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Azeem S, Baroch J, Tewari D, Pabilonia KL, Killian M, Bradel-Tretheway B, Sun D, Ghorbani-Nezami S, Yoon KJ. Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006-2011. Pathogens 2024; 13:333. [PMID: 38668288 PMCID: PMC11054893 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The surveillance of migratory waterbirds (MWs) for avian influenza virus (AIV) is indispensable for the early detection of a potential AIV incursion into poultry. Surveying AIV infections and virus subtypes in understudied MW species could elucidate their role in AIV ecology. Oropharyngeal-cloacal (OPC) swabs were collected from non-mallard MWs between 2006 and 2011. OPC swabs (n = 1158) that molecularly tested positive for AIV (Cts ≤ 32) but tested negative for H5 and H7 subtypes were selected for virus isolation (VI). The selected samples evenly represented birds from all four North American flyways (Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic). Eighty-seven low pathogenic AIV isolates, representing 31 sites in 17 states, were recovered from the samples. All isolates belonged to the North American lineage. The samples representing birds from the Central Flyway had the highest VI positive rate (57.5%) compared to those from the other flyways (10.3-17.2%), suggesting that future surveillance can focus on the Central Flyway. Of the isolates, 43.7%, 12.6%, and 10.3% were obtained from blue-winged teal, American wigeon, and American black duck species, respectively. Hatch-year MWs represented the majority of the isolates (70.1%). The most common H and N combinations were H3N8 (23.0%), H4N6 (18.4%), and H4N8 (18.4%). The HA gene between non-mallard and mallard MW isolates during the same time period shared 85.5-99.5% H3 identity and 89.3-99.7% H4 identity. Comparisons between MW (mallard and non-mallard) and poultry H3 and H4 isolates also revealed high similarity (79.0-99.0% and 88.7-98.4%), emphasizing the need for continued AIV surveillance in MWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Azeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.A.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - John Baroch
- Wildlife Services, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA;
| | - Kristy L. Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Mary Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Sara Ghorbani-Nezami
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Bedair NM, Sakr MA, Mourad A, Eissa N, Mostafa A, Khamiss O. Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms. Arch Virol 2024; 169:99. [PMID: 38625394 PMCID: PMC11021324 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) affect both poultry and humans on a global level, and they are especially prevalent in Egypt. In this study, we sequenced the entire genome of AIV H9N2 isolated from chickens in Egypt in 2021, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting sequences showed that the studied strain was generally monophyletic and grouped within the G1 sublineage of the Eurasian lineage. Four segments (polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase acidic [PA], and non-structural [NS]) were related to Egyptian genotype II, while the nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and haemagglutinin (HA) segments were related to Egyptian genotype I. Molecular analysis revealed that HA protein contained amino acid residues (191H and 234L) that suggested a predilection for attaching to human-like receptors. The antigenic sites of HA had two nonsynonymous mutations: V194I at antigenic site A and M40K at antigenic site B. Furthermore, the R403W and S372A mutations, which have been observed in H3N2 and H2N2 strains that caused human pandemics, were found in the NA protein of the detected strain. The internal proteins contained virulence markers: 504V in the PB2 protein, 622G, 436Y, 207K, and 677T in the PB1 protein, 127V, 550L, and 672L in PA protein, and 64F and 69P in the M protein. These results show that the detected strain had undergone intrasubtype reassortment. Furthermore, it contains changes in the viral proteins that make it more likely to be virulent, raising a question about the tendency of AIV H9N2 to become highly pathogenic in the future for both poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed M Bedair
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Sakr
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Mourad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Eissa
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omaima Khamiss
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
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Abbasnia M, Mosleh N, Dadras H, Shomali T. Effect of enrofloxacin on clinical parameters and mucociliary system of broilers challenged with H9N2 avian influenza/infectious bronchitis viruses. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1390. [PMID: 38419286 PMCID: PMC10902561 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effect of antibacterials on mucociliary system and clinical outcome of chickens with mixed viral respiratory conditions is not properly addressed. OBJECTIVE We evaluated enrofloxacin effects on clinical parameters and mucociliary system of broilers challenged with H9N2/IB viruses. METHODS Broilers (105), at the age of 25 days, were randomly allocated into three groups: Group 1 (negative control), no treatment; Group 2 (positive control [PC]) challenged by intranasal and intraocular route. Group 3 (antibiotic [AB]-treated) challenged and also received enrofloxacin started after manifestation of clinical signs (day 2 post-challenge [pc]) and continued for 5 days. RESULTS Administration of AB was not associated with appreciable changes in body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) or the severity of clinical signs although it slightly reduced mortality rate as compared to PC group (p > 0.05). Virus shedding period and number of virus positive tracheal and caecal tonsil samples were also statistically similar between PC and AB groups. In necropsy, the most profound effect of AB was decreased pleuropneumonia severity score on day 12 pc. Histopathological lesion scores were statistically the same between PC and AB groups. However, the administration of AB increased the number of tracheal goblet cells, with no effect on ciliostasis. CONCLUSIONS We found a weak positive effect of enrofloxacin administration in H9N2/IB-infected chickens. Considering the risks of AB treatment in broiler chickens, the results of this small-scale study do not encourage the benefit of enrofloxacin use in these viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abbasnia
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Najmeh Mosleh
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Habibollah Dadras
- Department of Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Tahoora Shomali
- Department of Basic SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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Croville G, Walch M, Sécula A, Lèbre L, Silva S, Filaire F, Guérin JL. An amplicon-based nanopore sequencing workflow for rapid tracking of avian influenza outbreaks, France, 2020-2022. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1257586. [PMID: 38318163 PMCID: PMC10839014 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1257586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During the recent avian influenza epizootics that occurred in France in 2020/21 and 2021/22, the virus was so contagiousness that it was impossible to control its spread between farms. The preventive slaughter of millions of birds consequently was the only solution available. In an effort to better understand the spread of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in a rapid and innovative manner, we established an amplicon-based MinION sequencing workflow for the rapid genetic typing of circulating AIV strains. An amplicon-based MinION sequencing workflow based on a set of PCR primers targeting primarily the hemagglutinin gene but also the entire influenza virus genome was developed. Thirty field samples from H5 HPAIV outbreaks in France, including environmental samples, were sequenced using the MinION MK1C. A real-time alignment of the sequences with MinKNOW software allowed the sequencing run to be stopped as soon as enough data were generated. The consensus sequences were then generated and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to establish links between the outbreaks. The whole sequence of the hemagglutinin gene was obtained for the 30 clinical samples of H5Nx HPAIV belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b. The consensus sequences comparison and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated links between some outbreaks. While several studies have shown the advantages of MinION for avian influenza virus sequencing, this workflow has been applied exclusively to clinical field samples, without any amplification step on cell cultures or embryonated eggs. As this type of testing pipeline requires only a short amount of time to link outbreaks or demonstrate a new introduction, it could be applied to the real-time management of viral epizootics.
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Komu JG, Nguyen HD, Takeda Y, Fukumoto S, Imai K, Takemae H, Mizutani T, Ogawa H. Challenges for Precise Subtyping and Sequencing of a H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in Japan in the 2022-2023 Season Using Classical Serological and Molecular Methods. Viruses 2023; 15:2274. [PMID: 38005950 PMCID: PMC10675786 DOI: 10.3390/v15112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is a major concern for accurate diagnosis. We encountered some challenges in subtyping and sequencing a recently isolated H5N1 HPAIV strain using classical diagnostic methods. Oropharyngeal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs collected from a dead white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla) were screened via real-time RT-PCR targeting the influenza A virus matrix (M) gene, followed by virus isolation. The hemagglutination inhibition test was applied in order to subtype and antigenically characterize the isolate using anti-A/duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3) reference serum or anti-H5N1 cross-clade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sequencing using previously reported universal primers was attempted in order to analyze the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Oropharyngeal and conjunctival samples were positive for the M gene, and high hemagglutination titers were detected in inoculated eggs. However, its hemagglutination activity was not inhibited by the reference serum or mAbs. The antiserum to a recently isolated H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strain inhibited our isolate but not older strains. A homologous sequence in the previously reported forward primer and HA2 region in our isolate led to partial HA gene amplification. Finally, next-generation sequencing confirmed the isolate as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV, with genetic similarity to H5N1 strains circulating in Japan since November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Komu
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
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Nabeshima K, Asakura S, Iwata R, Honjo H, Haga A, Goka K, Onuma M. Sequencing methods for HA and NA genes of avian influenza viruses from wild bird feces using Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 102:102076. [PMID: 37804607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method to determine the sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from RNA extracted directly from wild bird fecal samples, using Nanopore Flongle. We determined the nucleotide sequences and subtypes of HA and NA in 16 and 15 samples respectively, using Flongle. The results of HA and NA subtyping determined by the conventional method were consistent with their subtypes determined by our method, thereby the applicability of this method in the identification of HA and NA subtypes. In addition, the homology between the HA fragments in this and the Sanger methods ranged from 98.5 % to 100 %. Compared with conventional PCR with the Sanger method, this method can easily determine HA and NA subtypes and sequences directly from the fecal samples. It is easier to implement and has lower running costs (USD100$) than other NGS-based methods, making it a useful tool for avian influenza surveillance in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nabeshima
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shingo Asakura
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan; Animal Research Center of Hokkaido Research Organization, 5-39 Shintoku, Hokkaido, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Iwata
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hisako Honjo
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Haga
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Biodiversity Division, Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
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Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Bashashati M, Shojaei M, Sabouri F. Pathogenic bacteria associated with outbreaks of respiratory disease in Iranian broiler farms. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37210710 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-causal respiratory infections are more commonly observed than uncomplicated cases with single agents in the commercial poultry industry. Recently, increased mortality rates associated with respiratory clinical signs have been reported in Iranian broiler farms. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the spectra of avian mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, MG and Mycoplasma synoviae, MS) and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in the broiler farms with the multi-causal respiratory disease (MCRD) from 2017 to 2020. METHODS Trachea and lung tissue samples were collected from 70 broiler flocks presenting increased mortality and acute respiratory disease. MG, MS, and ORT were detected by performing polymerase chain reaction with primers complementary to the 16S rRNA, vlhA, and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. RESULTS Genetic materials of MG, MS, and ORT were detected in five, three, and five of the 70 flocks. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the complete mgc2 coding sequences, all MG strains formed a distinct cluster along with other Iranian MG isolates. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the partial vlhA gene of MS strains, two isolates were located along with Australian and European strains. In addition, one of them displayed an out-group association with MS isolates from Jordan. Phylogenetic analysis of Iranian ORT strains using a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene showed a distinct group among the other ORT strains. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MG, MS, and ORT are not predominantly responsible for the MCRD. However, continuous monitoring of poultry flocks could be significant for obtaining valuable information related to different MG, MS, and ORT strains and designing effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bashashati
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shojaei
- Department of Aerobic Bacterial Research and Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Sabouri
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Rasai D, Hosseinian SA, Asasi K, Shekarforosh SS, Tafti K. The beneficial effects of spraying of probiotic Bacillus and Lactobacillus bacteria on broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian influenza virus H9N2. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102669. [PMID: 37146538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical, antiviral, and immunological effects of spraying Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. as a single or mixture probiotic compound on experimentally infected broiler chickens with AIV H9N2. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to 6 groups as follows: Ctrl- (no challenge AIV; no spray probiotic), Ctrl+ (AIV challenged; no spray probiotic), AI+B (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Bacillus spp.), AI+L group (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Lactobacillus spp.), AIV+BL (AIV challenged; daily spraying of probiotic Bacillus spp. and Lactobacillus spp.), and G-DW (daily spraying of normal saline; no AIV challenged). The birds were reared for 35 d. On the 22nd day of age, broiler chickens were challenged by AIV H9N2. The probiotics were sprayed at 9×109 CFU/m2 daily for 35 d. Growth performance, clinical signs, virus shedding, macroscopic and microscopic lesions were evaluated at various days in all groups. Spraying with probiotics improved the body weight gain and food conversion ratio in the AI+B, AI+L, and AI+BL groups compared to the Ctrl+. The severity of clinical signs, gross lesions, pathological lesions and viral shedding in the probiotic treatment groups was lower than in the Ctrl+ group. The findings of this study suggest the daily spraying of Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotics alone or in combination during the rearing period reduce clinical and nonclinical aspects of H9N2 virus infection; so, it can be effective as a preventive protocol for controlling the severity of AIV H9N2 infection in broilers.
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Yin Y, Liu Y, Fen J, Liu K, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Characterization of an H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from Camels in Inner Mongolia, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179822. [PMID: 36809036 PMCID: PMC10100662 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01798-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of influenza virus can infect birds and humans, causing great losses in the poultry industry and threatening public health worldwide. However, H7N9 infection in other mammals has not been reported yet. In the present study, one H7N9 subtype influenza virus, A/camel/Inner Mongolia/XL/2020 (XL), was isolated from the nasal swabs of camels in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2020. Sequence analyses revealed that the hemagglutinin cleavage site of the XL virus was ELPKGR/GLF, which is a low-pathogenicity molecular characteristic. The XL virus had similar mammalian adaptations to human-originated H7N9 viruses, such as the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) Glu-to-Lys mutation at position 627 (E627K) mutation, but differed from avian-originated H7N9 viruses. The XL virus showed a higher SA-α2,6-Gal receptor-binding affinity and better mammalian cell replication than the avian H7N9 virus. Moreover, the XL virus had weak pathogenicity in chickens, with an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.01, and intermediate virulence in mice, with a median lethal dose of 4.8. The XL virus replicated well and caused clear infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of mice. Our data constitute the first evidence that the low-pathogenicity H7N9 influenza virus can infect camels and therefore poses a high risk to public health. IMPORTANCE H5 subtype avian influenza viruses can cause serious diseases in poultry and wild birds. On rare occasions, viruses can cause cross-species transmission to mammalian species, including humans, pigs, horses, canines, seals, and minks. The H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus can also infect both birds and humans. However, viral infection in other mammalian species has not been reported yet. In this study, we found that the H7N9 virus could infect camels. Notably, the H7N9 virus from camels had mammalian adaption molecular markers, including altered receptor-binding activity on the hemagglutinin protein and an E627K mutation on the polymerase basic protein 2 protein. Our findings indicated that the potential risk of camel-origin H7N9 virus to public health is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Fen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Myxovirus resistance ( Mx) Gene Diversity in Avian Influenza Virus Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112717. [PMID: 36359237 PMCID: PMC9687888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose threats to animal and human health. Outbreaks from the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in indigenous chickens in Bangladesh are infrequent. This could be attributed to the Myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene. To determine the impact of Mx gene diversity on AIV infections in chicken, we assessed the Mx genes, AIVs, and anti-AIV antibodies. DNA from blood cells, serum, and cloacal swab samples was isolated from non-vaccinated indigenous chickens and vaccinated commercial chickens. Possible relationships were assessed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. Three genotypes of the Mx gene were detected (the resistant AA type, the sensitive GG type, and the heterozygous AG type). The AA genotype (0.48) was more prevalent than the GG (0.19) and the AG (0.33) genotypes. The AA genotype was more prevalent in indigenous than in commercial chickens. A total of 17 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from the 512 swab samples. AIVs were detected in two samples (2/512; 0.39%) and subtyped as H1N1, whereas Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in the remaining samples. The viral infections did not lead to apparent symptoms. Anti-AIV antibodies were detected in 44.92% of the samples with levels ranging from 27.37% to 67.65% in indigenous chickens and from 26% to 87.5% in commercial chickens. The anti-AIV antibody was detected in 40.16%, 65.98%, and 39.77% of chickens with resistant, sensitive, and heterozygous genotypes, respectively. The genotypes showed significant association (p < 0.001) with the anti-AIV antibodies. The low AIV isolation rates and high antibody prevalence rates could indicate seroconversion resulting from exposure to the virus as it circulates. Results indicate that the resistant genotype of the Mx gene might not offer anti-AIV protection for chickens.
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12
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Zhang L, Liu K, Su Q, Chen X, Wang X, Li Q, Wang W, Mao X, Xu J, Zhou X, Xu Q, Zhou L, Liu X, Zhang P. Clinical features of the first critical case of acute encephalitis caused by avian influenza A (H5N6) virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2437-2446. [PMID: 36093829 PMCID: PMC9621215 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV), such as H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9, have been reported to frequently infect humans, but acute encephalitis caused by HPAIV in humans has been rarely reported. We report the first critical case of acute encephalitis with mild pneumonia caused by the H5N6 virus. On January 25 of 2022, a 6-year-old girl with severe neurological symptoms was admitted to our hospital and rapidly developed into seizures and coma. Brain imaging showed abnormalities. Electroencephalogram (EEG) presented abnormal slow waves. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained elevated protein (1.64 g/L) and white cells (546 × 106/L). Laboratory investigations revealed abnormally elevated transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and cytokines in serum. A novel reassortant H5N6 virus was identified from the patient’s serum, CSF, and tracheal aspirate specimens. Phylogenic analysis indicated that this virus was a novel reassortant avian-origin influenza A (H5N6) virus that belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b. This patient was diagnosed with acute encephalitis and discharged from the hospital accompanied by a language barrier. An epidemiological investigation confirmed that wild waterfowls were the direct source of infection in this case. Our study highlights the urgent need to pay attention to acute encephalitis caused by HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University
| | - Qin Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Pediatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University
| | - Wenlei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University
| | - Xuhua Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University
| | - Jinmei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University
| | - Xin Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; g Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; g Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention; g Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University
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13
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Development and Evaluation of an Inactivated Influenza A(H5N8) Vaccine. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are circulating in lots of avian species, causing major outbreaks in both wild and domestic poultry. Since its first emergence in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses widely spread in the world resulting in enormous economic losses. In Egypt, the newly emerging high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses have been detected in domestic poultry and in wild birds since the 2016/2017 winter season. AI H5N8 is cocirculating with LP H9N2 and HP H5N1 in the Egyptian environment. Poultry vaccination strategy in Egypt is based on commercially available H5 vaccines as an essential control policy, while the majority of commercial avian influenza H5 vaccines utilized in Egypt are not effective against H5N8 viruses. The present study included 3 experimental H5N8 inactivated vaccines based on the 2 major antigenic proteins of the currently circulating strain A/chicken/Egypt/Q16684C/2019 (H5N8), and the internal segments of the A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) virus. Then, the protective efficacy of the three forms of inactivated vaccines (HAH5N8+7PR8, NAH5N8+7PR8 and HA, NAH5N8+6PR8) were compared regarding the parental PR8 virus in vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens. The NAH5N8+6PR8 as well as HAH5N8+7PR8 and HA vaccines showed the highest protection capacity of challenged SPF chickens and were able to elicit the highest titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, a continuous active surveillance strategy is needed to determine the most dominant circulating strain and updating of vaccine seed strains.
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14
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Sultan S, Eldamarany NMI, Abdelazeem MW, Fahmy HA. Active Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Velogenic Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Among Migratory Wild Birds in Southern Egypt During 2015-2018. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:280-294. [PMID: 35948740 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1007 samples (910 fecal droplets and 97 cloacal swabs) were collected from 14 species of migratory wild birds in most wetlands during 3 successive migration seasons from September to March (2015-2018) in Southern Egypt. The samples were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and positive allantoic fluids by hemagglutination test were tested for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence using RT-PCR and specific primers targeting the NDV fusion (F) and AIV matrix genes. Further subtyping of the AIV hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) was conducted, and representative isolates were selected and sequenced for full F gene of NDVs and HA and NA genes of the AIV. Overall isolation rate of hemagglutinating viruses was 5.56% (56/1007), from them 5.36% (3/56) AIV, 85.71% (48/56) NDV and 8.93% (5/56) co-infection of NDV and AIV was detected. The sequences analysis of full F genes of 10 NDV isolates revealed that they have multi-basic amino acid motifs 111E/GRRQKR/F117 as velogenic strains with nucleotides and amino acids similarities of 96-100%. In addition, they phylogenetically clustered into groups and subgroups within genotype VII.1.1 and sub-genotype VIIj with a close relation to NDVs isolated from chickens in Egypt. The AIV H5N8 subtype was in clade 2.3.4.4b with a highly pathogenic nature and close relation to Egyptian domesticated H5N8 viruses rather than those from wild birds. The current data showed the contribution of migratory birds to the continuous circulation of virulent NDV and AIV H5N8 among domesticated chickens in Southern Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serageldeen Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohmed Wael Abdelazeem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Hanan Ali Fahmy
- Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Luan Q, Han Y, Yin Y, Wang J. Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of novel chicken astrovirus in China. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:488-498. [PMID: 35838631 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFive novel chicken astrovirus (CAstV) strains, designated ZDF, MHC, WSC, WSW and MHW, were successfully isolated from chickens with gout and were subjected to full genome sequencing characterization and tested for their pathogenic effects on Specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos and chickens. The complete genomes of the 5 isolated strains were approximately 7436 nt to 7511 nt in length. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains ZDF and MHC were clustered in a clade with strains isolated in China and that the others were clustered with strains from other countries. Based on the amino acids of ORF2, strains MHW and WSW belonged to subgroup Ai, strain WSC belonged to Bii, and strains ZDF and MHC belonged to Bi. The pathogenicity of strains MHW, MHC and WSC belonging to different subgroups was studied. The results showed that the mortality of the chicken embryos was 100% when infected with any strain more than 103 TCID50, 35% in SPF chickens infected with strain WSC, 25% with MHC and 15% with MHW. The body weights of chickens infected and embryos infected with 0.2 mL 10 TCID50 were significantly reduced after hatching. SPF chickens infected with any of the strains had similar lesions characterized by urate deposits on the epicardium and kidney and necrotic spots on the liver. This study identified the three kinds of genotypic CAstV prevalent in China, with high mortality in embryonated chicken eggs and leading to white chick syndrome, retarded growth and visceral gout in infected chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China.,Qingdao Bolong Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266041, China
| | - Yijun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University (QAU), Qingdao, 266109, China
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16
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Abtin A, Shoushtari A, Fallah Mehrabadi MH, Molouki A, Pourbakhsh SA, Pourtaghi H, Eshratabadi F. Characterisation, whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of three H3N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks at live poultry markets of Iran, 2017: First report. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1594-1602. [PMID: 35654078 PMCID: PMC9297799 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza type A viruses (AIV) can infect a broad range of hosts including human and birds, making them an important viral pathogen with zoonotic potential. Ducks are a known reservoir for many avian viruses including the AIV. OBJECTIVES To sequence the entire genome of duck-derived H3N2 and ran comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on them to study their origin. METHODS In this study, 962 cloacal swabs were collected from domestic ducks at several live poultry markets (LPMs) of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces of Iran in the year 2017. RESULTS Preliminary assays such as haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), Neuraminidase Inhibition assay(NI) and RT-qPCR suggested that 0.5% of the birds were infected by H3 low pathogenic influenza viruses (LPAI). Three isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing. The cleavage site of the HA genes showed a PEKQTR/GLF motif, an indicator of LPAI. Furthermore, BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of the HA gene showed high homology to the Eurasian lineage of H3N8 AIV (95.5%-97.1% to several European and East Asian isolates). However, the NA genes showed high homology (at most 96.5-96.9%) to those belonging to AIV N2 subtype. Furthermore, internal genes showed high homology (96%-98%) to a variety of duck-origin subtypes and glycoprotein combinations, which were different for each segment. This showed a complex reassortment between different subtypes. DISCUSSION This report is the first whole genome sequencing and complete characterisation of H3N2 AIV from Iran. CONCLUSION Such surveillance should continue to study the evolution and possible emergence of viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Abtin
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Abdelhamid Shoushtari
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Seyed Ali Pourbakhsh
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
| | - Hadi Pourtaghi
- Department of MicrobiologyKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Fatemeh Eshratabadi
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and DiagnosticsRazi Vaccine and Serum Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)KarajIran
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17
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An insertion and deletion mutant of adenovirus in Muscovy ducks. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1879-1883. [PMID: 35729280 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Duck adenovirus 3 (DuAdV-3; strain HB) was isolated and sequenced. The genome of the Muscovy-duck-origin virus contains a 54-bp insertion in pVIII, a 3-bp deletion in the overlap region of 100K, 22K, and 33K, a 42-bp deletion at the junction of ORF64 and ORF67, and a 715-bp deletion in right noncoding region of the genome. Notably, HB has a strikingly shorter right inverted terminal repeat (ITR) of 50 bp, whereas all other DuAdV-3 isolates have a 721-bp ITR. These findings demonstrate that HB is an insertion and deletion mutant of DuAdV-3.
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18
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Gholami-Ahangaran M, Basiratpour A, Pourmahdi O, Khorrami P, Ostadpoor M, Mirbagheri MJ, Ahmadi-Dastgerdi A. The sequence analysis of M2 gene for identification of amantadine resistance in avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype), detected from broiler chickens with respiratory syndrome during 2016-2018, in Isfahan-Iran. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.54894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
vAmantadine and rimantadine are used for prevention and treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The rates of resistant IAVs have been increasing globally. However, amino acid substitutions in the M2 transmembrane channel lead to amantadine resistance. The residues of 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 are marker of amantadine resistance in IAVs. In this study, 15 pooled tracheal samples collected from 15 chicken farms with severe respiratory sign and mortality in 2016-2018. After identification of influenza A and H9 subtype, the 1027 bp fragment of M gene was sequenced for molecular evaluation of amantadine resistance in AIV strains. Results showed 12 out of 15 pooled samples were positive for IAV and H9 subtype. Based on M2 gene analysis, 8 out of 12 (66.66%) were resistance to amantadine. Four out of 8 (50%) showed S31N substitution (serine to asparagine) and four out of 8 (50%) have V27A substitution (valine to alanine). There was no dual amantadine resistance mutation in any specimens. In conclusion, the emergence of amantadine resistance variants of AIV in Iran, can raise concerns about controlling of the seasonal and the future pandemic influenza. Therefore, greater caution is needed in the use of adamantanes
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19
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Jang M, Kim S, Song J, Kim S. Rapid and simple detection of influenza virus via isothermal amplification lateral flow assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4685-4696. [PMID: 35501506 PMCID: PMC9060413 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory illness caused by influenza virus is a serious public health problem worldwide. As the symptoms of influenza virus infection are similar to those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, it is essential to distinguish these two viruses. Therefore, to properly respond to a pathogen, a detection method that is capable of rapid and accurate diagnosis in a hospital or at home is required. To satisfy this need, we applied loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique, along with a system to analyze the results without specialized equipment, a lateral flow assay (LFA). Using the platform developed in this study, all processes, from sample preparation to detection, can be performed without special equipment. Unlike existing PCR methods, the nucleic acid amplification can be performed in the field because hot packs do not require electricity. Thus, the designed platform can provide rapid results without the need to transport the samples to a laboratory or hospital. These advantages are not limited to operations in developing countries with poor access to medical systems. In conclusion, the developed technology is a promising tool for infectious disease management that allows for rapid identification of infectious diseases and appropriate treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Jang
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - SeJin Kim
- 33, Sagimakgol-ro 62beon-gil, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyu Song
- 33, Sagimakgol-ro 62beon-gil, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea. .,33, Sagimakgol-ro 62beon-gil, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Babaei A, Pouremamali A, Rafiee N, Sohrabi H, Mokhtarzadeh A, de la Guardia M. Genosensors as an alternative diagnostic sensing approaches for specific detection of various certain viruses: a review of common techniques and outcomes. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 155:116686. [PMID: 35611316 PMCID: PMC9119280 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are responsible for the deaths of millions of people throughout the world. Since outbreak of highly contagious and mutant viruses such as contemporary sars-cov-2 pandemic, has challenged the conventional diagnostic methods, the entity of a thoroughly sensitive, specific, rapid and inexpensive detecting technique with minimum level of false-positivity or -negativity, is desperately needed more than any time in the past decades. Biosensors as minimized devices could detect viruses in simple formats. So far, various nucleic acid, immune- and protein-based biosensors were designed and tested for recognizing the genome, antigen, or protein level of viruses, respectively; however, nucleic acid-based sensing techniques, which is the foundation of constructing genosensors, are preferred not only because of their ultra-sensitivity and applicability in the early stages of infections but also for their ability to differentiate various strains of the same virus. To date, the review articles related to genosensors are just confined to particular pathogenic diseases; In this regard, the present review covers comprehensive information of the research progress of the electrochemical, optical, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) genosensors that applied for human viruses' diseases detection and also provides a well description of viruses' clinical importance, the conventional diagnosis approaches of viruses and their disadvantages. This review would address the limitations in the current developments as well as the future challenges involved in the successful construction of sensing approaches with the functionalized nanomaterials and also allow exploring into core-research works regarding this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Pouremamali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rafiee
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Babapoor A, Vijayakameswara Rao N, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Plasma-Engineered Polymers for Biomarker-Based Viral Detection and Highly Multiplexed Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050286. [PMID: 35624587 PMCID: PMC9138656 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a pervasive threat to global and public health, especially in many countries and rural urban areas. The main causes of such severe diseases are the lack of appropriate analytical methods and subsequent treatment strategies due to limited access to centralized and equipped medical centers for detection. Rapid and accurate diagnosis in biomedicine and healthcare is essential for the effective treatment of pathogenic viruses as well as early detection. Plasma-engineered polymers are used worldwide for viral infections in conjunction with molecular detection of biomarkers. Plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based viral detection are generally inexpensive and offer great potential. For biomarker-based virus detection, plasma-based polymers appear to be potential biological probes and have been used directly with physiological components to perform highly multiplexed analyses simultaneously. The simultaneous measurement of multiple clinical parameters from the same sample volume is possible using highly multiplexed analysis to detect human viral infections, thereby reducing the time and cost required to collect each data point. This article reviews recent studies on the efficacy of plasma-engineered polymers as a detection method against human pandemic viruses. In this review study, we examine polymer biomarkers, plasma-engineered polymers, highly multiplexed analyses for viral infections, and recent applications of polymer-based biomarkers for virus detection. Finally, we provide an outlook on recent advances in the field of plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based virus detection and highly multiplexed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran;
| | - Neralla Vijayakameswara Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (W.-H.C.)
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22
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Hartawan R, Pujianto DA, Dharmayanti NLPI, Soebandrio A. Improving siRNA design targeting nucleoprotein gene as antiviral against the Indonesian H5N1 virus. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e24. [PMID: 35187881 PMCID: PMC8977538 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small interfering RNA technology has been considered a prospective alternative antiviral treatment using gene silencing against influenza viruses with high mutations rates. On the other hand, there are no reports on its effectiveness against the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolated from Indonesia. Objectives The main objective of this study was to improve the siRNA design based on the nucleoprotein gene (siRNA-NP) for the Indonesian H5N1 virus. Methods The effectiveness of these siRNA-NPs (NP672, NP1433, and NP1469) was analyzed in vitro in Marbin-Darby canine kidney cells. Results The siRNA-NP672 caused the largest decrease in viral production and gene expression at 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection compared to the other siRNA-NPs. Moreover, three serial passages of the H5N1 virus in the presence of siRNA-NP672 did not induce any mutations within the nucleoprotein gene. Conclusions These findings suggest that siRNA-NP672 can provide better protection against the Indonesian strain of the H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risza Hartawan
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor 16114, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ari Pujianto
- Department of Medical Biology Pre Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Amin Soebandrio
- Eijkman Institute, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Taifebagherlu J, Talebi A, Allymehr M. Concurrent occurrence of infectious bursal disease and respiratory complex caused by infectious bronchitis and avian influenza (H9N2) in broilers. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus is considered one of the commonest immunosuppressive diseases in chickens. The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent occurrence of subclinical IBD in respiratory complex infections caused by avian influenza (AI, H9N2) virus and infectious bronchitis (IB) virus in broilers. During this study, 800 tissue samples of the trachea, caecal tonsil, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius and 400 blood samples were collected from 20 respiratory complex infected flocks. Detection of pathogens in the tissue samples was performed by RT-PCR for amplification of the VP2 gene of IBD, HA region of AI, and S1 gene of IB viruses. The amplified products were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. Blood samples were also tested for the detection of antibodies against IBV by using ELISA and against AIV via using the HI test. Molecular results showed that the tissue samples were positive for field isolates of subclinical IBD (45%), IB (45%), and AI-H9N2 (25%). Co-infections of IBD and IB (30%), IBD and AI (20%), and IBD, IB, and AI (5%) were also detected. Serological results indicated that subclinical IBD infected flocks had lower (P<0.05) antibody titres against IB and AI. In conclusion, prior exposure of broilers to IBD virus increased the incidence of respiratory complex caused by IBV and AIV in broilers, and vaccination against IBD is inevitable to reduce subclinical IBD to minimise the incidence/severity of respiratory complex diseases via improving immune responses to commonly used vaccines in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Taifebagherlu
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A. Talebi
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - M. Allymehr
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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24
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Roberts A, Chouhan RS, Shahdeo D, Shrikrishna NS, Kesarwani V, Horvat M, Gandhi S. A Recent Update on Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732756. [PMID: 34970254 PMCID: PMC8712736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started out as an outbreak of pneumonia, has now turned into a pandemic due to its rapid transmission. Besides developing a vaccine, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis is essential for monitoring and combating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related variants on time with precision and accuracy. Currently, the gold standard for detection of SARS-CoV-2 is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), but it lacks accuracy, is time-consuming and cumbersome, and fails to detect multi-variant forms of the virus. Herein, we have summarized conventional diagnostic methods such as Chest-CT (Computed Tomography), RT-PCR, Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), Reverse Transcription-LAMP (RT-LAMP), as well new modern diagnostics such as CRISPR-Cas-based assays, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Lateral Flow Assays (LFA), Graphene-Field Effect Transistor (GraFET), electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)-based assays, and microarrays for SARS-CoV-2 detection. This review will also provide an insight into an ongoing research and the possibility of developing more economical tools to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Roberts
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Deepshikha Shahdeo
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Veerbhan Kesarwani
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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25
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Harima H, Okuya K, Kajihara M, Ogawa H, Simulundu E, Bwalya E, Qiu Y, Mori-Kajihara A, Munyeme M, Sakoda Y, Saito T, Hang'ombe BM, Sawa H, Mweene AS, Takada A. Serological and molecular epidemiological study on swine influenza in Zambia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e931-e943. [PMID: 34724353 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in humans and animals. In 2009, a swine-origin pandemic H1N1 IAV, designated A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, spread worldwide, and has since frequently been introduced into pig populations. Since novel reassortant IAVs with pandemic potential may emerge in pigs, surveillance for IAV in pigs is therefore necessary not only for the pig industry but also for public health. However, epidemiological information on IAV infection of pigs in Africa remains sparse. In this study, we collected 246 serum and 605 nasal swab samples from pigs in Zambia during the years 2011-2018. Serological analyses revealed that 49% and 32% of the sera collected in 2011 were positive for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, respectively, whereas less than 5.3% of sera collected during the following period (2012-2018) were positive in both serological tests. The positive rate and the neutralization titres to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were higher than those to classical swine H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs. On the other hand, the positive rate for swine H3N2 IAV was very low in the pig population in Zambia in 2011-2018 (5.3% and 0% in HI and neutralization tests, respectively). From nasal swab samples, we isolated one H3N2 and eight H1N1 IAV strains with an isolation rate of 1.5%. Phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments revealed that the isolated IAVs were closely related to human IAV strains belonging to A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal H3N2 lineages. Our findings indicate that reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to pigs occurred during the study period in Zambia and highlight the need for continued surveillance to monitor the status of IAVs circulating in swine populations in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Harima
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Eugene Bwalya
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bernard M Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Synergistic pathogenesis of chicken infectious anemia virus and J subgroup of avian leukosis virus. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101468. [PMID: 34624772 PMCID: PMC8503663 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As important immunosuppressive viruses, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Recently, the co-infection of CIAV and ALV-J frequently occurred in the domestic chicken flocks in China. However, the synergistic pathogenesis of CIAV and ALV-J has not been fully investigated. Here, a co-infection study was performed to further understand the potential synergistic pathogenesis of CIAV and ALV-J. In vitro study showed that CIAV could promote the replication of ALV-J in HD11 cells, but ALV-J could not increase the replication of CIAV. Chicken infection study showed both CIAV and ALV-J with synergistic effects caused significant body weight loss to the infected chickens. Although ALV-J had no effect on CIAV viral shedding and tissue load, CIAV did significantly increase ALV-J viremia, viral shedding and tissue load in the co-infection group. Moreover, both CIAV and ALV-J could significantly inhibit the humoral immunity to H9N2 influenza virus and serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4). All these data demonstrate the synergistic pathogenesis for the co-infection of CIAV and ALV-J, and highlight the positive effect of CIAV on the pathogenesis of ALV-J.
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27
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Identification and molecular characterization of H9N2 viruses carrying multiple mammalian adaptation markers in resident birds in central-western wetlands in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105005. [PMID: 34293481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a targeted risk-based study to investigate the presence of influenza A viruses at the migratory-wild-domestic bird interface across the major wetlands of central India's Maharashtra state during the winter migration season. The H9N2 viruses have been isolated and confirmed in 3.86% (33/854) of the fecal samples of resident birds. To investigate the genetic pools of H9N2 circulating in resident birds, we sequenced two isolates of H9N2 from distant wetlands. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses have shown that these viruses are triple reassortants, with HA, NA, NP, and M genes belonging to G1 sub-lineage (A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997), PB2, PB1, and NS genes originating from the prototype Eurasian lineage (A/mallard/France/090360/2009) and PA gene deriving from Y439/Korean-like (A/duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97) sub-lineage. It was confirmed not only that four of their gene segments had a high genetic association with the zoonotic H9N2 virus, A/Human/India/TCM2581/2019, but also that they had many molecular markers associated with mammalian adaptation and enhanced virulence in mammals including the unique multiple basic amino acids, KSKR↓GLF at the HA cleavage site, and analog N-and O-glycosylation patterns on HA with that of the zoonotic H9N2 virus. Furthermore, future experiments would be to characterize these isolates biologically to address the public health concern. Importantly, due to the identification of these viruses at a strategic geographical location in India (a major stop-over point in the Central Asian flyway), these novel viruses also pose a possible threat to be exported to other regions via migratory/resident birds. Consequently, systematic investigation and active monitoring are a prerequisite for identifying and preventing the spread of viruses of zoonotic potential by enforcing strict biosecurity measures.
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Rahman MM, Nooruzzaman M, Kabiraj CK, Mumu TT, Das PM, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:896-907. [PMID: 34219385 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poultry production in Bangladesh has been experiencing H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) for the last 14 years. Vaccination of chickens against H5 HPAI is in practice since the end of 2012. Subsequently, the official reporting of HPAI outbreaks gradually decreased. However, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial poultry production is not clear. To explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 small-scale commercial layer farms in 20 villages of Mymensingh and Tangail districts of Bangladesh during 2017 and 2018 for the presence of diseases with respiratory signs. A total of 88 farms with respiratory disease problems were identified and investigated during the surveillance. In addition, 22 small-scale commercial layer farms in the neighbouring areas with respiratory disease problem were also investigated on request from the farmers. Pooled samples of oropharyngeal swabs from live birds or respiratory tissues from dead birds of the farm suffering from respiratory disease problem were tested for molecular detection of avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avibacterium paragallinarum. A total of 110 farms (88 in the surveillance site and 22 in the neighbouring region) were investigated, and one or more respiratory pathogens were detected from 89 farms. AIV was detected in 57 farms often concurrently with other pathogens. Among these 57 farms, H5, H9, both H5 and H9 or non-H5 and non-H9 AIV were detected in 28, 9, 13 or 7 farms, respectively. Birds of most of the H5 AIV-positive farms did not present typical clinical signs or high mortality. Twenty such farms were observed longitudinally, which had only 1.05%-5.50% mortality but a marked drop in egg production. This widespread circulation of H5 AIV along with H9 AIV and other pathogens in small-scale commercial layer farms, often with low mortality, reaffirms the enzootic circulation of AIV in Bangladesh, which may escape syndromic surveillance focused on unusual mortality only. To reduce public health risks, strengthening of the control programme with comprehensive vaccination, enhanced biosecurity, improved surveillance and outbreak response is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Congriev Kumar Kabiraj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Priya Mohan Das
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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El Habbal MH. Combination therapy of zinc and trimethoprim inhibits infection of influenza A virus in chick embryo. Virol J 2021; 18:113. [PMID: 34082750 PMCID: PMC8173514 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory RNA viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. These viruses depend on its host for replication and infection. Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. We examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (Tri-Z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo model. METHOD Influenza virus was isolated from patients and propagated in eggs. We determined viral load that infects 50% of eggs (50% egg lethal dose, ELD50). We introduced 10 ELD50 into embryonated eggs and repeated the experiments using 100 ELD50. A mixture of zinc oxide (Zn) and trimethoprim (TMP) (weight/weight ratios ranged from 0.01 to 0.3, Zn/TMP with increment of 0.1) was tested for embryo survival of the infection (n = 12 per ratio, in triplicates). Embryo survival was determined by candling eggs daily for 7 days. Controls of Zn, TMP, saline or convalescent serum were conducted in parallel. The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. Tri-Z was prepared to concentration of 10 mg TMP and 1.8 mg Zn per ml, then serial dilutions were made. HAI effect was expressed as scores where ++++ = no effect; 0 = complete HAI effect. RESULTS TMP, Zn or saline separately had no effect on embryo survival, none of the embryos survived influenza virus infection. All embryos treated with convalescent serum survived. Tri-Z, at ratio range of 0.15-0.2 (optimal ratio of 0.18) Zn/TMP, enabled embryos to survive influenza virus despite increasing viral load (> 80% survival at optimal ratio). At concentration of 15 µg/ml of optimal ratio, Tri-Z had total HAI effect (scored 0). However, at clinical concentration of 5 µg/ml, Tri-Z had partial HAI effect (+ +). CONCLUSION Acting on host cells, Tri-Z at optimal ratio can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo. Tri-Z has HAI effect. These findings suggest that combination of trimethoprim and zinc at optimal ratio can be provided as treatment for influenza and possibly other respiratory RNA viruses infection in man.
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Ravina, Manjeet, Mohan H, Narang J, Pundir S, Pundir CS. A changing trend in diagnostic methods of Influenza A (H3N2) virus in human: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:87. [PMID: 33495723 PMCID: PMC7816835 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is classified into four types A, B, C, and D, but type A and B are responsible for major illnesses in people with influenza A being the only virus responsible for flu pandemics due to the presence of two surface proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on the virus. The two subtypes of influenza A virus, H1N1 and H3N2, have been known to cause many flu pandemics. Both subtypes change genetically and antigenically to produce variants (clades and subclades, also know as groups and subgroups). H3N2 tends to change rapidly, both genetically and antigenically whereas that of H1N1 generally tends to have smaller changes. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses have evolved to form many separate, genetically different clades that continue to co-circulate. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses have caused significant deaths as per WHO report. The review describes methods for detection of influenza A(H3N2) viruses by conventional serological methods as well as the advanced methods of molecular biology and biosensors. All these methods are based on different parameters and have different targets but the goal is to improve specificity and increase sensitivity. Amongst the molecular methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered a gold standard test due to its many advantages whereas a number of other molecular methods are time-consuming, complex to perform or lack specificity. The review also considers bio-sensing methods for simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of H3N2. The classification and principle of various H3N2 biosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Manjeet
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yüce M, Filiztekin E, Özkaya KG. COVID-19 diagnosis -A review of current methods. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 172:112752. [PMID: 33126180 PMCID: PMC7584564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A fast and accurate self-testing tool for COVID-19 diagnosis has become a prerequisite to comprehend the exact number of cases worldwide and to take medical and governmental actions accordingly. SARS-CoV-2 (formerly, 2019-nCoV) infection was first reported in Wuhan (China) in December 2019, and then it has rapidly spread around the world, causing ~14 million active cases with ~582,000 deaths as of July 2020. The diagnosis tools available so far have been based on a) viral gene detection, b) human antibody detection, and c) viral antigen detection, among which the viral gene detection by RT-PCR has been found as the most reliable technique. In this report, the current SARS-CoV-2 detection kits, exclusively the ones that were issued an "Emergency Use Authorization" from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, were discussed. The key structural components of the virus were presented to provide the audience with an understanding of the scientific principles behind the testing tools. The methods that are still in the early research state were also reviewed in a subsection based on the reports available so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elif Filiztekin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences and, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Korin Gasia Özkaya
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences and, Sabanci University, 34956, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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Amanollahi R, Asasi K, Abdi-Hachesoo B, Ahmadi N, Mohammadi A. Effect of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease vaccines on experimental avian influenza infection (H9N2) in broiler chickens. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is considered a low-pathogenic agent, frequent outbreaks of this subtype have caused high mortality and economic losses in poultry farms around the world including Iran. Coinfection with a respiratory pathogen or environmental factors may explain the exacerbation of H9N2 AIV infection. In this study, the role of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines (H120 and 4/91) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines (B1 and LaSota) on experimental H9N2 AIV infection was investigated in 180 broiler chickens allotted into 6 groups (n=30). At the age of 18 days, groups 3 and 4 received H120 and 4/91 infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) and groups 5 and 6 received B1 and LaSota Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs), respectively. At the age of 20 days, all birds in the experimental groups except the negative control group (group 1), were inoculated intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV. After the inoculation, clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral detection were examined. The results of this study revealed that clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were more severe in the AIV challenged groups which had been previously vaccinated with IB vaccines. In addition, AI viral RNA from tracheal and faecal samples in IB vaccinated birds were recovered at a higher rate. Moreover, in the 4/91 IB vaccinated group, the AI virus shedding period was longer than the other challenged groups. In conclusion, infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) exacerbated the H9N2 AIV infection; also, 4/91 IBLV extended AI virus shedding period and increased the recovery rate of AI virus from feaces. However, the coinfection of Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs) had no considerable adverse effects on AIV infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Amanollahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - K. Asasi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - B. Abdi-Hachesoo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N. Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz Uni-versity, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology; School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz Uni-versity, Shiraz, Iran
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Mase M, Hiramatsu K, Nishijima N, Iseki H, Watanabe S. Identification of specific serotypes of fowl adenoviruses isolated from diseased chickens by PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:130-133. [PMID: 33311002 PMCID: PMC7870399 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to facilitate detection of the major disease-associated serotypes of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) including
serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8a and 8b; primers were designed based on serotype-specific sequences of the hexon gene. We tested field isolates from chickens diagnosed
with inclusion body hepatitis, gizzard erosion and hydropericardium syndrome together with reference FAdV strains characterized in Japan. We found that the
primers were serotype specific; appropriate amplification of serotype-specific hexon genes was confirmed by sequence analysis of the PCR products. This PCR
assay will be useful for detection of FAdV and for differentiation between disease-associated serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Mase
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kanae Hiramatsu
- Oita Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Oita Prefecture, 442 Onozuru, Harao, Oita, Oita 870-1153, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishijima
- Chubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center of Shizuoka Prefecture, 1120-1 Noda, Shimada, Shizuoka 427-0007, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Satoko Watanabe
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Lin W, Cui H, Teng Q, Li L, Shi Y, Li X, Yang J, Liu Q, Deng J, Li Z. Evolution and pathogenicity of H6 avian influenza viruses isolated from Southern China during 2011 to 2017 in mice and chickens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20583. [PMID: 33239647 PMCID: PMC7689535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H6 subtype avian influenza viruses spread widely in birds and pose potential threats to poultry and mammals, even to human beings. In this study, the evolution and pathogenicity of H6 AIVs isolated in live poultry markets from 2011 to 2017 were investigated. These H6 isolates were reassortant with other subtypes of influenza virus with increasing genomic diversity. However, no predominant genotype was found during this period. All of the H6N2 and most of the H6N6 isolates replicated efficiently in lungs of inoculated mice without prior adaptation. All of the H6N2 and two H6N6 isolates replicated efficiently in nasal turbinates of inoculated mice, which suggested the H6N2 viruses were more adaptive to the upper respiratory tract of mice than the H6N6 viruses. One of H6N2 virus caused systemic infection in one out of three inoculated mice, which indicated that H6 avian influenza virus, especially the H6N2 viruses posed a potential threat to mammals. Five H6 strains selected from different genotypes caused no clinical signs to inoculated chickens, and their replication were limited in chickens since the viruses have been detected only from a few tissues or swabs at low titers. Our study strongly suggests that the H6 avian influenza virus isolated from live poultry markets pose potential threat to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Mumu TT, Nooruzzaman M, Hasnat A, Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Bari ASM, Islam MR. Pathology of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2.1a in turkeys in Bangladesh. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:124-128. [PMID: 33054595 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720965540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A mixed-aged flock of 130 turkeys in Bangladesh reported the sudden death of 1 bird in September 2017. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected in 3 turkeys, and phylogenetic analysis placed the viruses in the reassortant clade 2.3.2.1a. The birds had clinical signs of depression, diarrhea, weakness, closed eyes, and finally death. The mortality rate of the flock was 13% over the 6 d prior to the flock being euthanized. At autopsy, we observed congestion in lungs and brain, hemorrhages in the trachea, pancreas, breast muscle, coronary fat, intestine, bursa of Fabricius, and kidneys. Histopathology revealed hemorrhagic pneumonia, hemorrhages in the liver and kidneys, and hemorrhages and necrosis in the spleen and pancreas. Significant changes in the brain included gliosis, focal encephalomalacia and encephalitis, and neuronophagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjin T Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Azmary Hasnat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul H Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Abu S M Bari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad R Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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36
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Soda K, Kashiwabara M, Miura K, Ung TTH, Nguyen HLK, Ito H, Le MQ, Ito T. Characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Vietnam. Virus Genes 2020; 56:712-723. [PMID: 32996077 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have persisted in domestic poultry in wet markets in East Asian countries. We have performed ongoing virus surveillance in poultry populations in Vietnam since 2011, with the goal of controlling avian influenza. Throughout this study, 110 H3 AIVs were isolated from 2760 swab samples of poultry in markets and duck farms. H3 hemagglutinin (HA) genes of the isolates were phylogenetically classified into eight groups (I-VIII). Genetic diversity was also observed in the other seven gene segments. Groups I-IV also included AIVs from wild waterbirds. The epidemic strains in poultry switched from groups I-III and VI to groups I, IV, V, and VIII around 2013. H3 AIVs in groups I and V were maintained in poultry until at least 2016, which likely accompanied their dissemination from the northern to the southern regions of Vietnam. Groups VI-VIII AIVs were antigenically distinct from the other groups. Some H3 AIV isolates had similar N6 neuraminidase and matrix genes as H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). These results reveal that genetically and antigenically different H3 AIVs have been co-circulating in poultry in Vietnam. Poultry is usually reared outside in this country and is at risk of infection with wild waterbird-originating AIVs. In poultry flocks, the intruded H3 AIVs must have experienced antigenic drift/shift and genetic reassortment, which could contribute to the emergence of H5 HPAIVs with novel gene constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mina Kashiwabara
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Vietnam Research Station, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang T H Ung
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang L K Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Mai Q Le
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan. .,Faculty of Agriculture, Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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37
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Zhang T, Fan K, Zhang X, Xu Y, Xu J, Xu B, Li R. Diversity of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in wild birds in southern China. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:902-909. [PMID: 32519938 PMCID: PMC7654745 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of H5N6 in ducks and continuous human cases have heightened its potential threat to public health in China. Therefore, the detection of emerging variants of H5N6 avian influenza viruses has become a priority for pandemic preparedness. Questions remain as to its origin and circulation within the wild bird reservoir and interactions at the wild-domestic interface. Samples were collected from migratory birds in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, PR China during the routine bird ring survey in 2014-16. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses were conducted to uncover the evolutionary relationship among viruses circulating in wild birds. Here, we report the potential origin and phylogenetic diversity of H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake. Sequence analyses indicated that Jiangxi H5N6 viruses most likely evolved from Eurasian-derived H5Nx and H6N6 viruses through multiple reassortment events. Crucially, the diversity of the HA gene implies that these Jiangxi H5N6 viruses have diverged into two primary clades - clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two independent pathways of reassortment during 2014-16 that might have facilitated the generation of emerging variants within wild bird populations as well as inter-species infections. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversification of H5N6 viruses in the wild bird population. These results highlight the necessity of large-scale surveillance of wild birds in the Poyang Lake area to address the threat of regional epizootic epidemics and attendant pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Ministry of Education’s Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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38
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Gomaa MR, El Rifay AS, Abu Zeid D, Elabd MA, Elabd E, Kandeil A, Shama NMA, Kamel MN, Marouf MA, Barakat A, Refaey S, Naguib A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Incidence and Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza in a Cohort of Backyard Poultry Growers, Egypt, August 2015-March 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2129-2136. [PMID: 32818403 PMCID: PMC7454077 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently enzootic avian influenza H5N1, H9N2, and H5N8 viruses were introduced into poultry in Egypt in 2006, 2011, and 2016, respectively. Infections with H5N1 and H9N2 were reported among poultry-exposed humans. We followed 2,402 persons from households raising backyard poultry from 5 villages in Egypt during August 2015-March 2019. We collected demographic, exposure, and health condition data and annual serum samples from each participant and obtained swab samples from participants reporting influenza-like illness symptoms. We performed serologic and molecular analyses and detected 4 cases of infection with H5N1 and 3 cases with H9N2. We detected very low seroprevalence of H5N1 antibodies and no H5N8 antibodies among the cohort; up to 11% had H9 antibodies. None of the exposure, health status, or demographic variables were related to being seropositive. Our findings indicate that avian influenza remains a public health risk in Eqypt, but infections may go undetected because of their mild or asymptomatic nature.
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39
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Li R, Zhang T, Xu J, Chang J, Xu B. Isolation of two novel reassortant H3N6 avian influenza viruses from long-distance migratory birds in Jiangxi Province, China. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1060. [PMID: 32468676 PMCID: PMC7424263 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel reassortant avian influenza A (H3N6) viruses were isolated from swan goose in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China, in 2014. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most likely derived from the Eurasian‐originated H3Ny (N3, N6, N8) and H5N6 viruses circulating among wild and domestic birds. It is noteworthy that H9N2 viruses have contributed PB1 gene to these novel H3N6 viruses. Our findings provide phylogenetic evidence to elucidate the ongoing viral reassortment in the wild bird population in southern China. Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Poyang Lake is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Ministry of Education's Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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40
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Yao Y, Chen X, Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu S, Sui G. Rapid Detection of Influenza Virus Subtypes Based on an Integrated Centrifugal Disc. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1354-1362. [PMID: 32248677 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a zoonotic disease, infecting a wide variety of warm-blooded animals. It is caused by an influenza virus, which has been found with hundreds of subtypes. These subtypes are often associated with different sources of infection and possess complex courses of infection. In the early stage of influenza infection, rapid subtype detection is very practicable to prevent the disease from getting worse. Herein, we presented a high-throughput microfluidic centrifugal disc for rapid detection of influenza virus subtypes. The disc realized detection reagent preloads, automated reagent control, and RT-LAMP detections. Six kinds of highly pathogenic influenza viruses could be simultaneously identified, including influenza A subtypes H1, H3, H5, H7, and H9 and influenza B virus. Two different fluorescent dyes could be used on the disc for real-time detection or read by the naked eye. The performance of the disc was demonstrated by testing the clinical samples. The integrated centrifugal disc was expected for rapid detection of influenza virus subtypes to facilitate accurate drug usage in resource-constrained settings and contribute to reduce the risk of the influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Sixiu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
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41
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Hollander LP, Fojtik A, Kienzle-Dean C, Davis-Fields N, Poulson RL, Davis B, Mowry C, Stallknecht DE. Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Ducks Sampled in Northwestern Minnesota and Evidence for Predominance of H3N8 and H4N6 Subtypes in Mallards, 2007-2016. Avian Dis 2020; 63:126-130. [PMID: 31131568 DOI: 10.1637/11851-041918-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Long-term comprehensive studies of avian influenza virus subtypes in ducks not only contribute to understanding variations and patterns of subtype diversity, but also can be important in defining seasonal and temporal risks associated with transmission of potentially highly pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes to domestic poultry. We analyzed influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance data from dabbling ducks collected at an important migratory stopover site in northwestern Minnesota from 2007-2016 and identified prevalence and subtype diversity throughout this period. In total, 13,228 cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs from waterfowl were tested over the 10-year period; the majority of these waterfowl were mallards sampled from late August through late September (n = 9133). From these, 1768 IAVs were isolated (19.4% mean annual prevalence, ranging from 11.0% in 2007 to 32.8% in 2011), and both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase were identified for 1588. Although subtype diversity and prevalence varied by year, H3 and H4 HA subtypes predominated in all years, accounting for 65.7% of the observed HA subtype diversity. The mechanisms driving this consistent pattern of subtype diversity and predominance are not understood but may include factors at the host, population, and virus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Hollander
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, lholla27@gmailcom
| | - Alinde Fojtik
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Clara Kienzle-Dean
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Nick Davis-Fields
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bruce Davis
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Bemidji, MN 56601
| | - Craig Mowry
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge, Middle River, MN 56737
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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42
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Xiong LH, Huang S, Huang Y, Yin F, Yang F, Zhang Q, Cheng J, Zhang R, He X. Ultrasensitive Visualization of Virus via Explosive Catalysis of an Enzyme Muster Triggering Gold Nano-aggregate Disassembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12525-12532. [PMID: 32106677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and accurate diagnosis of viral infection is important for human health and social safety. Herein, by means of explosive catalysis from an enzyme muster, a powerful naked-eye readout platform has been successfully constructed for ultrasensitive immunoassay of viral entities. Liposomes were used to encapsulate multiple enzymes into an active unit. In addition, its triggered rupture could boost the disassembly of gold nano-aggregates that were cross-linked by peptides with opposite charges. As a result, plasmonically colorimetric signals were rapidly generated for naked-eye observation. Further harnessing the immunocapture, enterovirus 71 (EV71), a class of highly infective virus, was sensitively assayed with a detection limit down to 16 copies/μL. It is superior to the single enzyme-anchored immunoassay system. Most importantly, the colorimetric assay was demonstrated with 100% clinical accuracy, displaying strong anti-interference capability. It is expectable that this sensitive, accurate, and convenient strategy could provide a prospective alternative for viral infection analysis, especially in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hong Xiong
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Suibin Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yalan Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuewen He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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43
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Nabil NM, Erfan AM, Tawakol MM, Haggag NM, Naguib MM, Samy A. Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030196. [PMID: 32155863 PMCID: PMC7157678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E.coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66%-96% and 23%-43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds' habitats is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M. Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Ahmed M. Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Maram M. Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Naglaa M. Haggag
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
- Immunogenetics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: or
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Kim GS, Kim TS, Son JS, Lai VD, Park JE, Wang SJ, Jheong WH, Mo IP. The difference of detection rate of avian influenza virus in the wild bird surveillance using various methods. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e56. [PMID: 31565899 PMCID: PMC6769331 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Korea is located within the East Asian-Australian flyway of wild migratory birds during the fall and winter seasons. Consequently, the likelihood of introduction of numerous subtypes and pathotypes of the Avian influenza (AI) virus to Korea has been thought to be very high. In the current study, we surveyed wild bird feces for the presence of AI virus that had been introduced to Korea between September 2017 and February 2018. To identify and characterize the AI virus, we employed commonly used methods, namely, virus isolation (VI) via egg inoculation, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), conventional RT-PCR (cRT-PCR) and a newly developed next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. In this study, 124 out of 11,145 fresh samples of wild migratory birds tested were rRT-PCR positive; only 52.0% of VI positive samples were determined as positive by rRT-PCR from fecal supernatant. Fifty AI virus specimens were isolated from fresh fecal samples and typed. The cRT-PCR subtyping results mostly coincided with the NGS results, although NGS detected the presence of 11 HA genes and four NA genes that were not detected by cRT-PCR. NGS analysis confirmed that 12% of the identified viruses were mixed-subtypes which were not detected by cRT-PCR. Prevention of the occurrence of AI virus requires a workflow for rapid and accurate virus detection and verification. However, conventional methods of detection have some limitations. Therefore, different methods should be combined for optimal surveillance, and further studies are needed in aspect of the introduction and application of new methods such as NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang San Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Son
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Van Dam Lai
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Weon Hwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - In Pil Mo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Isolated from a Wild Bird in Jiangxi, China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/46/e01163-19. [PMID: 31727709 PMCID: PMC6856275 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01163-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the detection of a reassortant avian influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from a wild bird in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China, in 2014. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus is most likely derived from the Eurasian-origin H3Ny and HxN8 viruses and two strains endemic to China, namely, H5N1 and H5N6. Here, we report the detection of a reassortant avian influenza A(H3N8) virus isolated from a wild bird in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China, in 2014. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus is most likely derived from the Eurasian-origin H3Ny and HxN8 viruses and two strains endemic to China, namely, H5N1 and H5N6.
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Xiao G, Chen B, He M, Hu B. Dual-mode detection of avian influenza virions (H9N2) by ICP-MS and fluorescence after quantum dot labeling with immuno-rolling circle amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1096:18-25. [PMID: 31883585 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIVs), hosted in poultry, are the pathogens of many poultry diseases and human infections, which bring huge losses to the poultry breeding industry and huge panic to society. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection methods for AIVs. In this work, a dual-mode detection method based on immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-RCA) and quantum dots (QDs) labeling for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and fluorescence detection of H9N2 AIV was developed. The dual-mode detection of the QDs by ICP-MS and fluorescence is used to achieve mutual verification within the analysis results, thus improving the accuracy of the method. With the immuno-RCA, the sensitivity of the method was increased by two orders of magnitude. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 17 ng L-1 and 61 ng L-1, and the linear range of the proposed method is 0.05-5 ng mL-1 and 0.1-5 ng mL-1 with ICP-MS and fluorescence detection, respectively. The relative standard deviation (n = 7) is 4.9% with ICP-MS detection and 3.1% with fluorescence detection. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of chicken serum samples, no significant different was found for two modes detection and the recoveries of the spiking experiments are acceptable, indicating that the method has good practical potential for real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Buriachenko S, Stegniy B. Development of anexpress-method for influence and genotyping of H1N1 and H7N9 virus avian influenza a strains by PCR-RFLP analysis. SCIENCERISE: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15587/2519-8025.2019.179191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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48
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Zhang H, Miller BL. Immunosensor-based label-free and multiplex detection of influenza viruses: State of the art. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111476. [PMID: 31272058 PMCID: PMC6717022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of influenza viruses to rapidly evolve has caused significant challenges in viral surveillance, diagnosis, and therapeutic development. Molecular sequencing methods, though powerful tools for monitoring influenza evolution at the genetic level, are not able to fully characterize the antigenic properties of influenza viruses. Understanding influenza virus antigenicity is critical to vaccine development and disease prevention. Traditional immunoassays which have been widely used for evaluating influenza antigenicity have limited throughput. To alleviate these problems, new bioanalytical tools to investigate influenza antigenicity by measuring antibody-antigen binding are an active area of research. Herein, we review immunosensor technologies from the aspects of various sensing principles, while highlighting recent developments in multiplex, label-free detection strategies. Highlighted technologies include electrochemical immunosensors relying on impedimetric detection; these demonstrate simple design and cost effectiveness for mass production. Antibody arrays implemented on an optical interferometric sensor system allow systematic characterization of influenza antigenicity. Quartz microbalance immunosensors are highly sensitive but have yet to be explored for multiplex sensing. Immunosensors made on lateral flow strips have shown promise in rapid diagnosis of influenza subtypes. We anticipate that these and other technologies discussed in the review will facilitate advances in the study of influenza, and other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 697, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd. Box 270216, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 697, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd. Box 270216, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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First Detection of a Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Clade 2.3.2.1c Virus, Isolated from a Wild Bird in China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/36/e00797-19. [PMID: 31488532 PMCID: PMC6728642 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00797-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first isolation of a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A(H5N6) virus isolated from a wild bird sample in Jiangxi, China, in 2016. Sequence analyses indicated that this virus most likely evolved from Eurasia-derived H5N1 and H6N6 viruses through frequent interactions at the wild-domestic bird interface. We report the first isolation of a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza A(H5N6) virus isolated from a wild bird sample in Jiangxi, China, in 2016. Sequence analyses indicated that this virus most likely evolved from Eurasia-derived H5N1 and H6N6 viruses through frequent interactions at the wild-domestic bird interface.
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50
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Jin F, Dong X, Wan Z, Ren D, Liu M, Geng T, Zhang J, Gao W, Shao H, Qin A, Ye J. A Single Mutation N166D in Hemagglutinin Affects Antigenicity and Pathogenesis of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080709. [PMID: 31382442 PMCID: PMC6723300 DOI: 10.3390/v11080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Some immune escape mutants of H9N2 virus and the corresponding mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) have been documented, but little is known about the impact of a single mutation on the antigenicity and pathogenesis of H9N2. In this study, seven critical sites in HA associated with the antigenicity were identified and the effects of a HA mutation (N166D) derived from a H9N2 escape mutant (m3F2) were investigated. Although N166D did not significantly affect viral replication in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and viral shedding in the larynx and cloaca of chicken, N166D attenuated the pathogenesis of the virus in mice. Compared to the rescued RgPR8-H9_166D, RgPR8-H9_166N caused greater body weight loss and higher viral titers in the lungs of the infected mice. Moreover, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for the sera from the chickens infected with wild type H9N2 and mutant m3F2 showed that N166D mutation could result in weak antibody response in chickens. Considering the field strains of H9N2 with N166D mutation are frequently isolated in the countries with H9N2 vaccination, the findings that the single mutation in HA, N166D, affected both the antigenicity and pathogenesis of H9N2 highlight the significance of surveillance on such mutation that may contribute to the failure of H9N2 vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaomei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tuoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd., Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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