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Seizer L, Stasielowicz L, Löchner J. Timing matters: A meta-analysis on the dynamic effect of stress on salivary immunoglobulin. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:734-740. [PMID: 38701886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychological stress on physiological systems has been a focus of extensive research, particularly in understanding its diverse effects on immune system activity and disease risk. This meta-analysis explores the dynamic effect of acute stress on salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) levels, a key biomarker for secretory immunity within the oral environment. Analyzing data from 34 samples comprising 87 effect sizes and a total of 1,025 subjects, a multi-level approach is employed to account for the temporal variability in measuring the stress response. The results reveal a significant increase in S-IgA levels peaking around 10 min after stress exposure, followed by a return to baseline levels approximately 30 min later. In addition, the meta-analysis identified several research gaps of the extant literature, such as limitations in the considered time lag after stress. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the temporal nuances of the S-IgA response to stress, which can help to infer potential biological pathways and guide sampling designs in future studies. Further, we highlight the use of a multi-level meta-analysis approach to investigate the temporal dependencies of the interplay between stress and immune functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Seizer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany.
| | | | - Johanna Löchner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
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2
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Abed Alah MT, Abdeen SM, Selim NA, Bougmiza I. Stress induced immunomodulation and the risk of infections during major sporting events: Implications for the FIFA World Cup 2022. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17 Suppl 1:16-17. [PMID: 37003943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muna T Abed Alah
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sami M Abdeen
- Community Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nagah A Selim
- Public health and preventive medicine department, Cairo University, Egypt; Community Medicine Department, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Iheb Bougmiza
- Community Medicine Department, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar; Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Sousse University, Tunisia
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3
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Ju LS, Morey TE, Seubert CN, Martynyuk AE. Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040567. [PMID: 37106766 PMCID: PMC10135810 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated neurocognitive decline after general anesthesia/surgery, also known as perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND), is a widely recognized public health problem that may affect millions of patients each year. Advanced age, with its increasing prevalence of heightened stress, inflammation, and neurodegenerative alterations, is a consistent contributing factor to the development of PND. Although a strong homeostatic reserve in young adults makes them more resilient to PND, animal data suggest that young adults with pathophysiological conditions characterized by excessive stress and inflammation may be vulnerable to PND, and this altered phenotype may be passed to future offspring (intergenerational PND). The purpose of this narrative review of data in the literature and the authors' own experimental findings in rodents is to draw attention to the possibility of intergenerational PND, a new phenomenon which, if confirmed in humans, may unravel a big new population that may be affected by parental PND. In particular, we discuss the roles of stress, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations in the development of PND. We also discuss experimental findings that demonstrate the effects of surgery, traumatic brain injury, and the general anesthetic sevoflurane that interact to induce persistent dysregulation of the stress response system, inflammation markers, and behavior in young adult male rats and in their future offspring who have neither trauma nor anesthetic exposure (i.e., an animal model of intergenerational PND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Sha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy E Morey
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christoph N Seubert
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anatoly E Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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4
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Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Lambs and its Relation to Health Status and Passive Colostral Immunity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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L E E CE, Downey K, Colby RS, Freire CA, Nichols S, Burgess MN, Judy KJ. Recognizing salinity threats in the climate crisis. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:441-460. [PMID: 35640911 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is causing habitat salinity to transform at unprecedented rates across the globe. While much of the research on climate change has focused on rapid shifts in temperature, far less attention has focused on the effects of changes in environmental salinity. Consequently, predictive studies on the physiological, evolutionary, and migratory responses of organisms and populations to the threats of salinity change are relatively lacking. This omission represents a major oversight, given that salinity is among the most important factors that define biogeographic boundaries in aquatic habitats. In this perspective, we briefly touch on responses of organisms and populations to rapid changes in salinity occurring on contemporary time scales. We then discuss factors that might confer resilience to certain taxa, enabling them to survive rapid salinity shifts. Next, we consider approaches for predicting how geographic distributions will shift in response to salinity change. Finally, we identify additional data that are needed to make better predictions in the future. Future studies on climate change should account for the multiple environmental factors that are rapidly changing, especially habitat salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi L E E
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kala Downey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca Smith Colby
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Carolina A Freire
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sarah Nichols
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Michael N Burgess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn J Judy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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6
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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in humans: State-of-the-art review and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104622. [PMID: 35300992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The parasympathetic nervous system modulates inflammation through efferent vagus nerve signaling. Tracey (2002) termed this process as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Interest in the potential practical use of this immune-modulatory process is increasing alongside increasing appreciation for the role of systemic inflammation in the etiology of somatic and psychological disease. A diverse literature exists providing expansive correlational evidence and some preliminary experimental evidence of the CAP in humans. However, so far this literature has not been well integrated and critically evaluated. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of research into vagus nerve driven parasympathetic control of inflammation in humans. Substantial limitations and gaps in the literature are identified, and promising directions for future research are highlighted.
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Gryksa K, Neumann ID. Consequences of pandemic-associated social restrictions: Role of social support and the oxytocin system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 135:105601. [PMID: 34837776 PMCID: PMC8605825 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During pandemics, governments take drastic actions to prevent the spreading of the disease, as seen during the present COVID-19 crisis. Sanctions of lockdown, social distancing and quarantine urge people to exclusively work and teach at home and to restrict social contacts to a minimum; lonely people get into further isolation, while families` nerves are strained to the extreme. Overall, this results in a dramatic and chronic increase in the level of psychosocial stress over several months mainly caused by i) social isolation and ii) psychosocial stress associated with overcrowding, social tension in families, and domestic violence. Moreover, pandemic-associated social restrictions are accompanied by loss of an essential stress buffer and important parameter for general mental and physical health: social support. Chronic psychosocial stress and, in particular, social isolation and lack of social support affect not only mental health, but also the brain oxytocin system and the immune system. Hence, pandemic-associated social restrictions are expected to increase the risk of developing psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety-related and posttraumatic stress disorders, on the one hand, but also to induce a general inflammatory state and to impair the course of infectious disorders on the other. Due to its pro-social and stress-buffering effects, resulting in an anti-inflammatory state in case of disease, the role of the neuropeptide oxytocin will be discussed and critically considered as an emerging treatment option in cases of pandemic-induced psychosocial stress, viral infection and during recovery. In this review, we aim to critically focus on possible short- and long-term consequences of social restrictions on mental health and the immune system, while discussion oxytocin as a possible treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gryksa
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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A hidden menace? Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with reduced cortical gray matter volume in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4234-4244. [PMID: 33223520 PMCID: PMC8140068 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with neuropathology in patients with impaired immunity and/or inflammatory diseases. However, the association between gray matter volume (GMV) and HCMV has never been examined in major depressive disorder (MDD) despite the presence of inflammation and impaired viral immunity in a subset of patients. We tested this relationship in two independent samples consisting of 179 individuals with MDD and 41 healthy controls (HC) (sample 1) and 124 MDD participants and 148 HCs (sample 2). HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on up to 11 different clinical/demographic variables using inverse probability of treatment weighting. GMV of 87 regions was measured with FreeSurfer. There was a main effect of HCMV serostatus but not diagnosis that replicated across samples. Relative to HCMV- subjects, HCMV+ subjects in sample 1 showed a significant reduction of volume in six regions (puncorrected < 0.05). The reductions in GMV of the right supramarginal gyrus (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.26) and left fusiform gyrus (SBC = -0.25) in sample 1 were replicated in sample 2: right supramarginal gyrus (puncorrected < 0.05, SBC = -0.32), left fusiform gyrus (PFDR < 0.01, SBC = -0.51). Posthoc tests revealed that the effect of HCMV was driven by differences between the HCMV+ and HCMV- MDD subgroups. HCMV IgG level, a surrogate marker of viral activity, was correlated with GMV in the left fusiform gyrus (r = -0.19, Puncorrected = 0.049) and right supramarginal gyrus (r = -0.19, puncorrected = 0.043) in the HCMV+ group of sample 1. Conceivably, HCMV infection may be a treatable source of neuropathology in vulnerable MDD patients.
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9
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Crealey GE, O'Neill C. Hearing loss, mental well-being and healthcare use: results from the Health Survey for England (HSE). J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 42:77-89. [PMID: 30481347 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss (HL) affects an estimated 17% of adults in Britain, 19% in Canada and 16% in the USA. Evidence points to the impact of HL on aspects of physical and mental health as well as autonomy, cognition, memory and social isolation. This suggests the relationship between HL and service use may arise indirectly as well as directly, an issue that warrants investigation. METHODS We used data from Health Survey for England (2014) on objectively and subjectively measured HL, mental and physical health as well as aspects of well-being related to autonomy, cognition, memory and social isolation within a series of bivariate probit models to examine the relationship between health and GP use in the past two weeks. Data for between ~3000 and 1700 individuals were examined. RESULTS A significant correlation in errors was found in each aspect of well-being demonstrating the appropriateness of the bivariate model. In three of the six regressions (concentration, memory and GHQ score) wearing a hearing aid (in some age groups) attenuated the impact of HL on outcome (relative to being younger or not wearing a hearing aid). CONCLUSIONS While HL did not directly predict use of GP services, it consistently predicted aspects of cognition, autonomy, mobility and memory found to predict service use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciaran O'Neill
- Queens University Belfast, Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
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10
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Fang G, Feng J. Is the 2003 SARS epidemic over? Long-term effects of epidemic exposure on mortality among older adults. CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW 2021; 67:101618. [PMID: 35058678 PMCID: PMC7935677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases put health of millions at risk and induce large socioeconomic costs each year. However, the long-term effects of exposure to infectious diseases on the elderly have received minimal attention. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, this study adopts a differences-in-differences strategy to evaluate the long-term effects of epidemic exposure on old-age mortality. We find that intense exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic led to an increase in old-age mortality after the SARS outbreak. We provide some suggestive evidence that exposure to SARS increased psychological stress and limitations in physical activities among old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfu Fang
- School of Business, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, 1900 Wenxiang Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin Feng
- School of Economics, Fudan University, 600 Guoquan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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11
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Zheng H, Bergamino M, Ford BN, Kuplicki R, Yeh FC, Bodurka J, Burrows K, Hunt PW, Teague TK, Irwin MR, Yolken RH, Paulus MP, Savitz J. Replicable association between human cytomegalovirus infection and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:928-938. [PMID: 33500556 PMCID: PMC8115597 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with reductions in white matter microstructural integrity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA), an index derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The neurotropic herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), is a major cause of white matter pathology in immunosuppressed populations but its relationship with FA has never been tested in MDD despite the presence of inflammation and weakened antiviral immunity in a subset of depressed patients. We tested the relationship between FA and HCMV infection in two independent samples consisting of 176 individuals with MDD and 44 healthy controls (HC) (Discovery sample) and 88 participants with MDD and 48 HCs (Replication sample). Equal numbers of HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on ten different clinical/demographic variables using propensity score matching. Anti-HCMV IgG antibodies were measured using a solid-phase ELISA. In the Discovery sample, significantly lower FA was observed in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in HCMV+ participants with MDD compared to HCMV- participants with MDD (cluster size 1316 mm3; pFWE < 0.05, d = -0.58). This association was confirmed in the replication sample by extracting the mean FA from this exact cluster and applying the identical statistical model (p < 0.05, d = -0.45). There was no significant effect of diagnosis or interaction between diagnosis and HCMV in either sample. The effect of chronic HCMV infection on white matter integrity may-in at-risk individuals-contribute to the psychopathology of depression. These findings may provide a novel target of intervention for a subgroup of patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Maurizio Bergamino
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bart N Ford
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Sharma K, Anand A, Kumar R. The role of Yoga in working from home during the COVID-19 global lockdown. Work 2020; 66:731-737. [PMID: 32925134 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major cause of stress and anxiety worldwide. Due to the global lockdown, work, employment, businesses and the economic climate have been severely affected. It has generated stress among people from all sections of society, especially to workers who have been assigned to cater to healthcare service or those constrained to secure daily essential items. It is widely perceived that elderly or those affected by diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases are prone to COVID-19. As per an ongoing survey, the initial data shows that the above-mentioned anxiety and stress cause insomnia, and has the considerable potential to weaken the immune system, the sole protection against the virus. OBJECTIVE This study focuses on the need of Yoga practice at work places and at home during the global lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Literature was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar for COVID-19-related stress and anxiety at work and society due to the worldwide lockdown. The predisposing comorbidities, viral mechanism of action and treatment regimen were also searched. Yoga-based intervention studies and online programs were also searched. RESULTS As the lockdown cannot last forever and workplaces will have to be functional soon, there is an increased possibility of recurrent infection. Therefore, Yoga can provide the necessary tool for risk reduction, amelioration of stress and anxiety and strengthening of the immune function. The online platforms provide a good media for Yoga training at work places and homes. CONCLUSION Due to social distancing norms, the availability of Yoga trainers has become restricted. Yoga practice is actively sought to achieve reduced anxiety and stress so that improved sleep may positively impact immunity. As a consequence, there is a spurt in social media, catering to daily online Yoga sessions which apparently prove useful in providing accessible means to achieve mental as well as physical well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya Sharma
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of English and Cultural Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Szabo YZ, Slavish DC, Graham-Engeland JE. The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:887-900. [PMID: 32371089 PMCID: PMC7478864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of inflammation are increasingly used in stress research. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative summary of changes in salivary inflammatory markers in response to acute stress. METHOD The review included 1558 participants (42 unique samples, 33 studies) obtained through electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase), reference treeing, and articles identified by a 2015 review on a similar topic. To be eligible, articles had to be quantitative and assess change in at least one biomarker of salivary inflammation in response to acute stress in adults. The primary outcome was magnitude of change in inflammatory biomarkers (Cohen's d for repeated measures [dav]). RESULTS Measures of salivary inflammation included: C-reactive protein (CRP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokines IL-6 (k = 26, dav = 0.27), IL-10 (k = 11, dav = 0.34), TNF-α (k = 10, dav = 0.57), and IFN-γ (k = 6, dav = 0.28) significantly increased in response to stress. Post hoc sensitivity analyses revealed that IL-1β (k = 19, dav = 0.16) and IL-8 (k = 7, dav = 0.30) also increased from pre- to post-stress, but findings with IFN-γ did not hold after removing one outlier study. Examination of moderators suggested that study methodology and sample demographics moderated some associations. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that certain salivary inflammatory cytokines increase in response to acute stress. Significant heterogeneity in results and moderator analyses suggest need for standardization of research protocols. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Z. Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA,Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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14
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Armstrong K, Gokal R, Todorsky W. Neuromodulating Influence of Two Electroacupuncture Treatments on Heart Rate Variability, Stress, and Vagal Activity. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:928-936. [PMID: 32654498 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although the clinical use of electro-acupuncture is widespread, the neuromodulating influence of various applied frequencies is not well established. Objectives: Heart rate variability (HRV), stress and parasympathetic recovery are closely related to health, longevity and vitality in humans. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of different electro-therapy frequencies on various autonomic nervous system markers when applied to a Battlefield Acupuncture Protocol (BFA). Design: A detailed comparison of autonomic nervous system (ANS) response to low frequency (LF) 2.5 Hz electro-acupuncture and mid-frequency (MF) 15 Hz electro-acupuncture applied by point stimulation to acupuncture points was undertaken on 2 groups of 12 patients. Interventions: Both LFEA and MFEA were applied to Battlefield Acupuncture protocol, consisting of five (5) key acupuncture ear (auricular) points that isolate the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system's role in the chronic/acute pain cycle. Evaluations entailed an advanced status of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function through Electro-Cardiogram (ECG) baseline markers reflecting: sympathetic stress (SI); parasympathetic vagal tone (high frequency [HF]) and heart rate variability (HRV = total power). All were repeated subsequent to electro-therapy using 2 separate electro-modalities of low-frequency (2.5 Hz) electro-acupuncture (LFEA) and Mid-Frequency (15 Hz) electro-acupuncture (MFEA). All 24 patients received one (1) elector-acupuncture session. Results: The autonomic nervous system response to LFEA (2.5 Hz) reflected a statistically significant pre-post improvement in three of the markers collected: heart rate variability (HRV) improved by 61% [p = 0.002]; sympathetic stress (SI) reduced 42% [p = 0.002]; and parasympathetic vagal tone (HF) increased 56% [p = 0.017]. In contrast, MFEA (15 Hz) showed positive but non-significant changes in outcomes in all nervous system markers. Conclusions: The autonomic nervous system response with LFEA showed a measurable reduction in sympathetic stress with subsequent improvement in vagal tone, and HRV. This positive sympathetic nervous system deactivation from LFEA application shown in this study could have a major impact on other pathologies related to human health and longevity. Further cohort studies are warranted to determine the validity of these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Armstrong
- Center for Pain & Stress Research Ltd., St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Raman Gokal
- University of Manchester, Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Center for Pain & Stress Research Ltd., Toronto, Canada
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Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Majumdar V. A Perspective on Yoga as a Preventive Strategy for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Int J Yoga 2020; 13:89-98. [PMID: 32669762 PMCID: PMC7336943 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 has led to profound public health crisis. In particular, individuals with preexisting conditions of heart disease, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases and the elderly are most vulnerable to succumb to this infection. The current COVID-19 emergency calls for rapid development of potential prevention and management strategies against this virus-mediated disease. There is a plethora of evidence that supports the add-on benefits of yoga in stress management, as well as prevention and management of chronic noncommunicable diseases. There are some studies on the effect of yoga in communicable diseases as well but very few for acute conditions and almost none for the rapidly spreading infections resulting in pandemics. Based on the available scientific evidences on yoga in improving respiratory and immune functions, we have formulated very simple doable integrated yoga modules in the form of videos to be practiced for prevention of the disease by children, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarathna
- Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H R Nagendra
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Majumdar
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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16
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Payne E, Sinn DL, Spiegel O, Leu ST, Wohlfeil C, Godfrey SS, Gardner M, Sih A. Consistent individual differences in ecto‐parasitism of a long‐lived lizard host. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Payne
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis 1 Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616‐5270 USA
| | - David L. Sinn
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis 1 Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616‐5270 USA
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Orr Spiegel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv Univ. Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Stephan T. Leu
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Macquarie Univ. Sydney Australia
| | - Caroline Wohlfeil
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders Univ. Adelaide Australia
| | | | - Michael Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders Univ. Adelaide Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum North Terrace Adelaide Australia
| | - Andy Sih
- Dept of Environmental Science and Policy, Univ. of California Davis 1 Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616‐5270 USA
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17
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Rusconi F, Gagliardi L, Gori E, Porta D, Popovic M, Asta F, Brescianini S, Richiardi L, Ronfani L, Stazi MA. Perinatal maternal mental health is associated with both infections and wheezing in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30:732-738. [PMID: 31251839 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheezing and infections are common during infancy, and the role of early-life exposures in their development is still under investigation. We examined associations between maternal mental health in pregnancy and after delivery and subsequent offspring wheezing and infections. METHODS We studied 2314 mother-child pairs recruited in the Piccolipiù birth cohort (Italy) from 2011 to 2015. Maternal mental health was assessed in pregnancy and 12 months after delivery via the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). GHQ-12 Likert scores were collapsed into low (below the upper tercile) and high (above). Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between each combination of scores-during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery-and outcomes were computed by log-binomial regression models. RESULTS High scores both in pregnancy and after delivery, compared with low scores in both periods, were associated with wheezing (RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.69), recurrent (≥2 episodes) wheezing (1.35; 0.99, 1.83), any and recurrent (≥4 episodes) upper respiratory infections (1.20; 1.04, 1.41, and 1.45; 1.07, 1.97, respectively), lower respiratory infections (1.31; 1.08, 1.61), and diarrhea (1.49; 1.23, 1.80). High scores either during pregnancy or 1 year after delivery only were less consistently associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal mental health problems extending from pregnancy to the first year after delivery are associated with development of both wheezing and infections. As wheezing is mostly triggered by infections, increased infection susceptibility could represent a possible common biologic mechanism. This study confirms the importance of early-life exposures on childhood health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Rusconi
- Unit of Epidemiology, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Gagliardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Versilia, Viareggio, Italy
| | - Elisa Gori
- Unit of Epidemiology, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Porta
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL ROMA1, Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Popovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, CPO Piemonte, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Asta
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service-ASL ROMA1, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Brescianini
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, CPO Piemonte, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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18
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Seguel M, Beechler BR, Coon CC, Snyder PW, Spaan JM, Jolles AE, Ezenwa VO. Immune stability predicts tuberculosis infection risk in a wild mammal. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191401. [PMID: 31575363 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is one of the most variable phenotypic traits in animals; however, some individuals may show less fluctuation in immune traits, resulting in stable patterns of immune variation over time. It is currently unknown whether immune variation has consequences for infectious disease risk. In this study, we identified moderately stable immune traits in wild African buffalo and asked whether the stability of these traits affected bovine tuberculosis (TB) infection risk. We found that adaptive immune traits such as the level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released after white blood cell stimulation, the number of circulating lymphocytes and the level of antibodies against bovine adenovirus-3 were moderately repeatable (i.e. stable) over time, whereas parameters related to innate immunity either had low repeatability (circulating eosinophil numbers) or were not repeatable (e.g. neutrophil numbers, plasma bacteria killing capacity). Intriguingly, individuals with more repeatable IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring TB infection. In stark contrast, average IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were poor predictors of TB risk, indicating that immune variability rather than absolute response level better captured variation in disease susceptibility. This work highlights the important and under-appreciated role of immune variability as a predictor of infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Seguel
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brianna R Beechler
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Courtney C Coon
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Felidae Conservation Fund, Mill Valley, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Johannie M Spaan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Anna E Jolles
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Kalinichenko LS, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Individual differences in inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms of stress-related mood disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100783. [PMID: 31415777 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotional stress leads to the development of peripheral disorders and is recognized as a modifiable risk factor for psychiatric disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. However, not all individuals develop the negative consequences of emotional stress due to different stress coping strategies and resilience to stressful stimuli. In this review, we discuss individual differences in coping styles and the potential mechanisms that contribute to individual vulnerability to stress, such as parameters of the immune system and oxidative state. Initial differences in inflammatory and oxidative processes determine resistance to stress and stress-related disorders via the alteration of neurotransmitter content in the brain and biological fluids. Differences in coping styles may serve as possible predictors of resistance to stress and stress-related disorders, even before stressful conditions. The investigation of natural variabilities in stress resilience may allow the development of new methods for preventive medicine and the personalized treatment of stress-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - J Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Lipner E, Murphy SK, Ellman LM. Prenatal Maternal Stress and the Cascade of Risk to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Offspring. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:99. [PMID: 31522269 PMCID: PMC7043262 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disruptions in fetal development (via genetic and environmental pathways) have been consistently associated with risk for schizophrenia in a variety of studies. Although multiple obstetric complications (OCs) have been linked to schizophrenia, this review will discuss emerging evidence supporting the role of prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) in the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). In addition, findings linking PNMS to intermediate phenotypes of the disorder, such as OCs and premorbid cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits, will be reviewed. Maternal immune and endocrine dysregulation will also be explored as potential mechanisms by which PNMS confers risk for SSD. RECENT FINDINGS PNMS has been linked to offspring SSD; however, findings are mixed due to inconsistent and retrospective assessments of PNMS and lack of specificity about SSD outcomes. PNMS is also associated with various intermediate phenotypes of SSD (e.g., prenatal infection/inflammation, decreased fetal growth, hypoxia-related OCs). Recent studies continue to elucidate the impact of PNMS while considering the moderating roles of fetal sex and stress timing, but it is still unclear which aspects of PNMS (e.g., type, timing) confer risk for SSD specifically. PNMS increases risk for SSD, but only in a small portion of fetuses exposed to PNMS. Fetal sex, genetics, and other environmental factors, as well as additional pre- and postnatal insults, likely contribute to the PNMS-SSD association. Longitudinal birth cohort studies are needed to prospectively illuminate the mechanisms that account for the variability in outcomes following PNMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lipner
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA
| | - Shannon K Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19106, USA.
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21
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Makene VW, Pool EJ. The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Biomarkers of Inflammation Produced by Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162914. [PMID: 31416231 PMCID: PMC6721122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are common pollutants in the environment and can induce disruption of the endocrine and immune systems. The present study evaluated the effects of selected common environmental EDCs on secretion of inflammatory biomarkers by RAW264.7 cells. The EDCs investigated were Estradiol (E2), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and Bisphenol A (BPA). To evaluate if the effects caused by EDCs were modulated by steroid hormone receptors, antagonists of estrogen and androgen receptors were used. The steroid receptor antagonists used were Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, and Flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist. Secretion of biomarkers of inflammation, namely nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were monitored. The NO was determined using Griess reaction and IL-6 was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although 5 μg/mL E2, DHT, and BPA were not toxic to RAW264.7 cell cultures, the same treatments significantly (p < 0.001) reduced both NO and IL-6 secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell cultures. The suppression of NO and IL-6 secretion indicate inhibition of inflammation by DHT, E2, and BPA. The inhibitory effects of DHT, E2 and BPA are partially mediated via their cellular receptors, because the effects were reversed by their respective receptor antagonists. Flutamide reversed the effects of DHT, while Tamoxifen reversed the effects of E2 and BPA. In conclusion, E2, BPA, and DHT inhibit the synthesis of inflammation biomarkers by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The inhibitory effects of EDCs can be partially reversed by the addition of an estrogen receptor antagonist for E2 and BPA, and an androgenic receptor antagonist for DHT. The inhibition of inflammatory response in stimulated RAW264.7 cells may be a useful bioassay model for monitoring estrogenic and androgenic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedastus W Makene
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Edmund J Pool
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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22
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Glucocorticoids and Catecholamines Affect in Vitro Functionality of Porcine Blood Immune Cells. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080545. [PMID: 31408932 PMCID: PMC6720833 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In modern livestock husbandry, animals may face stressful events like weaning, regrouping, or transportation, all of which can impair animal welfare and health. Research in model organisms has revealed that stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, strongly modulate the immune system and thus the animals’ ability to fight infections. In the pig, knowledge about this relationship is rare, and results from rodents cannot readily be transferred due to some physiological differences. Therefore, the effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on porcine immune cell proliferation and the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα were investigated in an in vitro study. Blood was obtained from catheterized pigs to exclude pre-exposure to stress hormones. Glucocorticoids exerted inhibitory effects on both investigated immune functions. Catecholamines, on the other hand, showed diverse effects on lymphocyte proliferation and TNFα production of particular immune cell types. This suggests that studies from model species are not entirely transferrable to pigs. Future research should extend the preliminary findings on cytokine production and focus on the molecular mechanisms and health impacts of stress hormones in pigs. Abstract Stress hormones exert important modulating influences on the functionality of immune cells. Despite its major role as a livestock animal and its increasing use as an animal model, knowledge about this relationship in the domestic pig is rare. This study therefore aimed to characterize the effect of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on the proliferation and cytokine production of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Blood was obtained from donor pigs equipped with indwelling catheters to exclude stress hormone exposition before in vitro testing. PBMC were stimulated in the presence of cortisol, adrenaline or noradrenaline at concentrations resembling low to high stress conditions. Proliferation was determined via 3H-thymidine incorporation, and TNFα producers were quantified by intracellular cytokine staining. Cortisol led to a decrease in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and the number of TNFα producing cells. In contrast, catecholamines increased proliferation while exerting repressive or no effects on the number of cytokine producers. Remarkably, in concentrations presumably found in lymphatic tissue in stress situations, noradrenaline suppressed lymphocyte proliferation completely. The shown repressive effects might especially have implications on health and welfare in pigs. The obtained results provide a preliminary database for extended studies on the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid and catecholamine actions on porcine immune cells.
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23
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Houde ALS, Akbarzadeh A, Günther OP, Li S, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Salmonid gene expression biomarkers indicative of physiological responses to changes in salinity and temperature, but not dissolved oxygen. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb198036. [PMID: 31209112 PMCID: PMC6633282 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An organism's ability to respond effectively to environmental change is critical to its survival. Yet, life stage and overall condition can dictate tolerance thresholds to heightened environmental stressors, such that stress may not be equally felt across individuals and at all times. Also, the transcriptional responses induced by environmental changes can reflect both generalized responses as well as others that are highly specific to the type of change being experienced. Thus, if transcriptional biomarkers specific to a stressor, even under multi-stressor conditions, can be identified, the biomarkers could then be applied in natural environments to determine when and where an individual experiences such a stressor. Here, we experimentally challenged juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to validate candidate gill gene expression biomarkers. A sophisticated experimental design manipulated salinity (freshwater, brackish water and seawater), temperature (10, 14 and 18°C) and dissolved oxygen (normoxia and hypoxia) in all 18 possible combinations for 6 days using separate trials for three smolt statuses (pre-smolt, smolt and de-smolt). In addition, changes in juvenile behaviour, plasma variables, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, body size, body morphology and skin pigmentation supplemented the gene expression responses. We identified biomarkers specific to salinity and temperature that transcended the multiple stressors, smolt status and mortality (live, dead and moribund). Similar biomarkers for dissolved oxygen were not identified. This work demonstrates the unique power of gene expression biomarkers to identify a specific stressor even under multi-stressor conditions, and we discuss our next steps for hypoxia biomarkers using an RNA-seq study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Lee S Houde
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, PO Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2G6
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - David A Patterson
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
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24
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Stress and inflammation - The need to address the gap in the transition between acute and chronic stress effects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 105:164-171. [PMID: 30826163 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses help us navigate our environment and respond appropriately to threats. Stress systems communicate threats to the entire organism, and as such, also stimulate inflammatory mechanisms. This modulation might serve protective functions in the short term, but sustained low-grade inflammation has severe long-term health consequences. While we have reached a reasonable level of understanding of acute, as well as chronic stress effects on inflammatory mechanisms, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the transitional phase between acute and chronic stress. The purpose of this review is to first summarize current knowledge of our understanding of acute stress effects on inflammation, as well as of chronic stress effects on inflammation, and to then analyze the state of knowledge about the transitional phase between acute and chronic stress. Research discussed here shows that we are beginning to understand the early phase of repeated acute stress, but lack information on longer term exposure to repeated acute stress experiences. More research is needed to bridge this important gap und our conceptualization and understanding of the stress and health relationship.
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25
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Baars EW, Zoen EBV, Breitkreuz T, Martin D, Matthes H, von Schoen-Angerer T, Soldner G, Vagedes J, van Wietmarschen H, Patijn O, Willcox M, von Flotow P, Teut M, von Ammon K, Thangavelu M, Wolf U, Hummelsberger J, Nicolai T, Hartemann P, Szőke H, McIntyre M, van der Werf ET, Huber R. The Contribution of Complementary and Alternative Medicine to Reduce Antibiotic Use: A Narrative Review of Health Concepts, Prevention, and Treatment Strategies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:5365608. [PMID: 30854009 PMCID: PMC6378062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5365608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this narrative review was to explore the potential contributions of CAM to reduce antibiotic use. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with a specific, limited set of search terms and collected input from a group of expert CAM researchers to answer the question: What is known about the contribution of CAM health and health promotion concepts, infection prevention, and infection treatment strategies to reduce antibiotic use? Results. The worldview-related CAM health concepts enable health promotion oriented infection prevention and treatment aimed at strengthening or supporting the self-regulating ability of the human organism to cope with diseases. There is some evidence that the CAM concepts of health (promotion) are in agreement with current conceptualization of health and that doctors who practice both CAM and conventional medicine prescribe less antibiotics, although selection bias of the presented studies cannot be ruled out. There is some evidence that prevention and some treatment strategies are effective and safe. Many CAM treatment strategies are promising but overall lack high quality evidence. CONCLUSIONS CAM prevention and treatment strategies may contribute to reducing antibiotic use, but more rigorous research is necessary to provide high quality evidence of (cost-)effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W. Baars
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Faculty of Healthcare, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eefje Belt-van Zoen
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Faculty of Healthcare, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - David Martin
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Harald Matthes
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Luisenstr. 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Georg Soldner
- Medical section of the Goetheanum, Rüttiweg 45 4143 Dornach, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vagedes
- ARCIM institute, Im Haberschlai 7, 70794 Filderstadt, Germany
| | | | - Olga Patijn
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, Netherlands
| | - Merlin Willcox
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paschen von Flotow
- Sustainable Business Institute, Zehnthofstr. 1, 65375 Oestrich-Winkel, Germany
| | - Michael Teut
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Luisenstr. 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus von Ammon
- University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 46, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madan Thangavelu
- European Ayurveda Association e.V., In den Forstwiesen 27, D- 56745 Bell, Germany
| | - Ursula Wolf
- University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 46, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ton Nicolai
- Eurocam, Rue du Trône 194, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- University of Lorraine, School of Medicine, 7 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Nancy, France
| | - Henrik Szőke
- University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Vasvári Pál str. 4., Hungary
| | - Michael McIntyre
- Midsummer Clinic, Church Westcote, Chipping Norton, Oxon, Ox7 6SF, UK
| | - Esther T. van der Werf
- Taylor's University, School of Medicine, 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
- University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Roman Huber
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Breisacher Str. 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Zetter M, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Marquina-Castillo B, Quintanar-Stephano A, Hernández-Pando R. Involvement of Vasopressin in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A New Therapeutic Target? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:351. [PMID: 31244771 PMCID: PMC6563385 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly complex infectious disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It is characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation of the lung and systemic immune-neuroendocrine responses that have been associated with pathophysiology and disease outcome. Vasopressin (VP), a neurohypophysial hormone with immunomodulatory effects, is abnormally high in plasma of some patients with pulmonary TB, and is apparently produced ectopically. In this study, a BALB/c mouse model of progressive pulmonary TB was used to determine whether VP may play a role in TB pathophysiology. Our results show that VP gene is expressed in the lung since early infection, increasing as the infection progressed, and localized mainly in macrophages, which are key cells in mycobacterial elimination. Pharmacologic manipulation using agonist and antagonist compounds showed that high and sustained stimulation of VPR resulted in increased bacillary burdens and fibrosis at lungs, while blockade of VP receptors reduced bacterial loads. Accordingly, treatment of infected alveolar macrophages with VP in cell cultures resulted in high numbers of intracellular Mtb and impaired cytokine production. Thus, we show that VP is ectopically produced in the tuberculous lungs, with macrophages being its most possible target cell. Further, it seems that chronic vasopressinergic stimulation during active late disease causes anti-inflammatory and tissue reparative effects, which could be deleterious while its pharmacologic suppression reactivates protective immunity and contributes to shorten conventional chemotherapy, which could be a new possible form of immune-endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zetter
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Rogelio Hernández-Pando
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The effects of music therapy on the interaction of the self and emotions-An interim analysis. Complement Ther Med 2018; 41:61-66. [PMID: 30477866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Music therapy is a well-established non-verbal treatment method in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. However, empirical data of its impact on emotion modulation processes and personality dimensions are still sparce. An interesting concept is the use of music for emotion modulation in everyday life. The purpose of this interim study was to assess the interplay of personality dimensions and emotion modulation strategies in patients treated with music therapy versus patients without music therapy. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. SETTING The study was conducted during the course of inpatient treatment in a general psychiatric hospital. Data from n = 137 patients was included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES According to the mediator model a regression analysis was performed using personality variables as potential predictors and emotion modulation variables as outcome criteria. RESULTS In the music therapy group, insecurity predicted the use of music for both cognitive problem solving and positive stimulation in everyday life. In the non-music therapy group, cooperation and insouciance predicted the use of music for reduction of negative activation. CONCLUSIONS Specific personality dimensions predict greater targeted emotion modulation strategies if music therapy is applied than without it. That is, music therapy helps patients acquire more conscious (i.e. cognitive-related strategies) emotion modulation techniques by means of including their individual personality, whereas patients without music therapy simply "vent" their negative emotions (i.e. non-cognitive strategies). Conversely, the data suggest that music therapy can contribute to modify personality dimensions through the development of these emotion modulation strategies. This could be a plausible explanation for beneficial long-term effects of music therapy.
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Dantzer R, Cohen S, Russo SJ, Dinan TG. Resilience and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:28-42. [PMID: 30102966 PMCID: PMC6545920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is the process that allows individuals to adapt to adverse conditions and recover from them. This process is favored by individual qualities that have been amply studied in the field of stress such as personal control, positive affect, optimism, and social support. Biopsychosocial studies on the individual qualities that promote resilience show that these factors help protect against the deleterious influences of stressors on physiology in general and immunity in particular. The reverse is also true as there is evidence that immune processes influence resilience. Most of the data supporting this relationship comes from animal studies on individual differences in the ability to resist situations of chronic stress. These data build on the knowledge that has accumulated on the influence of immune factors on brain and behavior in both animal and human studies. In general, resilient individuals have a different immunophenotype from that of stress susceptible individuals. It is possible to render susceptible individuals resilient and vice versa by changing their inflammatory phenotype. The adaptive immune phenotype also influences the ability to recover from inflammation-induced symptoms. The modulation of these bidirectional relationships between resilience and immunity by the gut microbiota opens the possibility to influence them by probiotics and prebiotics. However, more focused studies on the reciprocal relationship between resilience and immunity will be necessary before this can be put into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland and Dept. of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
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Slavish DC, Graham-Engeland JE, Engeland CG, Taylor DJ, Buxton OM. Insomnia symptoms are associated with elevated C-reactive protein in young adults. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1396-1415. [PMID: 30358412 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1500577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insomnia is associated with elevated inflammation; however, studies have not investigated if this relationship is confounded with depression and neuroticism, which are associated with insomnia and inflammation. The current study examined the association of insomnia symptoms with C-reactive protein (CRP) and with interleukin-6 (IL-6), independently and after controlling for depressive symptoms and neuroticism. DESIGN Fifty-two young adults (mean age = 25.2 ± 3.9 years, 52% female) completed a baseline survey to assess psychological characteristics, followed by a plasma blood draw. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma CRP and IL-6. RESULTS When examined alone, insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with elevated CRP (β = 0.52; R2 = 0.27), as was neuroticism (β = 0.41, R2 = 0.17), but not depressive symptoms (β = 0.21, R2 = 0.05). The association between insomnia symptoms and CRP remained significant when depressive symptoms and neuroticism were entered into the model simultaneously; this model did not explain more variance than the model with insomnia symptoms alone. No variables were associated with IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that insomnia symptoms are independently associated with elevated CRP in young adults, even after controlling for presumed overlapping psychological constructs. Findings highlight the potential importance of treating insomnia to reduce systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica C Slavish
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | | | - Christopher G Engeland
- b Department of Biobehavioral Health , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA.,c The College of Nursing , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Daniel J Taylor
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- b Department of Biobehavioral Health , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA.,d Division of Sleep Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,e Sleep Health Institute, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,f Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences , Harvard Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
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Tell D, Mathews HL, Burr RL, Witek Janusek L. During stress, heart rate variability moderates the impact of childhood adversity in women with breast cancer. Stress 2018; 21:179-187. [PMID: 29385886 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1424132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity has long-lasting neuro-biological effects that can manifest as exaggerated stress responsivity to environmental challenge. These manifestations include a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis as well as increased levels of inflammatory mediators in response to stress. In this investigation, vagal parasympathetic activity was assessed for its capacity to moderate the relationship between childhood adversity and stress responsivity (cortisol and inflammation) during an acute laboratory challenge (Trier Social Stress Test-TSST). Thirty women recently diagnosed with breast cancer underwent the TSST during which their heart rate was recorded and saliva samples collected for measurement of cortisol and the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6. Vagal activity during the TSST was calculated as the high-frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability (HRV). Vagal activity during the TSST moderated the effect of childhood adversity on both the cortisol and the IL-6 response. Women who had lower vagal stress-reactivity during the TSST and reported greater childhood adversity showed a larger rise in cortisol and IL-6 when compared to women with lower childhood adversity. The findings demonstrate that women with exposure to childhood adversity and low vagal stress-reactivity (reduced parasympathetic activity) exhibit an elevated stress response characterized by greater cortisol and proinflammatory cytokine release. Inflammatory burden and HPA dysregulation subsequent to stress may impair cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tell
- a Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing , Loyola University Chicago, Academic Health Sciences Campus , Maywood , IL , USA
| | - Herbert L Mathews
- b Stritch School of Medicine , Loyola University Chicago, Academic Health Sciences Campus , Maywood , IL , USA
| | - Robert L Burr
- c Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics , University of Washington School of Nursing Seattle , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Linda Witek Janusek
- a Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing , Loyola University Chicago, Academic Health Sciences Campus , Maywood , IL , USA
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Hanstock HG, Edwards JP, Roberts R, Walsh NP. High heart rate reactors display greater decreases in tear SIgA concentration following a novel acute stressor. Biol Psychol 2018; 133:85-88. [PMID: 29427602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tear secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) is a putative biomarker of common-cold risk with potential utility in non-invasive diagnostics. As SIgA secretion at the ocular surface is under strong autonomic control, we investigated the relationship between HR reactivity and tear SIgA responses to novel experiential stress. Thirty-two healthy participants undertook a 60 s zip-line ride to evoke acute stress and a seated-rest control trial in a randomised-crossover design. We recorded heart rate (HR) continuously and collected unstimulated tear samples 5 min pre-, 2 min post- and 20 min post-stress/control. Stress increased HR and state anxiety whereas tear SIgA concentration decreased 44% post-stress vs. CONTROL Higher peak HR values during stress uniquely explained 21% of the variance in tear SIgA reactivity to stress (p < 0.01); high HR reactors displayed greater decreases in tear SIgA concentration. We conclude that physiological arousal increases immune reactivity to acute stress and highlight tear SIgA as a minimally-invasive, physiologically relevant biomarker of immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen G Hanstock
- Extremes Research Group, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
| | - Jason P Edwards
- Extremes Research Group, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Ross Roberts
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Neil P Walsh
- Extremes Research Group, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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Lockwood KG, John-Henderson NA, Marsland AL. Early life socioeconomic status associates with interleukin-6 responses to acute laboratory stress in adulthood. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:212-220. [PMID: 29438661 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that environmental exposures in early life influence immune programming. Specifically, socioeconomic disadvantage is thought to program an immune phenotype that is prone to inflammation and associated with increased risk for inflammatory disease later in life. Existing literature shows an inverse association of early childhood socioeconomic status (SES) with adult levels of systemic inflammation. Here, we extend that literature to examine whether early childhood SES also relates to the magnitude of inflammatory response to acute psychological stress in adulthood. Healthy volunteers (N = 110; 40-58 years; 59% female; 90% white) performed a laboratory stress protocol, with blood samples drawn at the end of a 30-min baseline, a 5-min speech task, and a 30-min recovery to assess interleukin (IL)-6 stress responses. An early childhood SES index was derived from reports of parental home and vehicle ownership, and number of bedrooms per child in the home across ages 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6. Regressions adjusted for current age, sex, race, and BMI showed that lower SES at age 1-2 was associated with larger IL-6 stress responses in adulthood (ΔR2 = 0.05, β = -0.24, p = .03). This association was independent of adult SES and task-evoked affective responses. No association was found between SES at ages 3-4 or 5-6 and IL-6 responses. These results provide initial evidence for a link between disadvantage in the first 2 years of life and heightened inflammatory response to stress in adulthood; this link may contribute to the increased disease risk that accompanies being raised in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Lockwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Cedeño-Laurent JG, Williams A, MacNaughton P, Cao X, Eitland E, Spengler J, Allen J. Building Evidence for Health: Green Buildings, Current Science, and Future Challenges. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39:291-308. [PMID: 29328864 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Civilizational challenges have questioned the status quo of energy and material consumption by humans. From the built environment perspective, a response to these challenges was the creation of green buildings. Although the revolutionary capacity of the green building movement has elevated the expectations of new commercial construction, its rate of implementation has secluded the majority of the population from its benefits. Beyond reductions in energy usage and increases in market value, the main strength of green buildings may be the procurement of healthier building environments. Further pursuing the right to healthy indoor environments could help the green building movement to attain its full potential as a transformational public health tool. On the basis of 40 years of research on indoor environmental quality, we present a summary of nine environment elements that are foundational to human health. We posit the role of green buildings as a critical research platform within a novel sustainability framework based on social-environmental capital assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Cedeño-Laurent
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - P MacNaughton
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - X Cao
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - E Eitland
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - J Spengler
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - J Allen
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
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Marsland AL, Walsh C, Lockwood K, John-Henderson NA. The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating and stimulated inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:208-219. [PMID: 28089638 PMCID: PMC5553449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reactivity to acute laboratory stress is thought to reflect individual differences in responsivity to environmental stressors and may confer future health risk. To characterize this response, we conducted a meta-analysis of 34 studies that measured circulating inflammatory markers and 15 studies that measured stimulated production of inflammatory markers before and after exposure to laboratory challenge. Results showed significant stress-related increases in circulating interleukin (IL)-1β (d=0.66, p<0.001), IL-6 (d=0.35, p<0.001), IL-10 (d=0.69, p<0.001), and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α (d=0.28, p<0.001), but not IL-1ra, IL-2, interferon-γ, or C-reactive protein. There were sufficient data to assess the time course of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α reactivity. IL-6 increased from baseline to measures taken 40-50, 60-75, 90, and 120min following stress, with the largest effect at 90min post-stress (d=0.70, p<0.001). IL-1β increased from baseline to 20-30, 40-50, and 60-70min following stress, with the largest effect between 40 and 50min post-stress (d=0.73, p=0.02). For TNF-α, there was a significant increase from baseline to 31-50min post stress (d=0.44, p=0.01), but not at later times. There was no difference in magnitude of IL-6 reactivity as a function of type of stress (social-evaluative versus other). For stimulated inflammatory markers, results showed stress-related increases in IL-1β when measured 20-120min post-stress (d=1.09, p<0.001), and in IL-4 and interferon-γ when measured 0-10min post stressor (d=-0.42, p<0.001 and d=0.47, p<0.001). These results extend findings from a prior meta-analysis (Steptoe et al., 2007) to show reliable increases in circulating IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α and stimulated IL-1β, IL-4 and interferon-γ in response to acute stress. It is possible that these responses contribute to associations between exposure to life challenges and vulnerability to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
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Armstrong K, Gokal R, Durant J, Todorsky T, Chevalier A, FaShong B. Detailed Autonomic Nervous System Analysis of Microcurrent Point Stimulation Applied to Battlefield Acupuncture Protocol. Med Acupunct 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/acu.2017.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this article, we argued that the term stress has served as a valuable heuristic, helping researchers to integrate traditions that illuminate different stages of the process linking stressful life events to disease. We provided a short history of three traditions in the study of stress: the epidemiological, psychological, and biological. The epidemiological tradition focuses on defining which circumstances and experiences are deemed stressful on the basis of consensual agreement that they constitute threats to social or physical well-being. The psychological tradition focuses on individuals' perceptions of the stress presented by life events on the basis of their appraisals of the threats posed and the availability of effective coping resources. The biological tradition focuses on brain-based perturbations of physiological systems that are otherwise essential for normal homeostatic regulation and metabolic control. The foci of these three traditions have informed elements of a stage model of disease, wherein events appraised as stressful are viewed as triggering affective states that in turn engender behavioral and biological responses having possible downstream implications for disease.
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Lockwood KG, Marsland AL, Cohen S, Gianaros PJ. Sex differences in the association between stressor-evoked interleukin-6 reactivity and C-reactive protein. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:173-180. [PMID: 27377561 PMCID: PMC5067187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ consistently in the magnitude of their inflammatory responses to acute stressors, with females often showing larger responses than males. While the clinical significance of these individual differences remains unclear, it may be that greater inflammatory responses relate to increased systemic inflammation and thereby risk for chronic inflammatory disease. Here, we examined whether acute stressor-evoked interleukin (IL)-6 responses associate with resting levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, and whether this association differs by sex. Subjects were 57 healthy midlife adults (30-51years; 33% female; 68% white). Blood was drawn before and 30-min after two mental stress tasks: a multisource interference task and a Stroop color word task. Hierarchical regressions controlling for age, sex, race, and BMI tested whether stressor-evoked IL-6 responses were associated with resting CRP and whether this association differed by sex. Results indicated that sex and stressor-evoked IL-6 responses interacted to predict CRP (ΔR2=0.08, B=-1.33, β=-0.39, p=0.02). In males, larger stressor-evoked IL-6 responses associated with higher CRP, whereas in females, stressor-evoked IL-6 responses showed a non-significant negative association with CRP. These findings indicate that inflammatory responses to acute stressors associate with resting levels of CRP; however, this association differs by sex. Previous literature suggests that there are sex differences in stressor-evoked IL-6 responses, but this is the first study to show sex differences in the relationship between acute inflammatory responses and systemic inflammation. The contribution of these sex differences to inflammatory disease risk warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G. Lockwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA,Address correspondence to: Kimberly Lockwood, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Room 506 Old Engineering Hall, 3943 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260.
| | - Anna L. Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Chevalier A, Armstrong K, Norwood-Williams C, Gokal R. DC Electroacupuncture Effects on Scars and Sutures of a Patient with Postconcussion Pain. Med Acupunct 2016; 28:223-229. [PMID: 27610209 PMCID: PMC5002218 DOI: 10.1089/acu.2016.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This case study offers a detailed comparative analysis of the effects of direct-current electroacupuncture (DC-EA) on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), when DC-EA was applied to the cranial sutures and scars of a patient with a history of ischemic stroke and postconcussion syndrome (PCS) pain. Case: A 56-year-old female suffering from severe tremors and debilitating headaches requested acupuncture after conventional biomedicines failed to relieve her symptoms. Evaluations were performed to check the status of 27 ANS functions. These detailed evaluations were performed to obtain a baseline status of ANS function on this patient, who had a history of ischemic stroke, PCS, and chronic pain. All evaluations were repeated pre–post her DC-EA treatment. Results: This patient experienced significant relief from her symptoms after DC-EA treatment. An analysis of this patient's risk for ANS complications showed improvements in four key homeostatic markers post treatment. Conclusions: The ANS response of a patient with ischemic stroke, PCS, and chronic pain, who received electrical nerve stimulation using DC-EA reflected a measurable improvement in sympathetic tone, along with reductions in pain levels and PCS symptoms. The positive results in this case study could have applications to other pathologies that can be affected by the sympathetic nervous system activation on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raman Gokal
- Women's Integrative Healing Inc. , St. Augustine, FL
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Panfylova J, Bemelmans E, Devine C, Frost P, Armstrong D. Post-release effects on reintroduced populations of hihi. J Wildl Manage 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Panfylova
- Wildlife Ecology Group; Massey University; PB 11-2222 Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Ellis Bemelmans
- Behavioural Ecology Group; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Chris Devine
- Forest & Bird; 18 Purnell St.; Whanganui 4500 New Zealand
| | - Peter Frost
- Science Support Service; 87 Ikitara Rd. Whanganui 4500 New Zealand
| | - Doug Armstrong
- Wildlife Ecology Group; Massey University; PB 11-2222 Palmerston North New Zealand
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DeWitt JC, Germolec DR, Luebke RW, Johnson VJ. Associating Changes in the Immune System with Clinical Diseases for Interpretation in Risk Assessment. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2016; 67:18.1.1-18.1.22. [PMID: 26828330 PMCID: PMC4780336 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1801s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This overview is an update of the unit originally published in 2004. While the basic tenets of immunotoxicity have not changed in the past 10 years, several publications have explored the application of immunotoxicological data to the risk assessment process. Therefore, the goal of this unit is still to highlight relationships between xenobiotic-induced immunosuppression and risk of clinical diseases progression. In immunotoxicology, this may require development of models to equate moderate changes in markers of immune functions to potential changes in incidence or severity of infectious diseases. For most xenobiotics, exposure levels and disease incidence data are rarely available, and safe exposure levels must be estimated based on observations from experimental models or human biomarker studies. Thus, it is important to establish a scientifically sound framework that allows accurate and quantitative interpretation of experimental or biomarker data in the risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Robert W Luebke
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Li HL, Zhao PY, Lei Y, Hossain MM, Kang J, Kim IH. Dietary Phytoncide Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:1314-21. [PMID: 26954131 PMCID: PMC5003993 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this 10-wk experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary phytoncide, Korean pine extract as phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, body weight (BW) = 58.2±1.0 kg) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their BW and sex, 10 replicate pens per treatment with 4 pigs per pen were used (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Dietary treatments were: CON, control diet; PT2, CON+0.02% PFA; PT4, CON+0.04% PFA; PT6, CON+0.06% PFA. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in PT4 (p<0.05) than in PT6, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower in PT6 than in CON (p<0.05). Besides ADFI decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide and gain:feed ratio in PT4 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON treatment. During 5 to 10 weeks and overall, quadratic (p<0.05) effect was observed in ADG among the treatments. At the end of this experiment, pigs fed with PT4 diet had a greater (p<0.05) red blood cell concentration compared to the pigs fed CON diet. Water holding capacity increased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide supplementation. Moreover, firmness, redness, yellowness, and drip loss at day 3 decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increase in the level of phytoncide supplementation. In conclusion, inclusion of phytoncide could enhance growth performance without any adverse effects on meat quality in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin Li
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Pin Yao Zhao
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Md Manik Hossain
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | | | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Puppel K, Kapusta A, Kuczyńska B. The etiology of oxidative stress in the various species of animals, a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2179-2184. [PMID: 25418967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants leading to cell damage and tissue injury. The exhaustion of antioxidant systems is one of the reasons for the occurrence of oxidative stress, which results in avalanche production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells. Stress arises in animals in response to unavoidable or adverse environmental conditions. In the external environment, which affects the body of the cow, there are four main groups of stressors: physical, chemical, biological and psychological. Physical stressors include fluctuations in ambient temperature as well as mechanical injuries. High ambient temperature is one of the factors affecting the productivity of cows. Biological stressors are conditioned by errors and irregularities in habits. Both of these phenomena have an adverse impact on both the resistance of animals and fertility and are the etiological agent of oxidative stress. Various mechanisms may be responsible for metal-induced oxidative stress: direct or indirect generation of ROS, depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes are well known for all redox-active and redox-inactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kapusta
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczyńska
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, PL-02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Prather AA, Gurfein B, Moran P, Daubenmier J, Acree M, Bacchetti P, Sinclair E, Lin J, Blackburn E, Hecht FM, Epel ES. Tired telomeres: Poor global sleep quality, perceived stress, and telomere length in immune cell subsets in obese men and women. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:155-62. [PMID: 25535858 PMCID: PMC4468027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration are associated with increased incidence and progression of a number of chronic health conditions observed at greater frequency among the obese and those experiencing high levels of stress. Accelerated cellular aging, as indexed by telomere attrition in immune cells, is a plausible pathway linking sleep and disease risk. Prior studies linking sleep and telomere length are mixed. One factor may be reliance on leukocytes, which are composed of varied immune cell types, as the sole measure of telomere length. To better clarify these associations, we investigated the relationships of global sleep quality, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and diary-reported sleep duration with telomere length in different immune cell subsets, including granulocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes in a sample of 87 obese men and women (BMI mean=35.4, SD=3.6; 81.6% women; 62.8% Caucasian). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed adjusting for age, gender, race, education, BMI, sleep apnea risk, and perceived stress. Poorer PSQI global sleep quality was associated with statistically significantly shorter telomere length in lymphocytes but not granulocytes and in particular CD8+ T cells (b=-56.8 base pairs per one point increase in PSQI, SE=20.4, p=0.007) and CD4+ T cells (b=-37.2, SE=15.9, p=0.022). Among separate aspects of global sleep quality, low perceived sleep quality and decrements in daytime function were most related to shorter telomeres. In addition, perceived stress moderated the sleep-CD8+ telomere association. Poorer global sleep quality predicted shorter telomere length in CD8+ T cells among those with high perceived stress but not in low stress participants. These findings provide preliminary evidence that poorer global sleep quality is related to telomere length in several immune cell types, which may serve as a pathway linking sleep and disease risk in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric A. Prather
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco
| | - Blake Gurfein
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Patricia Moran
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jennifer Daubenmier
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael Acree
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University
of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
California, San Francisco
| | - Elizabeth Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of
California, San Francisco
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Murison R, Turner JD, Muller CP, Gjermo P, Opstad K. Maternal Deprivation of Lewis Rat Pups Increases the Severity of Experi-mental Periodontitis in Adulthood. Open Dent J 2015; 9:65-78. [PMID: 25713634 PMCID: PMC4333617 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Early life adverse events may influence susceptibility/resistance to chronic inflammatory diseases later in life by permanently dysregulating brain-controlled immune-regulatory systems. We have investigated the impact of infant-mother separation during early postnatal life on the severity of experimental periodontitis, as well as systemic stress and immune responses, in adulthood. Material and Methods: Pups of periodontitis resistant Lewis rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily during postnatal days 2-14 (termed maternal deprivation; MD), separated for 15 min daily during the same time period (termed handling; HD), or left undisturbed. As adults, their behaviour was tested in a novel stressful situation, and ligature-induced periodontitis applied for 21 days. Two h before sacrifice all rats were exposed to a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to induce a robust immune and stress response. Results: Compared to undisturbed controls, MD rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss as adults, whereas HD rats showed a tendency to less disease. MD and HD rats exhibited depression-like behaviour in a novel open field test, while MD rats showed higher glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) expression in the hippocampus, and HD rats had altered methylation of genes involved in the expression of hippocampal Gr. LPS provoked a significantly lower increase in circulating levels of the cytokine TGF-1β in MD and HD rats, but there were no significant differences in levels of the stress hormone corticosterone. Conclusion: Stressful environmental exposures in very early life may alter immune responses in a manner that influences susceptibility/resistance to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gundersen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Robert Murison
- Department of Biology and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Per Gjermo
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Opstad
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
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Abstract
This article provides information on psychological assessments based on the most influential stress theories. In understanding the stress response and its relation to disease, clinical vignettes are provided. Emphasis is placed on assessment measures for use in the general population and on providing an overview of evidence for more commonly used instruments in health care. Several advantages and disadvantages afforded by measurement approaches are also addressed (although a full examination of the extent of limitations and issues regarding assessment is beyond the scope of this article). Finally, future considerations regarding proposed research and necessary advances in measurement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Figueroa-Fankhanel
- Primary Care Mental Health Integration Program, Caribbean Healthcare System, 10 Casia Street, San Juan, PR 00921, USA.
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Cholera and shigellosis: different epidemiology but similar responses to climate variability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107223. [PMID: 25229494 PMCID: PMC4168003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative studies of the associations between different infectious diseases and climate variability, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, are lacking. Diarrheal illnesses, particularly cholera and shigellosis, provide an important opportunity to apply a comparative approach. Cholera and shigellosis have significant global mortality and morbidity burden, pronounced differences in transmission pathways and pathogen ecologies, and there is an established climate link with cholera. In particular, the specific ecology of Vibrio cholerae is often invoked to explain the sensitivity of that disease to climate. Methods and Findings The extensive surveillance data of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh are used here to revisit the known associations between cholera and climate, and to address their similarity to previously unexplored patterns for shigellosis. Monthly case data for both the city of Dhaka and a rural area known as Matlab are analyzed with respect to their association with El Niño and flooding. Linear correlations are examined between flooding and cumulative cases, as well as for flooding and El Niño. Rank-correlation maps are also computed between disease cases in the post-monsoon epidemic season and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific. Similar climate associations are found for both diseases and both locations. Increased cases follow increased monsoon flooding and increased sea surface temperatures in the preceding winter corresponding to an El Niño event. Conclusions The similarity in association patterns suggests a systemic breakdown in population health with changing environmental conditions, in which climate variability acts primarily through increasing the exposure risk of the human population. We discuss these results in the context of the on-going debate on the relative importance of the environmental reservoir vs. secondary transmission, as well as the implications for the use of El Niño as an early indicator of flooding and enteric disease risk.
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Stress exacerbates infectivity and pathogenicity of Blastocystis hominis: in vitro and in vivo evidences. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94567. [PMID: 24788756 PMCID: PMC4008615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress alters the oxidant-antioxidant state and immune cell responses which disrupts its function to combat infection. Blastocystis hominis, a common intestinal protozoan has been reported to be opportunistic in immunocompromised patients namely cancer. B. hominis infectivity in other altered immune system conditions especially stress is unknown. We aimed to demonstrate the stress effects towards the susceptibility and pathogenicity of B. hominis infection. Methods/Findings Three-week-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (a)control; (b)stress-induced; (c)B. hominis infected; (d)stress-induced with B. hominis infection; (n = 20 respectively). Stress was induced for an hour daily (30 days) using a Belly Dancer Shaker. Weight gain was monitored, stool samples were collected for B. hominis screening and blood for the determination of differential count, levels of immunoglobulin, oxidative damage, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation upon induction with solubilized antigen of B. hominis (Blasto-Ag). Group (b) exhibited the highest level of weight gain. Group (d) had higher levels of parasite cyst count in stools, serum IgE, oxidized protein and lipid compared to the group (c). Levels of monocyte and antioxidant in group (d) were decreased and their PBMCs showed highest inhibition of proliferation level when exposed to Blasto-Ag. Monocyte level in Group (b) showed insignificant difference compared to group (a) but was significantly lower compared to group (c). Antioxidant levels in group (c) were generally lower compared to group (a) and (b). Inhibition level exhibited by Blasto-Ag treated PBMCs of group (c) was higher compared to group (a) and (b). Conclusion The pathogenicity and augmentation of B. hominis infection is enhanced when stress is present. Lifestyles today are becoming increasingly stressed and the present findings suggest that the parasite which has been reported to be one of the most common organisms seen in stool surveys, namely in developing countries, may tend to be more pathogenic in stressful situations.
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Experimental infections of wild birds with West Nile virus. Viruses 2014; 6:752-81. [PMID: 24531334 PMCID: PMC3939481 DOI: 10.3390/v6020752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian models of West Nile virus (WNV) disease have become pivotal in the study of infection pathogenesis and transmission, despite the intrinsic constraints that represents this type of experimental research that needs to be conducted in biosecurity level 3 (BSL3) facilities. This review summarizes the main achievements of WNV experimental research carried out in wild birds, highlighting advantages and limitations of this model. Viral and host factors that determine the infection outcome are analyzed in detail, as well as recent discoveries about avian immunity, viral transmission, and persistence achieved through experimental research. Studies of laboratory infections in the natural host will help to understand variations in susceptibility and reservoir competence among bird species, as well as in the epidemiological patterns found in different affected areas.
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Ersche KD, Hagan CC, Smith DG, Abbott S, Jones PS, Apergis-Schoute AM, Döffinger R. Aberrant disgust responses and immune reactivity in cocaine-dependent men. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:140-7. [PMID: 24090796 PMCID: PMC3898808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are the most common and cost-intensive health complications associated with drug addiction. There is wide belief that drug-dependent individuals expose themselves more regularly to disease-related pathogens through risky behaviors such as sharing pipes and needles, thereby increasing their risk for contracting an infectious disease. However, evidence is emerging indicating that not only lifestyle but also the immunomodulatory effects of addictive drugs, such as cocaine, may account for their high infection risk. As feelings of disgust are thought to be an important psychological mechanism in avoiding the exposure to pathogens, we sought to investigate behavioral, physiological, and immune responses to disgust-evoking cues in both cocaine-dependent and healthy men. METHODS All participants (N = 61) were exposed to neutral and disgust-evoking photographs depicting food and nonfood images while response accuracy, latency, and skin conductivity were recorded. Saliva samples were collected before and after exposure to neutral and disgusting images, respectively. Attitudes toward disgust and hygiene behaviors were assessed using questionnaire measures. RESULTS Response times to disgust-evoking photographs were prolonged in all participants, and specifically in cocaine-dependent individuals. While viewing the disgusting images, cocaine-dependent individuals exhibited aberrant skin conductivity and increased the secretion of the salivary cytokine interleukin-6 relative to control participants. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence of a hypersensitivity to disgusting stimuli in cocaine-dependent individuals, possibly reflecting conditioned responses to noningestive sources of infection. Coupled with a lack of interoception of bodily signals, aberrant disgust responses might lead to increased infection susceptibility in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to Karen Ersche, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy C. Hagan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dana G. Smith
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Abbott
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. Simon Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke M. Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Döffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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