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Bricarello PA, Longo C, da Rocha RA, Hötzel MJ. Understanding Animal-Plant-Parasite Interactions to Improve the Management of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Grazing Ruminants. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040531. [PMID: 37111417 PMCID: PMC10145647 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Grazing systems have great potential to promote animal welfare by allowing animals to express natural behaviours, but they also present risks to the animals. Diseases caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are some of the most important causes of poor ruminant health and welfare in grazing systems and cause important economic losses. Reduced growth, health, reproduction and fitness, and negative affective states that indicate suffering are some of the negative effects on welfare in animals infected by gastrointestinal nematode parasitism. Conventional forms of control are based on anthelmintics, but their growing inefficiency due to resistance to many drugs, their potential for contamination of soil and products, and negative public opinion indicate an urgency to seek alternatives. We can learn to deal with these challenges by observing biological aspects of the parasite and the host’s behaviour to develop managements that have a multidimensional view that vary in time and space. Improving animal welfare in the context of the parasitic challenge in grazing systems should be seen as a priority to ensure the sustainability of livestock production. Among the measures to control gastrointestinal nematodes and increase animal welfare in grazing systems are the management and decontamination of pastures, offering multispecies pastures, and grazing strategies such as co-grazing with other species that have different grazing behaviours, rotational grazing with short grazing periods, and improved nutrition. Genetic selection to improve herd or flock parasite resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection may also be incorporated into a holistic control plan, aiming at a substantial reduction in the use of anthelmintics and endectocides to make grazing systems more sustainable.
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Yoshihara Y, Saiga C, Tamura T, Kinugasa T. Relationships between sheep nematode infection, nutrition, and grazing behavior on improved and semi-natural pastures. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 19:100278. [PMID: 36561431 PMCID: PMC9764242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are key parasites of grazing sheep worldwide. To understand the factors influencing GIN infections, we examined the relationships among infection and nutrition, foraging behavior, and animal performance. Further, the parasitism and nutrition of sheep between improved and semi-natural pastures in Japan were compared. Sheep were grazed for 1 month each, first on an improved and then on a semi-natural pasture. Afterward, vegetation surveys, forage analyses, and (plant) nematode larval counts were conducted in both pastures, and fecal egg counts, biochemical analyses, and bite counts were completed for each sheep. The semi-natural pasture had diverse plant species, though it contained less crude protein, and nematode larvae were rarely observed on bamboo. Consequently, fecal egg per gram decreased after grazing on the semi-natural pasture. White blood counts, hematocrit, and glucose also decreased and body weight increased after grazing on this pasture. Principal component and correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between GIN infection and behavior, but not between nutrition and either behavior or infection. As parasitized animals may become more aggressive feeders to compensate for their reduced nutritional uptake, grazing sheep on semi-natural pastures may facilitate more stable performance due to the lower risk of nematode infection from wild plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho 1577, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Chiharu Saiga
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho 1577, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Takehiro Tamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kinugasa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Bricarello PA, Costa LR, Longo C, Seugling J, Basseto CC, do Amarante AFT, Hötzel MJ. Dung avoidance behavior in Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in a rotational pasture system. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e014021. [PMID: 35293429 PMCID: PMC9901890 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate foraging distance (FD) from the dung, parasitological and physiological factors in 18 Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected by nematodes with three infection levels (IL) in a Voisin Grazing System. In the pre-experimental phase animal feces collection, deworming, observer training, animal adaptation and dung demarcation were carried out; in the experimental phase, grazing distance, feces, pasture and blood sampling. An initial exploratory analysis was carried out (Kruskal-Wallis test). Fixed predictors were selected with a cumulative logit regression model; an ordinal logistic regression mixed model identified influencing factors of ordinal responses for (i) FD, (ii) infective larvae quantity (L3). Animals approached the dung when the radiation or temperature were more intense (P < 0.05). Paddock entry/exit, IgG and L3 influenced FD over time (P < 0.05). L3, in turn, was influenced by IL, FEC and corpuscular volume (CV). In the High IL group, FD varied between 60-100 cm. Greater L3 and FEC were found in the High and Low IL from the 4th week (P < 0.05). Naturally infected Crioula Lanada lambs increased the distance from the dung, which was not related to IL but to the dynamics of solar radiation and parasitological and immunological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ana Bricarello
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues Costa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Cibele Longo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.,Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Seugling
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - César Cristiano Basseto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Maria José Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Garcia-Méndez M, Schmitt-Filho AL, Rocha RA, Bricarello PA. Effect of growing forage legumes on the migration and survival in the pasture of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to identify types of forage that inhibit pasture contamination, an evaluation was performed of the effect of the forage legumes Trifolium repens (white clover), Trifolium pratense (red clover) and Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot-trefoil) on the survival and migration of infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep. An experimental area of 441 m2 was divided into four blocks, subdivided into areas of 1.20 × 1.20 in which the three forage legumes were separately overseeded. After growth of the forage in each subdivision, experimental units were established that were later artificially contaminated with sheep faeces containing GIN eggs. Between October and December 2018, pasture, faecal and soil samples were collected on four occasions during weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8 after the deposition of faeces. In week 6, the forage legumes in all the experimental units were mown to simulate grazing. The number of L3 was quantified to determine their survival in the pasture, faeces and soil. In addition, the horizontal migration of L3 was measured at two distances from the faecal pellets (10 and 30 cm), as well as their vertical migration at two heights of the plant stems, that is, lower half and upper half. Larvae vertical migration was affected by the forage species (P < 0.001), in that bird's-foot-trefoil contained fewer larvae in the upper stratum. Bird's-foot-trefoil restricted the migration of L3 to the upper stratum of the plant, which could potentially decrease the risk of infection by intestinal nematodes in grazing sheep.
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Gasparina JM, Baby RG, Fonseca L, Bricarello PA, Rocha RAD. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus found from the base to the top of the grass sward. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e028120. [PMID: 34076058 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep to anthelmintic treatment has motivated researchers to seek alternatives to reduce the use of these drugs in sheep farming and decontaminate pastureland based on knowledge about the survival dynamics of larvae. The aim of this work was to evaluate the migration of the infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus at different times of the day, strata, and sward heights, with and without shade after the deposition of contaminated sheep feces. The grass species used here was Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 in four treatments: low sward height shade; low sward height sunshine; high sward height shade; and high sward height sunshine. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture at different times of the day did not differ. The highest number of L3 recovered was in shade. The number of L3 at different times and strata occurred uniformly, confirming that L3 remain in the same place after migrating from dung at the hottest times of the day. Infective larvae of H. contortus were able to migrate across all the strata regardless of the time of day in the summer season in humid subtropical climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayara Gasparina
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Renata Grasieli Baby
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Fonseca
- CONSIPA - Consultoria em Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Patrizia Ana Bricarello
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Raquel Abdallah da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
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Zajac AM, Garza J. Biology, Epidemiology, and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:73-87. [PMID: 32029190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongylid gastrointestinal nematodes are an important cause of disease and economic loss in small ruminants. These parasites are important in most of the United States, with the bloodsucking parasite Haemonchus contortus being the predominant species of concern. Sheep and goats are infected while grazing, and the biology of infective larvae on pastures is important in the design of parasite management programs. Widespread resistance to anthelmintics requires strategies designed to preserve remaining drug activity; these include combination treatments with multiple classes of anthelmintics and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia/Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, USA.
| | - Javier Garza
- Leica Biosystems, 1700 Leider Lane, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089, USA
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Starling RZC, Almeida FAD, Viana MVG, Castilhos AMD, Amarante AFTD. Losses caused by gastrointestinal nematode infections in Dorper lambs under two nutritional status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:652-660. [PMID: 31691735 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two nutritional statuses on the productive performance of Dorper lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Thirty-two lambs, grazing together on the same pasture, were allocated into four experimental groups: (G1) infected-supplemented diet, (G2) control-supplemented diet, (G3) infected-basal diet, and (G4) control-basal diet. Control animals received suppressive treatment with monepantel every two weeks, while precautionary anthelmintic treatments were given to all lambs of the infected groups with packed cell volume (PCV) <23%. There was reduction in the PCV means of all groups, which was more pronounced in the infected lambs that also presented reduction in total plasma protein values in comparison with the controls. Weight gain was affected by diet and infection status (P < 0.05). Daily body weight gain was 0.170 kg in the G1, 0.205 kg in the G2, 0.085 kg in the G3, and 0.116 kg in the G4. The cold carcass weight was 4.1% and 13.7% higher in controls in comparison with infected lambs, respectively, in the supplemented and basal diets. The infected groups, despite receiving precautionary anthelmintic treatments to prevent deaths due to haemonchosis, presented reduction in the production parameters in comparison with the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Alves de Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - André Michel de Castilhos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Jaimez-Rodríguez PR, González-Pech PG, Ventura-Cordero J, Brito DRB, Costa-Júnior LM, Sandoval-Castro CA, Torres-Acosta JFJ. The worm burden of tracer kids and lambs browsing heterogeneous vegetation is influenced by strata harvested and not total dry matter intake or plant life form. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2243-2251. [PMID: 31140120 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of total dry matter intake (DMI), plant life form and strata harvested on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) worm burdens of tracer kids and lambs browsing heterogeneous vegetation during the rainy season (August-November). The rainy season was divided into 6 2-week periods (P1-P6), and environmental conditions (rainy days, rainfall, temperature and humidity) were recorded daily. Five pairs each of tracer kids and tracer lambs raised free of GIN infections were used. Every 15 days, different pairs of kids and lambs were introduced to a 2.2-ha plot and co-grazed with a flock of 30 sheep and 70 goats for a period of 3 weeks. Feeding behaviour of each pair of tracers was measured in weeks 2 and 3. The continuous bite monitoring method was used to estimate total DMI, DMI of plant life forms and DMI from plants of different strata. After each 3-week period, the tracer pair was maintained indoors for 28 days and necropsied on day 29 to recover the worm burden. The feeding behaviour of the tracers was compared between periods (P2-P6) and between kids and lambs. The differences in the worm burdens of the tracers between periods were not associated with total DMI or DMI from plant life forms. Worm burdens were highest during P5 and P6 in tracer kids and lambs (P < 0.05), suggesting a build-up of infective larvae in the tropical deciduous forest (TDF). The lower worm burdens of tracer kids compared with lambs (P < 0.05) seemed to be associated with less low- and more medium-stratum ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Jaimez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - P G González-Pech
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Centro de Multidisciplinario de Educación Ciencia y Cultura SCP, Calle 35c No 43, 97215 Fraccionamiento Colonial Buenavista, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J Ventura-Cordero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
- Centro de Multidisciplinario de Educación Ciencia y Cultura SCP, Calle 35c No 43, 97215 Fraccionamiento Colonial Buenavista, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - D R B Brito
- Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Campus São Luís-Maracanã, Av. dos Curios s/n - Vila Esperança,, São Luís, MA, 65095-460, Brazil
| | - L M Costa-Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária, Av. dos portugueses, 1966 Baganga,, São Luís, MA, 650880-805, Brazil
| | - C A Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Peña-Espinoza M, Valente AH, Thamsborg SM, Simonsen HT, Boas U, Enemark HL, López-Muñoz R, Williams AR. Antiparasitic activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and its natural bioactive compounds in livestock: a review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:475. [PMID: 30134991 PMCID: PMC6106872 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing drug resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of livestock and concerns about chemical residues in animal products and the environment are driving the development of alternative control strategies that are less reliant on the use of synthetic drugs. An increasingly investigated approach is the use of bioactive forages with antiparasitic properties as part of the animal's diet (nutraceuticals) or as potential sources of novel, natural parasiticides. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a multi-purpose crop and one of the most promising bioactive forages in temperate regions, and numerous in vivo trials have explored its potential against parasitic nematodes in livestock. However, it is unclear whether chicory can induce a direct and broad activity against various GI parasites in different livestock species, and the levels of chicory in the diet that are required to exert an efficient antiparasitic effect. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the reported parasiticidal activity of chicory are still largely unknown, and its bioactive phytochemicals have only recently been investigated. In this review, we summarise the progress in the study of the antiparasitic activity of chicory and its natural bioactive compounds against GI parasites in livestock, through examination of the published literature. The available evidence indicates that feeding chicory can reduce faecal egg counts and/or worm burdens of abomasal nematodes, but not infections with intestinal worms, in ruminants. Highly chicory-rich diets (≥ 70% of chicory dry matter in the diet) may be necessary to directly affect abomasal parasitism. Chicory is known to synthesise several bioactive compounds with potential antiparasitic activity, but most research has been devoted to the role of sesquiterpene lactones (SL). Recent in vitro studies have confirmed direct and potent activity of SL-rich extracts from chicory against different GI helminths of livestock. Chicory SL have also been reported to exhibit antimalarial properties and its potential antiprotozoal activity in livestock remains to be evaluated. Furthermore, the detailed identification of the main antiparasitic metabolites of chicory and their pharmacokinetics need further confirmation. Research gaps and perspectives on the potential use of chicory as a nutraceutical forage and a source of bioactive compounds for parasite control in livestock are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angela H. Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stig M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik T. Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750, N-0106 Oslo, Sentrum Norway
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kearney PE, Murray PJ, Hoy JM, Hohenhaus M, Kotze A. The 'Toolbox' of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: What's in and what's out. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:93-107. [PMID: 26995728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic and innovative approach to managing the blood-consuming nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats is critical to crack dependence on veterinary anthelmintics. H. contortus management strategies have been the subject of intense research for decades, and must be selected to create a tailored, individualized program for goat farms. Through the selection and combination of strategies from the Toolbox, an effective management program for H. contortus can be designed according to the unique conditions of each particular farm. This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs. Barbervax(®), the ground-breaking Haemonchus vaccine developed and currently commercially available on a pilot scale for sheep, is prime for trialling in goats and would be an invaluable inclusion to this Toolbox. The specialised behaviours of goats, specifically their preferences to browse a variety of plants and accompanying physiological adaptations to the consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse, have long been unappreciated and thus overlooked as a valuable, sustainable strategy for Haemonchus management. These strategies are discussed in this review as to their value for inclusion into the 'Toolbox' currently, and the future implications of ongoing research for goat producers. Combining and manipulating strategies such as browsing behaviour, pasture management, bioactive forages and identifying and treating individual animals for haemonchosis, in addition to continuous evaluation of strategy effectiveness, is conducted using a model farm scenario. Selecting strategies from the Toolbox, with regard to their current availability, feasibility, economical cost and potential ease of implementation depending on the systems of production and their complementary nature, is the future of managing H. contortus in farmed goats internationally and maintaining the remaining efficacy of veterinary anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia.
| | - P J Murray
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Hoy
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hohenhaus
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kotze
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia; CSIRO, Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Rocha RAD, Bricarello PA, Rocha GPD, Amarante AFTD. Retrieval of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae from grass contaminated in winter and in spring. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:463-72. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The survival of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis was evaluated on Brachiaria, Coast-cross and Aruana forage grasses. Feces of sheep parasitized exclusively by T. colubriformis were deposited in winter and spring on experimental plots whose grasses were cut at two heights: 5 cm and 30 cm. One, two, four, eight, 12 and 16 weeks after depositing the feces, fecal and forage samples were collected for the retrieval and quantification of L3. Retrieval of L3 from feces and forage was negligible in winter due to the dry weather, although a few larvae were retrieved in the last larval collections. However, L3 retrieval from fecal samples was greater in spring, especially two weeks after feces were deposited on 30 cm high grasses. At this time, the L3 retrieval rate from the three forage grasses differed significantly (P <0.05), with Aruana grass showing the highest average L3 retrieval rate, followed by Coast-cross and Brachiaria. In conclusion, the winter drought proved very unfavorable for the presence of L3 in the environment, and the microclimate of Aruana pastureland was generally the most favorable for the retrieval of infective larvae.
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Kumar N, Rao TKS, Varghese A, Rathor VS. Internal parasite management in grazing livestock. J Parasit Dis 2013; 37:151-7. [PMID: 24431559 PMCID: PMC3793100 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenging task to control internal parasites in grazing livestock even by applying multi label and multi directional approach. It is impossible to draw general recommendations to control parasitic diseases due to varied geo-climatic conditions and methods adopted for rearing the livestock in the country like India. In view of increasing incidence of anti-parasitic drug resistance in animals, there is an urgent need to design sustainable parasite control strategy which must include on the host as well as off the host control measures to harvest the maximum productivity from the animal for an indefinite period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Kumar
- />Department of Parasitology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science & A.H., NAU, Navsari, 396450 Gujarat India
| | | | - Anju Varghese
- />Department of Parasitology, Vanbandhu College of Veterinary Science & A.H., NAU, Navsari, 396450 Gujarat India
| | - Veer Singh Rathor
- />Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Dantiwada, Palanpur, Gujarat India
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Cassida KA, Lester EC, Foster JG, Turner KE. Recirculating elutriator for extracting gastrointestinal nematode larvae from pasture herbage samples. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:60-7. [PMID: 22497869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites present an important limitation to ruminant production worldwide. Methods for quantifying infective larvae of GIN on pastures are generally tedious, time-consuming, and require bulky equipment set-ups. This limitation to expedient data collection is a bottleneck in development of pasture management practices that might reduce pasture infectivity. We modified a soil elutriator concept for extracting GIN larvae from fresh herbage samples. Elutriators were constructed from readily available parts and compared to the Baermann funnel sedimentation method for larvae extraction. More samples could be extracted per day in the elutriator than in a Baermann unit with extraction times of 8 min versus 24h, respectively. Accuracy, measured as maximum recovery of larvae seeded onto herbage samples, did not differ between extraction methods (62.3 vs. 69.8% for elutriator and Baermann, respectively, P>0.05). Larvae recovery from herbage in elutriators showed a strong log(e) relationship with extraction time (r(2)>0.98), which will allow development of accurate correction factors for specific herbages to predict total larvae densities at extraction times less than those needed for maximum recovery. An extraction time of 8 min per sample gave the best compromise of speed, accuracy, and precision as measured by regression confidence bands and root mean square error of analysis of variance. Precision of the elutriator extraction for pasture samples was comparable to published methods and was not affected by forage species or canopy strata. The elutriator method was sensitive enough to detect differences in larvae density as small as 8 larvae g(-1) DM among pasture treatments. Elutriators extracted nematode larvae from herbage samples with accuracy and precision similar to existing methods, but did it much faster. Elutriation shows promise as a rapid method for extracting infective GIN larvae from pasture herbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Cassida
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Rd., Beaver, WV 25813, USA.
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Houdijk JGM, Kyriazakis I, Kidane A, Athanasiadou S. Manipulating small ruminant parasite epidemiology through the combination of nutritional strategies. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:38-50. [PMID: 22154256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly being recognized that non-chemical parasite control strategies may need to be combined to control more effectively gastrointestinal parasitism, result in resilient production systems and reduce reliance on anthelmintics. Here, we consider if and how metabolizable protein (MP) supplementation and anti-parasitic plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may modulate parasite epidemiology through intervention in pasture contamination, development of infection on pasture and larval challenge as target processes. We then propose that combining two or more non-chemical parasite control strategies may have additive effects on host resistance, especially if the individual strategies target different drivers of parasite epidemiology, different processes in the parasite life cycle or different phases of acquired immunity to parasites. This epidemiological framework is used to review recent findings on combining maternal MP supplementation and grazing the PSM-rich bioactive forage chicory as an example of combining nutritional treatments to manipulate parasite epidemiology in a temperate production system. In the absence of available data for combined nutritional strategies in tropical production systems, we make predictions on the consequences of combining such strategies in these systems. We conclude that currently published studies on combining nutritional strategies under temperate conditions show potential to improve additively host resilience and reduce reliance on anthelmintics; however, effects on epidemiology have to date not shown the additive results hypothesized. The framework developed may assist further in evaluating combined (nutritional) strategies to manipulate parasite epidemiology.
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Silva B, Bassetto C, Shaw R, Canavessi A, Amarante A. Parasitism by Oestrus ovis: Influence of sheep breed and nematode infections. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:437-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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López-Alonso M. Trace minerals and livestock: not too much not too little. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:704825. [PMID: 23762589 PMCID: PMC3671743 DOI: 10.5402/2012/704825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The new approaches of the animal production systems make managing the mineral nutrition a challenge. Versus the excessive, trace mineral supply in intensively managed livestock, well above the physiological requirements, is the no trace mineral supplementation of organic systems, which become highly dependent on trace minerals in the soil. Nowadays, in addition to the animal health perspective, trace mineral nutrition must be environment friendly and allow getting mineral-enriched animal products. We are in a new scenario, where a balance between animal trace mineral needs and limits is needed. This papers focuses on different aspects that will help us to enter a critical dialogue in relation to animal-human-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- *Marta López-Alonso:
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Foster JG, Cassida KA, Turner KE. In vitro analysis of the anthelmintic activity of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) sesquiterpene lactones against a predominantly Haemonchus contortus egg population. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:298-306. [PMID: 21477927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The anthelmintic activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herbage has been attributed to sesquiterpene lactones. Chicory leaves contain significant amounts of lactucin (LAC), 8-deoxylactucin (DOL), and lactucopicrin (LPIC), but the proportions of these three sesquiterpene lactones vary among forage chicory cultivars. To determine whether the individual compounds differ in anthelmintic activity, we prepared sesquiterpene lactone-enriched extracts from leaves of two forage chicory cultivars, 'Grasslands Puna' (Puna) and 'Forage Feast', and tested their effects on the hatching of a predominantly Haemonchus contortus egg population. The dominant constituents in the Puna and Forage Feast extracts were DOL and LAC, respectively; LPIC concentrations in the two extracts were similar. Extracts from both cultivars inhibited egg hatching at all concentrations tested (P<0.001), but there were significant differences in egg responses to the two extracts (P<0.001). With Puna, egg hatching decreased sharply in a linear fashion when the combined LAC, DOL, and LPIC concentrations ranged from 0 to 5.0mg/ml. A biphasic effect on egg hatching occurred with the Forage Feast extract. The fraction of eggs that hatched decreased gradually to 65% as the sesquiterpene lactone concentrations increased from 0 to 6.7 mg/ml. Treatment with higher concentrations resulted in a sharp decline in egg hatchability. Concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones required for 50% lethality were determined by probit dose-effect analysis to be 2.6 mg/ml (95% confidence interval: 2.4-2.8 mg/ml) for the Puna extract and 6.4 mg/ml (95% confidence interval: 5.9-7.2mg/ml) for the Forage Feast extract (P<0.0001). These concentrations provided 1.3 and 1.5mg/ml of DOL and 0.8 and 3.9 mg/ml of LAC for Puna and Forage Feast extracts, respectively. Results suggest that LAC has minimal effect on egg hatching and that DOL or other constituent(s) in the extracts is inhibitory. Quantitative analyses of free sesquiterpene lactones in chicory leaf extracts suggest that Puna may be a better cultivar than Forage Feast for use in bioactive pastures for gastrointestinal parasite control in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Foster
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Road, Beaver, WV 25813-9423, USA.
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The anthropogenic environment lessens the intensity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Balinese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Primates 2010; 52:117-28. [PMID: 21165669 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-010-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of wildlife parasites in a landscape is intimately tied to the spatial distribution of hosts. In parasite species, including many gastrointestinal parasites, with obligate or common environmental life stages, the dynamics of the parasite can also be strongly affected by geophysical components of the environment. This is especially salient in host species, for example humans and macaques, which thrive across a wide variety of habitat types and quality and so are exposed to a wealth of environmentally resilient parasites. Here, we examine the effect of environmental and anthropogenic components of the landscape on the prevalence, intensity, and species diversity of gastrointestinal parasites across a metapopulation of long-tailed macaques on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Using principal-components analysis, we identified significant interaction effects between specific environmental and anthropogenic components of the landscape, parsing the Balinese landscape into anthropogenic (PC1), mixed environment (PC2), and non-anthropogenic (PC3) components. Further, we determined that the anthropogenic environment can mitigate the prevalence and intensity of specific gut parasites and the intensity of the overall community of gut parasites, but that non-anthropogenically driven landscape components have no significant effect in increasing or reducing the intensity or prevalence of the community of gut parasites in Balinese macaques.
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A mechanistic model of developing immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in lambs. Parasitology 2010; 138:322-32. [PMID: 20946694 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunity influences the severity of parasitic disease, but modelling the effects of acquired immunity in helminth infections has proved challenging. This may be due to a lack of suitable immunological data, or to the perceived complexity of modelling the immune response. We have developed a model of T. circumcincta infection in domestic sheep that incorporates the effects of acquired immunity on parasite establishment and fecundity. A large data set from commercially managed populations of Scottish Blackface sheep was used, which included relationships between IgA activity and worm length, and between worm length and fecundity. Use was also made of a recently published meta-analysis of parasite establishment rates. This realistic but simple model of nematode infection emulates observed patterns of faecal egg counts. The end-of-season faecal egg counts are remarkably robust to perturbations in the majority of the parameters, possibly because of priming of the immune system early in the season, reducing parasite establishment and growth and, therefore, faecal egg counts. Lowering the amount of early infection leads to higher end-of-season egg counts. The periparturient rise in egg counts in ewes appears to have an important role in supplying infection for the priming of the immune response. This feedback in the immune priming suggests that nematode infections may be difficult to eliminate.
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Johnson PTJ, Thieltges DW. Diversity, decoys and the dilution effect: how ecological communities affect disease risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:961-70. [PMID: 20190121 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in ecology has recently focused on the hypothesis that community diversity can mediate infection levels and disease ('dilution effect'). In turn, biodiversity loss--a widespread consequence of environmental change--can indirectly promote increases in disease, including those of medical and veterinary importance. While this work has focused primarily on correlational studies involving vector-borne microparasite diseases (e.g. Lyme disease, West Nile virus), we argue that parasites with complex life cycles (e.g. helminths, protists, myxosporeans and many fungi) offer an excellent additional model in which to experimentally address mechanistic questions underlying the dilution effect. Here, we unite recent ecological research on the dilution effect in microparasites with decades of parasitological research on the decoy effect in macroparasites to explore key questions surrounding the relationship between community structure and disease. We find consistent evidence that community diversity significantly alters parasite transmission and pathology under laboratory as well as natural conditions. Empirical examples and simple transmission models highlight the diversity of mechanisms through which such changes occur, typically involving predators, parasite decoys, low competency hosts or other parasites. However, the degree of transmission reduction varies among diluting species, parasite stage, and across spatial scales, challenging efforts to make quantitative, taxon-specific predictions about disease. Taken together, this synthesis highlights the broad link between community structure and disease while underscoring the importance of mitigating ongoing changes in biological communities owing to species introductions and extirpations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T J Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Effect of feeding bioactive forages on infection and subsequent development of Haemonchus contortus in lamb faeces. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:89-94. [PMID: 20554118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contrasting dried herbage diets were offered to lambs to evaluate their effects on Haemonchus contortus infection and on subsequent development of larvae in faeces. Artificially infected lambs (n=24, 4 months old) were allocated to one of four treatment groups (n=6) and fed on hay of lucerne (Medicago sativa; Lu), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium; Su), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia; Sa) or wormwood (Artemisia absinthium; Wo) included as 20% in ground lucerne pellets. While voluntary intake was similar, lamb growth rates were notably affected by diet. Additionally, necropsies carried out 30 days post-infection showed that worm burden was reduced by 8 (Su), 13 (Sa) and 49% (Wo) with respect to that found in lambs fed on lucerne, though only the difference with wormwood was significant. Faecal egg excretion expressed on a dry matter basis was also reduced by 22 (Su), 54 (Sa) and 73% (Wo), but differences were significant only for wormwood and sainfoin, which was associated with a decrease in female fecundity. Sulla and sainfoin diets significantly reduced egg hatching rates but increased the percentage of L(3) in the faeces of the host animal, particularly in the case of sulla hay compared to other forages. Consequently, the potential risk of infection derived from faecal excretion could be notably altered. Further work is needed to validate these findings and their implications in an applied farming system.
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Sahlu T, Dawson LJ, Gipson TA, Hart SP, Merkel RC, Puchala R, Wang Z, Zeng S, Goetsch AL. ASAS Centennial Paper: Impact of animal science research on United States goat production and predictions for the future. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:400-18. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Rocha RAD, Rocha GPD, Bricarello PA, Amarante AFT. Recuperação de larvas infectantes de Trichostrongylus colubriformis em três espécies de gramíneas contaminadas no verão. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2008; 17:227-34. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612008000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a recuperação de larvas infectantes (L3) de Trichostrongylus colubriformis em Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiana, Cynodon dactilon cv. Coast-cross e Panicum maximum cv. Aruana. Foram utilizados módulos experimentais constituídos por seis canteiros de 32,4 m² cada, perfazendo dois canteiros por espécie forrageira. Cada canteiro foi dividido em 36 parcelas, de 30 x 30 cm, de forma a permitir seis repetições por espécie e por altura da forragem em cada semana de colheita de material. A sobrevivência larval foi avaliada do meio do verão e até meados do outono, sob o efeito de duas alturas de poda das forragens: baixa, 5 cm e alta, 30 cm. A poda foi realizada imediatamente antes da deposição das fezes contaminadas com ovos de T. colubriformis, obtidos de ovinos, que ocorreu no dia 05/02/ 2004. A colheita das fezes e da forragem foi realizada uma, duas, quatro, oito, 12 e 16 semanas após a deposição das fezes nos canteiros experimentais. A altura da forragem foi medida em cada uma das subdivisões imediatamente antes da colheita. A forragem foi cortada rente ao solo, de uma área delimitada com o auxílio de um círculo de 10 cm de raio. As fezes foram recolhidas manualmente dos canteiros. O número de larvas infectantes recuperado foi muito pequeno em comparação com a quantidade de larvas produzidas nas culturas controle, mantidas no laboratório (máximo de 6,7% no capim Aruana com 30 cm de altura). Arecuperação de L3 das amostras fecais foi maior quando as fezes foram depositadas em meio ao capim alto (com 30 cm - P<0,05). Porém, a recuperação de L3 das forragens foi similar em ambos os cortes. Em relação à concentração de L3 (número de L3/kg de matéria seca), não houve diferença entre o corte baixo e alto (P>0,05) em nenhuma das semanas experimentais. Dentre as espécies forrageiras, o capim aruana foi o que, no geral, apresentou maiores concentrações de L3 de T. colubriformis.
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Oliveira ALF, Costa C, Rodella RA, Silva BF, Amarante AFT. Effect of plant trichomes on the vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae on five tropical forages. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:775-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carneiro R, Amarante A. Seasonal effect of three pasture plants species on the free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate both the development and survival of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus obtained from feces of infected ovine in the four seasons of the year, eggs of this nematode were deposited on three grass species commonly used as sheep pasture in Brazil (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australian, Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast-cross, and Panicum maximum cv. Aruana). The grasses were cut 5 or 30cm height before depositing the feces. Samples of grasses and feces were collected in six sub-plots from each plot one, two, four, eight, 12, and 16 weeks after contamination to determine the recovery of infective H. contortus larvae. Most infective larvae were recovered from feces or grass samples deposited on 30cm height herbage. High temperature and precipitation levels during the rainy season reduced the infective larvae recovery period from the environment. The best weather conditions for larvae development and survival, in both feces and grasses, were lower temperatures, around 17ºC, in association with low precipitation levels. In general, more larvae were recovered when fecal samples were deposited on Aruana grass.
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Quinelato S, Couto MC, Ribeiro BC, Santos CN, de Souza LS, dos Anjos DH, Sampaio IB, Rodrigues LM. The ecology of horse cyathostomin infective larvae (Nematoda-Cyathostominae) in tropical southeast Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe transmission success of free-living larval stages of endohelminths is generally modulated by a variety of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Whereas the role of abiotic factors (including anthropogenic pollutants) has been in focus in numerous studies and summarized in reviews, the role of biotic factors has received much less attention. Here, we review the existing body of literature from the fields of parasitology and ecology and recognize 6 different types of biotic factors with the potential to alter larval transmission processes. We found that experimental studies generally indicate strong effects of biotic factors, and the latter emerge as potentially important, underestimated determinants in the transmission ecology of free-living endohelminth stages. This implies that biodiversity, in general, should have significant effects on parasite transmission and population dynamics. These effects are likely to interact with natural abiotic factors and anthropogenic pollutants. Investigating the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors will not only be crucial for a thorough understanding of parasite transmission processes, but will also be a prerequisite to anticipate the effects of climate and other global changes on helminth parasites and their host communities.
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Is the anthelmintic effect of heather supplementation to grazing goats always accompanied by anti-nutritional effects? Animal 2008; 2:1449-56. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Forbes A, Huckle C, Gibb M. Evaluation of the effect of eprinomectin in young dairy heifers sub-clinically infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on grazing behaviour and diet selection. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:321-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gastrointestinal nematode infection pattern of Greek dairy goats reared under extensive husbandry conditions and treated with anthelmintics at different times during the year. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Zajac AM. Gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants: life cycle, anthelmintics, and diagnosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2007; 22:529-41. [PMID: 17071351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongylid gastrointestinal nematodes are an important cause of disease and economic loss in small ruminants. These parasites are particularly important in the eastern United States where the bloodsucking parasite Haemonchus contortus is the predominant species. Sheep and goats are infected with gastrointestinal nematodes while grazing and the biology of the infective larvae on the pastures is important in planning effective control programs. Fecal egg counts can be used to monitor control programs and drug efficacy and evaluate levels of pasture contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia/Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg VA 24061-0442, USA.
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Negovetich NJ, Fellis KJ, Esch GW, Horak IG, Boomker J. AN EXAMINATION OF THE INFRACOMMUNITIES AND COMPONENT COMMUNITIES FROM IMPALA (AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS) IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA. J Parasitol 2006; 92:1180-90. [PMID: 17304792 DOI: 10.1645/ge-934r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal helminth parasites of the impala from the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were examined to describe the parasite community structure. Demographic variation and the associated differences in behavior were used to further investigate the patterns of community composition. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to test for differences in species richness and mean abundance between the various demographic groups, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination was used to compare community composition. Seventeen species of nematodes, totaling more than 1.3 million worms, were recovered. Males harbored a greater number of nematode species than did females, but adult females were more heavily infected than their male counterparts. Lambs acquired infections early in life, and their parasite community composition rapidly approached that of the older animals. The parasite community in the juvenile and adult males was significantly different from the community of the adult females. These data suggest that social and feeding behavior of the different age-sex classes structure the parasite component community of impala. Additionally, the distinction between common and rare parasites, and their classification in other herbivores, implies complex transmission dynamics that includes extensive species sharing within the Kruger National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Negovetich
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA.
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Stear MJ, Doligalska M, Donskow-Schmelter K. Alternatives to anthelmintics for the control of nematodes in livestock. Parasitology 2006; 134:139-51. [PMID: 17076922 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and welfare-friendly livestock production demands the control of nematode infection. Current control measures rely upon anthelmintic treatment but are threatened by the widespread evolution of drug-resistance in parasite populations. Several methods have been advocated to control nematodes without relying on effective anthelmintics. These include grazing management, biological control, nutritional supplementation, vaccination, and genetic approaches. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. There are several grazing management schemes that can reduce the severity of infection but they are insufficient on their own to control infection. Biological control includes the use of predatory fungi to control nematode populations and the use of pasture species that can reduce the intensity of infection. Fungi can control nematodes but the current requirement for daily feeding means that this approach will be most useful for animals that are handled daily. Feeding supplementary protein can control nematode infection. The method is simple but can be expensive and may not be cost-effective for some marginal enterprises. Genetic approaches include the use of resistant breeds and selective breeding. Some breeds will thrive in conditions that kill animals from other breeds but substitution of resistant breeds is not always feasible. Selective breeding is effective and inexpensive but requires a high level of expertise. The most appropriate method or set of methods to minimize the adverse consequences of nematode infection may vary among farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stear
- Veterinary Genes and Proteins Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Learmount J, Taylor MA, Smith G, Morgan C. A computer model to simulate control of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep on UK farms. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142:312-29. [PMID: 16930844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computer model that simulates the population dynamics and epidemiology of three major species of parasitic nematodes of sheep found in the UK (Telodorsagia [Ostertagia] spp., Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp.) is described. The model has been developed as a tool for veterinarians and advisors to aid in the implementation of integrated parasite control strategies designed to optimise anthelmintic usage and delay the development of resistance on UK farms. The model represents the parasite life cycle, flock dynamics and the response of individuals with different susceptible and resistant genotypes to the major broad-spectrum classes of anthelmintic available in the UK. Where possible, UK data have been used for the model parameters. The model allows worm control simulations on individual UK farms. Inputs include environmental and farm management variables which impact on the epidemiology of the disease, e.g. regional weather data; flock stocking rates; initial pasture larval contamination levels and species proportions; lambing dates; timing of flock movements to clean pastures; and removal of lambs during the year. Farm management data, as well as nematode egg outputs and grass larval counts, were collected from eight UK farms over a 1-year period for initial validation of the model outputs. The management data for each farm were used as inputs for each model run and model outputs for nematode egg counts from ewes and lambs were compared to the observed data for each farm. Statistical analysis of results shows a positive correlation for observed and simulated counts and regression analysis suggests an acceptable fit between the data. Comparison of observed and simulated outputs for resistance were possible for only one farm due to low numbers of worms developing in the laboratory tests. Additional studies will be necessary before resistance data can be reliably compared. Further validation studies are proposed to ensure that the model is robust and applicable across a diverse range of farm types. The model will be used to demonstrate the advantage, in terms of delaying resistance development, of current guidelines for anthelmintic use and management practices for worm control in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Learmount
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
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Githiori JB, Athanasiadou S, Thamsborg SM. Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminths in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 139:308-20. [PMID: 16725262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are a major cause for reduced productivity in livestock, particularly those owned by the poor worldwide. Phytomedicine has been used for eons by farmers and traditional healers to treat parasitism and improve performance of livestock, and many modern commercial medicines are derived from plants. However, scientific evidence on the anti-parasitic efficacy of most plant products is limited, regardless of their wide ethnoveterinary usage. Scientific validation of the anti-parasitic effects and possible side-effects of plant products in ruminants is necessary prior to their adoption as a novel method for parasite control. A variety of methods has been explored to validate the anthelmintic properties of such plant remedies, both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro assays are useful as pre-screens of activity and are mainly performed with the free-living rather than parasitic stages of nematodes. Concentrations of potentially active substances used in vitro do not always correspond to in vivo bioavailability. Therefore, in vitro assays should always be accompanied by in vivo studies when used to validate the anthelmintic properties of plant remedies. In vivo controlled studies have shown that plant remedies have in most instances resulted in reductions in the level of parasitism much lower than those observed with anthelmintic drugs. Whether it is necessary or not to achieve very high efficacy in order for plant remedies to have a role in the control of parasitism depends on the determination of biologically important levels of reduction of parasitism and it will be required prior to the wide-scale use of plant products for parasite control. Similarly, standardisation of validation studies in reference to the numbers of animals required for in vivo studies to measure direct anthelmintic effects of a plant needs to be established. Although in many cases the active compounds in the herbal remedies have not been fully identified, plant enzymes, such as cysteine proteinases, or secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycosides and tannins have shown dose-dependent anti-parasitic properties. However, as some of the active compounds may also have anti-nutritional effects, such as reduced food intake and performance, it is essential to validate the anti-parasitic effects of plant products in relation to their potential anti-nutritional and other side effects. A concerted effort on isolation, development, and validation of the effects of these herbal remedies will have to be undertaken before their wider acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Githiori
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
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Marley CL, Cook R, Barrett J, Keatinge R, Lampkin NH. The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration. Vet Parasitol 2006; 138:280-90. [PMID: 16495015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory on parasitic nematode development, survival and migration when compared with perennial ryegrass. In experiment one, sheep faeces, containing 10,385 Cooperia curticei eggs were added to 25 cm diameter pots containing birdsfoot trefoil, chicory or ryegrass, and the pots maintained under optimal conditions for nematode parasite development. Replicate pots of each forage type were destructively sampled on day 8, 16, 20, 28 and 37 to collect the nematode larvae. When forages were compared on a dry matter basis, by day 16 there were 31% and 19% fewer larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory than on ryegrass, respectively (P<0.01). In the second experiment, replicate 1m(2) field plots of birdsfoot trefoil, chicory and ryegrass were sub-sampled on day 14, 21, 35 and 49 for larval counts following the application of sheep faeces containing 585,000 Teladorsagia circumcincta eggs to each plot on day 0. Results showed there were a minimum of 58% and 63% fewer infective stage parasitic larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory, respectively, compared with ryegrass on day 14 and 35 when forages were compared on a forage dry matter, plot area sampled and leaf area basis (P<0.01). Overall, these results indicate that the number of infective stage larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory pasture was reduced by the effect of their sward structure on the development/survival/migration of ovine parasitic nematodes. These effects may be one of the ways in which these forages may affect parasitic infections in grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Marley
- Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3AL, UK.
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Marley CL, Fraser MD, Roberts JE, Fychan R, Jones R. Effects of legume forages on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, migration and survival. Vet Parasitol 2006; 138:308-17. [PMID: 16516388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lambs grazing certain legumes have reduced parasite intensities compared to lambs grazing ryegrass swards. Eighteen replicates of white clover (cv. AberHerald), lucerne (cv. Luzelle), red clover (cv. Merviot) and perennial ryegrass (cv. Abersilo) were sown at equivalent field rates in 25 cm diameter PVC pots and maintained outside for 6 months. On day 0, forage in each pot was cut to 50 mm from soil level and the pots were placed in a glasshouse (at 19-25 degrees C and 70% humidity) in a randomised block design. Ten grams sheep faeces containing 2,133 Haemonchus contortus eggs per gram were placed on the soil in each pot. Six replicates of each forage were destructively sampled on days 14, 21 and 29. Forage samples were cut at 50 mm from the soil surface and at the soil surface to give two samples per pot. The number of nematodes was determined by a modification of the Whitehead tray method. The ratio of free-living to infective-stage larvae was determined from at least 10% of the larvae. The number of H. contortus larvae kgdrymatter(-1) (DM) forage was calculated and the data rank transformed prior to analysis by ANOVA. There were fewer larvae on legumes compared with ryegrass on samples from forage above 50 mm (P<0.001) but there was no forage effect on larvae below this height. The sum of larvae present on all forage per kilogram DM showed fewer larvae on red clover compared with ryegrass on day 21 (P<0.05). There was an effect of day on the total number of larvae on forage (P<0.001) but there were no foragexday interactions. Analysis of the data according to the leaf area above 50 mm from the soil surface confirmed these results, that there were fewer larvae on legume forages than ryegrass above this height (P<0.01). Overall, red clover affected the development of H. contortus and all legumes affected larval migration above 50 mm compared with ryegrass but survival of larvae was similar on all forages. Further work is needed to determine if these effects of legume forages would reduce the number of parasitic larvae ingested by livestock under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Marley
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
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Sayers G, Sweeney T. Gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep--a review of the alternatives to anthelmintics in parasite control. Anim Health Res Rev 2006; 6:159-71. [PMID: 16583780 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to curb production losses caused by nematode parasitism in sheep have led to the development of a number of control methods to complement or replace anthelmintics. The need for alternative control measures stems from the emergence of anthelmintic-resistant parasitic nematodes with reports of multi-class resistance to these drugs now emerging. A number of these control methods such as predacious microfungi, protein supplementation, plant extracts in feed and vaccines have demonstrated potential to control infection but require development and examination under natural conditions. Breeding for natural resistance to nematode infection has already shown success in controlling the disease under natural conditions. Selection for resistance is currently based on fecal egg count measurements but identification of genetic indicators of resistance will provide a more efficient method of selection. Current quantitative trait loci for nematode resistance include the MHC genes, interferon gamma gene, IgE gene and microsatellites on chromosome 1, 5 and 6. This paper reviews the current alternatives to anthelmintics to control infection, with an emphasis on breeding for host resistance and identification of genetic indicators of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sayers
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Nguyen TM, Binh DV, Ørskov E. Effect of foliages containing condensed tannins and on gastrointestinal parasites. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marley CL, Cook R, Barrett J, Keatinge R, Lampkin NH, McBride SD. The effect of dietary forage on the development and survival of helminth parasites in ovine faeces. Vet Parasitol 2003; 118:93-107. [PMID: 14651879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in New Zealand and the UK have shown that lambs grazing birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) or chicory (Cichorium intybus) have reduced parasite intensities compared to lambs grazing ryegrass swards. However, data in the literature on the influence of forages on helminth parasites is equivocal and the underlying mechanisms by which different forage diets may affect these parasites have not been fully determined. The aim of the experiments reported here was to investigate the hypothesis that the consumption of these forages does not affect the hatching and development of helminth eggs in the faeces subsequently produced by the host animal. Lambs grazed monoculture swards of birdsfoot trefoil, chicory, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)/red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) for 5 weeks and faecal samples collected on days 14, 21, 28 and 35 directly from the rectum of each lamb were used to prepare replicate cultures for each forage type on each occasion. The experiment was repeated over two consecutive years but ryegrass/red clover was not included in Year 2. The dry matter of all faeces was made constant and the faeces were cultured at 27 degrees C for 7 days, before larvae were extracted, counted and identified according to genus or, where possible, species. Overall, the results showed that forage diet had no effect on egg hatchability but significantly affected the development/survival of infective helminth larvae in the faeces of the host animal. Furthermore, feeding birdsfoot trefoil to lambs was found to increase the percentage of helminth parasites that reached the infective stage in the subsequent faeces compared to other forages. Further work is needed to assess whether this would increase the number of larvae on birdsfoot trefoil swards overall under field conditions and to understand the implications of these findings in an applied farming system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Marley
- Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3AL, Wales, UK.
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Kahiya C, Mukaratirwa S, Thamsborg SM. Effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia karoo diets on Haemonchus contortus infection in goats. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:265-74. [PMID: 12935742 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effects of Acacia karoo and Acacia nilotica diets on Haemonchus contortus infections in goats. Twenty-four Boer goats of mixed sex (live weight 17-22 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, namely: A. nilotica (AN) group, A. karoo (AK) group, control infected with H. contortus (HC) group and the non-infected control (NHC) group. Animals in the AN, AK and HC groups were orally infected with a single dose of 3000 HC third stage larvae. The AN and AK groups had dried leaves of AN and AK, respectively, included in their basal diet at a rate of 40% dry matter (DM) while the HC and NHC groups had the basal diet throughout the experiment. All animals received a total feed allowance of 500 g DM per day and Katambora Rhodes grass hay ad libitum for roughage. Parameters measured included faecal egg counts and live weight. At the end of the experiment, three animals from each group were slaughtered and abomasal worm burdens were determined. A significant decrease in the faecal egg counts was recorded in animals in the AK group (P<0.05) relative to those in the AN and HC groups. The worm burdens were reduced by 34% in the AK group (P<0.05) and by 10% in the AN group (non-significant) relative to the infected control group. The study indicates that the difference in the effects of the two forages on HC infections may be related to type and concentration of tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kahiya
- Department of Paraclinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Niezen JH, Robertson HA, Miller CM, Hay FS. The development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on a range of herbage species or on plots of differing topographical aspect. Vet Parasitol 2003; 112:227-40. [PMID: 12591198 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five "contaminations", where faeces containing Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs were deposited on pasture and serially recovered, were used to compare the rate of decline of faecal mass and larval development. In the first three contaminations, faeces from a common source were deposited on swards of browntop (Agrostis capillaris cv Grasslands Muster), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv Grassland Nui), white clover (Trifolium pratense cv Grassland Tahora), or onto bare ground in the late spring, summer or autumn. The last two contaminations were done on the north facing aspect or south facing aspect of hill country pastures in summer and autumn. Number of free-living nematodes (first- and second-stage larvae (L(1) and L(2)) and soil dwelling nematodes) and third stage larvae (L(3)) recovered from faeces were counted. In spring there was a significant (P<0.01) effect of sward type on the mass of faeces remaining, with greatest mass remaining on browntop and ryegrass 28 days later, and less on bare ground and white clover. In summer there were more (P<0.05) faeces remaining on browntop than on other herbages which had little faeces remaining and which did not differ one from another. In autumn there was a rapid decline in faecal mass. All faeces were gone from white clover and ryegrass swards by day 10 and from browntop and bare ground by day 14. The number of free-living nematodes did not differ markedly between seasons, ranging from 5 to 8.5% of eggs deposited. The number of L(3) recovered was low in spring ( approximately 0.4% of eggs deposited) and did not differ between swards. In summer, more (P<0.05) L(3) were recovered from faeces deposited on swards of ryegrass and white clover than from bare ground or browntop. Most L(3) were recovered from days 7 to 14 ( approximately 1.3% of eggs deposited). In the autumn, low numbers of L(3) were recovered from browntop on day 3 and ryegrass on day 7 (0.2% of eggs deposited) with virtually no L(3) recovered from faeces placed on white clover or bare ground. There were significant (P<0.001) effects of aspect on the amount of faecal mass remaining in both summer and autumn with less faeces remaining on the south facing aspect than on the north. This was particularly evident during the summer when virtually all of the faeces were intact on the north facing aspect but only 40% was remaining on the south on day 28. In the autumn, while faeces were completely gone from both aspects by day 28 but there were less (P<0.05) faeces remaining on the south facing aspect from days 3 to 18 than from the north. There was no aspect effect in either season on the number of free-living nematodes recovered which averaged 8-11% of eggs deposited. In both seasons a greater number of L(3) were recovered from faeces on the south facing aspect than on the north, particularly 3-10 days after faecal deposition. In summer the rise in L(3) recovered in faeces was more rapid on south facing aspect than on the north but both attained a maximum level of approximately 4% of eggs deposited. In autumn on day 3 there was a rapid rise on south facing aspect to approximately 21% of eggs deposited followed by a gradual decline on day 10 while on the north facing aspect numbers of L(3) recovered only attained 10% of eggs deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Niezen
- AgResearch Grasslands, P.O. Box 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Niezen JH, Robertson HA, Sidey A, Wilson SR. The effect of pasture species on parasitism and performance of lambs grazing one of three grass-white clover pasture swards. Vet Parasitol 2002; 105:303-15. [PMID: 11983305 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lamb parasitism and performance were compared on three pasture treatments: browntop/white clover, Yorkshire fog/white clover, and ryegrass/white clover swards maintained at a sward height of 5cm in each of two years by using continuous variable stocking management. In year 1, lamb performance (both suppressively drenched (SD) and trigger drenched (TD)) was similar on ryegrass and browntop swards but was poorer (P<0.05) on Yorkshire fog swards. In year 2, lamb performance (both SD and TD) was markedly better on ryegrass than on Yorkshire fog or browntop swards. This coincided with an increase in white clover content in the ryegrass/white clover swards and a decrease in white clover content in the browntop/white clover swards. Lamb performance was related to the white clover content of the swards (R2=85.4, P<0.001 and R2=77.5, P<0.001 for SD lambs and TD lambs, respectively). Differences among pasture treatments in faecal egg count (FEC) of TD lambs were greater in year 2 than in year 1 when no significant pasture effects were observed. In year 2, FEC was lowest in lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover, intermediate in those which grazed Yorkshire fog/white clover and highest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover, despite herbage allowance (kg herbage mass/kg lamb mass) being greater on the browntop/white clover and Yorkshire fog/white clover swards than the ryegrass/white clover swards. Circulating antibodies to gastrointestinal parasites were measured at the end of year 2. Antibody titres were highest (P<0.05) in the plasma of lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover swards, and lowest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover swards due to differences in levels of antibody to (P<0.05) Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta larvae and adults, but not Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae or adults. These findings indicate that pasture composition, especially, the proportion of white clover, can help alleviate the production losses due to gastrointestinal parasitism. This information can provide a quick and readily adoptable practice for farmers who aim to reduce drench reliance and could become a key component of any integrated parasite control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Niezen
- AgResearch Grasslands, P.O. Box 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Abstract
New approaches to nematode control in sheep are urgently needed as anthelmintic drench resistance becomes ever more widespread among worm populations. Here we briefly describe and assess a number of new technologies which will become increasingly important in anti-nematode control programmes in the future. These include vaccines, immunomodulants, strategic grazing practices, the use of biological agents to destroy nematode larvae, biological anthelmintics and targeted silencing of genes regulating nematode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Hein
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, PO Box 40-063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Intake and selection for white clover by grazing lambs in response to gastrointestinal parasitism. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Niezen JH, Waghorn GC, Charleston WA. Establishment and fecundity of Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) or perennial ryegrass. Vet Parasitol 1998; 78:13-21. [PMID: 9703616 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty four 12-14 week old Polled Dorset ram lambs, raised helminth free from birth, were used to investigate the effects of condensed tannins (CT) in lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) on lamb growth and gastrointestinal nematode establishment and fecundity. Condensed tannins bind to proteins in the rumen and increase the flow of protein to the intestines. Lambs were allocated to either a ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or lotus diet fed ad libitum, with or without twice daily drenching of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which binds with and deactivates the CT. One week after allocation to the diets, each lamb was infected per os with 10,000 Ostertagia circumcincta and 10,000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and slaughtered 28 or 29 days later. Lambs fed lotus had lower faecal egg counts (P < 0.0001) and lower O. circumcincta burdens (P < 0.001), fewer female O. circumcincta (P < 0.0001) and higher faecal dry matter (P < 0.001) than lambs fed ryegrass, but numbers of T. colubriformis nematodes were not affected. This trial did not ascribe beneficial effects of L. pedunculatus to CT per se and the use of PEG does not seem appropriate to studies of parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Niezen
- AgResearch, Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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