive tract disease, and its pathogenesis involves many factors such as genetics, environment, and flora. In terms of genetic factors, many susceptibility genes and pathogenic pathways of CD are associated with Paneth cells (PCs). Numerous studies have demonstrated that PCs are involved in the pathogenesis of CD by affecting the gut microbiota and inducing intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and immune abnormalities. These advances provide new ideas for the prevention of CD and potential therapeutic targets for this disease. This article reviews the role of PCs-associated CD susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Si Ai
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (First Clinical College), Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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9
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Cosme D, Soares-da-Silva P, Magro F. Effect of Toll-like receptor-2, -4, -5, -7, and NOD2 stimulation on potassium channel conductance in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G410-G419. [PMID: 36040119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00139.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionate activation of pattern recognition receptors plays a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathophysiology. Diarrhea is a hallmark symptom of IBD, resulting at least in part from an electrolyte imbalance that may be caused by changes in potassium channel activity. We evaluated the impact of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) stimulation on potassium conductance of the basolateral membrane in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the role of potassium channels through electrophysiological assays under short-circuit current in Ussing chambers. TLRs and NOD2 were stimulated using specific agonists, and potassium channels were selectively blocked using triarylmethane-34 (TRAM-34), adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), and BaCl2. Potassium conductance of the basolateral membrane decreased upon activation of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR7 in T84 cells (means ± SE, -11.2 ± 4.5, -40.4 ± 7.2, and -19.4 ± 5.9, respectively) and in Caco-2 cells (-13.1 ± 5.7, -55.7 ± 7.4, and -29.1 ± 7.2, respectively). In contrast, activation of TLR5 and NOD2 increased basolateral potassium conductance, both in T84 cells (18.0 ± 4.1 and 18.4 ± 2.8, respectively) and in Caco-2 cells (21.2 ± 8.4 and 16.0 ± 3.6, respectively). TRAM-34 and AMP-PNP induced a decrease in basolateral potassium conductance upon TLR4 stimulation in both cell lines. Both KCa3.1- and Kir6-channels appear to be important mediators of this effect in IECs and could be potential targets for therapeutic agent development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study highlights that PRRs stimulation directly influences K+-channel conductance in IECs. TLR-2, -4, -7 stimulation decreased K+ conductance, whereas TLR5 and NOD2 stimulation had the opposite effect, leading to an increase of it instead. This study reports for the first time that KCa3.1- and Kir6-channels play a role in K+ transport pathways triggered by TLR4 stimulation. These findings suggest that KCa3.1- and Kir6-channels modulation may be a potential target for new therapeutic agents in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Cosme
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Gastroenterology, São João Hospital University Centre, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, São João Hospital University Centre, Porto, Portugal.,Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Porto, Portugal
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Markandey M, Bajaj A, Ilott NE, Kedia S, Travis S, Powrie F, Ahuja V. Gut microbiota: sculptors of the intestinal stem cell niche in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1990827. [PMID: 34747326 PMCID: PMC8583176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1990827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium represents a dynamic and diverse cellular system that continuously interacts with gut commensals and external cues. Intestinal stem cells, which lie at the heart of epithelial renewal and turnover, proliferate to maintain a steady stem cell population and differentiate to form functional epithelial cell types. This rather sophisticated assembly-line is maintained by an elaborate micro-environment, sculpted by a myriad of host and gut microbiota-derived signals, forming an intestinal stem cell niche. This complex, yet crucial signaling niche undergoes dynamic changes during homeostasis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease refers to a chronic inflammatory response toward pathogenic or commensal microbiota, in a genetically susceptible host. Compositional and functional alterations in gut microbiota are pathognomonic of IBD.The present review highlights the modulatory role of gut microbiota on the intestinal stem cell niche during homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. We discuss the mechanisms of direct action of gut commensals (through microbiota-derived or microbiota-influenced metabolites) on ISCs, followed by their effects via other epithelial and immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,CONTACT Vineet Ahuja Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
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Ntunzwenimana JC, Boucher G, Paquette J, Gosselin H, Alikashani A, Morin N, Beauchamp C, Thauvette L, Rivard MÈ, Dupuis F, Deschênes S, Foisy S, Latour F, Lavallée G, Daly MJ, Xavier RJ, Charron G, Goyette P, Rioux JD. Functional screen of inflammatory bowel disease genes reveals key epithelial functions. Genome Med 2021; 13:181. [PMID: 34758847 PMCID: PMC8582123 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies have been tremendously successful in identifying genomic regions associated with a wide variety of phenotypes, although the success of these studies in identifying causal genes, their variants, and their functional impacts has been more limited. METHODS We identified 145 genes from IBD-associated genomic loci having endogenous expression within the intestinal epithelial cell compartment. We evaluated the impact of lentiviral transfer of the open reading frame (ORF) of these IBD genes into the HT-29 intestinal epithelial cell line via transcriptomic analyses. By comparing the genes in which expression was modulated by each ORF, as well as the functions enriched within these gene lists, we identified ORFs with shared impacts and their putative disease-relevant biological functions. RESULTS Analysis of the transcriptomic data for cell lines expressing the ORFs for known causal genes such as HNF4a, IFIH1, and SMAD3 identified functions consistent with what is already known for these genes. These analyses also identified two major clusters of genes: Cluster 1 contained the known IBD causal genes IFIH1, SBNO2, NFKB1, and NOD2, as well as genes from other IBD loci (ZFP36L1, IRF1, GIGYF1, OTUD3, AIRE and PITX1), whereas Cluster 2 contained the known causal gene KSR1 and implicated DUSP16 from another IBD locus. Our analyses highlight how multiple IBD gene candidates can impact on epithelial structure and function, including the protection of the mucosa from intestinal microbiota, and demonstrate that DUSP16 acts a regulator of MAPK activity and contributes to mucosal defense, in part via its regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, involved in the protection of the intestinal mucosa from enteric microbiota. CONCLUSIONS This functional screen, based on expressing IBD genes within an appropriate cellular context, in this instance intestinal epithelial cells, resulted in changes to the cell's transcriptome that are relevant to their endogenous biological function(s). This not only helped in identifying likely causal genes within genetic loci but also provided insight into their biological functions. Furthermore, this work has highlighted the central role of intestinal epithelial cells in IBD pathophysiology, providing a scientific rationale for a drug development strategy that targets epithelial functions in addition to the current therapies targeting immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Carol Ntunzwenimana
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Boucher
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Paquette
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugues Gosselin
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Azadeh Alikashani
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Morin
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudine Beauchamp
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Thauvette
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Rivard
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédérique Dupuis
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia Deschênes
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Foisy
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Latour
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Lavallée
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark J Daly
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guy Charron
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Goyette
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John D Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, 5000 rue Bélanger, S-6201, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Brown H, Esterházy D. Intestinal immune compartmentalization: implications of tissue specific determinants in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1259-1270. [PMID: 34211125 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of tissue specific immunity has opened the gates to new inquiries into what factors drive immune cell niche adaptation and the implications on immune homeostasis, organ specific immune diseases, and therapeutic efficacy. These issues are particularly complicated at barrier sites, which are directly exposed to an ever-changing environment. In particular, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces even further challenges given the profound functional and structural differences along its length, raising the possibility that it may even have to be treated as multiple organs when seeking to answer these questions. In this review, we evaluate what is known about the tissue intrinsic and extrinsic factors shaping immune compartments in the intestine. We then discuss the physiological and pathological consequences of a regionally distinct immune system in a single organ, but also discuss where our insight into the role of the compartment for disease development is still very limited. Finally, we discuss the technological and therapeutic implications this compartmentalization has. While the gut is perhaps one of the most intensely studied systems, many of these aspects apply to understanding tissue specific immunity of other organs, most notably other barrier sites such as skin, lung, and the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Brown
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daria Esterházy
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Linares R, Francés R, Gutiérrez A, Juanola O. Bacterial Translocation as Inflammatory Driver in Crohn's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703310. [PMID: 34557484 PMCID: PMC8452966 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for intestinal lesions. The multifactorial etiology attributed to CD includes a combination of environmental and host susceptibility factors, which result in an impaired host–microbe gut interaction. Bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and altered inflammatory responses in patients with CD have been described in the past. Those events explain the pathogenesis of luminal translocation of bacteria or its products into the blood, a frequent event in CD, which, in turn, favors a sustained inflammatory response in these patients. In this review, we navigate through the interaction between bacterial antigen translocation, permeability of the intestinal barrier, immunologic response of the host, and genetic predisposition as a combined effect on the inflammatory response observed in CD. Several lines of evidence support that translocation of bacterial products leads to uncontrolled inflammation in CD patients, and as a matter of fact, the presence of gut bacterial genomic fragments at a systemic level constitutes a marker for increased risk of relapse among CD patients. Also, the significant percentage of CD patients who lose response to biologic therapies may be influenced by the translocation of bacterial products, which are well-known drivers of proinflammatory cytokine production by host immune cells. Further mechanistic studies evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, gut microbiota alterations, and genetic predisposition will help clinicians to better control and personalize the management of CD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Linares
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Oriol Juanola
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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14
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Pierre N, Salée C, Vieujean S, Bequet E, Merli AM, Siegmund B, Meuwis MA, Louis E. Review article: distinctions between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease: from physiology to pathology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:779-791. [PMID: 34297423 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal and colonic Crohn's disease seem to be two separate entities. AIMS To describe the main physiological distinctions between the small and the large intestine and to analyse the differences between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease. METHODS The relevant literature was critically examined and synthesised. RESULTS The small and large intestine have fundamental distinctions (anatomy, cellular populations, immune defence, microbiota). The differences between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease are highlighted by a heterogeneous body of evidence including clinical features (natural history of the disease, efficacy of treatments, and monitoring), epidemiological data (smoking status, age, gender) and biological data (genetics, microbiota, immunity, mesenteric fat). However, the contribution of these factors to disease location remains poorly understood. CONCLUSION The classification of ileal and colonic Crohn's disease as distinct subphenotypes is well supported by the literature. Understanding of these differences could be exploited to develop more individualised patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pierre
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Salée
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vieujean
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emeline Bequet
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angela-Maria Merli
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Alice Meuwis
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edouard Louis
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, GIGA-Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
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15
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Atreya R, Siegmund B. Location is important: differentiation between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:544-558. [PMID: 33712743 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, current European and national guidelines worldwide do not differentiate between small-intestinal and colonic Crohn's disease for medical treatment. Data from the past decade provide evidence that ileal Crohn's disease is distinct from colonic Crohn's disease in several intestinal layers. Remarkably, colonic Crohn's disease shows an overlap with regard to disease behaviour with ulcerative colitis, underlining the fact that there is more to inflammatory bowel disease than just Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and that subtypes, possibly defined by location and shared pathophysiology, are also important. This Review provides a structured overview of the differentiation between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease using data in the context of epidemiology, genetics, macroscopic differences such as creeping fat and histological findings, as well as differences in regard to the intestinal barrier including gut microbiota, mucus layer, epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cell populations. We also discuss the translation of these basic findings to the clinic, emphasizing the important role of treatment decisions. Thus, this Review provides a conceptual outlook on a new mechanism-driven classification of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Moretta A, Scieuzo C, Petrone AM, Salvia R, Manniello MD, Franco A, Lucchetti D, Vassallo A, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668632. [PMID: 34195099 PMCID: PMC8238046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge and has led to the need for new alternative molecules less prone to bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they are bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, and representing the first line of defense against fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs are commonly classified according to their sources, which are represented by microorganisms, plants and animals, as well as to their secondary structure, their biosynthesis and their mechanism of action. They find application in different fields such as agriculture, food industry and medicine, on which we focused our attention in this review. Particularly, we examined AMP potential applicability in wound healing, skin infections and metabolic syndrome, considering their ability to act as potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides as well as antioxidant peptides. Moreover, we argued about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to develop new antibiotics, the drug development strategies and the formulation approaches which need to be taken into account in developing clinically suitable AMP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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17
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Nelson A, Stewart CJ, Kennedy NA, Lodge JK, Tremelling M, Probert CS, Parkes M, Mansfield JC, Smith DL, Hold GL, Lees CW, Bridge SH, Lamb CA. The Impact of NOD2 Genetic Variants on the Gut Mycobiota in Crohn's Disease Patients in Remission and in Individuals Without Gastrointestinal Inflammation. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:800-812. [PMID: 33119074 PMCID: PMC8095387 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Historical and emerging data implicate fungi in Crohn's disease [CD] pathogenesis. However, a causal link between mycobiota, dysregulated immunity, and any impact of NOD2 variants remains elusive. This study aims to evaluate associations between NOD2 variants and faecal mycobiota in CD patients and non-CD subjects. METHODS Faecal samples were obtained from 34 CD patients [18 NOD2 mutant, 16 NOD2 wild-type] identified from the UK IBD Genetics Consortium. To avoid confounding influence of mucosal inflammation, CD patients were in clinical remission and had a faecal calprotectin <250 μg/g; 47 non-CD subjects were included as comparator groups, including 22 matched household [four NOD2 mutant] and 25 non-household subjects with known NOD2 genotype [14 NOD2 mutant] identified by the NIHR BioResource Cambridge. Faecal mycobiota composition was determined using internal transcribed spacer 1 [ITS1] sequencing and was compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences and volatile organic compounds. RESULTS CD was associated with higher numbers of fungal observed taxonomic units [OTUs] [p = 0.033]. Principal coordinates analysis using Jaccard index [p = 0.018] and weighted Bray-Curtis dissimilarities [p = 0.01] showed Candida spp. clustered closer to CD patients whereas Cryptococcus spp. clustered closer to non-CD. In CD, we found higher relative abundance of Ascomycota [p = 0.001] and lower relative abundance Basidiomycota [p = 0.019] phyla. An inverse relationship was found between bacterial and fungal Shannon diversity in NOD2 wild-type which was independent of CD [r = -0.349; p = 0.029]. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms compositional changes in the gut mycobiota in CD and provides evidence that fungi may play a role in CD pathogenesis. No NOD2 genotype-specific differences were observed in the faecal mycobiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nelson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - John K Lodge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Tremelling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Chris S Probert
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Mansfield
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Darren L Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Georgina L Hold
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh IBD Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon H Bridge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher A Lamb
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Mutational analyses of novel rat models with targeted modifications in inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility genes. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:173-182. [PMID: 33843019 PMCID: PMC8128796 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations and single base pair polymorphisms in various genes have been associated with increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We have created a series of rat strains carrying targeted genetic alterations within three IBD susceptibility genes: Nod2, Atg16l1, and Il23r, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Knock-out alleles and alleles with known human susceptibility polymorphisms were generated on three different genetic backgrounds: Fischer, Lewis and Sprague Dawley. The availability of these rat models will contribute to our understanding of the basic biological roles of these three genes as well as provide new potential IBD animal models.
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19
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Devaux CA, Lagier JC, Raoult D. New Insights Into the Physiopathology of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640073. [PMID: 33681266 PMCID: PMC7930624 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered a lung-tropic virus that infects the respiratory tract through binding to the ACE2 cell-surface molecules present on alveolar lungs epithelial cells, gastrointestinal symptoms have been frequently reported in COVID-19 patients. What can be considered an apparent paradox is that these symptoms (e.g., diarrhea), sometimes precede the development of respiratory tract illness as if the breathing apparatus was not its first target during viral dissemination. Recently, evidence was reported that the gut is an active site of replication for SARS-CoV-2. This replication mainly occurs in mature enterocytes expressing the ACE2 viral receptor and TMPRSS4 protease. In this review we question how SARS-CoV-2 can cause intestinal disturbances, whether there are pneumocyte-tropic, enterocyte-tropic and/or dual tropic strains of SARS-CoV-2. We examine two major models: first, that of a virus directly causing damage locally (e.g., by inducing apoptosis of infected enterocytes); secondly, that of indirect effect of the virus (e.g., by inducing changes in the composition of the gut microbiota followed by the induction of an inflammatory process), and suggest that both situations probably occur simultaneously in COVID-19 patients. We eventually discuss the consequences of the virus replication in brush border of intestine on long-distance damages affecting other tissues/organs, particularly lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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20
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Mudde ACA, Booth C, Marsh RA. Evolution of Our Understanding of XIAP Deficiency. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:660520. [PMID: 34222142 PMCID: PMC8247594 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.660520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity first described in 2006. XIAP deficiency is characterised by immune dysregulation and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, including haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hypogammaglobulinemia, susceptibility to infections, splenomegaly, cytopaenias, and other less common autoinflammatory phenomena. Since the first description of the disease, many XIAP deficient patients have been identified and our understanding of the disease has grown. Over 90 disease causing mutations have been described and more inflammatory disease manifestations, such as hepatitis, arthritis, and uveitis, are now well-recognised. Recently, following the introduction of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only curative treatment option for XIAP deficiency, have improved. The pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency is not fully understood, however it is known that XIAP plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune response and in immune regulation, most notably through modulation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor signalling and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. In this review we will provide an up to date overview of both the clinical aspects and pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C A Mudde
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Yang E, Shen J. The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12958. [PMID: 33174662 PMCID: PMC7791172 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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22
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So J, Tam LS. Gut Microbiome and Its Interaction with Immune System in Spondyloarthritis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111727. [PMID: 33158167 PMCID: PMC7694200 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests there is a gut-joint axis in spondyloarthritis (SpA). In a study, subclinical gut inflammation occurred in nearly 50% of SpA. Chronic gut inflammation also correlated with disease activity in SpA. Trillions of microorganisms reside in the human gut and interact with the human immune system. Dysbiosis affects gut immune homeostasis and triggers different autoimmune diseases including SpA. The absence of arthritis in HLA-B27 germ-free mice and the development of arthritis after the introduction of commensal bacteria to HLA-B27 germ-free mice proved to be the important role of gut bacteria in shaping SpA, other than the genetic factor. The recent advance in gene sequencing technology promotes the identification of microorganisms. In this review, we highlighted current evidence supporting the link between gut and axial SpA (axSpA). We also summarized available findings of gut microbiota and its interaction with the immune system in axSpA. Future research may explore the way to modulate gut microorganisms in axSpA and bring gut microbiome discoveries towards application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lai-Shan Tam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(852)-3505-3128; Fax: +(852)-2637-3852
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23
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Muthusami S, Ramachandran IK, Babu KN, Krishnamoorthy S, Guruswamy A, Queimado L, Chaudhuri G, Ramachandran I. Role of Inflammation in the Development of Colorectal Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:77-90. [PMID: 32901590 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200909092908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that includes both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohnmp's disease (CD) are risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Many cytokines produced primarily by the gut immune cells either during or in response to localized inflammation in the colon and rectum are known to stimulate the complex interactions between the different cell types in the gut environment resulting in acute inflammation. Subsequently, chronic inflammation, together with genetic and epigenetic changes, have been shown to lead to the development and progression of CRC. Various cell types present in the colon, such as enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and macrophages, express receptors for inflammatory cytokines and respond to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and other cytokines. Among the several cytokines produced, TNF-α and IL-1β are the key pro-inflammatory molecules that play critical roles in the development of CRC. The current review is intended to consolidate the published findings to focus on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α and IL-1β, on inflammation (and the altered immune response) in the gut, to better understand the development of CRC in IBD, using various experimental model systems, preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, this review also highlights the current therapeutic strategies available (monotherapy and combination therapy) to alleviate the symptoms or treat inflammation-associated CRC by using monoclonal antibodies or aptamers to block pro-inflammatory molecules, inhibitors of tyrosine kinases in the inflammatory signaling cascade, competitive inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecules, and the nucleic acid drugs like small activating RNAs (saRNAs) or microRNA (miRNA) mimics to activate tumor suppressor or repress oncogene/pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kokelavani Nampalli Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sneha Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akash Guruswamy
- University of Missouri- Kansas City, College of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Lurdes Queimado
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Cell Biology, Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Gautam Chaudhuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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24
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Hassan M, Moghadamrad S, Sorribas M, Muntet SG, Kellmann P, Trentesaux C, Fraudeau M, Nanni P, Wolski W, Keller I, Hapfelmeier S, Shroyer NF, Wiest R, Romagnolo B, De Gottardi A. Paneth cells promote angiogenesis and regulate portal hypertension in response to microbial signals. J Hepatol 2020; 73:628-639. [PMID: 32205193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Paneth cells (PCs) synthesize and secrete antimicrobial peptides that are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, establishing a balance between intestinal microflora and enteric pathogens. We observed that their number increases in experimental portal hypertension and aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which these cells can contribute to the regulation of portal pressure. METHODS We first treated Math1Lox/LoxVilcreERT2 mice with tamoxifen to induce the complete depletion of intestinal PCs. Subsequently, we performed partial portal vein or bile duct ligation. We then studied the effects of these interventions on hemodynamic parameters, proliferation of blood vessels and the expression of genes regulating angiogenesis. Intestinal organoids were cultured and exposed to different microbial products to study the composition of their secreted products (by proteomics) and their effects on the proliferation and tube formation of endothelial cells (ECs). In vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy was used to confirm the findings on blood vessel proliferation. RESULTS Portal hypertension was significantly attenuated in PC-depleted mice compared to control mice and was associated with a decrease in portosystemic shunts. Depletion of PCs also resulted in a significantly decreased density of blood vessels in the intestinal wall and mesentery. Furthermore, we observed reduced expression of intestinal genes regulating angiogenesis in Paneth cell depleted mice using arrays and next generation sequencing. Tube formation and wound healing responses were significantly decreased in ECs treated with conditioned media from PC-depleted intestinal organoids exposed to intestinal microbiota-derived products. Proteomic analysis of conditioned media in the presence of PCs revealed an increase in factors regulating angiogenesis and additional metabolic processes. In vivo endomicroscopy showed decreased vascular proliferation in the absence of PCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in response to intestinal flora and microbiota-derived factors, PCs secrete not only antimicrobial peptides, but also pro-angiogenic signaling molecules, thereby promoting intestinal and mesenteric angiogenesis and regulating portal hypertension. LAY SUMMARY Paneth cells are present in the lining of the small intestine. They prevent the passage of bacteria from the intestine into the blood circulation by secreting substances to fight bacteria. In this paper, we discovered that these substances not only act against bacteria, but also increase the quantity of blood vessels in the intestine and blood pressure in the portal vein. This is important, because high blood pressure in the portal vein may result in several complications which could be targeted with novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Hassan
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland)
| | - Marcel Sorribas
- Department for Biomedical Research, Gastroenterology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sergi G Muntet
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kellmann
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Fraudeau
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomic Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomic Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for Biomedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Noah F Shroyer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department for Biomedical Research, Gastroenterology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland)
| | - Beatrice Romagnolo
- INSERM, U106, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France; Université paris Descartes Sorbonne paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- Department for Biomedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Inselspital, Hepatology, University of Bern, Switzerland (Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland); Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
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25
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Williams L, Alshehri A, Robichaud B, Cudmore A, Gagnon J. The Role of the Bacterial Muramyl Dipeptide in the Regulation of GLP-1 and Glycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5252. [PMID: 32722085 PMCID: PMC7432949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The host's intestinal microbiota contributes to endocrine and metabolic responses, but a dysbiosis in this environment can lead to obesity and insulin resistance. Recent work has demonstrated a role for microbial metabolites in the regulation of gut hormones, including the metabolic hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a bacterial cell wall component which has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice by acting through the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) receptor. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of MDP on GLP-1 secretion and glucose regulation. We hypothesized that MDP enhances glucose tolerance by inducing intestinal GLP-1 secretion through NOD2 activation. First, we observed a significant increase in GLP-1 secretion when murine and human L-cells were treated with a fatty acid MDP derivative (L18-MDP). Importantly, we demonstrated the expression of the NOD2 receptor in mouse intestine and in L-cells. In mice, two intraperitoneal injections of MDP (5 mg/kg body weight) caused a significant increase in fasting total GLP-1 in chow-fed mice, however this did not lead to an improvement in oral glucose tolerance. When mice were exposed to a high-fat diet, they eventually lost this MDP-induced GLP-1 release. Finally, we demonstrated in L-cells that hyperglycemic conditions reduce the mRNA expression of NOD2 and GLP-1. Together these findings suggest MDP may play a role in enhancing GLP-1 during normal glycemic conditions but loses its ability to do so in hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Gagnon
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (L.W.); (A.A.); (B.R.); (A.C.)
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26
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Wehkamp J, Stange EF. An Update Review on the Paneth Cell as Key to Ileal Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:646. [PMID: 32351509 PMCID: PMC7174711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paneth cells reside in the small intestine at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, intermingled with stem cells, and provide a niche for their neighbors by secreting growth and Wnt-factors as well as different antimicrobial peptides including defensins, lysozyme and others. The most abundant are the human Paneth cell α-defensin 5 and 6 that keep the crypt sterile and control the local microbiome. In ileal Crohn's disease various mechanisms including established genetic risk factors contribute to defects in the production and ordered secretion of these peptides. In addition, life-style risk factors for Crohn's disease like tobacco smoking also impact on Paneth cell function. Taken together, current evidence suggest that defective Paneth cells may play the key role in initiating inflammation in ileal, and maybe ileocecal, Crohn's disease by allowing bacterial attachment and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wehkamp
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Moltzau Anderson J, Lipinski S, Sommer F, Pan WH, Boulard O, Rehman A, Falk-Paulsen M, Stengel ST, Aden K, Häsler R, Bharti R, Künzel S, Baines JF, Chamaillard M, Rosenstiel P. NOD2 Influences Trajectories of Intestinal Microbiota Recovery After Antibiotic Perturbation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:365-389. [PMID: 32289499 PMCID: PMC7327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss-of-function variants in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) impair the recognition of the bacterial cell wall component muramyl-dipeptide and are associated with an increased risk for developing Crohn's disease. Likewise, exposure to antibiotics increases the individual risk for developing inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we studied the long-term impact of NOD2 on the ability of the gut bacterial and fungal microbiota to recover after antibiotic treatment. METHODS Two cohorts of 20-week-old and 52-week-old wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and NOD2 knockout (Nod2-KO) mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and fecal samples were collected to investigate temporal dynamics of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria and fungi) using 16S ribosomal RNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequencing. In addition, 2 sets of germ-free WT mice were colonized with either WT or Nod2-KO after antibiotic donor microbiota and the severity of intestinal inflammation was monitored in the colonized mice. RESULTS Antibiotic exposure caused long-term shifts in the bacterial and fungal community composition. Genetic ablation of NOD2 was associated with delayed body weight gain after antibiotic treatment and an impaired recovery of the bacterial gut microbiota. Transfer of the postantibiotic fecal microbiota of Nod2-KO mice induced an intestinal inflammatory response in the colons of germ-free recipient mice compared with respective microbiota from WT controls based on histopathology and gene expression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the bacterial sensor NOD2 contributes to intestinal microbial community composition after antibiotic treatment and may add to the explanation of how defects in the NOD2 signaling pathway are involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wei-Hung Pan
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivier Boulard
- University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany,First Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richa Bharti
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - John F. Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany,Evolutionary Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Philip Rosenstiel, MD, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel D-24105, Germany. fax: (49) 4315971842.
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28
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Koeninger L, Armbruster NS, Brinch KS, Kjaerulf S, Andersen B, Langnau C, Autenrieth SE, Schneidawind D, Stange EF, Malek NP, Nordkild P, Jensen BAH, Wehkamp J. Human β-Defensin 2 Mediated Immune Modulation as Treatment for Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:93. [PMID: 32076420 PMCID: PMC7006816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins represents an integral part of the innate immune system serving to ward off potential pathogens and to protect the intestinal barrier from microbial encroachment. In addition to their antimicrobial activities, defensins in general, and human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) in particular, also exhibit immunomodulatory capabilities. In this report, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of systemically administered recombinant hBD2 to ameliorate intestinal inflammation in three distinct animal models of inflammatory bowel disease; i.e., chemically induced mucosal injury (DSS), loss of mucosal tolerance (TNBS), and T-cell transfer into immunodeficient recipient mice. Treatment efficacy was confirmed in all tested models, where systemically administered hBD2 mitigated inflammation, improved disease activity index, and hindered colitis-induced body weight loss on par with anti-TNF-α and steroids. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with rhBD2 confirmed the immunomodulatory capacity in the circulatory compartment. Subsequent analyzes revealed dendritic cells (DCs) as the main target population. Suppression of LPS-induced inflammation was dependent on chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression. Mechanistically, hBD2 engaged with CCR2 on its DC target cell to decrease NF-κB, and increase CREB phosphorylation, hence curbing inflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing in vivo efficacy of a systemically administered defensin in experimental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Koeninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole S Armbruster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carolin Langnau
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Section for Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Wang Y, Miller M, Astrakhan Y, Petersen BS, Schreiber S, Franke A, Bromberg Y. Identifying Crohn's disease signal from variome analysis. Genome Med 2019; 11:59. [PMID: 31564248 PMCID: PMC6767648 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After years of concentrated research efforts, the exact cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) remains unknown. Its accurate diagnosis, however, helps in management and preventing the onset of disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified 241 CD loci, but these carry small log odds ratios and are thus diagnostically uninformative. Methods Here, we describe a machine learning method—AVA,Dx (Analysis of Variation for Association with Disease)—that uses exonic variants from whole exome or genome sequencing data to extract CD signal and predict CD status. Using the person-specific coding variation in genes from a panel of only 111 individuals, we built disease-prediction models informative of previously undiscovered disease genes. By additionally accounting for batch effects, we were able to accurately predict CD status for thousands of previously unseen individuals from other panels. Results AVA,Dx highlighted known CD genes including NOD2 and new potential CD genes. AVA,Dx identified 16% (at strict cutoff) of CD patients at 99% precision and 58% of the patients (at default cutoff) with 82% precision in over 3000 individuals from separately sequenced panels. Conclusions Larger training panels and additional features, including other types of genetic variants and environmental factors, e.g., human-associated microbiota, may improve model performance. However, the results presented here already position AVA,Dx as both an effective method for revealing pathogenesis pathways and as a CD risk analysis tool, which can improve clinical diagnostic time and accuracy. Links to the AVA,Dx Docker image and the BitBucket source code are at https://bromberglab.org/project/avadx/. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13073-019-0670-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Maximilian Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Britt-Sabina Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. .,Technical University of Munich Institute for Advanced Study, (TUM-IAS), Lichtenbergstr. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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30
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Chaparro M, Aterido A, Guerra I, Iborra M, Cabriada JL, Bujanda L, Taxonera C, García-Sánchez V, Marín-Jiménez I, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Vera I, Martín-Arranz MD, Hernández-Breijo B, Mesonero F, Sempere L, Gomollón F, Hinojosa J, Bermejo F, Beltrán B, Rodríguez-Pescador A, Banales JM, Olivares D, Aguilar-Melero P, Menchén L, Ferreiro-Iglesias R, Blazquez Gómez I, Benitez García B, Guijarro LG, Marin AC, Bernardo D, Marsal S, Julia A, Gisbert JP. Functional rare variants influence the clinical response to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819867848. [PMID: 31598133 PMCID: PMC6764039 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819867848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of low-frequency functional variation on anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) response in Crohn's disease (CD) patients remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of functional rare variants in clinical response to anti-TNF therapy in CD. METHODS CD anti-TNF naïve patients starting anti-TNF treatment due to active disease [Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI > 150)] were included. The whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq4000 platform. Clinical response was defined as a CDAI score <150 at week 14 of anti-TNF treatment. Low-frequency variants were annotated and classified according to their damaging potential. The whole genome of CD patients was screened to identify homozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variants. The TNF signaling pathway was tested for overabundance of damaging variants using the SKAT-O method. Functional implication of the associated rare variation was evaluated using cell-type epigenetic enrichment analyses. RESULTS A total of 41 consecutive CD patients were included; 3250 functional rare variants were identified (2682 damaging and 568 LoF variants). Two homozygous LoF mutations were found in HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 genes associated with lack of response and remission, respectively. Genome-wide LoF variants were enriched in epigenetic marks specific for the gastrointestinal tissue (colon, p = 4.11e-4; duodenum, p = 0.011). The burden of damaging variation in the TNF signaling pathway was associated with response to anti-TNF therapy (p = 0.016); damaging variants were enriched in epigenetic marks from CD8+ (p = 6.01e-4) and CD4+ (p = 0.032) T cells. CONCLUSIONS Functional rare variants are involved in the response to anti-TNF therapy in CD. Cell-type enrichment analysis suggests that the gut mucosa and CD8+ T cells are the main mediators of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Guerra
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de
Fuenlabrada, Instituto de Investigación de Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid,
Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Cabriada
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de
Galdakano, Vizcaya, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Taxonera
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Clínico San Carlos and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Marín-Jiménez
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Gregorio Marañón e IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Vera
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Borja Hernández-Breijo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares,
Spain,Immuno-Rheumatology Research Group. IdiPaz.
Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mesonero
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sempere
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Hinojosa
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Bermejo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
de Fuenlabrada, Instituto de Investigación de Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz),
Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - David Olivares
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Clínico San Carlos and IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Melero
- Gastroenterology Unit, Instituto Maimónides de
Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina
Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Gregorio Marañón e IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Ferreiro-Iglesias
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Blazquez Gómez
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario
Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron
Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Lee C, Choi C, Kang HS, Shin SW, Kim SY, Park HC, Hong SN. NOD2 Supports Crypt Survival and Epithelial Regeneration after Radiation-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174297. [PMID: 31480799 PMCID: PMC6747113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) affords stem cell protection and links microbes to intestinal epithelial regeneration. We investigated whether NOD2 status is associated with crypt survival and intestinal epithelial regeneration independent of microbiota-derived molecules. To assess crypt survival, a clonogenic microcolony assay was performed with 15 Gy of X-ray irradiation. The fractional crypt survival rate (46.0 ± 15.5% vs. 24.7 ± 9.2%, p < 0.01) and fractional EdU-positive crypt survival rate (29.8 ± 14.5% vs. 9.79 ± 4.37%, p = 0.015) were significantly decreased in the NOD2−/− mice compared with the wild-type (WT) mice at 3.5 days after irradiation. To evaluate intestinal epithelial regeneration capability, organoid reconstitution assays were performed. Small bowel crypts of the WT and NOD2−/− mice were isolated and seeded into Matrigel for 3D culture. In the organoid reconstitution assays, the number of organoids formed did not differ between the NOD2−/− and WT mice. Organoid formation ability was also assessed after exposure to 5 Gy irradiation. Organoid formation ability was significantly decreased in the NOD2−/− mice compared with the WT ones after exposure to 5 Gy irradiation (33.2 ± 5.9 vs. 19.7 ± 8.8/well, p < 0.01). NOD2 supports crypt survival after potentially lethal irradiation damage and is associated with intestinal epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansu Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Changhoon Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ho Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Shin-Yeong Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
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32
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Nie P, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Luo J, Du S, Deng Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen S, Wang L. Gut microbiome interventions in human health and diseases. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2286-2313. [PMID: 30994937 DOI: 10.1002/med.21584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing studies have determined that the gut microbiota is a major factor influencing both health and disease. Host genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to differences in gut microbiota composition and function. Intestinal dysbiosis is a cause or a contributory cause for diseases in multiple body systems, ranging from the digestive system to the immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and even nervous system. Investigation of pathogenesis has identified specific species or strains, bacterial genes, and metabolites that play roles in certain diseases and represent potential drug targets. As research progresses, gut microbiome-based diagnosis and therapy are proposed and applied, which might lead to considerable progress in precision medicine. We further discuss the limitations of current studies and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengna Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiming Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunfu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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33
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Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha in Intestinal Homeostasis and Gut Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081887. [PMID: 30995806 PMCID: PMC6515381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes an indispensable single-layered barrier to protect the body from invading pathogens, antigens or toxins. At the same time, beneficial nutrients and water have to be absorbed by the epithelium. To prevent development of intestinal inflammation or tumour formation, intestinal homeostasis has to be tightly controlled and therefore a strict balance between cell death and proliferation has to be maintained. The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was shown to play a striking role for the regulation of this balance in the gut. Depending on the cellular conditions, on the one hand TNFα is able to mediate cell survival by activating NFκB signalling. On the other hand, TNFα might trigger cell death, in particular caspase-dependent apoptosis but also caspase-independent programmed necrosis. By regulating these cell death and survival mechanisms, TNFα exerts a variety of beneficial functions in the intestine. However, TNFα signalling is also supposed to play a critical role for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious diseases, intestinal wound healing and tumour formation. Here we review the literature about the physiological and pathophysiological role of TNFα signalling for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and the benefits and difficulties of anti-TNFα treatment during IBD.
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34
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Pêgo B, Martinusso CA, Bernardazzi C, Ribeiro BE, de Araujo Cunha AF, de Souza Mesquita J, Nanini HF, Machado MP, Castelo-Branco MTL, Cavalcanti MG, de Souza HSP. Schistosoma mansoni Coinfection Attenuates Murine Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Crohn's-Like Ileitis by Preserving the Epithelial Barrier and Downregulating the Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:442. [PMID: 30936867 PMCID: PMC6432985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Mice orally infected with T. gondii develop Crohn's disease (CD)-like enteritis associated with severe mucosal damage and a systemic inflammatory response, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Previously, helminthic infections have shown therapeutic potential in experimental colitis. However, the role of S. mansoni in T. gondii-induced CD-like enteritis has not been elucidated. Our study investigated the mechanisms underlying T. gondii-induced ileitis and the potential therapeutic effect of S. mansoni coinfection. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were infected by subcutaneous injection of cercariae of the BH strain of S. mansoni, and 7–9 weeks later, they were orally infected with cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii. After euthanasia, the ileum was removed for histopathological analysis; staining for goblet cells; immunohistochemistry characterizing mononuclear cells, lysozyme expression, apoptotic cells, and intracellular pathway activation; and measuring gene expression levels by real-time PCR. Cytokine concentrations were measured in the serial serum samples and culture supernatants of the ileal explants, in addition to myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Results:T. gondii-monoinfected mice presented dense inflammatory cell infiltrates and ulcerations in the terminal ileum, with abundant cell extrusion, apoptotic bodies, and necrosis; these effects were absent in S. mansoni-infected or coinfected animals. Coinfection preserved goblet cells and Paneth cells, remarkably depleted in T. gondii-infected mice. Densities of CD4- and CD11b-positive cells were increased in T. gondii- compared to S. mansoni-infected mice and controls. MPO was significantly increased among T. gondii-mice, while attenuated in coinfected animals. In T. gondii-infected mice, the culture supernatants of the explants showed increased concentrations of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-17, and the ileal tissue revealed increased expression of the mRNA transcripts for IL-1 beta, NOS2, HMOX1, MMP3, and MMP9 and activation of NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK signaling, all of which were counterregulated by S. mansoni coinfection. Conclusion:S. mansoni coinfection attenuates T. gondii-induced ileitis by preserving mucosal integrity and downregulating the local inflammatory response based on the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK. The protective function of prior S. mansoni infection suggests the involvement of innate immune mechanisms and supports a conceptually new approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pêgo
- Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Bernardazzi
- Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hayandra F Nanini
- Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marta Guimarães Cavalcanti
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Infectious Diseases Clinic, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor S P de Souza
- Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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35
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NOD2 Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Protects Toward the Development of Inflammation and Associated Carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:357-369. [PMID: 30704984 PMCID: PMC6357788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response including epithelial and immune cells. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies including Crohn's disease (CD), graft-versus-host diseases, or Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in inflammatory response and the associated-carcinogenesis development. Since its identification in 2001 and its association with CD, the role of NOD2 in epithelial cells and immune cells has been investigated extensively but the precise mechanism by which NOD2 mutations lead to CD and the associated carcinogenesis development is largely unknown. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 inside epithelial cells on the control of the inflammatory process and its linked carcinogenesis development.
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36
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Jang WH, Park A, Wang T, Kim CJ, Chang H, Yang BG, Kim MJ, Myung SJ, Im SH, Jang MH, Kim YM, Kim KH. Two-photon microscopy of Paneth cells in the small intestine of live mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14174. [PMID: 30242205 PMCID: PMC6155010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are one of the principal epithelial cell types in the small intestine, located at the base of intestinal crypts. Paneth cells play key roles in intestinal host-microbe homeostasis via granule secretion, and their dysfunction is implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases including Crohn’s disease. Despite their physiological importance, study of Paneth cells has been hampered by the limited accessibility and lack of labeling methods. In this study, we developed a simple in vivo imaging method of Paneth cells in the intact mouse small intestine by using moxifloxacin and two-photon microscopy (TPM). Moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, was used for labeling cells and its fluorescence was strongly observed in Paneth cell granules by TPM. Moxifloxacin labeling of Paneth cell granules was confirmed by molecular counterstaining. Comparison of Paneth cells in wild type, genetically obese (ob/ob), and germ-free (GF) mice showed different granule distribution. Furthermore, Paneth cell degranulation was observed in vivo. Our study suggests that TPM with moxifloxacin labeling can serve as a useful tool for studying Paneth cell biology and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonchul Chang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Gie Yang
- 507 Avison Biomedical Research Center, Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Leung G, Muise AM. Monogenic Intestinal Epithelium Defects and the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:360-369. [PMID: 30109822 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, most notably in young children. The development of disease is a combination of several factors, including genetics, environment, the microbiota, and immune system. Recently, next-generation sequencing has allowed for the identification of novel genetic causes for intestinal disease, including pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These IBD genes can generally be grouped into genes causing either primary immunodeficiency or intestinal epithelial defects (the focus of this review). Most of these genes have been functionally validated with in vitro and/or animal models, and have been demonstrated to cause intestinal disease. Intestinal epithelial IBD genes are of particular interest since they are the least amenable to current therapies; therefore, further research is warranted to develop potential therapies. A number of cellular pathways are impacted with intestinal epithelial IBD genes, including intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we describe the currently known IBD risk alleles and monogenic causal intestinal epithelial genes, their putative roles in preserving intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis, and their implications for IBD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada ; and Department of Paediatrics and Biochemistry, SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada ; and Department of Paediatrics and Biochemistry, SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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38
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Andersson-Rolf A, Zilbauer M, Koo BK, Clevers H. Stem Cells in Repair of Gastrointestinal Epithelia. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:278-289. [PMID: 28615312 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the endodermal tissues of adult mammals, the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium exhibits the highest turnover rate. As the ingested food moves along the GI tract, gastric acid, digestive enzymes, and gut resident microbes aid digestion as well as nutrient and mineral absorption. Due to the harsh luminal environment, replenishment of new epithelial cells is essential to maintain organ structure and function during routine turnover and injury repair. Tissue-specific adult stem cells in the GI tract serve as a continuous source for this immense regenerative activity. Tissue homeostasis is achieved by a delicate balance between gain and loss of cells. In homeostasis, temporal tissue damage is rapidly restored by well-balanced tissue regeneration, whereas prolonged imbalance may result in diverse pathologies of homeostasis and injury repair. Starting with a summary of the current knowledge of GI tract homeostasis, we continue with providing models of acute injury and chronic diseases. Finally, we will discuss how primary organoid cultures allow new insights into the mechanisms of homeostasis, injury repair, and disease, and how this novel 3D culture system has the potential to translate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands; and.,University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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Abstract
Defining the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to elude researchers, in part due to the possibility that there may be different triggers for a spectrum of disease phenotypes that are currently classified as either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). What is clear is that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the development of IBD, and large genome-wide association studies using case-control approaches have identified more than 230 risk alleles. Many of these identified risk alleles are located in a variety of genes important in host-microbiome interactions. In spite of these major advances, the mechanisms behind the genetic influence on disease development remain unknown. In addition, the identified genetic risks have thus far failed to fully define the hereditability of IBD. Host genetics influence host interactions with the gut microbiota in maintaining health through a balance of regulated immune responses and coordinated microbial composition and function. What remains to be defined is how alterations in these interactions can lead to disease. The nature and cause of changes in the microbiota in patients with IBD are poorly understood. In spite of the large catalog of alterations in the microbiota of IBD patients, inflammation itself can alter the microbiota, leaving open the question of which is cause or effect. The composition and function of the gut microbiota are influenced by many factors, including environmental factors, dietary factors, and, as recent studies have shown, host genetic makeup. More than 200 loci have shown potential to influence the microbiota, but replication and larger studies are still required to validate these findings. It would seem reasonable to consider the combination of both host genetic makeup and the inheritance of the microbiota as interdependent heritable forces that could explain the nature of an individual's susceptibility to IBD or indeed the actual cause of IBD. In this review, we will consider the contribution of the host genetics, the microbiome, and the influence of host genetics on the microbiota to the heritability of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Turpin
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh Goethel
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larbi Bedrani
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru, MDCM
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Kenneth Croitoru, Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue Room 437, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada ()
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40
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Katsanos KH, Papadakis KA. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Updates on Molecular Targets for Biologics. Gut Liver 2018; 11:455-463. [PMID: 28486793 PMCID: PMC5491079 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has changed, with several new agents being evaluated. The era of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibody therapy saw remarkable progress in IBD therapy. Some patients, however, do not respond to anti-TNF treatment, or their response decreases over time. This phenomenon highlights the need to identify new molecular targets for therapy in IBD. The targets of new therapeutic molecules in IBD must aim to restore immune dysregulation by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-21) and augmentation of the effect of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-11, and transforming growth factor β) and to pursue new anti-inflammatory targets, such as regulatory T-cell therapy, Smad7 antisense, Janus-activated kinase inhibition, Toll-like receptor stimulation, leukocyte adhesion, and blockade of T-cell homing via integrins and mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, potential molecular targets could restore mucosal barrier function and stimulate mucosal healing. Despite these potential targets, the value and clinical significance of most new molecules remain unclear, and clinical efficacy and safety must be better defined before their implementation in clinical practice. This article aims to review the promising and emerging molecular targets that could be clinically meaningful for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina School of Health Sciences, Ioannina, Greece
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41
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Bazzaz AA, Bukhari FO, Mohammed AI, Chelebi NA. Anin vitroassessment of growth promoting activity of a synthetic basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) using Rama-27 cell line. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub A. Bazzaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Taibah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatin O. Bukhari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Taibah, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal I. Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ain Shams, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noorhan A. Chelebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3ZB, UK
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42
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NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via NF-κB subunit c-Rel in Paneth cell-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63651-63660. [PMID: 27563808 PMCID: PMC5325392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-23p19 plays important roles in intestinal antimicrobial immunity, while its over-expression can lead to intestinal inflammation. However, the bacterial compounds and the type of pattern recognition receptor involved in the inducible expression of IL-23p19 in Paneth cells remain unclear. Here we show that the mRNA expression of IL-23p19 was increased in Paneth cell (PC)-like cells stimulated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands, peptidoglycan (PGN) and Pam3CSK4, and was further increased in the presence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). However, its mRNA expression was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells. Additionally, the c-Rel activation was increased in Pam3CSK4- or PGN-stimulated PC-like cells, but the PGN-induced c-Rel activation was decreased in NOD2-knockdown PC-like cells and had no significant difference compared with Pam3CSK4-induced c-Rel activation. Our results suggest that NOD2 up-regulates TLR2-mediated IL-23p19 expression via increasing c-Rel activation in PC-like cells. This finding might provide us with a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease to inhibit IL-23p19 over-expression via the NOD2-c-Rel pathway.
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Wang SL, Shao BZ, Zhao SB, Fang J, Gu L, Miao CY, Li ZS, Bai Y. Impact of Paneth Cell Autophagy on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29675025 PMCID: PMC5895641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal barrier, mainly consisting of the mucus layer and epithelium, functions in absorbing nutrition as well as prevention of the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Paneth cell, an important component of mucosal barrier, plays a vital role in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis by producing antimicrobial materials and controlling the host-commensal balance. Current evidence shows that the dysfunction of intestinal mucosal barrier, especially Paneth cell, participates in the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Autophagy, a cellular stress response, involves various physiological processes, such as secretion of proteins, production of antimicrobial peptides, and degradation of aberrant organelles or proteins. In the recent years, the roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis of IBD have been increasingly studied. Here in this review, we mainly focus on describing the roles of Paneth cell autophagy in IBD as well as several popular autophagy-related genetic variants in Penath cell and the related therapeutic strategies against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmocology, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmocology, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract represents the largest interface between the human body and the external environment. It must continuously monitor and discriminate between nutrients that need to be assimilated and harmful substances that need to be expelled. The different cells of the gut epithelium are therefore equipped with a subtle chemosensory system that communicates the sensory information to several effector systems involved in the regulation of appetite, immune responses, and gastrointestinal motility. Disturbances or adaptations in the communication of this sensory information may contribute to the development or maintenance of disease. This is a new emerging research field in which perception of taste can be considered as a novel key player participating in the regulation of gut function. Specific diets or agonists that target these chemosensory signaling pathways may be considered as new therapeutic targets to tune adequate physiological processes in the gut in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steensels
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Shen T, Li S, Cai LD, Liu JL, Wang CY, Gan WJ, Li XM, Wang JR, Sun LN, Deng M, Liu YH, Li JM. Erbin exerts a protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease by suppressing autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12035-12049. [PMID: 29552291 PMCID: PMC5844727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and key functional molecules involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unclear. Here, we reported that Erbin, a protein required for the polarity of epithelial cells, is conserved across species and highly expressed in the intestinal mucosa in mice and zebrafish. Pathologically, Erbin expression in the intestinal mucosa was significantly decreased in DSS induced acute colitis mice, IL-10 deficient mice and clinical biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis. Moreover, Erbin deficient mice are more susceptible to experimental colitis, exhibiting more severe intestinal barrier disruption, with increased histological scores and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, Erbin deficiency or knockdown significantly exacerbated activation of autophagic program and autophagic cell death in vivo and in vitro. And, inhibition of autophagy by Chloroquine attenuates excessive inflammatory response in the DSS-induced colitis mouse model of Erbin deletion. Generally, our study uncovers a crucial role of Erbin in autophagic cell death and IBD, giving rise to a new strategy for IBD therapy by inhibiting excessive activation of autophagy and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Dong Cai
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Lin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ru Wang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Kwon MY, Hwang N, Park YJ, Perrella MA, Chung SW. NOD2 deficiency exacerbates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and enhances pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12671-12681. [PMID: 29560100 PMCID: PMC5849164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) is upregulated in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) during hypoxia. To investigate the involvement of NOD2 in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia, we subjected wild-type and NOD2-deficient mice to chronic normobaric hypoxic conditions. Compared to wild-type mice, NOD2-deficient mice developed severe pulmonary hypertension with exaggerated elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure, profound right ventricular hypertrophy and striking vascular remodeling after exposure to hypoxia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling in NOD2-deficient mice was characterized by increased PASMC proliferation. Furthermore, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and Akt phosphorylation were upregulated in PASMCs from NOD2-deficient mice exposed to hypoxia. Our findings revealed that the absence of NOD2 exacerbated hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation, pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling, but had no effect on PASMC migration or contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Narae Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mark A Perrella
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
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de Bruyn M, Vermeire S. NOD2 and bacterial recognition as therapeutic targets for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1123-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
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Armbruster NS, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. In the Wnt of Paneth Cells: Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk in Small Intestinal Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1204. [PMID: 29018451 PMCID: PMC5622939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells, specialized secretory epithelial cells of the small intestine, play a pivotal role in host defense and regulation of microbiota by producing antimicrobial peptides especially-but not only-the human α-defensin 5 (HD5) and HD6. In small intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) which is an entity of inflammatory bowel diseases, the expression of HD5 and HD6 is specifically compromised leading to a disturbed barrier and change in the microbial community. Different genetically driven but also non-genetic defects associated with small intestinal CD affect different lines of antimicrobial Paneth cell functions. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms and the crosstalk of Paneth cells and bone marrow-derived cells and highlight recent studies about the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in this connection of ileal CD. In summary, different lines of investigations led by us but also now numerous other groups support and reconfirm the proposed classification of this disease entity as Paneth's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Balasubramanian I, Gao N. From sensing to shaping microbiota: insights into the role of NOD2 in intestinal homeostasis and progression of Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G7-G13. [PMID: 28450278 PMCID: PMC5538831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NOD2 was the first susceptibility gene identified for Crohn's disease (CD), one of the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The field of NOD2 research has opened up many questions critical to understanding the complexities of microbiota-host interactions. In addition to sensing its specific bacterial components as a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, NOD2 also appears to shape the colonization of intestinal microbiota. Activated NOD2 triggers downstream signaling cascades exampled by the NF-κB pathway to induce antimicrobial activities, however, defective or loss of NOD2 functions incur a similarly activated inflammatory response. Additional studies have identified the involvement of NOD2 in protection against non-microbiota-related intestinal damages as well as extraintestinal infections. We survey recent molecular and genetic studies of NOD2-mediated bacterial sensing and immunological modulation, and integrate evidence to suggest a highly reciprocal but still poorly understood cross talk between enteric microbiota and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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50
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El Darzi E, Bazzi S, Daoud S, Echtay KS, Bahr GM. Differential regulation of surface receptor expression, proliferation, and apoptosis in HaCaT cells stimulated with interferon-γ, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, or muramyl dipeptide. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2017; 30:130-145. [PMID: 28449603 PMCID: PMC5806789 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017707611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are routinely subjected to both internal and external stimulation. This study investigates the effects of interferon gamma, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the synthetic immunomodulator muramyl dipeptide on the human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Following HaCaT stimulation with cytokines or muramyl dipeptide for different time periods, changes in the expression of different cell surface receptors, cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry, tritiated thymidine uptake, and annexin-V staining, respectively. A significant decrease in the expression of CD49d was found upon treatment with interleukin-4. Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha increased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and major histocompatibility complex class I, whereas major histocompatibility complex class II and CD1b were only upregulated by interferon gamma. Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha had opposite effects regarding CD119 expression, with the former downregulating, while the latter upregulating its expression. Of the stimuli tested, only interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha significantly inhibited proliferation of HaCaT cells, yet only interferon gamma played a significant role in inducing HaCaT cell apoptosis. Our data demonstrate differential effects of the three tested cytokines on keratinocytes and reveal that the absence of HaCaT cell responses to muramyl dipeptide is associated with undetectable levels of its cytoplasmic receptor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emale El Darzi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Samer Bazzi
- 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Daoud
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Karim S Echtay
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Georges M Bahr
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
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