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Chang van Oordt DA, Taff CC, Pipkin MA, Ryan TA, Vitousek MN. Experimentally elevated corticosterone does not affect bacteria killing ability of breeding female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Horm Behav 2024; 160:105500. [PMID: 38316079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The immune system can be modulated when organisms are exposed to acute or chronic stressors. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the primary hormonal mediators of the physiological stress response, are suspected to play a crucial role in immune modulation. However, most evidence of stress-associated immunomodulation does not separate the effects of glucocorticoid-dependent pathways from those of glucocorticoid-independent mechanisms on immune function. In this study, we experimentally elevated circulating corticosterone, the main avian glucocorticoid, in free-living female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) for one to two weeks to test its effects on immune modulation. Natural variation in bacteria killing ability (BKA), a measure of innate constitutive immunity, was predicted by the interaction between timing of breeding and corticosterone levels. However, experimental elevation of corticosterone had no effect on BKA. Therefore, even when BKA is correlated with natural variation in glucocorticoid levels, this relationship may not be causal. Experiments are necessary to uncover the causal mechanisms of immunomodulation and the consequences of acute and chronic stress on disease vulnerability. Findings in other species indicate that acute increases in GCs can suppress BKA; but our results support the hypothesis that this effect does not persist over longer timescales, during chronic elevations in GCs. Direct comparisons of the effects of acute vs. chronic elevation of GCs on BKA will be important for testing this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Chang van Oordt
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Conor C Taff
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Monique A Pipkin
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Thomas A Ryan
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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2
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Esenbuga N, Ekinci O. Dietary Effects of Some Plant Extracts on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, and Some Blood Parameters in Laying Hens at Different Cage Densities. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3866. [PMID: 38136903 PMCID: PMC10740431 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effects of cage density and anise extract (AE), thyme extract (TE), and black cumin extract (BCE) supplementation in the diet of laying hens on laying performance, egg quality, and some blood parameters. A total of 288 Lohman White commercial hens were blocked according to the location of their cages. The four dietary treatments included a control, basal diet + 250 mg/kg of AE, basal diet + 250 mg/kg of BCE, and basal diet + 250 mg/kg of TE for 12 weeks. The cage density affected egg production (p < 0.05), feed consumption (p < 0.01), and cracked eggs (p < 0.05). Increasing the cage density caused a linear decrease in egg production and feed consumption. Compared to the control, there was a decrease in feed consumption (p < 0.01) in the plant extract groups, and in parallel, egg production decreased. An increased cage density did not affect the egg quality traits except the shell strength. The shell strength, yolk color, yolk index, albumen index, and Haught unit were significantly affected by the plant extracts. The cage density and plant extracts had a significant effect on the serum corticosterone and glucose (p < 0.01). The highest values of corticosterone and glucose were recorded for dietary TE with a cage density of 4 birds/cm2. On the other hand, the lowest values of these parameters were recorded for AE addition with a cage density of 3 birds/cm2. As a result, an increased cage density was associated with stress and depression in the feed consumption and metabolic profiles. Supplemental AE, BCE, and TE improved the laying performance and metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurinisa Esenbuga
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ataturk, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Ozlem Ekinci
- Department of Poultry, General Directorate of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara 06170, Türkiye
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Stel M, Banach N. Preventing Zoonoses: Testing an Intervention to Change Attitudes and Behaviors toward More Protective Actions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6987. [PMID: 37947545 PMCID: PMC10649130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic outbreaks are considered one of the most important threats to public health. Therefore, it is important to educate people on how to prevent zoonotic infections. The purpose of this research was to investigate an intervention aimed at changing people's attitudes and behaviors toward more protective actions. In two studies (NStudy1 = 402; NStudy2 = 706), participants received an intervention based on previous literature in which knowledge about zoonoses, protective actions they could take, and a fear appeal were provided. In the control condition, no intervention was given. Subsequently, we measured participants' risk knowledge, attitudes and behavioral intentions to reduce zoonotic risks, and fear. The results showed that the intervention heightened participants' zoonotic knowledge and affected their attitudes and behavioral intentions (Studies 1 and 2) and a behavioral decision (Study 2) to reduce zoonotic risks. Moreover, our designed intervention proved more effective than the World Health Organization informative message on zoonoses (Study 2). In terms of theory, this is the first experimental demonstration that a general zoonotic risk communication message changed attitudes and behaviors toward more protective actions. In terms of policy, this research showed that a basic information message for the broader public has the potential to reduce zoonotic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Stel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk, and Safety, University of Twente, 7522 NJ Enschede, The Netherlands
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Sandoval-Herrera N, Castillo JP, Ching MEA, Herrera M LG, Faure PA, Welch K. Non-destructive methods to assess pesticide exposure in free-living bats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:162011. [PMID: 36737017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bat populations are dwindling worldwide due to anthropogenic activities like agriculture, however the role that pesticide exposure plays on these declines is unclear. To address these research gaps, we first need to develop reliable methods to detect and monitor exposure to environmental pollutants and its effects on free-living bats. The use of biomarkers is a sensitive and informative tool to study sublethal effects in wildlife, however it requires laboratory validation and integrative approaches to be applicable to free-living species. In this study, we propose a set of non-destructive biomarkers to evaluate pesticide exposure in free-ranging bats and validated their suitability with dose-exposure experiments in captivity. We selected three biomarkers that have been widely used in vertebrate ecotoxicology and that combined represent sensitive, specific, and ecologically relevant responses to pollutants: DNA damage, AChE activity, and leukocyte profiles. We used two insectivorous bat species as model species Eptesicus fuscus (laboratory) and Pteronotus mexicanus (field). We found that micronuclei frequency (genotoxicity) and AChE activity (exposure and neurotoxicity) were robust indicators of toxicant exposure. The validity of this set of endpoints was supported by their consistent performance in laboratory and field experiments as well as by the significant correlation among them. Leukocyte profile (systemic stress) results were not consistent between laboratory and field studies, suggesting further evaluation of its suitability is needed. Integrative approaches, like the one we used here, maximize the insights about toxicant effects by combining the information of single biomarkers into more meaningful inferences, which can be applied to environmental risk assessments in wildlife. Furthermore, the use of non-destructive, cost-effective biomarkers is imperative when assessing toxicant exposure and effects in vulnerable wildlife and it should be a priority in the field of wildlife toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sandoval-Herrera
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jesusa Paz Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ma Enrica Angela Ching
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Welch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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El-Gindy YM, Abu Hafsa SH, El-Deeb NM. The expression of liver TNF-α gene, liver and small intestine histology of thermal stressed growing rabbits affected by allicin and lycopene. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103521. [PMID: 37055126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thermal stress negatively affects the productive performance and immunity responses of rabbits. In this study, we examined the effects of two allicin (AL) and lycopene (LP) levels on performance index, a liver tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) gene expression, histological parameters of liver, and small intestine of V-line growing rabbits exposed to thermal stress. METHODS In nine replications of three rabbits per pen under thermal stress, 135 male rabbits (5 weeks old, average weight 772.02 ± 6.41 g) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in nine replications of three rabbits per pen under thermal stress (temperature-humidity index average 31.2). The 1st group served as the control, receiving no supplements; The 2nd and 3rd groups received 100 and 200 mg AL/kg of diet supplements; and the 4th and 5th groups were supplemented with 100 and 200 mg LP/kg diet, respectively. RESULTS show that AL and LP rabbits had the best final body weight, body gain, and feed conversion ratio compared with the control. compared with control, rabbit liver TNF- α levels significantly decreased in diets containing AL and LP In contrast, AL rabbits were slightly more effective in downregulating the expression of the TNF-α gene than LP groups. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of AL and LP significantly improved antibody titers against sheep red blood titers. Compared with other treatments, AL100 treatment significantly improved immune responses to phytohemagglutinin. In all treatments, histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in binuclear hepatocytes. The diameter of the hepatic lobules, villi height, crypt depth, and absorption surface of heat-stressed rabbits were all positively affected by both doses of LP (100-200 mg/kg diet). CONCLUSION rabbit dietary supplementation with AL or LP could positively affect performance, TNF-α, immunity, and histological parameters of growing rabbits under thermal stress.
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Brown CLJ, Zaytsoff SJM, Iwaniuk AN, Metz GAS, Montina T, Inglis GD. Comparative Analysis of the Temporal Impacts of Corticosterone and Simulated Production Stressors on the Metabolome of Broiler Chickens. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020144. [PMID: 36837763 PMCID: PMC9961940 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of physiological stress on the metabolome of breast muscle, liver, kidney, and hippocampus was investigated in Ross 308 broiler chicks. Simulated on-farm stressors were compared to a corticosterone model of physiological stress. The three different stressors investigated were: (i) corticosterone at a dose of 15 mg/kg of feed; (ii) heat treatment of 36 °C and 40% RH for 8 h per day; and (iii) isolation for 1 h per day. Liver, kidney, breast muscle, and hippocampus samples were taken after 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of stress treatment, and subjected to untargeted 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis to provide insights on how stress can modulate metabolite profiles and biomarker discovery. Many of the metabolites that were significantly altered in tissues were amino acids, with glycine and alanine showing promise as candidate biomarkers of stress. Corticosterone was shown to significantly alter alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in the liver, breast, and hippocampus, while isolation altered the same pathways, but only in the kidneys and hippocampus. Isolation also significantly altered the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway in the liver and breast, while the same pathway was significantly altered by heat in the liver, kidneys, and hippocampus. The study's findings support corticosterone as a model of stress. Moreover, a number of potential metabolite biomarkers were identified in chicken tissues, which may allow producers to effectively monitor stress and to objectively develop and evaluate on-farm mitigations, including practices that reduce stress and enhance bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. J. Brown
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (G.D.I.); Tel.: +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.); +1-403-360-7975 (G.D.I.)
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (G.D.I.); Tel.: +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.); +1-403-360-7975 (G.D.I.)
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Carbillet J, Hollain M, Rey B, Palme R, Pellerin M, Regis C, Geffré A, Duhayer J, Pardonnet S, Debias F, Merlet J, Lemaître JF, Verheyden H, Gilot-Fromont E. Age and spatio-temporal variations in food resources modulate stress-immunity relationships in three populations of wild roe deer. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114141. [PMID: 36272446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Living in variable and unpredictable environments, organisms face recurrent stressful situations. The endocrine stress response, which includes the secretion of glucocorticoids, helps organisms to cope with these perturbations. Although short-term elevations of glucocorticoid levels are often associated with immediate beneficial consequences for individuals, long-term glucocorticoid elevation can compromise key physiological functions such as immunity. While laboratory works highlighted the immunosuppressive effect of long-term elevated glucocorticoids, it remains largely unknown, especially in wild animals, whether this relationship is modulated by individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, we explored the co-variation between integrated cortisol levels, assessed non-invasively using faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs), and 12 constitutive indices of innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune functions, in wild roe deer living in three populations with previously known contrasting environmental conditions. Using longitudinal data on 564 individuals, we further investigated whether age and spatio-temporal variations in the quantity and quality of food resources modulate the relationship between FCMs and immunity. Negative covariation with glucocorticoids was evident only for innate and inflammatory markers of immunity, while adaptive immunity appeared to be positively or not linked to glucocorticoids. In addition, the negative covariations were generally stronger in individuals facing harsh environmental constraints and in old individuals. Therefore, our results highlight the importance of measuring multiple immune markers of immunity in individuals from contrasted environments to unravel the complex relationships between glucocorticoids and immunity in wild animals. Our results also help explain conflicting results found in the literature and could improve our understanding of the link between elevated glucocorticoid levels and disease spread, and its consequences on population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Carbillet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France; LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, 69280, France; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Marine Hollain
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France; Office Français de la biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Service Conservation et Gestion Durable des Espèces Exploitées, Chateauvillain 52210, France
| | - Benjamin Rey
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Maryline Pellerin
- Office Français de la biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Service Conservation et Gestion Durable des Espèces Exploitées, Chateauvillain 52210, France
| | - Corinne Regis
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
| | - Anne Geffré
- Equipe de Biologie médicale-Histologie, CREFRE, Inserm-UPS-ENVT, Toulouse 31000, France
| | - Jeanne Duhayer
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
| | - Sylvia Pardonnet
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
| | - François Debias
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
| | - Joël Merlet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France; LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | | | - Hélène Verheyden
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, Castanet Tolosan, 31326, France; LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, 69280, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne Cedex 69100, France
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Lei M, Shi L, Huang C, Yang Y, Zhang B, Zhang J, Chen Y, Wang D, Hao E, Xuan F, Chen H. Effects of non-fasting molting on performance, oxidative stress, intestinal morphology, and liver health of laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1100152. [PMID: 36925605 PMCID: PMC10011624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare concerns in laying-hen production facilities have necessitated research on alternative strategies for improving egg production and hen health. At present, most laying-hen facilities in China use the fasting method, but with international emphasis on animal welfare, scholars have begun to find ways to improve production efficiency while ensuring animal welfare standards are adhered to. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of non-fasting molting on production performance, oxidative stress, intestinal morphology, and liver health of laying hens. A total of 180 healthy 90-week-old Dawu Jinfeng laying hens with similar body weights and laying rates (76 ± 2%) were randomly divided into three groups, with five replicates per group and 12 hens per replicate. The hens in the experimental group (NF) were molted using the non-fasting method, the negative control group (C) was not treated with centralized molting, and the positive control group (F) was molted using the fasting method. The results showed that: (1) During the molting period, the laying rate in the NF group (10.58%) decreased and was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). During the secondary laying peak period, the laying rate in the NF group was highest (89.71%); significantly higher than that in the C group (P < 0.05). (2) During the molting period, compared to the C group, the NF group showed a significant decrease and increase in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, respectively (P < 0.05). During the secondary laying peak period, the T-SOD activity of the NF group was significantly lower than that of the C group (P < 0.05). (3) During the molting period, the villus height (VH) and the ratios of VH to crypt depth (V/C) of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the NF group were significantly lower than those in the C group (P < 0.05). At the secondary laying peak period, the jejunum V/C was significantly higher than that in the C group (P < 0.05), whereas in the duodenum and ileum it increased but not significantly (P > 0.05). (4) During the molting period, serum glutathione transaminase (AST) and glutathione alanine transaminase (ALT) activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) content and liver weight were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the non-fasted and fasted groups. However, there was a low degree of liver injury (cell boundary still visible) in the NF group. At the secondary laying peak period, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the indices among the three groups and the liver returned to normal. In summary, non-fasting molting can improve the production performance of laying hens in the later stages, ensure the welfare and health of animals, and provide a theoretical basis for the efficient production of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yawei Yang
- Yangling Hongyan Molting Research Institute, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station in Tong Town, Yulin, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- Gaocheng District Animal Husbandry Work Station, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dehe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Erying Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengling Xuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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9
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Hayek MN. The infectious disease trap of animal agriculture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6681. [PMID: 36322670 PMCID: PMC9629715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases originating from animals (zoonotic diseases) have emerged following deforestation from agriculture. Agriculture can reduce its land use through intensification, i.e., improving resource use efficiency. However, intensive management often confines animals and their wastes, which also fosters disease emergence. Therefore, rising demand for animal-sourced foods creates a "trap" of zoonotic disease risks: extensive land use on one hand or intensive animal management on the other. Not all intensification poses disease risks; some methods avoid confinement and improve animal health. However, these "win-win" improvements alone cannot satisfy rising meat demand, particularly for chicken and pork. Intensive poultry and pig production entails greater antibiotic use, confinement, and animal populations than beef production. Shifting from beef to chicken consumption mitigates climate emissions, but this common strategy neglects zoonotic disease risks. Preventing zoonotic diseases requires international coordination to reduce the high demand for animal-sourced foods, improve forest conservation governance, and selectively intensify the lowest-producing ruminant animal systems without confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Hayek
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, 285 Mercer St., New York, NY 10012, USA.
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10
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Environmental and Social Influences on the Behaviour of Free-Living Mandarin Ducks in Richmond Park. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192554. [PMID: 36230295 PMCID: PMC9559490 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Collecting information on how wild animals behave in the free-living environment can be useful for improving how such species are managed when under human care (e.g., in the zoo). Mandarin Ducks are an example of a species with a large captive population where research into the behaviour of wild birds can help with explaining and evaluating how this species is coping in captivity. This research collected data on free-living Mandarins in a large public park and compared such data to published research on captive Mandarins to evaluate any differences in time budgets. The overall aim of this research was to provide information on what behaviours are commonest amongst free-living Mandarin Ducks to help others with the assessment of behavioural normality of captive birds. Abstract Many species of birds are housed in zoos globally and are some of the most popular of animals kept under human care. Careful observations of how species live and behave in their natural habitats can provide us with important knowledge about their needs, adaptations, and internal states, allowing identification of those behaviours that are most important to the individual’s physical health and wellbeing. For this study, Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata) were chosen as a study species because, like many species of waterfowl, they are widely kept in both private institutions and zoos, yet little research has been conducted on their core needs in captivity. A free-living population of naturalised Mandarin Ducks living in Richmond Park was used for this research. Data on state behaviours (resting, swimming, foraging, perching, preening, and vigilance) were collected five days a week (08:00–18:00) from the 26 March to 26 May 2021. Secondly, temporal, seasonal, environmental, and animal-centric factors (e.g., Sex) were recorded to assess any impact on the Mandarin’s time-activity budget. Lastly, a comparison between free-living anmd captive activity was conducted (via the literature) to evaluate whether captive behaviours differ to how they are expressed in the wild. Results showed that free-living Mandarins predominantly rested (19.88% ± 28.97), swam (19.57% ± 19.43) and foraged (19.47% ± 25.82), with variations in activity related to factors such as vegetation cover and pond size. Results also showed differences between the time-budgets of free-living and captive Mandarins, suggesting that captive birds may not always have the opportunity to express species-typical behaviours. This research indicated that study of natural behaviours performed in the wild may help to evaluate “normal” behaviour patterns of zoo-housed individuals and provide evidence for environmental and husbandry alterations that can promote good welfare. However, any potential impact on the activity patterns of free-living species due to human interactions should be considered when assessing deviations between the behaviour of wild and captive individuals.
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Stel M, Eggers J, Alonso WJ. Mitigating Zoonotic Risks in Intensive Farming: Solutions for a Sustainable Change. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:324-328. [PMID: 35767202 PMCID: PMC9573854 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Stel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk, and Safety, University of Twente, De Zul 10, 7522 NJ, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Janina Eggers
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk, and Safety, University of Twente, De Zul 10, 7522 NJ, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wladimir J Alonso
- Welfare Footprint Project, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- EPIDOT, Department of Public Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Accuracy of Risk Perception of Zoonoses Due to Intensive Animal Farming and People’s Willingness to Change Their Animal Product Consumption. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zoonoses have become more frequent and intense. As intensive animal farming plays a role in the emergence of zoonoses, the increase in intensive animal farming increases the risk of future zoonotic outbreaks. This raises the question of to what extent people are aware that intensive animal farming poses a risk to zoonoses. Furthermore, if people would be made aware, would they be willing to take protective measures, such as reducing their animal food consumption? This was investigated in a representative descriptive study of 1009 Dutch citizens. We measured participants’ perception of the risk of intensive animal farming and their perception of the way animals are treated. We measured their willingness to consume fewer animal products and their opinions on governments banning intensive animal farms. Additionally, participants estimated the percentage of meat from intensive farms that they consume. The main results showed that most participants were aware that zoonoses can occur through intensive animal farming, but not where their meat comes from. The majority of participants were willing to change their animal consumption behavior if this could reduce future zoonotic outbreaks.
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ENDOPARASITES IN WESTERN CAPERCAILLIES (TETRAO UROGALLUS) AND BLACK GROUSE (TETRAO TETRIX) KEPT IN VARIOUS TYPES OF AVIARIES. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:114-121. [PMID: 34714912 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallinaceous birds, including Western Capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus) and Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix), are kept in aviaries and reintroduced to natural habitats as a part of ongoing measures to protect these endangered species. Although parasitic loads can immensely affect reintroduction success of these species, little is known about how the infestation level varies in birds reared with different methods. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in fecal samples collected from Galliformes kept in various types of aviaries and transported to reintroduction sites. Most parasitic infections in the examined birds were caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, including Eimeria lyruri and Eimeria procera in Western Capercaillies, and E. lyruri, Eimeria nadsoni, and Eimeria tetricis in Black Grouse, which also hosted nematodes of the Capillaria spp. and Ascaridia galli. The prevalence of parasites varied across different types of aviaries. In permanent aviaries, Eimeria spp. was detected in 36% and 35% of the fecal samples collected from Western Capercaillies and Black Grouse, whereas Capillaria spp. were identified in 41% and 69% of the samples, respectively. The prevalence of the identified parasites increased in permanent aviaries on the second sampling date. In contrast, birds kept in seminatural free-flight aviaries in line with the "born to be free" rearing method had a lower prevalence of these parasites. Galliformes housed in seminatural aviaries may be better prepared for reintroduction to their natural habitats.
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Guo Y, Su A, Tian H, Ding M, Wang Y, Tian Y, Li K, Sun G, Jiang R, Han R, Kang X, Yan F. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the spleen regulatory network of dexamethasone-induced immune suppression in chicks. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104353. [PMID: 34418580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced immunosuppression is one of the most widespread problems in the poultry industry. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of immunosuppression induced by stress in the chicken spleen would provide a scientific foundation for the prevention of stress reactions and antistress molecular breeding in poultry. To assess the protein expression profile of spleen tissue in a stress-included immunosuppression model, we performed a TMT-based proteomic analysis of chicken spleen tissue in a Dex-induced immunosuppression model (group C) and a control group (group A). We identified 590 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in chicken spleen tissue. These DAPs were significantly enriched in the following functional categories: ECM-receptor interaction, DNA replication, p53 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Integrative analysis of the proteome and our previous transcriptome data revealed 62 DAPs showing correlations with the expression of their encoding mRNAs. Complementary proteome- and transcriptome-level analyses revealed a complex molecular network of stress-included immunosuppression. DPP4 and ALDH1A3 were the most significantly upregulated DAPs. GBP and OASL were identified as important nodes in the network related to stress-induced immunosuppression. The candidate genes identified in this study may be useful for the marker-based breeding of new chicken varieties with reduced stress levels. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a large amount of new information about the spleen proteome of the Dex-induced immunosuppression in chicks, as well as the correlation of transcriptome and proteome. Analysis of this resource has enabled us to examine mechanism of protein and transcript diversification, which expands the understanding of the complexity of the mechanism of stress-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Aru Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huihui Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengxia Ding
- Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Fengbin Yan
- Henan Key laboratory for innovation and utilization of chicken germplasm resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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15
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Exogenous corticosterone and melanin-based coloration explain variation in juvenile dispersal behaviour in the barn owl (Tyto alba). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256038. [PMID: 34492014 PMCID: PMC8423310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natal dispersal affects many processes such as population dynamics. So far, most studies have examined the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that determine the distance between the place of birth and of first breeding. In contrast, few researchers followed the first steps of dispersal soon after fledging. To study this gap, we radio-tracked 95 barn owl nestlings (Tyto alba) to locate their diurnal roost sites from the fledging stage until December. This was used to test whether the age of nest departure, post-fledging movements and dispersal distance were related to melanin-based coloration, which is correlated to fitness-related traits, as well as to corticosterone, a hormone that mediates a number of life history trade-offs and the physiological and behavioural responses to stressful situations. We found that the artificial administration of corticosterone delayed the age when juveniles left their parental home-range in females but not in males. During the first few months after fledging, longer dispersal distances were reached by females compared to males, by individuals marked with larger black feather spots compared to individuals with smaller spots, by larger individuals and by those experimentally treated with corticosterone. We conclude that the onset and magnitude of dispersal is sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone, melanin-based coloration and body size.
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16
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Tian H, Guo Y, Ding M, Su A, Li W, Tian Y, Li K, Sun G, Jiang R, Han R, Yan F, Kang X. Identification of genes related to stress affecting thymus immune function in a chicken stress model using transcriptome analysis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:90-99. [PMID: 34126450 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the poultry breeding industry and highly intensive production management, the losses caused by stress responses are becoming increasingly serious. To screen candidate genes related to chicken stress and provide a basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms governing the effects of stress on chicken immune function, we successfully constructed a chicken stress model by exogenously introducing corticosterone (CORT). RNA-seq technology was used to identify and analyze the mRNA and enrichment pathways of the thymus in the stress model group and the control group. The results showed that there were 101 significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) (Padj < 0.05, |log2fold changes| ≥ 1 and FPKM >1), of which 44 were upregulated genes, while 57 were downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis found that the terms related to immunity or stress mainly included antigen processing and presentation, positive regulation of T cell-mediated immunity, and immune effector process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the main pathways related to immunity or stress were the PPAR signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and intestinal immune network for IgA production. Among the SDEGs, XCL1, HSPA8, DMB1 and BAG3 are strongly related to immunity or stress and may be important genes involved in regulating stress affecting the immune function of chickens. The above results provide a theoretical reference for subsequent research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms by which stress affects the immune function of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengxia Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Aru Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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17
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Abo-Al-Ela HG, El-Kassas S, El-Naggar K, Abdo SE, Jahejo AR, Al Wakeel RA. Stress and immunity in poultry: light management and nanotechnology as effective immune enhancers to fight stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:457-472. [PMID: 33847921 PMCID: PMC8065079 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry plays a significant role in boosting the economy of several countries, particularly developing countries, and acts as a good, cheap, and affordable source of animal protein. A stress-free environment is the main target in poultry production. There are several stressors, such as cold stress, heat stress, high stocking density, and diseases that can affect birds and cause several deleterious changes. Stress reduces feed intake and growth, as well as impairs immune response and function, resulting in high disease susceptibility. These effects are correlated with higher corticosteroid levels that modulate several immune pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and Toll-like receptor signaling along with induction of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus oxidative stress. Several approaches have been considered to boost bird immunity to overcome stress-associated effects. Of these, dietary supplementation of certain nutrients and management modifications, such as light management, are commonly considered. Dietary supplementations improve bird immunity by improving the development of lymphoid tissues and triggering beneficial immune modulators and responses. Since nano-minerals have higher bioavailability compared to inorganic or organic forms, they are highly recommended to be included in the bird's diet during stress. Additionally, light management is considered a cheap and safe approach to control stress. Changing light from continuous to intermittent and using monochromatic light instead of the normal light improve bird performance and health. Such changes in light management are associated with a reduction of ROS production and increased antioxidant production. In this review, we discuss the impact of stress on the immune system of birds and the transcriptome of oxidative stress and immune-related genes, in addition, how nano-minerals supplementations and light system modulate or mitigate stress-associated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt.
| | - Seham El-Kassas
- Animal, Poultry and Fish Breeding and Production, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Karima El-Naggar
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Safaa E Abdo
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Rasha A Al Wakeel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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18
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Andamin AD, Abdu PA, Akade FT, Orakpoghenor O, Aluwong T. Antox® and Bactofort® mitigated the haematological alterations induced by a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in chicks. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:101-109. [PMID: 33890234 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the mitigating effects of two probiotics on blood parameters of ISA Brown chicks inoculated with a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). Two hundred chicks were assigned into four groups of 50 birds each. Groups A and B were administered Antox® in water and Bactofort® in feed daily from 1 to 42 days of age and inoculated with a vvIBDV at 28 days and C and D served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Blood samples were examined for changes in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), total white blood cell (TWBC), heterophil and lymphocyte counts seven days post inoculation. The PCV between groups A and C differed (P < 0.05) and in group B it was higher (P < 0.05) than that of group C. The Hb concentration between groups A, B and C differed (P < 0.05). There was a difference (P < 0.05) in RBC counts between groups A, B, C. Differences in TWBC between group A and C were significant (P < 0.05) and TWBC in group B was higher (P < 0.05) than that of group C. There was a significant difference in heterophil (P < 0.05) and lymphocyte (P < 0.05) count between group A and C, and B and C. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in positive control compared to groups A, B, C. Antox® and Bactofort® mitigated the deleterious effects of vvIBDV on blood parameters and can assist in cases of IBD outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Felix Tersua Akade
- Department of Animal Health Technology, Taraba State College of Agriculture, Jalingo, Nigeria
| | - Ochuko Orakpoghenor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Dietary Pomegranate By-Product Alleviated the Oxidative Stress Induced by Dexamethasone in Laying Hens in the Pre-Peak Period. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041022. [PMID: 33916329 PMCID: PMC8066172 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present work was designed to maximize an agro-industrial by-products’ benefits in an environmentally safe manner. This study explores the antioxidative effects of pomegranate peels as dietary additives on the performance of laying hens in the pre-peak period under oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone. Pomegranate peel powder was included at 2% and 4% in the diets of laying hens exposed to oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone compared with negative and positive control groups for 12 weeks. Based on the obtained results, the current study recommends the possibility of using dietary pomegranate peels up to 4% not only for alleviating the adverse effects of oxidative stress in the pre-peak laying period but also as a sustainable and economical approach for agricultural development. Abstract This experiment was conducted to assess the inclusion of the by-products of pomegranate peels to ameliorate the harmful impacts of oxidative stress in the pre-peak period of laying hens. For this, 120 local Egyptian strain hens (Inshas hens) aged 24 weeks old were used in four treatments. Pomegranate peel powder was included at 2% and 4% in the diets of laying hens subjected to oxidative injuries induced by dexamethasone compared with negative and positive control groups for 12 weeks. The addition of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) reduced the adverse effects of oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone on body weight (p = 0.006) and egg production (p = 0.010) comparing to the positive control. Additionally, pomegranate peel powder had a significant positive lowering effect on plasma cholesterol (p < 0.001) and triglyceride contents (p = 0.005) compared to control groups. The lipid peroxidation indicators (MDA) were reduced, but the antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and total antioxidant blood capacity were improved with PPP. Based on the obtained data, the present research recommends using dietary PPP up to 4% to mitigate adverse oxidative stress effects in the pre-peak laying period and as a sustainable and economical approach for agricultural development.
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Ekesi NS, Dolka B, Alrubaye AAK, Rhoads DD. Analysis of genomes of bacterial isolates from lameness outbreaks in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101148. [PMID: 34077848 PMCID: PMC8173297 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated lameness outbreaks at 3 commercial broiler farms in Arkansas. We isolated several distinct bacterial species from Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) lesions from these 3 farms. The results show that BCO-lameness pathogens on particular farms can differ significantly. We characterized genomes for isolates of the 2 most prevalent species, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Genomes assembled for E. coli isolates from all 3 farms were quite different between farms, and most similar to genomes from different geographical locations and hosts. The E. coli phylogenomics suggests frequent host shifts for this species. Genomes for S. aureus isolates from one farm were highly related to those from chicken isolates from Europe. Highly related isolates have also been characterized from chickens in the Arkansas area for at least a decade. Phylogenomics suggest that this S. aureus has been restricted to poultry for more than 40 y. Detailed analysis of genomes from 2 neighboring clades of S. aureus human and chicken isolates, identifies the acquisition of a specific pathogenicity island in the transition from human to chicken pathogen and that pathogenesis for this clade in chickens may depend on this mobile element. Investigation of the evolution of this chicken-restricted clade from 1980 in Ireland, Poland in 2008, Oklahoma in 2010 and Arkansas in 2019, reveals the acquisition of additional virulence determinants including pathogenicity islands. Isolate-specific genome characterizations will help further our understanding of the disease mechanisms of BCO-lameness, a significant animal welfare issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Ekesi
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Beata Dolka
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adnan A K Alrubaye
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Douglas D Rhoads
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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21
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Su A, Guo Y, Tian H, Zhou Y, Li W, Tian Y, Li K, Sun G, Jiang R, Yan F, Kang X. Analysis of miRNA and mRNA reveals core interaction networks and pathways of dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression in chicken bursa of Fabricius. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:34-47. [PMID: 33711668 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced immunosuppression is a serious problem affecting the production value of poultry, but its specific molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. We selected 7-day-old Gushi cocks as test animals and successfully established a stress-induced immunosuppression model by injecting 2.0 mg/kg (body weight) dexamethasone (Dex). We then constructed six cDNA libraries and two small RNA libraries of Bursa of Fabricius from the control group and the Dex group. RNA-seq results revealed 21,028 transcripts including 3920 novel transcripts; 500 miRNAs including 68 novel miRNAs were identified. Correlation analysis of miRNA, target genes and mRNA results indicated that the gga-miR-15 family, gga-miR-103-3p, gga-miR-456-3p, and gga-miR-27b-3p, as core differentially expressed miRNAs, may potentially regulate multiple genes which are involved in immune-related pathways; and that the core genes Suppressor of IKBKE 1 (SIKE1) and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) are associated with the miR-17 family (gga-miR-20a-5p, gga-miR-20b-5p, gga-miR-106-5p, and gga-miR-17-5p) and gga-let -7 family (gga-let-7b, gga-let-7i, gga-let-7c-5p, and gga-let-7f-5p). The interaction networks of mRNAs of significantly enrichment pathways and PPI (protein-protein interaction) networks showed that IL6, IL1B, IL8L1, CCL5, SOCS3, SOCS1, ITGB5, GSTA3, SQLE, FDFT1, FN1, IL18, IL10, MAPK11 and MAPK12 are network core nodes and that most of them are strongly associated with immune response. One of the candidate miRNAs, gga-miR-20b-5p, may play an important role in stress-induced immunosuppression. Luciferase assay and over-expression experiments suggested that gga-miR-20b-5p negatively regulated the expression of target gene SIKE1. These results provide better understanding of the mechanism of stress-induced immunosuppression in Gushi chicken bursa, and provide novel targets for subsequent research to improve poultry anti-stress capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aru Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yujie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Huihui Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yanting Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Kui Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010147. [PMID: 33440734 PMCID: PMC7826962 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to examine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) at different levels (5 and 15 mg/kg feed) on the metabolism, immune response and welfare parameters of male broiler chickens (Ross 308) at 42 days old. Forty-five 1 day-old broiler chickens were randomly distributed into three different dietary treatments: (1) control, (2) DON-contaminated diet with 5 mg DON/kg of feed (guidance level), and (3) DON-contaminated diet with 15 mg DON/kg of feed. Five replicated cages with three birds each were used for each treatment in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that DON was detected in excreta of birds fed contaminated diets compared with controls. The metabolite DON-3 sulphate (DON-3S) was detected in plasma and excreta in both treated groups, as well as in the liver (but only at 15 mg/kg feed). The increase in the level of DON decreased the hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.001), whereas the erythrocyte counts were only decreased at 15 mg DON/kg feed. No effect of DON on the responses to common vaccines was observed. In plasma, interleukin 8 levels in both contaminated groups were significantly higher than in the control group. The expression of interleukin 6, interleukin 1β and interferon-γ increased in jejunum tissues of broilers fed 5 mg/kg of DON compared with controls. The stress index (heterophil to lymphocyte ratio) was not affected by DON-contaminated diets compared with controls. The plasma corticosterone level was significantly lower in both DON groups compared with controls. In conclusion, DON-3S could be used as a specific biomarker of DON in different biological matrices, while the immune response in broiler chickens is stimulated by the presence of DON at the guidance level, but no adverse effect was observed on physiological stress parameters.
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Abstract
Although many factors affect the welfare of hens housed in cage and non-cage systems, welfare issues in cage systems often involve behavioural restrictions, whereas many welfare issues in non-cage systems involve health and hygiene. This review considers and compares the welfare of laying hens in cages, both conventional and furnished cages, with that of hens in non-cage systems, so as to highlight the welfare implications, both positive and negative, of cage housing. Comparisons of housing systems, particularly in commercial settings, are complex because of potentially confounding differences in physical, climatic and social environments, genetics, nutrition and management. Furthermore, some of the confounding factors are inherent to some specific housing systems. Nevertheless, research in commercial and experimental settings has indicated that hens in conventional and furnished cages have lower (or similar), but not higher, levels of stress on the basis of glucocorticoid concentrations than do hens in non-cage systems. Furthermore, caged hens, generally, have lower mortality rates than do hens in non-cage systems. However, the behavioural repertoire of laying hens housed in conventional cages is clearly more compromised than that of hens in non-cage systems. In contrast to conventional cages, furnished cages may provide opportunities for positive emotional experiences arising from perching, dust-bathing, foraging and nesting in a nest box. Some have suggested that the problems with modern animal production is not that the animals are unable to perform certain behavioural opportunities, but that they are unable to fill the extra time available with limited behaviours when they have no need to find food, water or shelter. Environmental enrichment in which objects or situations are presented that act successfully, and with a foreseeable rewarding outcome for hens by also providing regular positive emotional experience, is likely to enhance hen welfare. Research on cage systems highlights the importance of the design of the housing system rather than just the housing system per se.
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Espinosa R, Tago D, Treich N. Infectious Diseases and Meat Production. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1019-1044. [PMID: 32836843 PMCID: PMC7399585 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the "One Health" approach focus on increasing farms' biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders' incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a "zoonotic" Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hofmann T, Schmucker SS, Bessei W, Grashorn M, Stefanski V. Impact of Housing Environment on the Immune System in Chickens: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1138. [PMID: 32635616 PMCID: PMC7401558 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During their lifespan, chickens are confronted with a wide range of acute and chronic stressors in their housing environment that may threaten their welfare and health by modulating the immune system. Especially chronic stressful conditions can exceed the individual's allostatic load, with negative consequences for immunity. A fully functional immune system is mandatory for health and welfare and, consequently, also for high productivity and safe animal products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of housing form, light regime as well as aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations on the immune system in chickens. Certain housing conditions are clearly associated with immunological alterations which potentially impair the success of vaccinations or affect disease susceptibility. Such poor conditions counteract sustainable poultry production. This review also outlines current knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hofmann
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Sonja S. Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Werner Bessei
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (W.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Grashorn
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (W.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Lobo RR, Vincenzi R, Rojas-Moreno DA, Lobo AAG, da Silva CM, Benetel-Junior V, Ghussn LR, Mufalo VC, Berndt A, Gallo SB, Pinheiro RSB, Bueno ICDS, Faciola AP. Inclusion of Yerba Mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) Extract in the Diet of Growing Lambs: Effects on Blood Parameters, Animal Performance, and Carcass Traits. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060961. [PMID: 32492885 PMCID: PMC7341229 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant widely used for human consumption in Latin America, with important health benefits for people. However, limited knowledge on its effects on animal health and nutrition are available. In this study, we evaluated the inclusion of yerba mate extract at levels up to 4% of the dry matter in the diets of growing lambs and its effects on blood parameters, animal performance, body metrics and carcass traits. Yerba mate extract up to 2% of inclusion had positive effects on feed intake and animal performance; however, greater inclusion rates had negative effects on feed intake and animal performance. Supplementation of yerba mate extract up to 2% also increased white blood cells and globulins, which have been closely related to a better immune response in animals. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate levels of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract (YME), as a feed additive in the diets of growing lambs on serum biochemical parameters and hematological indices, animal performance, body metrics and carcass traits. Thirty-six entire (nine per treatment), male growing lambs, weighing 23.8 ± 3.7 kg, were fed the experimental diets which were treatments consisting of increasing levels of YME (0, 1, 2, and 4% inclusion on a dry matter [DM] basis) during an experimental period of 53 days. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, which initial body weight was used as blocking factor and the results were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts (linear, quadratic, and cubic). Yerba mate extract did not change the general health status of the animals; however, inclusions of up to 2% of the extract increased globulins (p = 0.05) and white blood cell count, as segmented neutrophils (p = 0.02) and lymphocytes (p = 0.04). Additionally, inclusion of up to 2% YME increased dry matter intake, final weight gain, total and daily gain (p < 0.05), also tended to increase ribeye area and reduce fat thickness (p < 0.10); however, YME above 2% of inclusion reduced animal productive parameters (p < 0.05). In conclusion, levels up to 2% of YME were beneficial to the health and productive parameters of growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Lobo
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-870-4317
| | - Rafaela Vincenzi
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Danny A. Rojas-Moreno
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Annelise A. G. Lobo
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Caroline M. da Silva
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Vanderlei Benetel-Junior
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Laura R. Ghussn
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Vinícius C. Mufalo
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Alexandre Berndt
- Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Sarita B. Gallo
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Rafael S. B. Pinheiro
- College of Engineering, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ives C. da S. Bueno
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (R.V.); (D.A.R.-M.); (A.A.G.L.); (C.M.d.S.); (V.B.-J.); (L.R.G.); (V.C.M.); (S.B.G.); (I.C.d.S.B.)
| | - Antonio P. Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
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27
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Spleen Revealed Mechanism of Dexamethasone-Induced Immune Suppression in Chicks. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050513. [PMID: 32384708 PMCID: PMC7288455 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced immunosuppression is a common problem in the poultry industry, but the specific mechanism of its effect on the immune function of chicken has not been clarified. In this study, 7-day-old Gushi cocks were selected as subjects, and a stress-induced immunosuppression model was successfully established via daily injection of 2.0 mg/kg (body weight) dexamethasone. We characterized the spleen transcriptome in the control (B_S) and model (D_S) groups, and 515 significant differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript sequence per Millions base pairs sequenced (FPKM) > 1, adjusted p-value (padj) < 0.05 and Fold change (|FC|) ≥ 2) were identified. The cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway was identified as being highly activated during stress-induced immunosuppression, including the following SDEGs-CXCL13L2, CSF3R, CSF2RB, CCR9, CCR10, IL1R1, IL8L1, IL8L2, GHR, KIT, OSMR, TNFRSF13B, TNFSF13B, and TGFBR2L. At the same time, immune-related SDEGs including CCR9, CCR10, DMB1, TNFRSF13B, TNFRSF13C and TNFSF13B were significantly enriched in the intestinal immune network for the IgA production signaling pathway. The SDEG protein-protein interaction module analysis showed that CXCR5, CCR8L, CCR9, CCR10, IL8L2, IL8L1, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF13B and TNFRSF13C may play an important role in stress-induced immunosuppression. These findings provide a background for further research on stress-induced immunosuppression. Thus, we can better understand the molecular genetic mechanism of chicken stress-induced immunosuppression.
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28
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Weimer SL, Wideman RF, Scanes CG, Mauromoustakos A, Christensen KD, Vizzier-Thaxton Y. Broiler stress responses to light intensity, flooring type, and leg weakness as assessed by heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, serum corticosterone, infrared thermography, and latency to lie. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3301-3311. [PMID: 32616223 PMCID: PMC7597826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and leg weakness are detrimental to broiler production, health, and welfare. Traditional methods to evaluate stress may be stressful to the bird because they are invasive and require handling and restraint. Two studies examined the effects of light intensity and flooring on the following in broilers: 1) traditional methods for assessing stress using heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and serum corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, 2) noninvasive measures of stress from infrared thermography (IRT) eye and beak surface temperatures, and 3) latency-to-lie (LTL) test times of birds tested individually and in groups of 5. Day-of-hatch male broiler chicks were placed into 6 pens (N = 120 chicks/pen). At 1 wk, pens were allocated to 3 light intensity treatments (2, 5, or 10 lux). At 4 wk, half of the birds from each pen were moved to a pen with wire flooring and the same light intensity. At 1, 4, 5, and 8 wk, blood samples were collected and IRT images of the heads of 5 clinically healthy broilers from each pen were captured. In study 2, IRT images of the heads of birds that became lame in the wire flooring pens were taken. There were no treatment effects on the LTL times of birds tested in groups or individually (P > 0.05). On day 56 in study 1, birds on wire flooring had elevated heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and CORT concentrations (P ≤ 0.002) and depressed IRT eye and beak temperatures (P < 0.0001). In both studies, there were negative correlations between CORT concentrations and IRT beak surface temperatures (P < 0.05). Lame birds had lower IRT eye and beak surface temperatures than sound birds (P ≤ 0.004), and the IRT beak surface temperatures of lame birds were lower than their eye surface temperatures (P = 0.004) in study 2. These studies indicate that the IRT surface temperatures of the eye, and more distinctly of the beak, can be used as sensitive noninvasive indicators of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Weimer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Robert F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Colin G Scanes
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Andy Mauromoustakos
- Agricultural Statistics Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Karen D Christensen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Office of Animal Welfare, Tyson Foods, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
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Armstrong EA, Rufener C, Toscano MJ, Eastham JE, Guy JH, Sandilands V, Boswell T, Smulders TV. Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3007. [PMID: 32080271 PMCID: PMC7033198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In commercial flocks of laying hens, keel bone fractures (KBFs) are prevalent and associated with behavioural indicators of pain. However, whether their impact is severe enough to induce a depressive-like state of chronic stress is unknown. As chronic stress downregulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in mammals and birds, we employ this measure as a neural biomarker of subjective welfare state. Radiographs obtained longitudinally from Lohmann Brown laying hens housed in a commercial multi-tier aviary were used to score the severity of naturally-occurring KBFs between the ages of 21-62 weeks. Individual birds' transitions between aviary zones were also recorded. Focal hens with severe KBFs at 3-4 weeks prior to sampling (n = 15) had lower densities of immature doublecortin-positive (DCX+) multipolar and bipolar neurons in the hippocampal formation than focal hens with minimal fractures (n = 9). KBF severity scores at this time also negatively predicted DCX+ cell numbers on an individual level, while hens that acquired fractures earlier in their lives had fewer DCX+ neurons in the caudal hippocampal formation. Activity levels 3-4 weeks prior to sampling were not associated with AHN. KBFs thus lead to a negative affective state lasting at least 3-4 weeks, and management steps to reduce their occurrence are likely to have significant welfare benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Armstrong
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - C Rufener
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
- Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), University of Bern, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - M J Toscano
- Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), University of Bern, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - J E Eastham
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J H Guy
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Sandilands
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Boswell
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T V Smulders
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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Franzen-Klein D, Jankowski M, Roy CL, Nguyen-Phuc H, Chen D, Neuman-Lee L, Redig P, Ponder J. Evaluation of neurobehavioral abnormalities and immunotoxicity in response to oral imidacloprid exposure in domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:45-65. [PMID: 32024444 PMCID: PMC8087242 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1723154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed to imidacloprid by gavage once daily for 7 consecutive days at 0, 0.03, 0.34, 3.42, 10.25, and 15.5 mg/kg/day (n = 20 per group; 5 6-week-old males, 5 6-week-old females, 5 9-week-old males, and 5 9-week-old females). The severity and duration of neurobehavioral abnormalities were recorded. Components of the innate and adaptive immune system were assessed with 7 standard functional assays. Temporary neurobehavioral abnormalities were observed in a dose-dependent manner, including muscle tremors, ataxia, and depressed mentation. Based upon mean clinical severity scores, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 3.42 mg/kg/day, and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 10.25 mg/kg/day. The effective dose value for the presence of any neurobehavioral abnormalities in 50% of the test group (ED50) was 4.62 ± 0.98 mg/kg/day. The ED50 for an adjusted score that included both severity and duration of neurobehavioral abnormalities was 11.24 ± 9.33 mg/kg/day. These ED50 values are equivalent to a 1 kg bird ingesting 29 or 70 imidacloprid treated soybean seeds respectively. Immunotoxicity was not documented, possible causes include the assays were insensitive, relevant immune functions were not examined, or imidacloprid is not immunotoxic at this dosing schedule in this species. Neurobehavioral abnormalities were a more sensitive indicator of the sublethal effects of imidacloprid than immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Franzen-Klein
- The Raptor Center, The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Jankowski
- The Raptor Center, The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charlotte L Roy
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hoa Nguyen-Phuc
- The Raptor Center, The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Da Chen
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Lorin Neuman-Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Patrick Redig
- The Raptor Center, The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia Ponder
- The Raptor Center, The University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Andreatti Filho RL, Milbradt EL, Okamoto AS, Silva TM, Vellano IHB, Gross LS, Oro CS, Hataka A. Salmonella Enteritidis infection, corticosterone levels, performance and egg quality in laying hens submitted to different methods of molting. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4416-4425. [PMID: 31065721 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In commercial layer poultry farming, molt induction is an important tool used by egg producers to prolong the production cycle of laying hens. Conventional molt induction programs involve total feed withdrawal, which raises questions about animal welfare and increased infection susceptibility. The high incidence of paratyphoid salmonellosis infections in commercial poultry farming is still an important health challenge because in addition to affecting the birds, such infections also cause public health problems. In this context, experiments were performed with laying hens at 79 wk of age to compare the conventional forced molting method (fasting) with an alternative method (free wheat bran supply) and determine their effect on the persistence of vaccine antibodies against Newcastle disease, the control and reduction of experimentally inoculated Salmonella Enteritidis, and the performance and egg quality of hens. A reduction (P < 0.05) of Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop and lower production of corticosterone were observed in the birds that received wheat bran compared with those subjected to total fasting. Moreover, a better performance (P < 0.05) with regard to egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion/kg and dozen eggs was observed in the hens that received the alternative treatment compared to the conventional forced molting method. Thus, the use of wheat bran for forced molting was found to be feasible and met the welfare needs of the hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Andreatti Filho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - E L Milbradt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A S Okamoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - T M Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - I H B Vellano
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - L S Gross
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - C S Oro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A Hataka
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
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Gaigher A, Burri R, San-Jose LM, Roulin A, Fumagalli L. Lack of statistical power as a major limitation in understanding MHC-mediated immunocompetence in wild vertebrate populations. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5115-5132. [PMID: 31614047 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the sources of variation in developing an effective immune response against pathogens is of major interest to immunoecology and evolutionary biology. To date, the link between immunocompetence and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has received little attention in wild animals, despite the key role of MHC genes in activating the adaptive immune system. Although several studies point to a link between MHC and immunocompetence, negative findings have also been reported. Such disparate findings suggest that limited statistical power might be affecting studies on this topic, owing to insufficient sample sizes and/or a generally small effect of MHC on the immunocompetence of wild vertebrates. To clarify this issue, we investigated the link between MHC variation and seven immunocompetence proxies in a large sample of barn owls and estimated the effect sizes and statistical power of this and published studies on this topic. We found that MHC poorly explained variation in immunocompetence of barn owls, with small-to-moderate associations between MHC and immunocompetence in owls (effect size: .1 ≥ r ≤ .3) similar to other vertebrates studied to date. Such small-to-moderate effects were largely associated with insufficient power, which was only sufficient (>0.8) to detect moderate-to-large effect sizes (r ≥ .3). Thus, studies linking MHC variation with immunocompetence in wild populations are underpowered to detect MHC effects, which are likely to be of generally small magnitude. Larger sample sizes (>200) will be required to achieve sufficient power in future studies aiming to robustly test for a link between MHC variation and immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gaigher
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Reto Burri
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis M San-Jose
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lee MT, Lin WC, Lin LJ, Wang SY, Chang SC, Lee TT. Effects of dietary Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product supplementation on antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1113-1125. [PMID: 31480134 PMCID: PMC7322656 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product on modulation of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Methods Functional compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity were detected in wheat bran (WB) solid-state fermented by Antrodia cinnamomea for 16 days (FAC). In animal experiment, 400 d-old broiler chickens were allotted into 5 groups fed control diet, and control diet replaced with 5% WB, 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC respectively. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, serum antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiles in pectoral superficial muscle were measured. Results Pretreatment with hot water extracted fermented product significantly reduced chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells death induced by lipopolysaccharide and 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Birds received 5% and 10% FAC had higher weight gain than WB groups. Cecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria were diminished and increased respectively while diet replaced with FAC. For FAC supplemented groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 35 days only, with catalase elevated at 21 and 35 day. Regarding serum lipid parameters, 10% FAC replacement significantly reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein level in chickens. For fatty acid composition in pectoral superficial muscle of 35-d-old chickens, 5% and 10% FAC inclusion had birds with significantly lower saturated fatty acids as compared with 10% WB group. Birds on the 5% FAC diet had a higher degree of unsaturation, followed by 10% FAC, control, 5% WB, and 10% WB. Conclusion In conclusion, desirable intestinal microflora in chickens obtaining FAC may be attributed to the functional metabolites detected in final fermented product. Moreover, antioxidant effects observed in FAC were plausibly exerted in terms of improved antioxidant enzymes activities, increased unsaturated degree of fatty acids in chicken muscle and better weight gain in FAC inclusion groups, indicating that FAC possesses promising favorable mechanisms worthy to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - W C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - L J Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - S C Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, 912, Taiwan
| | - T T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Abstract
A healthy immune system is a cornerstone for poultry production. Any factor diminishing the immune responses will affect production parameters and increase cost. There are numerous factors, infectious and noninfectious, causing immunosuppression (IS) in chickens. This paper reviews the three viral diseases that most commonly induce IS or subclinical IS in chickens: Marek's disease virus (MDV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), as well as the interactions among them. MDV-induced IS (MDV-IS) affects both humoral and cellular immune responses. It is very complex, poorly understood, and in many cases underdiagnosed. Vaccination protects against some but not all aspects of MDV-IS. CIAV induces apoptosis of the hemocytoblasts resulting in anemia, hemorrhages, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. It also causes apoptosis of thymocytes and dividing T lymphocytes, affecting T helper functions, which are essential for antibody production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions. Control of CIAV is based on vaccination of breeders and maternal antibodies (MAbs). However, subclinical IS can occur after MAbs wane. IBDV infection affects the innate immune responses during virus replication and humoral immune responses as a consequence of the destruction of B-cell populations. Vaccines with various levels of attenuation are used to control IBDV. Interactions with MAbs and residual virulence of the vaccines need to be considered when designing vaccination plans. The interaction between IBDV, CIAV, and MDV is critical although underestimated in many cases. A proper control of IBDV is a must to have proper humoral immune responses needed to control CIAV. Equally, long-term control of MDV is not possible if chickens are coinfected with CIAV, as CIAV jeopardizes CTL functions critical for MDV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Gimeno
- A Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - K A Schat
- B Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Calefi AS, de Queiroz Nunes CA, da Silva Fonseca JG, Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ferreira AJP, Palermo-Neto J. Heat stress reduces Eimeria spp. infection and interferes with C. perfringens infection via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:273-280. [PMID: 30711848 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress has a relevant effect on animal health and productivity. Stress and environmental changes can contribute to disease development, such as avian necrotic enteritis (NE). The goal of this study was to analyze the effects of heat stress applied to broiler chickens in an experimental model of co-infection with Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria spp. Therefore, the current study was designed to analyze the effect of heat stress to broiler chickens in an experimental model of infection or co-infection with Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria spp. C. perfringens was given in the poultry feed and the Eimeria infection was induced by gavage with a live oocysts vaccine dose 30 times higher than the manufacturer recommendation. We observed a reduction in the secretory IgA concentration in the jejunum and ileum in heat-stressed chickens compared to non-stressed chickens. Decreased maximum scores of intestinal necrosis, crypt abscesses and transmural lesions were observed in the heat-stressed chickens co-infected and infected with Eimeria compared to the respective unstressed groups. Heat stress caused an increase the intestinal lesion scores in chickens infected with C. perfringens only. The crypt depth was greater in chickens from the heat-stressed groups compared to the non-stressed groups. We also demonstrated that HS decreased infection and/or Eimeria development in the intestinal epithelium, reducing the harmful potential of C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilio Sersun Calefi
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Catarina Augusta de Queiroz Nunes
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Garcia da Silva Fonseca
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Moreno Quinteiro-Filho
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio José Piantino Ferreira
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Palermo-Neto
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Blakey J, Crispo M, Bickford A, Stoute S. Fowl cholera and acute heart rupture in a backyard turkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:390-394. [PMID: 30636539 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718823850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera, an economically important disease of commercial and backyard poultry. Turkeys are particularly susceptible to fowl cholera; both backyard and commercial turkeys can succumb to disease. On April 10, 2018, a dead 9-mo-old male Bronze turkey was submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS)-Turlock branch for postmortem examination. History included previous housing and fighting with another male turkey, after which separation by a fence was instituted. Fighting continued, and depression and anorexia of 2 d duration was followed by acute collapse and death. At autopsy, blood clots markedly expanded the pericardium, and a tear was visible in the left ventricular free wall. Vegetative aortic valvular lesions were observed. Microscopically, infarcts were observed in kidney, liver, heart, spleen, and pancreas, with large numbers of gram-negative bacterial colonies present in most organs. P. multocida was isolated from multiple organs, and identified as serotype 2,5 and fingerprint 1604. Septic embolization from the vegetative valvular aortic lesions likely led to infarcts in multiple organs, including the left ventricular free wall, which ultimately caused weakening of the ventricular wall, ventricular rupture, and exsanguination into the pericardial space. Rupture of the left ventricular free wall has not been previously documented in turkeys with P. multocida infection, to our knowledge, and demonstrates an atypical presentation of fowl cholera in this backyard turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Arthur Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
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37
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Campbell DLM, de Haas EN, Lee C. A review of environmental enrichment for laying hens during rearing in relation to their behavioral and physiological development. Poult Sci 2019; 98:9-28. [PMID: 30107615 PMCID: PMC6347129 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, laying hen production systems are a focus of concern for animal welfare. Recently, the impacts of rearing environments have attracted attention, particularly with the trend toward more complex production systems including aviaries, furnished cages, barn, and free-range. Enriching the rearing environments with physical, sensory, and stimulatory additions can optimize the bird's development but commercial-scale research is limited. In this review, "enrichment" is defined as anything additional added to the bird's environment including structurally complex rearing systems. The impacts of enrichments on visual development, neurobehavioral development, auditory stimulation, skeletal development, immune function, behavioral development of fear and pecking, and specifically pullets destined for free-range systems are summarized and areas for future research identified. Visual enrichment and auditory stimulation may enhance neural development but specific mechanisms of impact and suitable commercial enrichments still need elucidating. Enrichments that target left/right brain hemispheres/behavioral traits may prepare birds for specific types of adult housing environments (caged, indoor, outdoor). Similarly, structural enrichments are needed to optimize skeletal development depending on the adult layer system, but specific physiological processes resulting from different types of exercise are poorly understood. Stimulating appropriate pecking behavior from hatch is critical but producers will need to adapt to different flock preferences to provide enrichments that are utilized by each rearing group. Enrichments have potential to enhance immune function through the application of mild stressors that promote adaptability, and this same principle applies to free-range pullets destined for variable outdoor environments. Complex rearing systems may have multiple benefits, including reducing fear, that improve the transition to the layer facility. Overall, there is a need to commercially validate positive impacts of cost-effective enrichments on bird behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L M Campbell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
- Adjunct to School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - E N de Haas
- Behavioural Ecology Group and Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Lee
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
- Adjunct to School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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Weimer SL, Wideman RF, Scanes CG, Mauromoustakos A, Christensen KD, Vizzier-Thaxton Y. An evaluation of methods for measuring stress in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3381-3389. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee M, Lin W, Wang S, Lin L, Yu B, Lee T. Evaluation of potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Antrodia cinnamomea powder and the underlying molecular mechanisms via Nrf2- and NF-κB-dominated pathways in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2419-2434. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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40
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Stammen RL, Cohen JK, Meeker TL, Crane MM, Amara RR, Hicks SL, Meyer JS, Ethun KF. Effect of Chronic Social Stress on Prenatal Transfer of Antitetanus Immunity in Captive Breeding Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:357-367. [PMID: 29764539 PMCID: PMC6059219 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because tetanus can cause significant morbidity and mortality in NHP, colonywide vaccination with tetanus toxoid is recommended for outdoor breeding colonies of rhesus macaques, with primary immunizations commonly given to infants at 6 mo of age followed by booster vaccines every 10 y. Maternal antibodies are thought to offer protective immunity to infants younger than 6 mo. However, historical colony data from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center show a higher incidence of tetanus among infants (≤ 6 mo old) born to subordinate dams. Whether this higher incidence of infantile tetanus is due to a higher incidence of trauma among subordinate animals or is a stress-induced impairment of maternal antibody protection is unknown. Studies in other NHP species suggest that chronic exposure to social stressors interferes with the receptor-mediated transplacental transfer of IgG. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine whether chronic stress associated with social subordination impairs prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity in breeding female rhesus macaques. Subjects included 26 high- and 26 low-ranking adult female rhesus macaques that were nearly 5 or 10 y after their initial immunization and their nonimmunized infants. We hypothesized that infants born to subordinate dams that were nearly 10 y after immunization would have the lowest infant-to-dam antibody ratios and thus would be at greatest risk for infection. Results revealed no significant intergroup differences in infant antitetanus IgG levels. However, infant-to-dam IgG ratios against tetanus were significantly lower among subordinate animals compared with dominant macaques, after accounting for the number of years since the dam's initial vaccination. In addition, higher maternal hair cortisol levels predicted lower infantto-dam tetanus toxoid IgG ratios. Together, these findings suggest that chronic social stress in female rhesus macaques may hamper the prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle L Stammen
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joyce K Cohen
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tracy L Meeker
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria M Crane
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rama R Amara
- Divisions of Microbiology and Immunology, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Divisions of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Departments of Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly F Ethun
- Divisions of Animal Resources, Developmental and Cognitive Neurosciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;,
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Min Y, Niu Z, Sun T, Wang Z, Jiao P, Zi B, Chen P, Tian D, Liu F. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation improves antioxidant status and immune function in oxidative-stressed breeder roosters by up-regulating expression of GSH-Px gene. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1238-1244. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Effects of dietary L-tryptophan supplementation on intestinal response to chronic unpredictable stress in broilers. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1227-1236. [PMID: 28487998 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress has been recognized as a critical risk factor for gastrointestinal diseases in both humans and animals. However, nutritional strategies to attenuate stress-induced intestinal barrier function and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that L-tryptophan enhanced intestinal barrier function by regulating mucosal serotonin metabolism in chronic unpredictable stress-exposed broilers. One-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were fed a basal diet supplemented with or without L-tryptophan in the absence or presence of chronic unpredictable stress. Feed intake, body weight gain, plasma corticosterone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), intestinal permeability, mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA), and mRNA levels for tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, protein abundance for claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 were determined. Stress exposure led to elevated plasma corticosterone (P < 0.05), increased intestinal permeability (P < 0.05), reduced growth performance (P < 0.05), and decreased sIgA secretion compared with the controls. These effects were largely reversed (P < 0.05) by L-tryptophan supplementation. Western blot analysis showed that stress exposure resulted in decreased protein abundance for occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1, which was attenuated by L-tryptophan. mRNA levels for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased, but those for IL-10 were decreased, in the jejunal tissue of broilers subjected to stress. This effect of stress on cytokine expression was abolished by L-tryptophan treatment. The effects of stress were associated with decreased plasma concentration of 5-HT (P < 0.05), and reduced (P < 0.05) mRNA levels for TPH1. L-Tryptophan supplementation markedly attenuated stress-induced alterations in 5-HT and TPH1 mRNA level in jejunal tissues of broilers. Collectively, these results indicate that L-tryptophan supplementation alleviates chronic unpredictable stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by regulating 5-HT metabolism in broilers.
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Nunes JC, Carvalho MM, Sugui JK, Queiroz FA, Santana AE, Hata ME, Aiura ALO, Oliveira JA, Queiroz SA. EFFECT OF LITTER SUBSTRATES ON THE PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT OF RED-WINGED TINAMOU (RHYNCHOTUS RUFESCENS). BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JC Nunes
- Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - MM Carvalho
- Environment Department of the city of Diadema, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - ALO Aiura
- State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
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Seifi S, Khoshbakht R, Raeisi M. Salmonellosis and Related Risk Factors in Broiler Flocks in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep34031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pande VV, Devon RL, Sharma P, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Study of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Laying Hens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 26941727 PMCID: PMC4766288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Salmonella enterica are frequently involved in egg and egg product related human food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is frequently involved in egg and egg product related foodborne illness and Salmonella Mbandaka has also been found to be a contaminant of the layer farm environment. The ability possessed by Salmonella Enteritidis to colonize reproductive organs and contaminate developing eggs has been well-described. However, there are few studies investigating this ability for Salmonella Typhimurium. The hypothesis of this study was that the Salmonella Typhimurium can colonize the gut for a prolonged period of time and that horizontal infection through feces is the main route of egg contamination. At 14 weeks of age hens were orally infected with either S. Typhimurium PT 9 or S. Typhimurium PT 9 and Salmonella Mbandaka. Salmonella shedding in feces and eggs was monitored for 15 weeks post-infection. Egg shell surface and internal contents of eggs laid by infected hens were cultured independently for detection of Salmonella spp. The mean Salmonella load in feces ranged from 1.54 to 63.35 and 0.31 to 98.38 most probable number/g (MPN/g) in the S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka group, respectively. No correlation was found between mean fecal Salmonella load and frequency of egg shell contamination. Egg shell contamination was higher in S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka infected group (7.2% S. Typhimurium, 14.1% S. Mbandaka) compared to birds infected with S. Typhimurium (5.66%) however, co-infection had no significant impact on egg contamination by S. Typhimurium. Throughout the study Salmonella was not recovered from internal contents of eggs laid by hens. Salmonella was isolated from different segments of oviduct of hens from both the groups, however pathology was not observed on microscopic examination. This study investigated Salmonella shedding for up to 15 weeks p.i which is a longer period of time compared to previously published studies. The findings of current study demonstrated intermittent but persistent fecal shedding of Salmonella after oral infection for up to 15 weeks p.i. Further, egg shell contamination, with lack of internal egg content contamination and the low frequency of reproductive organ infection suggested that horizontal infection through contaminated feces is the main route of egg contamination with S. Typhimurium in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Devon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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Wideman RF. Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis and lameness in broilers: a review. Poult Sci 2016; 95:325-44. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Stress effect on humoral and cell mediated immune response: Indispensable part of corticosterone and cytokine in neutrophil function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sid H, Benachour K, Rautenschlein S. Co-infection with Multiple Respiratory Pathogens Contributes to Increased Mortality Rates in Algerian Poultry Flocks. Avian Dis 2015; 59:440-6. [PMID: 26478165 DOI: 10.1637/11063-031615-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. To improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. Because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in Algeria. Our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), known to be present in neighboring countries, can also be detected in Algerian chicken and turkey flocks. Results demonstrate the circulation of the investigated pathogens in Algerian poultry flocks as multi-infections. Phylogenetic characterization of the Algerian IBV strains confirmed the circulation of nephropathogenic viruses that are different from the strains isolated in neighboring countries. This could suggest the existence of a new IBV genotype in North Africa. Additionally, we detected for the first time an aMPV subtype B field strain and avian influenza virus. Interestingly, all viral pathogens were present in co-infections with MG, which could exacerbate clinical disease. Additional pathogens may be present and should be investigated in the future. Our results suggest that multiple respiratory infections may be responsible for high mortality in Algerian poultry flocks and very probably also in other regions of the world, which demonstrates the need for the establishment of more comprehensive control strategies.
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McCormick GL, Shea K, Langkilde T. How do duration, frequency, and intensity of exogenous CORT elevation affect immune outcomes of stress? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26209864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stress is typically characterized as "acute" (lasting from minutes to hours) or "chronic" (lasting from days to months). These terms are of limited use as they are inconsistently used and only encompass one aspect of the stressor (duration). Short and long duration stress are generally thought to produce specific outcomes (e.g. acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses immune function). We propose that aspects of stress other than duration, such as frequency and intensity, are important in determining its outcome. We experimentally manipulated duration, frequency, and intensity of application of exogenous corticosterone, CORT, in Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern fence lizards) and measured the immune outcomes. Our findings reveal that immune outcomes of stress are not easily predicted from the average amount or duration of CORT elevation, but that intensity plays an important role. Although three of our treatments received the same average amount of CORT, they produced different effects on immune outcomes (hemagglutination). As predicted by the literature, short-duration exposure to low-dose CORT enhanced hemagglutination; however, short-duration exposure to high-dose CORT suppressed hemagglutination, suggesting that stressor intensity affects immune outcomes of stress. While both are traditionally termed "acute" based on duration, these treatments produced different immune outcomes. Long-duration ("chronic") exposure to CORT did not produce the expected suppression of hemagglutination. Frequency of CORT application did not alter immune outcomes at low intensities. These results highlight the need to quantify more than just the duration of a stressor if we are to understand and manage the ecological consequences of stress. Specifically, we should consider stressor frequency and intensity, as well as duration, for a more complete characterization and understanding of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail L McCormick
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 208 Mueller Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Katriona Shea
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 208 Mueller Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tracy Langkilde
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 208 Mueller Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Wideman RF, Blankenship J, Pevzner IY, Turner BJ. Efficacy of 25-OH Vitamin D3 prophylactic administration for reducing lameness in broilers grown on wire flooring. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1821-7. [PMID: 26112039 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is the most common cause of lameness in commercial broilers. Growing broilers on wire flooring provides an excellent experimental model for reproducibly triggering significant levels of lameness attributable to BCO. In the present study we evaluated the efficacy of adding HyD (25-OH vitamin D3) to the drinking water as a preventative/prophylactic treatment for lameness. Broiler chicks were reared on 5 x 10 ft flat wire floor panels within 6 environmental chambers. Three chambers were supplied with tap water (Control group) and the remaining chambers were supplied with HyD (HyD group: 0.06 mL HyD solution/L water; dosing based on the HyD Solution label to provide 33.9 μg 25-OHD3/L) from d 1 through 56. Feed was provided ad libitum and was formulated to meet or exceed minimum standards for all ingredients, including 5,500 IU vitamin D3/kg. Lameness initially was detected on d 28, and the cumulative incidence of lameness on d 56 was higher in the Control group than in the HyD group (34.7 vs. 22.7%, respectively; P = 0.03; Z-test of proportions; chambers pooled). The most prevalent diagnoses for lame birds were osteochondrosis and osteomyelitis (BCO) of the proximal femora (52%) and tibiae (79%), accompanied by minor incidences of tibial dyschondroplasia (0.33%), spondylolisthesis, or kinky back (0.67%), and twisted legs (1%). Broilers that survived to d 56 without developing lameness did not differ in BW when compared by group within a gender. The wire flooring model imposes a rigorous, sustained challenge that undoubtedly is much more severe than typically would be experienced by broilers under normal commercial conditions. Therefore the encouraging response to HyD supplementation in the present study supports the potential for 25-OH vitamin D3 to attenuate outbreaks of lameness caused by BCO in commercial broiler flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wideman
- University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - J Blankenship
- University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - I Y Pevzner
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR 72761
| | - B J Turner
- DSM Nutritional Products LLC, Parsippany, NJ 07054
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