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Sun S, Zhao B, Li J, Zhang X, Yao S, Bao Z, Cai J, Yang J, Chen Y, Wu X. Regulation of Hair Follicle Growth and Development by Different Alternative Spliceosomes of FGF5 in Rabbits. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:409. [PMID: 38674344 PMCID: PMC11049220 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the regulatory effect of alternative spliceosomes of the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) gene on hair follicle (HF) growth and development in rabbits. The FGF5 alternative spliceosomes (called FGF5-X1, FGF5-X2, FGF5-X3) were cloned. The overexpression vector and siRNA of spliceosomes were transfected into dermal papilla cells (DPCs) to analyze the regulatory effect on DPCs. The results revealed that FGF5-X2 and FGF5-X3 overexpression significantly decreased LEF1 mRNA expression (p < 0.01). FGF5-X1 overexpression significantly reduced CCND1 expression (p < 0.01). FGF5-X1 and FGF5-X2 possibly downregulated the expression level of FGF2 mRNA (p < 0.05), and FGF5-X3 significantly downregulated the expression level of FGF2 mRNA (p < 0.01). The FGF5 alternative spliceosomes significantly downregulated the BCL2 mRNA expression level in both cases (p < 0.01). FGF5-X1 and FGF5-X2 significantly increased TGFβ mRNA expression (p < 0.01). All three FGF5 alternative spliceosomes inhibited DPC proliferation. In conclusion, the expression profile of HF growth and development-related genes can be regulated by FGF5 alternative spliceosomes, inhibiting the proliferation of DPCs and has an influence on the regulation of HF growth in rabbits. This study provides insights to further investigate the mechanism of HF development in rabbits via FGF5 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoning Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bohao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shuyu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhiyuan Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jiawei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.S.); (B.Z.); (J.L.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (Z.B.); (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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2
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6) and their activating partners, D-type cyclins, link the extracellular environment with the core cell cycle machinery. Constitutive activation of cyclin D–CDK4/6 represents the driving force of tumorigenesis in several cancer types. Small-molecule inhibitors of CDK4/6 have been used with great success in the treatment of hormone receptor–positive breast cancers and are in clinical trials for many other tumor types. Unexpectedly, recent work indicates that inhibition of CDK4/6 affects a wide range of cellular functions such as tumor cell metabolism and antitumor immunity. We discuss how recent advances in understanding CDK4/6 biology are opening new avenues for the future use of cyclin D–CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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3
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Adams EJ, Khoriaty R, Kiseleva A, Cleuren ACA, Tomberg K, van der Ent MA, Gergics P, Tang VT, Zhu G, Hoenerhoff MJ, O'Shea KS, Saunders TL, Ginsburg D. Murine SEC24D can substitute functionally for SEC24C during embryonic development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21100. [PMID: 34702932 PMCID: PMC8548507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The COPII component SEC24 mediates the recruitment of transmembrane cargos or cargo adaptors into newly forming COPII vesicles on the ER membrane. Mammalian genomes encode four Sec24 paralogs (Sec24a-d), with two subfamilies based on sequence homology (SEC24A/B and C/D), though little is known about their comparative functions and cargo-specificities. Complete deficiency for Sec24d results in very early embryonic lethality in mice (before the 8 cell stage), with later embryonic lethality (E7.5) observed in Sec24c null mice. To test the potential overlap in function between SEC24C/D, we employed dual recombinase mediated cassette exchange to generate a Sec24cc-d allele, in which the C-terminal 90% of SEC24C has been replaced by SEC24D coding sequence. In contrast to the embryonic lethality at E7.5 of SEC24C-deficiency, Sec24cc-d/c-d pups survive to term, though dying shortly after birth. Sec24cc-d/c-d pups are smaller in size, but exhibit no other obvious developmental abnormality by pathologic evaluation. These results suggest that tissue-specific and/or stage-specific expression of the Sec24c/d genes rather than differences in cargo export function explain the early embryonic requirements for SEC24C and SEC24D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Adams
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Univeristy of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Anna Kiseleva
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Audrey C A Cleuren
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kärt Tomberg
- Departement of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Peter Gergics
- Departement of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vi T Tang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David Ginsburg
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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4
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Lee SH, Rodriguez LR, Majumdar R, De Marval PLM, Rodriguez-Puebla ML. CDK4 has the ability to regulate Aurora B and Cenpp expression in mouse keratinocytes. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:732. [PMID: 34429772 PMCID: PMC8371965 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is a critical molecule that regulates key aspects of cell proliferation through phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins. In the last few years, it has been suggested that CDK4 plays alternative roles in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The main aim of the present study was to define a novel CDK4 function as a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in chromosome segregation, contributing to the G2/M phase transition. Herein, chromatin-immunoprecipitation reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays were performed to demonstrate that CDK4 could occupy the promoter region of genes associated with chromosomal segregation, such as Aurora-B (Aurkb) and Centromere Protein P (CENP-P). Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that CDK4 participated in the transcriptional regulation of Aurkb and CENP-P. The finding that Aurkb may have a crucial role in chromosome bi-orientation and the spindle assembly checkpoint, and that CENP-P could be required for proper kinetochore function suggests that dysregulation of CDK4 expression induces chromosomal instability and, in some cases, cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Human Health and The Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Liliana R.L. Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, General Acute Hospital, Parmenio Piñeiro, Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
| | - Rima Majumdar
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Human Health and The Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | | | - Marcelo L. Rodriguez-Puebla
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Human Health and The Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Chu C, Geng Y, Zhou Y, Sicinski P. Cyclin E in normal physiology and disease states. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:732-746. [PMID: 34052101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
E-type cyclins, collectively called cyclin E, represent key components of the core cell cycle machinery. In mammalian cells, two E-type cyclins, E1 and E2, activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and drive cell cycle progression by phosphorylating several cellular proteins. Abnormally elevated activity of cyclin E-CDK2 has been documented in many human tumor types. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression mediates resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents. Recent work has revealed that the role of cyclin E extends well beyond cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and it may regulate a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss these various cyclin E functions and the potential for therapeutic targeting of cyclin E and cyclin E-CDK2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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6
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Clark JF, Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. A most formidable arsenal: genetic technologies for building a better mouse. Genes Dev 2021; 34:1256-1286. [PMID: 33004485 PMCID: PMC7528699 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342089.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Clark et al. summarize the history of mice in genetic studies and the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how they have been used and improved in recent years. They also discuss the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. The mouse is one of the most widely used model organisms for genetic study. The tools available to alter the mouse genome have developed over the preceding decades from forward screens to gene targeting in stem cells to the recent influx of CRISPR approaches. In this review, we first consider the history of mice in genetic study, the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how such approaches have been used and improved in recent years. We then turn to the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. Finally, we survey common classes of alleles used in mice and discuss how they might be engineered using different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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7
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Constitutive androstane receptor induced-hepatomegaly and liver regeneration is partially via yes-associated protein activation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:727-737. [PMID: 33777678 PMCID: PMC7982502 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR3I1) belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily. It was reported that CAR agonist TCPOBOP induces hepatomegaly but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a potent regulator of organ size. The aim of this study is to explore the role of YAP in CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. TCPOBOP-induced CAR activation on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration was evaluated in wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific YAP-deficient mice, and partial hepatectomy (PHx) mice. The results demonstrate that TCPOBOP can increase the liver-to-body weight ratio in wild-type mice and PHx mice. Hepatocytes enlargement around central vein (CV) area was observed, meanwhile hepatocytes proliferation was promoted as evidenced by the increased number of KI67+ cells around portal vein (PV) area. The protein levels of YAP and its downstream targets were upregulated in TCPOBOP-treated mice and YAP translocation can be induced by CAR activation. Co-immunoprecipitation results suggested a potential protein–protein interaction of CAR and YAP. However, CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly can still be observed in liver-specific YAP-deficient (Yap–/–) mice. In summary, CAR activation promotes hepatomegaly and liver regeneration partially by inducing YAP translocation and interaction with YAP signaling pathway, which provides new insights to further understand the physiological functions of CAR.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANKRD1, ankyrin repeat domain 1
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CCNE1, cyclin E1
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTNNB1, β-catenin
- CV, central vein
- CYR61, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Constitutive androstane receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FOXM1, forkhead box M1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- H&E, haematoxylin and eosin
- Hepatomegaly
- Liver enlargement
- Liver regeneration
- Nuclear receptors
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha
- PV, portal vein
- Partial hepatectomy
- Protein–protein interaction
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene
- TEAD, TEA domain family member
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- Yes-associated protein
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An P, Xing J, Peng A, Zhao X, Chang W, Liang N, Cao Y, Li J, Li J, Hou R, Li X, Zhang K. The regulation of dermal mesenchymal stem cells on keratinocytes apoptosis. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:57-65. [PMID: 32990869 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dermal mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) are progenitor cells with the capacity of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulation, which were reported to induce the proliferation of keratinocytes, however the regulation on keratinocytes apoptosis was unknown. In this study, we isolated DMSCs from normal skin and co-cultured with keratinocytes, and then detected apoptosis of keratinocytes by flow cytometry and expression of apoptosis associated proteins by western blot. The mRNA expression profile of normal DMSCs was investigated by RNA sequencing. The results of our study presented that the DMSCs promoted HaCaT cells apoptosis both in early apoptotic state (13.8 vs. 2.9, p < 0.05) and late apoptotic state (4.2 vs. 0.7, p < 0.05). The expression of apoptosis associated proteins caspase-3 (3.51 vs. 1.99, p < 0.05) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (3.10 vs. 0.83, p < 0.05) were upregulated. However, the cell cycle protein cyclin E1 was similar (9.38 vs. 9.05, p > 0.05). Moreover, 33 genes with the function of induced cell apoptosis were highly expressed in DMSCs, including insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (2828.13), IGFBP7 (1805.69), cathepsin D (1694.34), cathepsin B (CTSB, 1641.40) and dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1, 384.79). This study suggested DMSCs induce the apoptosis of keratinocytes through non-G1/S phase blockade via highly expression of apoptosis inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng An
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianxiao Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Aihong Peng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Xincheng Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Chang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Nannan Liang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Juan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cells for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 East Third Lane, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China.
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9
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Zhou Y, Geng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Chu C, Sharma S, Fassl A, Butter D, Sicinski P. The requirement for cyclin E in c-Myc overexpressing breast cancers. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2589-2599. [PMID: 32975478 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1804720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like triple-negative breast cancers frequently express high levels of c-Myc. This oncoprotein signals to the core cell cycle machinery by impinging on cyclin E. High levels of E-type cyclins (E1 and E2) are often seen in human triple-negative breast tumors. In the current study, we examined the requirement for E-type cyclins in the c-Myc-driven mouse model of breast cancer (MMTV-c-Myc mice). To do so, we crossed cyclin E1- (E1-/-) and E2- (E2-/-) deficient mice with MMTV-c-Myc animals, and observed the resulting cyclin E1-/-/MMTV-c-Myc and cyclin E2-/-/MMTV-c-Myc females for breast cancer incidence. We found that mice lacking cyclins E1 or E2 developed breast cancers like their cyclin Ewild-type counterparts. In contrast, further reduction of the dosage of E-cyclins in cyclin E1-/-E2+/-/MMTV-c-Myc and cyclin E1+/-E2-/-/MMTV-c-Myc animals significantly decreased the incidence of mammary carcinomas, revealing arole for E-cyclins in tumor initiation. We also observed that depletion of E-cyclins in human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines halted cell cycle progression, indicating that E-cyclins are essential for tumor cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that the catalytic partner of E-cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), is dispensable for the proliferation of these cells. These results indicate that E-cyclins, but not CDK2, play essential and rate-limiting roles in driving the proliferation of c-Myc overexpressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samanta Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Rueda EM, Hall BM, Hill MC, Swinton PG, Tong X, Martin JF, Poché RA. The Hippo Pathway Blocks Mammalian Retinal Müller Glial Cell Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1637-1649.e6. [PMID: 31067451 PMCID: PMC6521882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to retinal damage, the Müller glial cells (MGs) of the zebrafish retina have the ability to undergo a cellular reprogramming event in which they enter the cell cycle and divide asymmetrically, thereby producing multipotent retinal progenitors capable of regenerating lost retinal neurons. However, mammalian MGs do not exhibit such a proliferative and regenerative ability. Here, we identify Hippo pathway-mediated repression of the transcription cofactor YAP as a core regulatory mechanism that normally blocks mammalian MG proliferation and cellular reprogramming. MG-specific deletion of Hippo pathway components Lats1 and Lats2, as well as transgenic expression of a Hippo non-responsive form of YAP (YAP5SA), resulted in dramatic Cyclin D1 upregulation, loss of adult MG identity, and attainment of a highly proliferative, progenitor-like cellular state. Our results reveal that mammalian MGs may have latent regenerative capacity that can be stimulated by repressing Hippo signaling. Rueda et al. identify the Hippo pathway as an endogenous molecular mechanism normally preventing mammalian Müller glial reprogramming to a proliferative, progenitor-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda M Rueda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul G Swinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovasular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Álvarez-Fernández M, Malumbres M. Mechanisms of Sensitivity and Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:514-529. [PMID: 32289274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting the cell-cycle kinases CDK4 and CDK6 results in significant therapeutic effect in patients with advanced hormone-positive breast cancer. The efficacy of this strategy is, however, limited by innate or acquired resistance mechanisms and its application to other tumor types is still uncertain. Here, through an integrative analysis of sensitivity and resistance mechanisms, we discuss the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with available targeted therapies, immunotherapy, or classical chemotherapy with the aim of improving future therapeutic uses of CDK4/6 inhibition in a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Álvarez-Fernández
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Michowski W, Chick JM, Chu C, Kolodziejczyk A, Wang Y, Suski JM, Abraham B, Anders L, Day D, Dunkl LM, Li Cheong Man M, Zhang T, Laphanuwat P, Bacon NA, Liu L, Fassl A, Sharma S, Otto T, Jecrois E, Han R, Sweeney KE, Marro S, Wernig M, Geng Y, Moses A, Li C, Gygi SP, Young RA, Sicinski P. Cdk1 Controls Global Epigenetic Landscape in Embryonic Stem Cells. Mol Cell 2020; 78:459-476.e13. [PMID: 32240602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) drives cell division. To uncover additional functions of Cdk1, we generated knockin mice expressing an analog-sensitive version of Cdk1 in place of wild-type Cdk1. In our study, we focused on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), because this cell type displays particularly high Cdk1 activity. We found that in ESCs, a large fraction of Cdk1 substrates is localized on chromatin. Cdk1 phosphorylates many proteins involved in epigenetic regulation, including writers and erasers of all major histone marks. Consistent with these findings, inhibition of Cdk1 altered histone-modification status of ESCs. High levels of Cdk1 in ESCs phosphorylate and partially inactivate Dot1l, the H3K79 methyltransferase responsible for placing activating marks on gene bodies. Decrease of Cdk1 activity during ESC differentiation de-represses Dot1l, thereby allowing coordinated expression of differentiation genes. These analyses indicate that Cdk1 functions to maintain the epigenetic identity of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yichen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jan M Suski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lars Anders
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Day
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lukas M Dunkl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mitchell Li Cheong Man
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phatthamon Laphanuwat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nickolas A Bacon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samanta Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emanuelle Jecrois
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katharine E Sweeney
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuele Marro
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Moses
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Center for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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The cell cycle in stem cell proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1060-1067. [PMID: 31481793 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and other components of the core cell cycle machinery drive cell division. Growing evidence indicates that this machinery operates in a distinct fashion in some mammalian stem cell types, such as pluripotent embryonic stem cells. In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge of how cell cycle proteins mechanistically link cell proliferation, pluripotency and cell fate specification. We focus on embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells.
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14
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Zhang C, Stockwell SR, Elbanna M, Ketteler R, Freeman J, Al-Lazikani B, Eccles S, De Haven Brandon A, Raynaud F, Hayes A, Clarke PA, Workman P, Mittnacht S. Signalling involving MET and FAK supports cell division independent of the activity of the cell cycle-regulating CDK4/6 kinases. Oncogene 2019; 38:5905-5920. [PMID: 31296956 PMCID: PMC6756076 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is highly prevalent in cancer; yet, inhibitors against these kinases are currently used only in restricted tumour contexts. The extent to which cancers depend on CDK4/6 and the mechanisms that may undermine such dependency are poorly understood. Here, we report that signalling engaging the MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) axis leads to CDK4/6-independent CDK2 activation, involving as critical mechanistic events loss of the CDKI p21CIP1 and gain of its regulator, the ubiquitin ligase subunit SKP2. Combined inhibition of MET/FAK and CDK4/6 eliminates the proliferation capacity of cancer cells in culture, and enhances tumour growth inhibition in vivo. Activation of the MET/FAK axis is known to arise through cancer extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Our work predicts that such cues support cell division independent of the activity of the cell cycle-regulating CDK4/6 kinases and identifies MET/FAK as a tractable route to broaden the utility of CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Simon R Stockwell
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - May Elbanna
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jamie Freeman
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Suzanne Eccles
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Alexis De Haven Brandon
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Sibylle Mittnacht
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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15
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Masnadi-Shirazi M, Maurya MR, Pao G, Ke E, Verma IM, Subramaniam S. Time varying causal network reconstruction of a mouse cell cycle. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:294. [PMID: 31142274 PMCID: PMC6542064 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biochemical networks are often described through static or time-averaged measurements of the component macromolecules. Temporal variation in these components plays an important role in both describing the dynamical nature of the network as well as providing insights into causal mechanisms. Few methods exist, specifically for systems with many variables, for analyzing time series data to identify distinct temporal regimes and the corresponding time-varying causal networks and mechanisms. Results In this study, we use well-constructed temporal transcriptional measurements in a mammalian cell during a cell cycle, to identify dynamical networks and mechanisms describing the cell cycle. The methods we have used and developed in part deal with Granger causality, Vector Autoregression, Estimation Stability with Cross Validation and a nonparametric change point detection algorithm that enable estimating temporally evolving directed networks that provide a comprehensive picture of the crosstalk among different molecular components. We applied our approach to RNA-seq time-course data spanning nearly two cell cycles from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) primary cells. The change-point detection algorithm is able to extract precise information on the duration and timing of cell cycle phases. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Estimation Stability with Cross Validation (ES-CV), we were able to, without any prior biological knowledge, extract information on the phase-specific causal interaction of cell cycle genes, as well as temporal interdependencies of biological mechanisms through a complete cell cycle. Conclusions The temporal dependence of cellular components we provide in our model goes beyond what is known in the literature. Furthermore, our inference of dynamic interplay of multiple intracellular mechanisms and their temporal dependence on one another can be used to predict time-varying cellular responses, and provide insight on the design of precise experiments for modulating the regulation of the cell cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Masnadi-Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mano R Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering and San Diego Supercomputer center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gerald Pao
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Inder M Verma
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and the Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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16
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Li CW, Chen BS. Investigating HIV-Human Interaction Networks to Unravel Pathogenic Mechanism for Drug Discovery: A Systems Biology Approach. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:77-95. [PMID: 29468972 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180219155324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two big issues in the study of pathogens are determining how pathogens infect hosts and how the host defends itself against infection. Therefore, investigating host-pathogen interactions is important for understanding pathogenicity and host defensive mechanisms and treating infections. METHODS In this study, we used omics data, including time-course data from high-throughput sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and human microRNA (miRNA) and protein-protein interaction to construct an interspecies protein-protein and miRNA interaction (PPMI) network of human CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection through system modeling and identification. RESULTS By applying a functional annotation tool to the identified PPMI network at each stage of HIV infection, we found that repressions of three miRNAs, miR-140-5p, miR-320a, and miR-941, are involved in the development of autoimmune disorders, tumor proliferation, and the pathogenesis of T cells at the reverse transcription stage. Repressions of miR-331-3p and miR-320a are involved in HIV-1 replication, replicative spread, anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation, and dysregulation of cell cycle control at the integration/replication stage. Repression of miR-341-5p is involved in carcinogenesis at the late stage of HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSION By investigating the common core proteins and changes in specific proteins in the PPMI network between the stages of HIV-1 infection, we obtained pathogenic insights into the functional core modules and identified potential drug combinations for treating patients with HIV-1 infection, including thalidomide, oxaprozin, and metformin, at the reverse transcription stage; quercetin, nifedipine, and fenbendazole, at the integration/replication stage; and staurosporine, quercetin, prednisolone, and flufenamic acid, at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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17
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Liu T, Hu Y, Guo S, Tan L, Zhan Y, Yang L, Liu W, Wang N, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Adelstein RS, Wang A. Identification and characterization of MYH9 locus for high efficient gene knock-in and stable expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192641. [PMID: 29438440 PMCID: PMC5811019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted integration of exogenous genes into so-called safe harbors/friend sites, offers the advantages of expressing normal levels of target genes and preventing potentially adverse effects on endogenous genes. However, the ideal genomic loci for this purpose remain limited. Additionally, due to the inherent and unresolved issues with the current genome editing tools, traditional embryonic stem (ES) cell-based targeted transgenesis technology is still preferred in practical applications. Here, we report that a high and repeatable homologous recombination (HR) frequency (>95%) is achieved when an approximate 6kb DNA sequence flanking the MYH9 gene exon 2 site is used to create the homology arms for the knockout/knock-in of diverse nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) isoforms in mouse ES cells. The easily obtained ES clones greatly facilitated the generation of multiple NM II genetic replacement mouse models, as characterized previously. Further investigation demonstrated that though the targeted integration site for exogenous genes is shifted to MYH9 intron 2 (about 500bp downstream exon 2), the high HR efficiency and the endogenous MYH9 gene integrity are not only preserved, but the expected expression of the inserted gene(s) is observed in a pre-designed set of experiments conducted in mouse ES cells. Importantly, we confirmed that the expression and normal function of the endogenous MYH9 gene is not affected by the insertion of the exogenous gene in these cases. Therefore, these findings suggest that like the commonly used ROSA26 site, the MYH9 gene locus may be considered a new safe harbor for high-efficiency targeted transgenesis and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbin Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/ NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Functional Proteomics (LFP), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, HUNAU, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Robert S. Adelstein
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Models and Functional Genomics (LAMFG), The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Lab of Molecular Cardiology (LMC), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
E-type cyclins (cyclins E1 and E2) are components of the core cell cycle machinery and are overexpressed in many human tumor types. E cyclins are thought to drive tumor cell proliferation by activating the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). The cyclin E1 gene represents the site of recurrent integration of the hepatitis B virus in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and this event is associated with strong up-regulation of cyclin E1 expression. Regardless of the underlying mechanism of tumorigenesis, the majority of liver cancers overexpress E-type cyclins. Here we used conditional cyclin E knockout mice and a liver cancer model to test the requirement for the function of E cyclins in liver tumorigenesis. We show that a ubiquitous, global shutdown of E cyclins did not visibly affect postnatal development or physiology of adult mice. However, an acute ablation of E cyclins halted liver cancer progression. We demonstrated that also human liver cancer cells critically depend on E cyclins for proliferation. In contrast, we found that the function of the cyclin E catalytic partner, CDK2, is dispensable in liver cancer cells. We observed that E cyclins drive proliferation of tumor cells in a CDK2- and kinase-independent mechanism. Our study suggests that compounds which degrade or inhibit cyclin E might represent a highly selective therapeutic strategy for patients with liver cancer, as these compounds would selectively cripple proliferation of tumor cells, while sparing normal tissues.
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19
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Barr JY, Goodfellow RX, Colgan DF, Colgan JD. Early B Cell Progenitors Deficient for GON4L Fail To Differentiate Due to a Block in Mitotic Cell Division. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3978-3988. [PMID: 28381640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell development in Justy mutant mice is blocked due to a precursor mRNA splicing defect that depletes the protein GON4-like (GON4L) in B cell progenitors. Genetic and biochemical studies have suggested that GON4L is a transcriptional regulator that coordinates cell division with differentiation, but its role in B cell development is unknown. To understand the function of GON4L, we characterized B cell differentiation, cell cycle control, and mitotic gene expression in GON4L-deficient B cell progenitors from Justy mice. We found that these cells established key aspects of the transcription factor network that guides B cell development and proliferation and rearranged the IgH gene locus. However, despite intact IL-7 signaling, GON4L-deficient pro-B cell stage precursors failed to undergo a characteristic IL-7-dependent proliferative burst. These cells also failed to upregulate genes required for mitotic division, including those encoding the G1/S cyclin D3 and E2F transcription factors and their targets. Additionally, GON4L-deficient B cell progenitors displayed defects in DNA synthesis and passage through the G1/S transition, contained fragmented DNA, and underwent apoptosis. These phenotypes were not suppressed by transgenic expression of prosurvival factors. However, transgenic expression of cyclin D3 or other regulators of the G1/S transition restored pro-B cell development from Justy progenitor cells, suggesting that GON4L acts at the beginning of the cell cycle. Together, our findings indicate that GON4L is essential for cell cycle progression and division during the early stages of B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Barr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Renee X Goodfellow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Diana F Colgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - John D Colgan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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20
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Odajima J, Saini S, Jung P, Ndassa-Colday Y, Ficaro S, Geng Y, Marco E, Michowski W, Wang YE, DeCaprio JA, Litovchick L, Marto J, Sicinski P. Proteomic Landscape of Tissue-Specific Cyclin E Functions in Vivo. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006429. [PMID: 27828963 PMCID: PMC5102403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E-type cyclins (cyclins E1 and E2) are components of the cell cycle machinery that has been conserved from yeast to humans. The major function of E-type cyclins is to drive cell division. It is unknown whether in addition to their 'core' cell cycle functions, E-type cyclins also perform unique tissue-specific roles. Here, we applied high-throughput mass spectrometric analyses of mouse organs to define the repertoire of cyclin E protein partners in vivo. We found that cyclin E interacts with distinct sets of proteins in different compartments. These cyclin E interactors are highly enriched for phosphorylation targets of cyclin E and its catalytic partner, the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2). Among cyclin E interactors we identified several novel tissue-specific substrates of cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase. In proliferating compartments, cyclin E-Cdk2 phosphorylates Lin proteins within the DREAM complex. In the testes, cyclin E-Cdk2 phosphorylates Mybl1 and Dmrtc2, two meiotic transcription factors that represent key regulators of spermatogenesis. In embryonic and adult brains cyclin E interacts with proteins involved in neurogenesis, while in adult brains also with proteins regulating microtubule-based processes and microtubule cytoskeleton. We also used quantitative proteomics to demonstrate re-wiring of the cyclin E interactome upon ablation of Cdk2. This approach can be used to study how protein interactome changes during development or in any pathological state such as aging or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Odajima
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Saini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Piotr Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yasmine Ndassa-Colday
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott Ficaro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eugenio Marco
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yaoyu E. Wang
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Department of Internal Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jarrod Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Gradziel CS, Jordan PA, Jewel D, Dufort FJ, Miller SJ, Chiles TC, Roberts MF. d-3-Deoxy-dioctanoylphosphatidylinositol induces cytotoxicity in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells via a mechanism that involves downregulation of the D-type cyclin-retinoblastoma pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1861:1808-1815. [PMID: 27600289 PMCID: PMC5115159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol analogs (PIAs) were originally designed to bind competitively to the Akt PH domain and prevent membrane translocation and activation. d-3-Deoxy-dioctanoylphosphatidylinositol (d-3-deoxy-diC8PI), but not compounds with altered inositol stereochemistry (e.g., l-3-deoxy-diC8PI and l-3,5-dideoxy-diC8PI), is cytotoxic. However, high resolution NMR field cycling relaxometry shows that both cytotoxic and non-toxic PIAs bind to the Akt1 PH domain at the site occupied by the cytotoxic alkylphospholipid perifosine. This suggests that another mechanism for cytotoxicity must account for the difference in efficacy of the synthetic short-chain PIAs. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with little constitutively active Akt, d-3-deoxy-diC8PI (but not l-compounds) decreases viability concomitant with increased cleavage of PARP and caspase 9, indicative of apoptosis. d-3-Deoxy-diC8PI also induces a decrease in endogenous levels of cyclins D1 and D3 and blocks downstream retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. siRNA-mediated depletion of cyclin D1, but not cyclin D3, reduces MCF-7 cell proliferation. Thus, growth arrest and cytotoxicity induced by the soluble d-3-deoxy-diC8PI occur by a mechanism that involves downregulation of the D-type cyclin-pRb pathway independent of its interaction with Akt. This ability to downregulate D-type cyclins contributes, at least in part, to the anti-proliferative activity of d-3-deoxy-diC8PI and may be a common feature of other cytotoxic phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Gradziel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Peter A Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Delilah Jewel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Fay J Dufort
- Department of Biology, Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Thomas C Chiles
- Department of Biology, Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Mary F Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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22
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Miles A, Tropepe V. Coordinating progenitor cell cycle exit and differentiation in the developing vertebrate retina. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1161697. [PMID: 27604453 PMCID: PMC4974023 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1161697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proper development of the vertebrate retina relies heavily on producing the correct number and type of differentiated retinal cell types. To achieve this, proliferating retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) must exit the cell cycle at an appropriate time and correctly express a subset of differentiation markers that help specify retinal cell fate. Homeobox genes, which encode a family of transcription factors, have been accredited to both these processes, implicated in the transcriptional regulation of important cell cycle components, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, and proneural genes. This dual regulation of homeobox genes allows these factors to help co-ordinate the transition from the proliferating RPC to postmitotic, differentiated cell. However, understanding the exact molecular targets of these factors remains a challenging task. This commentary highlights the current knowledge we have about how these factors regulate cell cycle progression and differentiation, with particular emphasis on a recent discovery from our lab demonstrating an antagonistic relationship between Vsx2 and Dmbx1 to control RPC proliferation. Future studies should aim to further understand the direct transcriptional targets of these genes, additional co-factors/interacting proteins and the possible recruitment of epigenetic machinery by these homeobox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Miles
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Differences in gene expression and alterations in cell cycle of acute myeloid leukemia cell lines after treatment with JAK inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Liu WN, Leung KN. Jacaric acid inhibits the growth of murine macrophage-like leukemia PU5-1.8 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 26421001 PMCID: PMC4587716 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conjugated linolenic acids (CLN) refer to the positional and geometric isomers of octadecatrienoic acids with three conjugated double bonds (C18:3). Previous researches have demonstrated that CLN can inhibit the growth of a wide variety of cancer cells, whereas the modulatory effect of CLN on various myeloid leukemia cells remains unclear. This study aims at demonstrating the in vitro anti-tumor effect and action mechanisms of jacaric acid, a CLN isomer which is present in jacaranda seed oil, on the murine macrophage-like leukemia PU5-1.8 cells. Methods and results It was found that jacaric acid inhibited the proliferation of PU5-1.8 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, as determined by the MTT reduction assay and by using CyQUANT® NF Cell Proliferation Assay Kit, while it exerted minimal cytotoxicity on normal murine cells. Besides, the reactive oxygen species production in jacaric acid-treated PU5-1.8 cells was elevated in a concentration-dependent mannar. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, accompanied by a decrease in CDK2 and cyclin E proteins. Jacaric acid also triggered apoptosis as reflected by induction of DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. Conclusions Our results demonstrated the growth-inhibitory effect of jacaric acid on PU5-1.8 cells through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity to normal murine cells. Therefore, jacaric acid is a potential candidate for the treatment of some forms of myeloid leukemia with minimal toxicity and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Nam Liu
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | - Kwok Nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
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25
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Gergics P, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Lhx4 deficiency: increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression and pituitary hypoplasia. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:597-612. [PMID: 25668206 PMCID: PMC4399274 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the Lhx4, Lhx3, and Pitx2 genes can cause combined pituitary hormone deficiency and pituitary hypoplasia in both humans and mice. Not much is known about the mechanism underlying hypoplasia in these mutants beyond generally increased cell death and poorly maintained proliferation. We identified both common and unique abnormalities in developmental regulation of key cell cycle regulator gene expression in each of these three mutants. All three mutants exhibit reduced expression of the proliferative marker Ki67 and the transitional marker p57. We discovered that expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a or p21) is expanded dorsally in the pituitary primordium of both Lhx3 and Lhx4 mutants. Uniquely, Lhx4 mutants exhibit reduced cyclin D1 expression and have auxiliary pouch-like structures. We show evidence for indirect and direct effects of LHX4 on p21 expression in αT3-1 pituitary cells. In summary, Lhx4 is necessary for efficient pituitary progenitor cell proliferation and restriction of p21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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26
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Zhu J, Chen M, Chen N, Ma A, Zhu C, Zhao R, Jiang M, Zhou J, Ye L, Fu H, Zhang X. Glycyrrhetinic acid induces G1‑phase cell cycle arrest in human non‑small cell lung cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:981-8. [PMID: 25573651 PMCID: PMC4324580 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a natural compound extracted from liquorice, which is often used in traditional Chinese medicine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antitumor effect of GA in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and its underlying mechanisms in vitro. We have shown that GA suppressed the proliferation of A549 and NCI-H460 cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that GA arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase without inducing apoptosis. Western blot analysis indicated that GA mediated G1-phase cell cycle arrest by upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) (p18, p16, p27 and p21) and inhibition of cyclins (cyclin-D1, -D3 and -E) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) (CDK4, 6 and 2). GA also maintained pRb phosphorylation status, and inhibited E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F-1) in both cell lines. GA upregulated the unfolded proteins, Bip, PERK and ERP72. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggered the unfolded protein response (UPR), which could be the mechanism by which GA inhibited cell proliferation in NSCLC cells. GA then coordinated the induction of ER chaperones, which decreased protein synthesis and induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This study provides experimental evidence to support the development of GA as a chemotherapeutic agent for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Ma
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ruolin Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Ye
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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27
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Liu WN, Leung KN. Apoptosis- and differentiation-inducing activities of jacaric acid, a conjugated linolenic acid isomer, on human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1881-8. [PMID: 25174702 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) are a group of naturally occurring positional and geometrical isomers of the C18 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid, linolenic acid (LNA), with three conjugated double bonds (C18:3). Although previous research has demonstrated the growth-inhibitory effects of CLNA on a wide variety of cancer cell lines in vitro, their action mechanisms and therapeutic potential on human myeloid leukemia cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that jacaric acid (8Z,10E,12Z-octadecatrienoic acid), a CLNA isomer which is present in jacaranda seed oil, inhibited the in vitro growth of human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that jacaric acid triggered cell cycle arrest of EoL-1 cells at the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis of the EoL-1 cells, as measured by the Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit, Annexin V assay and JC-1 dye staining. Notably, the jacaric acid-treated EoL-1 cells also underwent differentiation as revealed by morphological and phenotypic analysis. Collectively, our results demonstrated the capability of jacaric acid to inhibit the growth of EoL-1 cells in vitro through triggering cell cycle arrest and by inducing apoptosis and differentiation of the leukemia cells. Therefore, jacaric acid might be developed as a potential candidate for the treatment of certain forms of myeloid leukemia with minimal toxicity and few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Nam Liu
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kwok-Nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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28
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Wimuttisuk W, West M, Davidge B, Yu K, Salomon A, Singer JD. Novel Cul3 binding proteins function to remodel E3 ligase complexes. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:28. [PMID: 25011449 PMCID: PMC4107866 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cullins belong to a family of scaffold proteins that assemble multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase complexes to recruit protein substrates for ubiquitination via unique sets of substrate adaptor, such as Skp1 or Elongin B, and a substrate-binding protein with a conserved protein-protein interacting domain, such as leucine-rich repeats (LRR), a WD40 domain, or a zinc-finger domain. In the case of the Cullin3 (Cul3), it forms a BTB-Cul3-Rbx1 (BCR) ubiquitin ligase complex where it is believed that a BTB domain-containing protein performs dual functions where it serves as both the substrate adaptor and the substrate recognition protein. Results Tandem affinity purification and LC/MS-MS analysis of the BCR complex led to the identification of 10,225 peptides. After the SEQUEST algorithm and CDART program were used for protein identification and domain prediction, we discovered a group of Cul3-bound proteins that contain either the LRR or WD40 domain (CLWs). Further biochemical analysis revealed that the LRR domain-containing CLWs could bind both Cul3 and BTB domain-containing proteins. The dual binding role for the LRR domain-containing CLWs results in causing the BTB-domain protein to become a substrate instead of an adaptor. To further distinguish potential substrates from other components that are part of the BCR ubiquitin ligase complex, we altered the parameters in the SEQUEST algorithm to select for peptide fragments with a modified lysine residue. This method not only identifies the potential substrates of the BCR ubiquitin ligase complex, but it also pinpoints the lysine residue in which the post-translational modification occurs. Interestingly, none of the CLWs were identified by this method, supporting our hypothesis that CLWs were not potential substrates but rather additional components of the BCR ubiquitin ligase complex. Conclusion Our study identified a new set of Cul3-binding proteins known as CLWs via tandem affinity purification and LC/MS-MS analysis. Subsequently, our biochemical analysis revealed that some CLWs modify binding of BTB domain-containing proteins to the complex, causing degradation of the BTB domain-containing protein. As these CLWs were excluded from our list of substrates, we propose that CLWs serve as unique Cul3 binding proteins that provide an alternative regulatory mechanism for the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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29
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Lee JM, Jung HJ, Fong LG, Young SG. Do lamin B1 and lamin B2 have redundant functions? Nucleus 2014; 5:287-92. [PMID: 25482116 PMCID: PMC4152341 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.29615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamins B1 and B2 have a high degree of sequence similarity and are widely expressed from the earliest stages of development. Studies of Lmnb1 and Lmnb2 knockout mice revealed that both of the B-type lamins are crucial for neuronal migration in the developing brain. These observations naturally posed the question of whether the two B-type lamins might play redundant functions in the development of the brain. To explore that issue, Lee and coworkers generated "reciprocal knock-in mice" (knock-in mice that produce lamin B1 from the Lmnb2 locus and knock-in mice that produce lamin B2 from the Lmnb1 locus). Both lines of knock-in mice manifested neurodevelopmental abnormalities similar to those in conventional knockout mice, indicating that lamins B1 and B2 have unique functions and that increased production of one B-type lamin cannot compensate for the loss of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lee
- Department of Medicine; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Hea-Jin Jung
- Molecular Biology Institute; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
- Molecular Biology Institute; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Human Genetics; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
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30
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Lee JM, Tu Y, Tatar A, Wu D, Nobumori C, Jung HJ, Yoshinaga Y, Coffinier C, de Jong PJ, Fong LG, Young SG. Reciprocal knock-in mice to investigate the functional redundancy of lamin B1 and lamin B2. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1666-75. [PMID: 24672053 PMCID: PMC4019497 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamins B1 and B2 (B-type lamins) have very similar sequences and are expressed ubiquitously. In addition, both Lmnb1- and Lmnb2-deficient mice die soon after birth with neuronal layering abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, a consequence of defective neuronal migration. The similarities in amino acid sequences, expression patterns, and knockout phenotypes raise the question of whether the two proteins have redundant functions. To investigate this topic, we generated "reciprocal knock-in mice"-mice that make lamin B2 from the Lmnb1 locus (Lmnb1(B2/B2)) and mice that make lamin B1 from the Lmnb2 locus (Lmnb2(B1/B1)). Lmnb1(B2/B2) mice produced increased amounts of lamin B2 but no lamin B1; they died soon after birth with neuronal layering abnormalities in the cerebral cortex. However, the defects in Lmnb1(B2/B2) mice were less severe than those in Lmnb1-knockout mice, indicating that increased amounts of lamin B2 partially ameliorate the abnormalities associated with lamin B1 deficiency. Similarly, increased amounts of lamin B1 in Lmnb2(B1/B1) mice did not prevent the neurodevelopmental defects elicited by lamin B2 deficiency. We conclude that lamins B1 and B2 have unique roles in the developing brain and that increased production of one B-type lamin does not fully complement loss of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Angelica Tatar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Daniel Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chika Nobumori
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hea-Jin Jung
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yuko Yoshinaga
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Catherine Coffinier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pieter J de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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31
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Zhang Q, Sakamoto K, Wagner KU. D-type Cyclins are important downstream effectors of cytokine signaling that regulate the proliferation of normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:583-592. [PMID: 23562856 PMCID: PMC3740091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the ligand-mediated activation of cytokine receptors, cells decide whether to proliferate or to undergo differentiation. D-type Cyclins (Cyclin D1, D2, or D3) and their associated Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4, CDK6) connect signals from cytokines to the cell cycle machinery, and they propel cells through the G1 restriction point and into the S phase, after which growth factor stimulation is no longer essential to complete cell division. D-type Cyclins are upregulated in many human malignancies including breast cancer to promote an uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. After summarizing important aspects of the cytokine-mediated transcriptional regulation and the posttranslational modification of D-type Cyclins, this review will highlight the physiological significance of these cell cycle regulators during normal mammary gland development as well as the initiation and promotion of breast cancer. Although the vast majority of published reports focus almost exclusively on the role of Cyclin D1 in breast cancer, we summarize here previous and recent findings that demonstrate an important contribution of the remaining two members of this Cyclin family, in particular Cyclin D3, for the growth of ErbB2-associated breast cancer cells in humans and in mouse models. New data from genetically engineered models as well as the pharmacological inhibition of CDK4/6 suggest that targeting the combined functions of D-type Cyclins could be a suitable strategy for the treatment of ErbB2-positive and potentially other types of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Kazuhito Sakamoto
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Suppression of cyclin D1 by plasmid-based short hairpin RNA ameliorated experimental pulmonary vascular remodeling. Microvasc Res 2013; 90:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Robert MC, Furlan G, Rosso N, Gambaro SE, Apitsionak F, Vianello E, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Alterations in the cell cycle in the cerebellum of hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rat: a possible link with apoptosis? PLoS One 2013; 8:e79073. [PMID: 24223883 PMCID: PMC3815147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe hyperbilirubinemia causes neurological damage both in humans and rodents. The hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rat shows a marked cerebellar hypoplasia. More recently bilirubin ability to arrest the cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle, tumour cells, and, more importantly, cultured neurons has been demonstrated. However, the involvement of cell cycle perturbation in the development of cerebellar hypoplasia was never investigated before. We explored the effect of sustained spontaneous hyperbilirubinemia on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in whole cerebella dissected from 9 day old Gunn rat by Real Time PCR, Western blot and FACS analysis. The cerebellum of the hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats exhibits an increased cell cycle arrest in the late G0/G1 phase (p < 0.001), characterized by a decrease in the protein expression of cyclin D1 (15%, p < 0.05), cyclin A/A1 (20 and 30%, p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and cyclin dependent kinases2 (25%, p < 0.001). This was associated with a marked increase in the 18 kDa fragment of cyclin E (67%, p < 0.001) which amplifies the apoptotic pathway. In line with this was the increase of the cleaved form of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (54%, p < 0.01) and active Caspase3 (two fold, p < 0.01). These data indicate that the characteristic cerebellar alteration in this developing brain structure of the hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rat may be partly due to cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis related to the high bilirubin concentration in cerebellar tissue mainly affecting granular cells. These two phenomena might be intimately connected.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Robert
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Furlan
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Eliana Gambaro
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Faina Apitsionak
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vianello
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato (Italian Liver Foundation, Centro Studi Fegato), Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Pestell RG. New roles of cyclin D1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:3-9. [PMID: 23790801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclins encode regulatory subunits of holoenzymes that phosphorylate a variety of cellular substrates. Although the classic role of cyclins in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis has been well characterized, new functions have been identified, including the induction of cellular migration and invasion, enhancement of angiogenesis, inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of transcription factor signaling via a DNA-bound form, the induction of chromosomal instability, enhancement of DNA damage sensing and DNA damage repair, and feedback governing expression of the noncoding genome. This review describes the mechanisms of these new functions of cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Casimiro MC, Wang C, Li Z, Di Sante G, Willmart NE, Addya S, Chen L, Liu Y, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. Cyclin D1 determines estrogen signaling in the mammary gland in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1415-28. [PMID: 23864650 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCND1 gene, which is frequently overexpressed in cancers, encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein. Although it is known that cyclin D1 regulates estrogen receptor (ER)α transactivation using heterologous reporter systems, the in vivo biological significance of cyclin D1 to estrogen-dependent signaling, and the molecular mechanisms by which cyclin D1 is involved, are yet to be elucidated. Herein, genome-wide expression profiling conducted of 17β-estradiol-treated castrated virgin mice deleted of the Ccnd1 gene demonstrated that cyclin D1 determines estrogen-dependent gene expression for 88% of estrogen-responsive genes in vivo. In addition, expression profiling of 17β-estradiol-stimulated cyclin D1 small interfering RNA treated MCF7 cells shows cyclin D1 is required for estrogen-mediated gene expression in vitro. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq analysis revealed a cyclin D1-DNA bound form associated with genes that were regulated by estrogen in a cyclin D1-dependent manner. The cyclin D1-dependent estrogen signaling pathways identified in vivo were highly enriched for extracellular membrane-associated growth factor receptors (epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB3, and EphB3) and their ligands (amphiregulin, encoded by AREG gene), and matrix metalloproteinase. The AREG protein, a pivotal ligand for epidermal growth factor receptors to promote cellular proliferation, was induced by cyclin D1 via the AREG promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the recruitment of cyclin D1 to the breast cancer 1 (Brca1)/ERα binding site of the Areg gene. Cyclin D1 genetic deletion demonstrated the in vivo requirement for cyclin D1 in assembling the estrogen-dependent amplified in breast cancer 1-associated multiprotein complex. The current studies define a requirement for cyclin D1 in estrogen-dependent signaling modules governing growth factor receptor and ligand expression in vivo and reveal a noncanonical function of cyclin D1 at ERα target gene promoters. Cyclin D1 mediates the convergence of ERα and growth factor signaling at a common cis-element of growth factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew C Casimiro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Liu K, Liu XS, Yu MQ, Xu YJ. Change of extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in pulmonary arteries from smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:162-72. [PMID: 23614701 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.788234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking may contribute to pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling that involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in pulmonary arteries from smokers with normal lung function and smokers with mild to moderate COPD. METHODS The peripheral lung tissues were obtained from 14 nonsmokers with normal lung function, 18 smokers with normal lung function, and 16 smokers with mild to moderate COPD. The morphological changes of pulmonary arteries were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Primary cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Cell proliferation was determined by cell counting and Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS Morphometrical analysis showed that the pulmonary vessel wall thickness in smoker group and COPD group was significantly greater than that in nonsmoker group (P < .01). The protein level of ERK was significantly increased in smoker group and COPD group as compared with nonsmoker group (P < .01). The expression of ERK was significantly increased in HPASMCs at protein levels when HPASMCs were treated with 5% CSE (P < .01), which significantly promoted the proliferation of HPASMCs (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of ERK might be involved in the pathogenesis of abnormal proliferation of PASMCs in smokers with and without COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Cells decide to proliferate or remain quiescent using signaling pathways that link information about the cellular environment to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Progression through G1 phase is controlled by pRB proteins, which function to repress the activity of E2F transcription factors in cells exiting mitosis and in quiescent cells. Phosphorylation of pRB proteins by the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) releases E2F factors, promoting the transition to S phase. CDK activity is primarily regulated by the binding of CDK catalytic subunits to cyclin partners and CDK inhibitors. Consequently, both mitogenic and antiproliferative signals exert their effects on cell proliferation through the transcriptional regulation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclins and CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Duronio
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell growth in vivo using a tetracycline-inducible cyclin D1 antisense expression system. Pancreas 2013; 42:141-8. [PMID: 22722256 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182546de5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cyclin D1 is important for pancreatic cancer growth. Our aim was to determine the effects of cyclin D1 inhibition on the growth of established pancreatic tumors. METHODS PANC-1 cells harboring cyclin D1 antisense cDNA in a tetracycline-inducible vector system were prepared. The effects of cyclin D1 inhibition after tumor development were characterized in a mouse model. RESULTS In vitro removal of tetracycline induced cyclin D1 antisense cDNA expression and inhibited cyclin D1 expression and cyclin D1-associated kinase activity as well as anchorage-dependent and -independent growth. After establishment of xenograft tumors in the presence of tetracycline (2 mg/mL) in the drinking water, animals were assigned to either control (tetracycline remained in the drinking water) or to the group without tetracycline for which tetracycline was removed from the drinking water. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited after removal of tetracycline. Microscopic analysis revealed that the area of central necrosis was significantly increased in the group without tetracycline paralleled by a reduction of the vital peripheral area of proliferating cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that cyclin D1 plays an important role in the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and may be an attractive molecular target for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Sawai C, Freund J, Oh P, Ndiaye-Lobry D, Bretz JC, Strikoudis A, Genesca L, Trimarchi T, Kelliher MA, Clark M, Soulier J, Chen-Kiang S, Aifantis I. Therapeutic targeting of the cyclin D3:CDK4/6 complex in T cell leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:452-65. [PMID: 23079656 PMCID: PMC3493168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
D-type cyclins form complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4/6) and promote cell cycle progression. Although cyclin D functions appear largely tissue specific, we demonstrate that cyclin D3 has unique functions in lymphocyte development and cannot be replaced by cyclin D2, which is also expressed during blood differentiation. We show that only combined deletion of p27(Kip1) and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) is sufficient to rescue the development of Ccnd3(-/-) thymocytes. Furthermore, we show that a small molecule targeting the kinase function of cyclin D3:CDK4/6 inhibits both cell cycle entry in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and disease progression in animal models of T-ALL. These studies identify unique functions for cyclin D3:CDK4/6 complexes and suggest potential therapeutic protocols for this devastating blood tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sawai
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jacquelyn Freund
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Philmo Oh
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Delphine Ndiaye-Lobry
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jamieson C. Bretz
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065
| | - Alexandros Strikoudis
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lali Genesca
- INSERM U944 and University Paris Diderot, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Trimarchi
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michelle A. Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Marcus Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean Soulier
- INSERM U944 and University Paris Diderot, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Dr. Iannis Aifantis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 538, New York, NY 10016, , Phone: 212 263 5365
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Merrick KA, Fisher RP. Why minimal is not optimal: driving the mammalian cell cycle--and drug discovery--with a physiologic CDK control network. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2600-5. [PMID: 22732498 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression through the eukaryotic cell division cycle is governed by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). For a CDK to become active it must (1) bind a positive regulatory subunit (cyclin) and (2) be phosphorylated on its activation (T) loop. In metazoans, multiple CDK catalytic subunits, each with a distinct set of preferred cyclin partners, regulate the cell cycle, but it has been difficult to assign functions to individual CDKs in vivo. Biochemical analyses and experiments with dominant-negative alleles suggested that specific CDK/cyclin complexes regulate different events, but genetic loss of interphase CDKs (Cdk2, -4 and -6), alone or in combination, did not block proliferation of cells in culture. These knockout and knockdown studies suggested redundancy or plasticity built into the CDK network but did not address whether there was true redundancy in normal cells with a full complement of CDKs. Here, we discuss recent work that took a chemical-genetic approach to reveal that the activity of a genetically non-essential CDK, Cdk2, is required for cell proliferation when normal cyclin pairing is maintained. These results have implications for the systems-level organization of the cell cycle, for regulation of the restriction point and G 1/S transition and for efforts to target Cdk2 therapeutically in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Merrick
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Parker MH, von Maltzahn J, Bakkar N, Al-Joubori B, Ishibashi J, Guttridge D, Rudnicki MA. MyoD-dependent regulation of NF-κB activity couples cell-cycle withdrawal to myogenic differentiation. Skelet Muscle 2012; 2:6. [PMID: 22541644 PMCID: PMC3356597 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice lacking MyoD exhibit delayed skeletal muscle regeneration and markedly enhanced numbers of satellite cells. Myoblasts isolated from MyoD-/- myoblasts proliferate more rapidly than wild type myoblasts, display a dramatic delay in differentiation, and continue to incorporate BrdU after serum withdrawal. Methods Primary myoblasts isolated from wild type and MyoD-/- mutant mice were examined by microarray analysis and further characterized by cell and molecular experiments in cell culture. Results We found that NF-κB, a key regulator of cell-cycle withdrawal and differentiation, aberrantly maintains nuclear localization and transcriptional activity in MyoD-/- myoblasts. As a result, expression of cyclin D is maintained during serum withdrawal, inhibiting expression of muscle-specific genes and progression through the differentiation program. Sustained nuclear localization of cyclin E, and a concomitant increase in cdk2 activity maintains S-phase entry in MyoD-/- myoblasts even in the absence of mitogens. Importantly, this deficit was rescued by forced expression of IκBαSR, a non-degradable mutant of IκBα, indicating that inhibition of NF-κB is sufficient to induce terminal myogenic differentiation in the absence of MyoD. Conclusion MyoD-induced cytoplasmic relocalization of NF-κB is an essential step in linking cell-cycle withdrawal to the terminal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts. These results provide important insight into the unique functions of MyoD in regulating the switch from progenitor proliferation to terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura H Parker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Lee KS, Suarez AL, Claypool DJ, Armstrong TK, Buckingham EM, van Dyk LF. Viral cyclins mediate separate phases of infection by integrating functions of distinct mammalian cyclins. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002496. [PMID: 22319441 PMCID: PMC3271081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesvirus cyclins have expanded biochemical features relative to mammalian cyclins, and promote infection and pathogenesis including acute lung infection, viral persistence, and reactivation from latency. To define the essential features of the viral cyclin, we generated a panel of knock-in viruses expressing various viral or mammalian cyclins from the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 cyclin locus. Viral cyclins of both gammaherpesvirus 68 and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus supported all cyclin-dependent stages of infection, indicating functional conservation. Although mammalian cyclins could not restore lung replication, they did promote viral persistence and reactivation. Strikingly, distinct and non-overlapping mammalian cyclins complemented persistence (cyclin A, E) or reactivation from latency (cyclin D3). Based on these data, unique biochemical features of viral cyclins (e.g. enhanced kinase activation) are not essential to mediate specific processes during infection. What is essential for, and unique to, the viral cyclins is the integration of the activities of several different mammalian cyclins, which allows viral cyclins to mediate multiple, discrete stages of infection. These studies also demonstrated that closely related stages of infection, that are cyclin-dependent, are in fact genetically distinct, and thus predict that cyclin requirements may be used to tailor potential therapies for virus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Suarez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David J. Claypool
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Taylor K. Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Buckingham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mastroyiannopoulos NP, Nicolaou P, Anayasa M, Uney JB, Phylactou LA. Down-regulation of myogenin can reverse terminal muscle cell differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29896. [PMID: 22235349 PMCID: PMC3250496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain higher vertebrates developed the ability to reverse muscle cell differentiation (dedifferentiation) as an additional mechanism to regenerate muscle. Mammals, on the other hand, show limited ability to reverse muscle cell differentiation. Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs), MyoD, myogenin, Myf5 and Myf6 are basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors essential towards the regulation of myogenesis. Our current interest is to investigate whether down-regulation of MRFs in terminally differentiated mouse myotubes can induce reversal of muscle cell differentiation. Results from this work showed that reduction of myogenin levels in terminally differentiated mouse myotubes can reverse their differentiation state. Down-regulation of myogenin in terminally differentiated mouse myotubes induces cellular cleavage into mononucleated cells and cell cycle re-entry, as shown by re-initiation of DNA synthesis and increased cyclin D1 and cyclin E2 levels. Finally, we provide evidence that down-regulation of myogenin causes cell cycle re-entry (via down-regulation of MyoD) and cellularisation through separate pathways. These data reveal the important role of myogenin in maintaining terminal muscle cell differentiation and point to a novel mechanism by which muscle cells could be re-activated through its down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paschalis Nicolaou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mustafa Anayasa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - James B. Uney
- The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Wu W, Wang J, Wang Y, Wu X, Fei X, Li S, Zhang J, Dong P, Gu J, Liu Y. Effects of matrine on proliferation and apoptosis in gallbladder carcinoma cells (GBC-SD). Phytother Res 2011; 26:932-7. [PMID: 22162124 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although matrine, a primary active component of dried Sophora flavescens root (ku shen), is known to induce apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells in vitro, the molecular mechanism of such apoptosis remains elusive. This analysis of the cell cycle and apoptosis in matrine-treated human gallbladder carcinoma cells (GBC-SD) showed that matrine can indeed inhibit cell proliferation and induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. An additional western blot analysis of matrine-treated cells also showed caspase-3 and Bcl-2 activation, as well as cyclinE down-regulation. Overall, the results indicate that matrine perturbs gallbladder cancer cell progression during the G1 phase by down-regulating cyclinE and induces apoptosis by decreasing the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increasing expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Li Z, Casimiro M, Loro E, Homsi N, Pestell RG. Examining the role of cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Future Oncol 2011; 7:753-65. [PMID: 21675838 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 overexpression is found in more than 50% of human breast cancers and causes mammary cancer in transgenic mice. Dysregulation of cyclin D1 gene expression or function contributes to the loss of normal cell cycle control during tumorigenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that cyclin D1 conducts additional specific functions to regulate gene expression in the context of local chromatin, promote cellular migration and inhibit mitochondrial metabolism. It is anticipated that these additional functions contribute to the pathology associated with dysregulated cyclin D1 abundance. This article discusses evidence that examines the significance of cyclin D1 in breast cancer with emphasis on its role in breast cancer stem cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo Postal 70-297, México DF, México
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Lin JJ, Hsu HY, Yang JS, Lu KW, Wu RSC, Wu KC, Lai TY, Chen PY, Ma CY, Wood WG, Chung JG. Molecular evidence of anti-leukemia activity of gypenosides on human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro and in vivo using a HL-60 cells murine xenograft model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1075-1085. [PMID: 21596541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that gypenosides (Gyp) induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. However, there are no reports showing that show Gyp acts on human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model in vivo. In the present study effects of Gyp on cell morphological changes and viability, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in vitro and effects on Gyp in an in vivo murine xenograft model. Results indicated that Gyp induced morphological changes, decreased cell viability, induced G0/G1 arrest, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis (sub-G1 phase) in HL-60 cells. Gyp increased reactive oxygen species production and Ca(2+) levels but reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gyp also changed one of the primary indicators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to the promotion of ATF6-α and ATF4-α associated with Ca(2+) release. Gyp reduced the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax due to an increase in the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and inhibited levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Oral consumption of Gyp reduced tumor size of HL-60 cell xenograft mode mice in vivo. These results provide new information on understanding mechanisms by which Gyp induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jyh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Pagliuca FW, Collins MO, Lichawska A, Zegerman P, Choudhary JS, Pines J. Quantitative proteomics reveals the basis for the biochemical specificity of the cell-cycle machinery. Mol Cell 2011; 43:406-17. [PMID: 21816347 PMCID: PMC3332305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases comprise the conserved machinery that drives progress through the cell cycle, but how they do this in mammalian cells is still unclear. To identify the mechanisms by which cyclin-cdks control the cell cycle, we performed a time-resolved analysis of the in vivo interactors of cyclins E1, A2, and B1 by quantitative mass spectrometry. This global analysis of context-dependent protein interactions reveals the temporal dynamics of cyclin function in which networks of cyclin-cdk interactions vary according to the type of cyclin and cell-cycle stage. Our results explain the temporal specificity of the cell-cycle machinery, thereby providing a biochemical mechanism for the genetic requirement for multiple cyclins in vivo and reveal how the actions of specific cyclins are coordinated to control the cell cycle. Furthermore, we identify key substrates (Wee1 and c15orf42/Sld3) that reveal how cyclin A is able to promote both DNA replication and mitosis.
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Ahmad W, Shabbiri K, Nazar N, Nazar S, Qaiser S, Shabbir Mughal MA. Human linker histones: interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc to mediate chromatin structural modifications. Cell Div 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21749719 PMCID: PMC3149562 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromatin is a combination of DNA and histone proteins. It is established fact that epigenetic mechanisms are associated with DNA and histones. Initial studies emphasize on core histones association with DNA, however later studies prove the importance of linker histone H1 epigenetic. There are many types of linker histone H1 found in mammals. These subtypes are cell specific and their amount in different types of cells varies as the cell functions. Many types of post-translational modifications which occur on different residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 induce conformational changes and allow the different subtypes of linker histone H1 to interact with chromatin at different stages during cell cycle which results in the regulation of transcription and gene expression. Proposed O-glycosylation of linker histone H1 promotes condensation of chromatin while phosphorylation of linker histone H1 is known to activate transcription and gene regulation by decondensation of chromatin. Interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc modification on Ser and Thr residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens during cell cycle may result in diverse functional regulation of proteins. This in silico study describes the potential phosphorylation, o-glycosylation and their possible interplay sites on conserved Ser/Thr residues in various subtypes of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Lavi O, Ginsberg D, Louzoun Y. Regulation of modular Cyclin and CDK feedback loops by an E2F transcription oscillator in the mammalian cell cycle. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2011; 8:445-461. [PMID: 21631139 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2011.8.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is regulated by a large number of enzymes and transcription factors. We have developed a modular description of the cell cycle, based on a set of interleaved modular feedback loops, each leading to a cyclic behavior. The slowest loop is the E2F transcription and ubiquitination, which determines the cycling frequency of the entire cell cycle. Faster feedback loops describe the dynamics of each Cyclin by itself. Our model shows that the cell cycle progression as well as the checkpoints of the cell cycle can be understood through the interactions between the main E2F feedback loop and the driven Cyclin feedback loops. Multiple models were proposed for the cell cycle dynamics; each with differing basic mechanisms. We here propose a new generic formalism. In contrast with existing models, the proposed formalism allows a straightforward analysis and understanding of the dynamics, neglecting the details of each interaction. This model is not sensitive to small changes in the parameters used and it reproduces the observed behavior of the transcription factor E2F and different Cyclins in continuous or regulated cycling conditions. The modular description of the cell cycle resolves the gap between cyclic models, solely based on protein-protein reactions and transcription reactions based models. Beyond the explanation of existing observations, this model suggests the existence of unknown interactions, such as the need for a functional interaction between Cyclin B and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) de-phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Lavi
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Warsow G, Greber B, Falk SSI, Harder C, Siatkowski M, Schordan S, Som A, Endlich N, Schöler H, Repsilber D, Endlich K, Fuellen G. ExprEssence--revealing the essence of differential experimental data in the context of an interaction/regulation net-work. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:164. [PMID: 21118483 PMCID: PMC3012047 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Experimentalists are overwhelmed by high-throughput data and there is an urgent need to condense information into simple hypotheses. For example, large amounts of microarray and deep sequencing data are becoming available, describing a variety of experimental conditions such as gene knockout and knockdown, the effect of interventions, and the differences between tissues and cell lines. Results To address this challenge, we developed a method, implemented as a Cytoscape plugin called ExprEssence. As input we take a network of interaction, stimulation and/or inhibition links between genes/proteins, and differential data, such as gene expression data, tracking an intervention or development in time. We condense the network, highlighting those links across which the largest changes can be observed. Highlighting is based on a simple formula inspired by the law of mass action. We can interactively modify the threshold for highlighting and instantaneously visualize results. We applied ExprEssence to three scenarios describing kidney podocyte biology, pluripotency and ageing: 1) We identify putative processes involved in podocyte (de-)differentiation and validate one prediction experimentally. 2) We predict and validate the expression level of a transcription factor involved in pluripotency. 3) Finally, we generate plausible hypotheses on the role of apoptosis, cell cycle deregulation and DNA repair in ageing data obtained from the hippocampus. Conclusion Reducing the size of gene/protein networks to the few links affected by large changes allows to screen for putative mechanistic relationships among the genes/proteins that are involved in adaptation to different experimental conditions, yielding important hypotheses, insights and suggestions for new experiments. We note that we do not focus on the identification of 'active subnetworks'. Instead we focus on the identification of single links (which may or may not form subnetworks), and these single links are much easier to validate experimentally than submodules. ExprEssence is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/expressence/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Warsow
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University of Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 8, Rostock, Germany
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