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Bjørneset J, Blévin P, Bjørnstad PM, Dalmo RA, Goksøyr A, Harju M, Limonta G, Panti C, Rikardsen AH, Sundaram AYM, Yadetie F, Routti H. Establishment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) primary fibroblast cell cultures and their transcriptomic responses to pollutant exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107915. [PMID: 37031518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Populations of killer whale (Orcinus orca) contain some of the most polluted animals on Earth. Yet, the knowledge on effects of chemical pollutants is limited in this species. Cell cultures and in vitro exposure experiments are pertinent tools to study effects of pollutants in free-ranging marine mammals. To investigate transcriptional responses to pollutants in killer whale cells, we collected skin biopsies of killer whales from the Northern Norwegian fjords and successfully established primary fibroblast cell cultures from the dermis of 4 out of 5 of them. Cells from the individual with the highest cell yield were exposed to three different concentrations of a mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that reflects the composition of the 10 most abundant POPs found in Norwegian killer whales (p,p'-DDE, trans-nonachlor, PCB52, 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180, 187). Transcriptional responses of 13 selected target genes were studied using digital droplet PCR, and whole transcriptome responses were investigated utilizing RNA sequencing. Among the target genes analysed, CYP1A1 was significantly downregulated in the cells exposed to medium (11.6 µM) and high (116 µM) concentrations of the pollutant mixture, while seven genes involved in endocrine functions showed a non-significant tendency to be upregulated at the highest exposure concentration. Bioinformatic analyses of RNA-seq data indicated that 13 and 43 genes were differentially expressed in the cells exposed to low and high concentrations of the mixture, respectively, in comparison to solvent control. Subsequent pathway and functional analyses of the differentially expressed genes indicated that the enriched pathways were mainly related to lipid metabolism, myogenesis and glucocorticoid receptor regulation. The current study results support previous correlative studies and provide cause-effect relationships, which is highly relevant for chemical and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bjørneset
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P Blévin
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - R A Dalmo
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - C Panti
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - A H Rikardsen
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - F Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
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Kriangwanich W, Buddhachat K, Poommouang A, Chomdej S, Thitaram C, Kaewmong P, Kittiwattanawong K, Nganvongpanit K. Feasibility of melting fingerprint obtained from ISSR-HRM curves for marine mammal species identification. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11689. [PMID: 34239781 PMCID: PMC8237827 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, species identification of stranded marine mammals mostly relies on morphological features, which has inherent challenges. The use of genetic information for marine mammal species identification remains limited, therefore, new approaches that can contribute to a better monitoring of stranded species are needed. In that context, the ISSR-HRM method we have proposed offers a new approach for marine mammal species identification. Consequently, new approaches need to be developed to identify individuals at the species level. Eight primers of the ISSR markers were chosen for HRM analysis resulting in ranges of accuracy of 56.78–75.50% and 52.14–75.93% in terms of precision, while a degree of sensitivity of more than 80% was recorded when each single primer was used. The ISSR-HRM primer combinations revealed a success rate of 100% in terms of discrimination for all marine mammals included in this study. Furthermore, ISSR-HRM analysis was successfully employed in determining marine mammal discrimination among varying marine mammal species. Thus, ISSR-HRM analysis could serve as an effective alternative tool in the species identification process. This option would offer researchers a heightened level of convenience in terms of its performance and success rate. It would also offer field practice to veterinarians, biologists and other field-related people a greater degree of ease with which they could interpret results when effectively classifying stranded marine mammals. However, further studies with more samples and with a broader geographical scope will be required involving distinct populations to account for the high degree of intraspecific variability in cetaceans and to demonstrate the range of applications of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannapimol Kriangwanich
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Buddhachat
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Anocha Poommouang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Chen YY, Chan KM. Modulations of TCDD-mediated induction of zebrafish cyp1a1 and the AHR pathway by administering Cd 2+in vivo. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:577-587. [PMID: 30029150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal ions such as cadmium (Cd2+) and trace organics typified by 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are common co-contaminants in the environment and cause toxic effects in aquatic organisms that pose serious health risks. We studied the effects of Cd2+ on the regulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 (cyp1a1) gene-induction by TCDD using zebrafish embryos and larvae and adult zebrafish tissues. Our results showed that TCDD induced the cyp1a1 gene in all developmental stages and tissues of zebrafish, and the induction was higher in females than males. However, for the upstream genes (ahr2 and arnt2b) that mediate cyp1a1 gene induction in the zebrafish liver cell line was not induced by TCDD similar to the pattern of cyp1a1 in all investigated groups. After co-treatment with Cd2+, induction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway by TCDD was inhibited in the zebrafish larvae and the livers, intestines, kidneys and gills of adult zebrafish, but not in the embryos or brains of adult zebrafish, indicating that the toxicological effects of Cd2+ on TCDD are dependent on the developmental stages and tissue types. The present study confirms that Cd2+ blocks the TCDD-induced cyp1a1 gene in vivo but emphasizes that the effects are specific to the developmental stage, type of tissue and sex. The combined effects of Cd2+ and TCDD must be taken into consideration together with these parameters to accurately predict and assess cadmium and TCDD-induced toxicity in fish and carcinogenesis in animals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
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Jiang P, Wang J, Zhang J, Dai J. Effects of pentachlorophenol on the detoxification system in white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata). J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 44:224-234. [PMID: 27266319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a priority pollutant due to its persistence and high toxicity, has been used worldwide as a pesticide and biocide. To understand the adverse effects of PCP, adult male white-rumped munias (Lonchura striata) were orally administrated commercial PCP mixed with corn oil at dosages of 0, 0.05, 0.5, and 5mg/(kg·day) for 42day. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis found that PCP was preferentially accumulated in the kidney rather than in the liver and muscle in all exposure groups. To examine the function of CYP1A in pollutant metabolism, we isolated two full-length cDNA fragments (designated as CYP1A4 and CYP1A5) from L. striata liver using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. PCP induced the expression of CYP1A5, although no obvious change was observed in CYP1A4 expression. Furthermore, PCP significantly elevated the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase and decreased the activity of benzyloxy-trifluoromethyl-coumarin, with no significant responses observed in benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase. PCP induced significant changes in antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and malondialdehyde content, but decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase activities and GSH content in the liver of L. striata. The present study demonstrated that PCP had hepatic toxic effects by affecting CYP1As and anti-oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Arpin-Pont L, Bueno MJM, Gomez E, Fenet H. Occurrence of PPCPs in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4978-91. [PMID: 25253059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been conducted on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the marine environment despite being increasingly impacted by these contaminants. This article reviews data on the occurrence of PPCPs in seawater, sediment, and organisms in the marine environment. Data pertaining to 196 pharmaceuticals and 37 personal care products reported from more than 50 marine sites are analyzed while taking sampling strategies and analytical methods into account. Particular attention is focused on the most frequently detected substances at highest concentrations. A snapshot of the most impacted marine sites is provided by comparing the highest concentrations reported for quantified substances. The present review reveals that: (i) PPCPs are widespread in seawater, particularly at sites impacted by anthropogenic activities, and (ii) the most frequently investigated and detected molecules in seawater and sediments are antibiotics, such as erythromycin. Moreover, this review points out other PPCPs of concern, such as ultraviolet filters, and underlines the scarcity of data on those substances despite recent evidence on their occurrence in marine organisms. The exposure of marine organisms in regard to these insufficient data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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Louis C, Covaci A, Stas M, Crocker DE, Malarvannan G, Dirtu AC, Debier C. Bioaccumulation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls and pentachlorophenol in the serum of northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:441-448. [PMID: 25460666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Northern elephant seals (NES) (Mirounga angustirostris) from the Año Nuevo State Reserve (CA, USA) were sampled at 1-, 4-, 7- and 10-week post-weaning. Concentrations of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) and their parent PCBs were measured in the serum of each individual. The ΣHO-PCB concentrations in the serum increased significantly between early and late fast (from 282 ± 20 to 529 ± 31 pg/mL). This increase might result from a mobilisation of HO-PCBs transferred from the mother during gestation and/or lactation and stored in the pup's liver. Food deprivation has been shown to exacerbate biotransformation capacities in mammals, birds and fish. The HO-penta-CBs was the predominant homologue group, followed by HO-hexa-CBs and HO-hepta-CBs. No preferential pathway for the metabolism of HO-PCBs (HO-direct insertion or NIH-shift of a chlorine atom) could be evidenced. The concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the serum of weaned NES increased from 103 ± 7 pg/mL at early fast to 246 ± 41 pg/mL at late fast, which is within the range of PCP concentrations usually encountered in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Louis
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marie Stas
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Fossi MC, Casini S, Maltese S, Panti C, Spinsanti G, Marsili L. An "ex vivo" model to evaluate toxicological responses to mixtures of contaminants in cetaceans: integumentum biopsy slices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:1107-1121. [PMID: 23339137 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for powerful new tools to detect the effects of chemical pollution, in particular of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Mediterranean cetaceans led us to develop and apply a suite of sensitive biomarkers for integument biopsies of stranded and free-ranging animals. This multi-response ex vivo method has the aim to detect toxicological effects of contaminant mixtures. In the present study, we applied an ex vivo assay using skin biopsy and liver slices, combining molecular biomarkers [Western blot of Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and Cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B)] and gene expression biomarkers (Quantitative real-time PCR of CYP1A1, heat shock protein 70, estrogen receptor alpha and E2F transcription factor) in response to chemical exposure [organochlorines compounds (OCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and PAHs] for stranded Mediterranean Stenella coeruleoalba. The main goal of this experiment was to identify the biomarker and/or a suite of biomarkers that could best detect the presence of a specific class of pollutants (OCs, PBDEs, and PAHs) or a mixture of them. This multi-response biomarker methodology revealed an high sensitivity and selectivity of responses (such as CYP1A and ER α mRNA variations after OCs and PAHs exposure) and could represent a valid future approach for the study of inter- and intra-species sensitivities to various classes of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Fossi
- Department of Earth, Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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8
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Louis C, Dirtu AC, Stas M, Guiot Y, Malarvannan G, Das K, Costa DP, Crocker DE, Covaci A, Debier C. Mobilisation of lipophilic pollutants from blubber in northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris) during the post-weaning fast. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:438-448. [PMID: 24858284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Northern elephant seals (NES) (Mirounga angustirostris) from the Año Nuevo State Reserve (CA, USA) were longitudinally sampled during the post-weaning fast in order to study the mobilisation and redistribution of various classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) between blubber and blood. Inner and outer blubber layers were analysed separately. Organohalogenated compounds were detected in all blubber samples in the decreasing order of their concentrations: p,p'-DDE > PCBs ⪢ HCB > PBDEs. The concentrations of all studied compounds were homogeneously distributed in the blubber layer at early fast, since the concentrations of POPs were statistically not different in the inner and outer layers. With the progression of the fast, the concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs and p,p'-DDE increased more sharply in inner blubber than in outer blubber. As a result, their levels became significantly higher in inner blubber as compared to outer blubber at late fast. The rise of pollutant concentrations in blubber might result from a less efficient mobilisation than triglycerides and/or a reuptake by adipocytes of some of the pollutants released into the circulation. The mobilisation of pollutants from blubber was higher at late fast. An increase of pollutant concentrations was observed in serum between early and late fast. Lower halogenated congeners (i.e. tetra-CBs) were present in higher proportions in serum, whereas the higher halogenated congeners (i.e. hepta-CBs) were mainly found in the inner and outer blubber layers. The transfer ratios of both PBDEs and PCBs from inner blubber to serum decreased with the number of chlorine and bromine atoms. In addition, the distribution of both types of compounds between serum and blubber was strongly influenced by their lipophilic character (logKow values), with more lipophilic compounds being less efficiently released from blubber to serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Louis
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Marie Stas
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yves Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie, MARE Center B6c, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Catae AF, Roat TC, De Oliveira RA, Ferreira Nocelli RC, Malaspina O. Cytotoxic effects of thiamethoxam in the midgut and malpighian tubules of AfricanizedApis mellifera(Hymenoptera: Apidae). Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:274-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernanda Catae
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP-Univ; Estadual Paulista, Bela Vista, 13.500-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thaisa Cristina Roat
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP-Univ; Estadual Paulista, Bela Vista, 13.500-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Regiane Alves De Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP-Univ; Estadual Paulista, Bela Vista, 13.500-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Roberta CornéLio Ferreira Nocelli
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciências da Natureza; Matemática e Educação UFSCar; Via Anhanguera, Km 174 Araras São Paulo Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Departamento de Biologia; Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP-Univ; Estadual Paulista, Bela Vista, 13.500-900 Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
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10
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Anzolin DG, Sarkis JES, Diaz E, Soares DG, Serrano IL, Borges JCG, Souto AS, Taniguchi S, Montone RC, Bainy ACD, Carvalho PSM. Contaminant concentrations, biochemical and hematological biomarkers in blood of West Indian manatees Trichechus manatus from Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1402-1408. [PMID: 22626623 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is threatened with extinction in Brazil, and this study focused on nondestructive blood samples analyzed for metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), as well as biochemical and hematological biomarkers. Studied manatees were kept at Projeto Peixe-Boi headquarters in Pernambuco State, and at two natural areas in estuaries where they are released to the wild. Manatees kept at the natural estuary in Paraiba State have blood concentrations of Al, Pb, Cd, Sn that are 11, 7, 8 and 23 times greater, respectively, than the concentrations found in blood of animals from the same species in Florida, USA. An inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase in manatees kept at the two reintroduction sites in Alagoas and Paraiba States indicated possible exposure of the animals to cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides. PCBs and OCPs were not detected. Results from this study will help delineate conservation efforts in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Anzolin
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Zoology Department, Recife, Brazil.
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11
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Veldhoen N, Ikonomou MG, Helbing CC. Molecular profiling of marine fauna: integration of omics with environmental assessment of the world's oceans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 76:23-38. [PMID: 22036265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many species that contribute to the commercial and ecological richness of our marine ecosystems are harbingers of environmental change. The ability of organisms to rapidly detect and respond to changes in the surrounding environment represents the foundation for application of molecular profiling technologies towards marine sentinel species in an attempt to identify signature profiles that may reside within the transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome and that are indicative of a particular environmental exposure event. The current review highlights recent examples of the biological information obtained for marine sentinel teleosts, mammals, and invertebrates. While in its infancy, such basal information can provide a systems biology framework in the detection and evaluation of environmental chemical contaminant effects on marine fauna. Repeated evaluation across different seasons and local marine environs will lead to discrimination between signature profiles representing normal variation within the complex milieu of environmental factors that trigger biological response in a given sentinel species and permit a greater understanding of normal versus anthropogenic-associated modulation of biological pathways, which prove detrimental to marine fauna. It is anticipated that incorporation of contaminant-specific molecular signatures into current risk assessment paradigms will lead to enhanced wildlife management strategies that minimize the impacts of our industrialized society on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055 Stn CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada
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12
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Darwish WS, Kawai Y, Ikenaka Y, Yamamoto H, Muroya T, Ishizuka M. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of novel cytochrome P450 1A genes from ungulate species. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1237-41. [PMID: 20448415 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of an ongoing effort to understand the biological response of wild and domestic ungulates to different environmental pollutants such as dioxin-like compounds, cDNAs encoding for CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were cloned and characterized. Four novel CYP1A cDNA fragments from the livers of four wild ungulates (elephant, hippopotamus, tapir and deer) were identified. Three fragments from hippopotamus, tapir and deer were classified as CYP1A2, and the other fragment from elephant was designated as CYP1A1/2. The deduced amino acid sequences of these fragment CYP1As showed identities ranging from 76 to 97% with other animal CYP1As. The phylogenetic analysis of these fragments showed that both elephant and hippopotamus CYP1As made separate branches, while tapir and deer CYP1As were located beside that of horse and cattle respectively in the phylogenetic tree. Analysis of dN/dS ratio among the identified CYP1As indicated that odd toed ungulate CYP1A2s were exposed to different selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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DARWISH WS, MORSHDY AE, IKENAKA Y, IBRAHIM ZS, FUJITA S, ISHIZUKA M. Expression and Sequence of CYP1A1 in the Camel. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:221-4. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy DARWISH
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
- Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
| | - Alaa Eldin MORSHDY
- Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Zein Shaban IBRAHIM
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University
| | - Shoichi FUJITA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mayumi ISHIZUKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Monari M, Foschi J, Matozzo V, Marin MG, Fabbri M, Rosmini R, Serrazanetti GP. Investigation of EROD, CYP1A immunopositive proteins and SOD in haemocytes of Chamelea gallina and their role in response to B[a]P. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:382-92. [PMID: 18848644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CYP1A sub-family represents the main form of cytochrome P450 involved in benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) detoxification, but there are no clear evidences about its presence in invertebrates. 7-Ethoxy resorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity is strictly related to CYP1A presence, at the same time P450-dependent oxidative metabolism leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thought to be an important mechanism of pollutant-mediated toxicity in aquatic organisms. Superoxide dismutases (SODs), EROD and CYP1A activities and/or expressions were detected in haemocytes of pooled clams (Chamelea gallina) and cell-free haemolymph after 24 h, 7 and 12 days of exposure to 0.5 mg/L of B[a]P. After 24 h, B[a]P content was maximum in whole tissues. A 61 kDa band was recognized in haemocytes and cell-free haemolymph by polyclonal anti-fish CYP1A, while 53.5 and 63.8 kDa CYP1A immunopositive proteins were discriminate without differences of expression. Differently, EROD, MnSOD activity/expression and ECSOD expression decreased in haemocytes and haemolymph. C. gallina immune system presents an interesting response dose/time exposure of B[a]P and the 7 days condition highlights the major effects of xenobiotic action. The identification of basal EROD levels supports the possible presence of the CYP1A, never identified in C. gallina and more specifically never isolated in immune cells, as confirmed by CYP1A-immunopositive proteins identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monari
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, Facoltà Medicina Veterinaria, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Park JS, Kalantzi OI, Kopec D, Petreas M. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in livers of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from San Francisco Bay, California and Gulf of Maine. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 67:129-35. [PMID: 19150735 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of endocrine disruptors in marine mammals positioned at the top of the food chain is of toxicological concern. Livers from four pups and ten adult harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) stranded in San Francisco Bay (SFB) and the Gulf of Maine (GOM) were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs). We used GC-ECD and GC-NCI/MS to investigate the presence of 28 PCBs and 8 OH-PCB metabolites, respectively. Sigma(28)PCB concentrations (di- to octa-CBs) ranged from 1.81 to 35.9 microg/g lipid with a median of 6.53 for the seal pups and 2.31 to 249 microg/g lipid with a median of 28.9 for the adult seals. Sigma(8)OH-PCB concentrations (penta- to hepta-OH-PCBs) ranged from 0.02 to 0.69 microg/g lipid with a median of 0.04 for the adult seals, i.e., at much lower concentrations than those for PCBs. Ratios of OH-PCBs to PCBs (0.24% on average) were comparable to those in beluga whale, but were lower than ratios in human livers. The OH-PCB profiles were slightly different between SFB and GOM seal livers, although similar PCB congener patterns were observed. Generally, 4-OH-CB107 was found predominantly in seal livers and was the only OH-PCB detectable in most of seal pup livers. This study provides information on OH-PCBs in seals, adding to the scarce exposure data for these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Soo Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
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NAKAYAMA SM, TANAKA-UENO T, SAKAMOTO KQ, FUJITA S, ISHIZUKA M. Molecular Cloning of Novel Cytochrome P450 1A Genes from Nine Japanese Amphibian Species. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1407-11. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shouta M.M. NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Kentaro Q. SAKAMOTO
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Shoichi FUJITA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mayumi ISHIZUKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Gene sequences for Cytochromes p450 1A1 and 1A2: The need for biomarker Development in Sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:336-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Monari M, Foschi J, Cortesi P, Rosmini R, Cattani O, Serrazanetti GP. Chloramphenicol influence on antioxidant enzymes with preliminary approach on microsomal CYP1A immunopositive-protein in Chamelea gallina. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:272-280. [PMID: 18657290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CA) is a largely used antibiotic and it is an inhibitor of protein synthesis that also induces ROS production. In this work there were investigated activities and expressions in the Adriatic bivalve Chamelea gallina of some antioxidant and detoxification proteins like superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A). Clams exposed to 5mgl(-1) of chloramphenicol were sampled 2, 4 and 8 days after treatment (CA2, CA4 and CA8). SODs, CAT, and CYP1A activity and/or expression were detected in pooled digestive glands by Western blotting and by spectrophotometrical analysis. Enzymes activities increase during the entire antibiotic exposure. With respect to the control Cu/Zn-SOD expression increases, while Mn-SOD expression decreases significantly after 4 days. Two CYP1A immunopositive-proteins (57.7 and 59.8kDa) were detected. The lower band significantly decreases in CA8, the upper one also in CA4 condition. High levels of Mn-SOD, CAT activity and Cu/Zn-SOD expression, indicate intense ROS production while Mn-SOD expression inhibition might be ascribable to mitochondrial alterations due to CA and indirectly to ROS. CYP1A1 action determines H2O2 production that would contribute to a CYP1A1 gene promoter down regulation, a response to oxidative stress with the antioxidant enzymes activation as a final result. This study highlights the close association, in C. gallina, in presence of chloramphenicol, between SOD/CAT and CYP system, and it appear particularly interesting to the lack of similar researches on mollusc species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monari
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Niimi S, Kim EY, Iwata H, Watanabe MX, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Tanabe S. Identification and hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1–4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:667-81. [PMID: 17526421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Full-length cDNA sequences of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C78, 2E1, 3A72, 4A35 and 4V6 isozymes were isolated from a hepatic cDNA library of common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The deduced amino acid sequences of minke whale CYP2C78, 2E1, 3A72, 4A35 and 4V6 showed high identities with cattle CYP2C86 (83%), pig CYP2E1 (85%), sheep CYP3A24 (82%), pig CYP4A21 (80%), and human CYP4V2 (76%), respectively. To investigate whether or not these CYP expression levels are altered by contamination of organochlorine contaminants (OCs), mRNA levels of these CYPs in the liver of common minke whale were measured using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, and the quantified mRNA levels were employed for the statistical analysis with the residue levels of OCs including PCBs, DDTs (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE), chlordanes (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane), HCHs (alpha-, beta- and gamma-isomers) and hexachlorobenzene that have already been reported elsewhere. Spearman's rank correlation analyses showed no significant correlation between CYP expression levels and each OC level in the common minke whale liver, implying that these environmental chemicals have no potential to alter the expression levels of these CYPs or the residue levels encountered in the whale livers may not reach their transcriptional regulation levels. This suggests that the expression of individual CYPs in the whale liver may be at basal level. Relationships among hepatic mRNA expression levels of these CYP2-4 isozymes together with CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were also examined. Significant positive correlations were detected among mRNA expression levels of individual CYP isozymes in most cases. These associations indicate that the transcriptional regulation of these CYPs examined in this study may be reciprocally related. CYP1A1 levels showed a positive correlation with CYP1A2 levels (r=0.64, p<0.01) indicating that both CYP isozymes were regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor activated by endogenous ligands. A strong positive correlation between CYP2C78 and 3A72 (r=0.90, p<0.001) suggests that expression of these CYP isozymes may be under a regulation mechanism of cross-talk in which specific nuclear receptors such as constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor are involved. The present study indicates that minke whale from the North Pacific may be a model species to investigate the mechanism of basal regulation of these CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Niimi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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20
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Monari M, Cattani O, Serrazanetti GP, Selli A, Pagliuca G, Zironi E, O'Hara SCM, Livingstone DR. Effect of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on SODs, CYP1A1/1A2- and CYP2E1 immunopositive proteins in the blood clam Scapharca inaequivalvis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 63:200-18. [PMID: 17052751 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of water-borne exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (36 h; celite-bound 0.44 mg L(-1) B[a]P) on cytochrome P450 (CYP) and superoxide dismutases (SODs) were examined in digestive gland of the blood clam, Scapharca inaequivalvis. B[a]P accumulation and elimination were rapid, with maximum whole-body concentrations of 1.78 ng g(-1) wet wt after 12 h of treatment, followed by a progressive decline to 0.89 ng g(-1) at 36 h. The presence of B[a]P resulted in an increase in total CYP of digestive gland microsomes from 54+/-14 to 108+/-21 pmol/mg protein (mean+/-SD; p<0.05, 24 h). Increases were also seen in microsomal CYP1A1/1A2-immunopositive protein (50.5 kDa app. mol. wt; p<0.05), but not CYP2E1-immunopositive protein (49 kDa app. mol. wt.), indicating a specific response of the former isoform. Exposure to B[a]P produced a steady increase in Mn-SOD digestive gland activity (p<0.01; p<0.05) but no significant change in Cu/Zn-SOD activity. The respective proteins, measured by western blotting, were not significant induced after B[a]P exposure. Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities were correlated with total CYP levels (r=0.96 and 0.63, respectively), indicating a role for CYP in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during exposure. Both 'NADPH-independent' and NADPH-dependent metabolism of B[a]P by digestive gland microsomes was seen, producing mainly 1,6-, 3,6- and 6,12-diones, with some phenols and 7,8-dihydrodiol; putative protein adducts were also formed. Redox cycling of the diones may also have contributed to ROS production, leading to the increased SOD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monari
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Assunção MGL, Miller KA, Dangerfield NJ, Bandiera SM, Ross PS. Cytochrome P450 1A expression and organochlorine contaminants in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): evaluating a biopsy approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:256-64. [PMID: 17289438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported in vivo induction of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) by beta-naphthoflavone in skin and liver biopsies of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). The present study evaluated CYP1A expression (immunoblot analysis and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity-EROD) in harbour seals using two study designs: i) skin and liver biopsies from 20 harbour seal pups captured from coastal British Columbia (BC, Canada) and temporarily housed in captivity; and ii) skin biopsies from 42 free-ranging harbour seals captured and sampled on-site in multiple locations in BC and Washington State (USA). Toxic Equivalency Quotients (TEQs) were calculated for polychlorinated biphenyl, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, and polychlorinated dibenzofuran residues measured in blubber from a subset of study animals (n=30). CYP1A data from the seal pups held temporarily in captivity show that CYP1A protein levels were greater in liver than skin and that CYP1A protein and EROD activity were correlated in skin and liver. However, analysis of free-ranging seals from different sites revealed that blubber organochlorine TEQ values did not correlate with skin CYP1A levels. CYP1A protein levels and EROD activities in skin of seal pups from the BC locations and from Puget Sound were relatively low, possibly reflecting contaminant levels that were not high enough to elicit a response, a small sample size, or methodological limitations. Our results show that CYP1A measurements in skin show promise as a biomarker of contaminant exposure, but that refinements to techniques and a larger sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G L Assunção
- Marine Environmental Quality Section, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, Canada
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Miller KA, Assunção MGL, Dangerfield NJ, Bandiera SM, Ross PS. Assessment of cytochrome P450 1A in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) using a minimally-invasive biopsy approach. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 60:153-169. [PMID: 15757747 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of organochlorine exposure, such as the induction of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), can be used to assess the impact of environmental contaminants on the health of free-ranging marine mammal populations. The objective of the present study was to measure CYP1A in skin and liver biopsies obtained from live harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Twelve harbour seal pups, aged three to five weeks, were captured from the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, Canada, and temporarily held in captivity. Skin ( approximately 60 mg) and liver ( approximately 40 mg) biopsies, obtained while seals were under general anaesthesia, yielded sufficient tissue for the measurement of CYP1A by immunoblot analysis and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity. A short-term exposure experiment, in which harbour seals (n=3) were treated orally with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), resulted in increased hepatic and cutaneous CYP1A protein levels, consistent with observations in other mammals. This study is the first to measure CYP1A in skin and liver biopsies from live harbour seals and to report in vivo BNF-associated CYP1A induction in a marine mammal. The results demonstrate that microsamples collected using minimally-invasive techniques can provide toxicologically-relevant information form marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Miller
- Marine Environmental Quality Section, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2
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Houde M, Hoekstra PF, Solomon KR, Muir DCG. Organohalogen contaminants in delphinoid cetaceans. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2005; 184:1-57. [PMID: 15790172 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27565-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the global distribution, biotransformation, accumulation patterns, and mechanisms of action and the potential impacts of persistent organohalogen contaminants (PHCs) on physiological systems of cetaceans with emphasis on delphinoids. Methods used to study PHCs in stranded and free-living cetaceans are discussed, and concentrations of PHCs of stranded, hunted, by-catch, and free-ranging delphinoids are summarized. Overall, the highest concentrations of PHC contamination were found in delphinoids from industrialized areas of the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Nonetheless, PHCs are also found in marine mammal tissues from the Southern Hemisphere and in remote regions such as the Arctic, reflecting the global distribution and contamination of PHCs in the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Houde
- University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada
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Niimi S, Watanabe MX, Kim EY, Iwata H, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Tanabe S. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 in the liver of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:784-93. [PMID: 16154599 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents full-length cDNA sequences of CYP1A1 and 1A2, in common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from the North Pacific. Both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 cDNAs had an open reading frame of 516 amino acid residues, and predicted molecular masses were 58.3 kDa and 58.1 kDa, respectively. The deduced full-length amino acid sequence of CYP1A1 revealed higher identities with those of sheep (86%) and pig (87%), and that of CYP1A2 was most closely related to human (82%) and monkey CYP1A2 (82%) among species from which CYP1A2 has been isolated so far. Differences in certain conserved and functional amino acid residues of CYP1A1 and 1A2 between common minke whale and other mammalian species indicate the possibility of their specific metabolic function. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) including PCBs and DDTs analyzed in common minke whale liver showed no significant correlation with hepatic mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, indicating no induction of these enzymes by such OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Niimi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Kim EY, Iwata H, Fujise Y, Tanabe S. Searching for novel CYP members using cDNA library from a minke whale liver. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 58:495-498. [PMID: 15178072 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The contaminant-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) members in minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) can be potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and toxic effects. In this study, we constructed a cDNA library from the liver of minke whale from the North Pacific, and further screened a total of 6930 clones randomly selected in the library for the isolation of cDNA clones encoding novel members of CYP superfamily. The screening revealed the isolation of six novel CYP cDNA clones that are classified into CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2E, CYP3A, CYP4, and CYP4A subfamilies. The BLAST homology search using the partial cDNA fragments of four CYP subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2E and CYP4A) demonstrated that the minke whale CYPs were most closely related to pig CYPs (81-91%). Identification of multiple CYP genes in marine mammal species such as minke whale will provide new insights into the metabolic or toxicological functions of individual CYP members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-234 Sankan-cho, Matsuyama 990-0003, Japan
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Chung-Davidson YW, Rees CB, Wu H, Yun SS, Li W. beta-naphthoflavone induction of CYP1A in brain of juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:1533-42. [PMID: 15037647 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants induce expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A subfamily of genes. We integrated cellular and molecular biological techniques to examine the effects of beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) exposure in lake trout brain CYP1A distribution and dynamics. Over a 32-day time-course, real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) results showed that CYP1A mRNA induction in response to BNF exposure occurred rapidly and continued to rise in the BNF-treated lake trout after 4 h, with a peak at or after 2 days. Messenger RNA levels fell after 4 days, and this trend continued after 16 days of exposure. In situ hybridization indicated that CYP1A mRNA was universally elevated in the brain of BNF-exposed fish and was mainly expressed in the endothelia and occasionally in the glial cells. CYP1A immunoreactivity was induced in the olfactory bulb and valvula cerebelli of BNF-treated fish. Other brain areas showed constitutive CYP1A immunoreactivity in both control and BNF-treated fish. Some BNF-treated fish contained multifocal hemorrhages in the brain tissue, and these fish had overall depressed CYP1A immunoreactivity in the brain. The relationship between transcriptional and translational effects of BNF exposure in the brain of juvenile lake trout is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Fossi MC, Marsili L, Neri G, Natoli A, Politi E, Panigada S. The use of a non-lethal tool for evaluating toxicological hazard of organochlorine contaminants in Mediterranean cetaceans: new data 10 years after the first paper published in MPB. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:972-982. [PMID: 12907191 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean Sea, top predators, and particularly cetacean odontocetes, accumulate high concentrations of organochlorine contaminants and toxic metals, incurring high toxicological risk. In this paper we investigate the use of the skin biopsies as a non-lethal tool for evaluating toxicological hazard of organochlorines in Mediterranean cetaceans, presenting new data 10 years after the paper published by Fossi and co-workers [Mar. Poll. Bull. 24 (9) (1992) 459] in which this new methodology was first presented. Some organochlorine compounds, now with worldwide distribution, are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Here the unexplored hypothesis that Mediterranean cetaceans are potentially at risk due to organochlorines with endocrine disrupting capacity is investigated. High concentrations of DDT metabolites and PCB congeners (known as EDCs) were found in the different Mediterranean species (Stenella coeruleoalba, Delphinus delphis, Tursiops truncatus and Balaenoptera physalus). In this paper we also propose benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BPMO) activity in marine mammal skin biopsies (non-lethal biomarker) as a potential indicator of exposure to organochlorines, with special reference to the compounds with endocrine disrupting capacity. A statistically significant correlation was found between BPMO activity and organochlorine levels (DDTs, pp(')DDT, op(')DDT, PCBs and PCB99) in skin biopsies of males of B. physalus. Moreover a statistical correlation was also found between BPMO activity and DDT levels in skin biopsies of the endangered Mediterranean population of D. delphis. These results suggest that BPMO induction may be an early sign of exposure to organochlorine EDCs and can be used for periodic monitoring of Mediterranean marine mammal toxicological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Fossi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Siena University, Via delle Cerchia 3, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Barron MG, Heintz R, Krahn MM. Contaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for Steller sea lion declines in Alaska. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 311:111-133. [PMID: 12826388 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
After nearly 3 decades of decline, the western stock of Steller sea lions (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) was listed as an endangered species in 1997. While the cause of the decline in the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to nutritional stress, recent declines are unexplained and may result from other factors including the presence of environmental contaminants. SSL tissues show accumulation of butyltins, mercury, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and hexachlorobenzene. SSL habitats and prey are contaminated with additional chemicals including mirex, endrin, dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexanes, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds, cadmium and lead. In addition, many SSL haulouts and rookeries are located near other hazards including radioactivity, solvents, ordnance and chemical weapon dumps. PCB and DDT concentrations measured in a few SSL during the 1980s were the highest recorded for any Alaskan pinniped. Some contaminant exposures in SSL appear to be elevated in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea compared to southeast Alaska, but there are insufficient data to evaluate geospatial relationships with any certainty. Based on very limited blubber data, current levels of PCBs may not pose a risk to SSL based on comparison to immunotoxicity tissue benchmarks, but SSL may have been at risk from pre-1990 PCB exposures. While exposure to PCBs and DDTs may be declining, SSL are likely exposed to a multitude of other contaminants that have not been monitored. The impacts of these exposures on SSL remain unknown because causal effects have not been established. Field studies with SSL have been limited in scope and have not yet linked contaminant exposures to adverse animal health or population effects. Several biomarkers may prove useful for monitoring exposure and additional research is needed to evaluate their utility in SSL. We conclude that there are insufficient data to reject the hypothesis that contaminants play a role in the continued decline of SSL, and suggest that a coordinated monitoring program be developed which can be related to key biological, ecological and laboratory toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mace G Barron
- P.E.A.K. Research, 1134 Avon Lane, Longmont, CO 80501, USA.
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Kim EY, Hahn ME. cDNA cloning and characterization of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): a biomarker of dioxin susceptibility? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 58:57-73. [PMID: 12062155 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) are found at high concentrations in some marine mammals. Species differences in sensitivity to TCDD and PHAHs are a major limitation in assessing the ecological risk to these animals. Harbor seals accumulate high levels of PHAHs and are thought to be highly sensitive to the toxic effects of these compounds. To investigate the mechanistic basis for PHAH toxicity in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), we sought to characterize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an intracellular protein that is responsible for PHAH effects. Here we report the cDNA cloning and characterization of a harbor seal AHR. The harbor seal AHR cDNA has an open reading frame of 2529 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 843 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 94.6 kDa. The harbor seal AHR protein possesses basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domains. It is most closely related to the beluga AHR (82%) and human AHR (79%) in overall amino acid identity, indicating a high degree of conservation of AHR structure between terrestrial and some marine mammals. The ligand binding properties of the harbor seal AHR were determined using protein synthesized by in vitro transcription and translation from the cloned cDNA. Velocity sedimentation analysis on sucrose gradients showed that the harbor seal AHR exhibits specific binding of [(3)H]TCDD. The [(3)H]TCDD-binding affinity of the harbor seal AHR was compared with that of the AHR from a dioxin-sensitive mouse strain (C57BL/6) using a hydroxylapatite assay. The equilibrium dissociation constants of seal and mouse AHRs were 0.93+/-0.19 and 1.70+/-0.26 nM, respectively. Thus, the harbor seal AHR bound TCDD with an affinity that was at least as high as that of the mouse AHR, suggesting that this seal species may be sensitive to PHAH effects. The characteristics of the AHR potentially can be used as a biomarker of susceptibility to dioxin-like compounds, contributing to the assessment of the risk of these compounds to marine mammals and other protected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Biology Department, MS 32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Tilley RE, Kemp GD, Teramitsu I, Hall AJ. Isolation of two cytochrome P450 cDNAs, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, from harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 132:181-91. [PMID: 12106895 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Two cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, cDNA sequences have been isolated and cloned from harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). EROD, a model substrate for CYP1A, and heterologous antibodies have been employed as a biomarker in marine mammals, however the CYP1A sequences have not been characterised in these two seal species. mRNA was used as the template in RT-PCR, rather than DNA as this indicates transcription of the CYP1A gene in these seal species exposed to environmental contaminants. Harp and grey seal CYP1A1 amino acid sequences exhibited >99% identity and the CYP1A2 sequences were >98% identical. Phylogenetic analyses of the two seal species with other mammalian, and avian CYP1A sequences, showed the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 sequences clustered with corresponding sequences in other mammalian species. The closest sequences to the seal CYP1As was dog CYP1A. The CYP1A sequence information presented in this study has provided the necessary data for the future production of species-specific probes for the use as biomarkers of environmental contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Tilley
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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Jensen BA, Hahn ME. cDNA cloning and characterization of a high affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a cetacean, the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Toxicol Sci 2001; 64:41-56. [PMID: 11606800 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/64.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cetaceans bioaccumulate substantial concentrations of planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) in their tissues, but little is known about the effects of such burdens on cetacean health. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related PHAHs cause toxicity via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcription factors. Differences in AHR structure and function are known to contribute to species-specific differences in susceptibility to PHAH toxicity. To ascertain the potential for PHAH effects in a cetacean, we characterized an AHR from the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. The 3.2 kb cDNA encodes an 845-amino acid protein with a predicted size of 95.5 kDa. Overall, the beluga AHR shares 85% amino acid sequence identity with the human AHR and 75% identity with the mouse AHR Ah(b-1) allele. Beluga AHR protein synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system demonstrated specific, high-affinity [(3)H]TCDD binding. Saturation binding analysis was used to compare the [(3)H]TCDD binding affinity of the in vitro-expressed beluga AHR with affinities of in vitro-expressed AHRs from a dioxin-sensitive mouse strain (Ah(b-1) allele) and humans. The beluga AHR bound [(3)H]TCDD with an affinity (K(d)= 0.43 +/- 0.16 nM) that was at least as high as that of the mouse AHR (K(d)= 0.68 +/- 0.23 nM), and significantly greater than that of the human AHR (K(d)= 1.63 +/- 0.64 nM). In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the beluga AHR exhibited sequence-specific, Arnt-dependent binding to a dioxin responsive enhancer (DRE). Upon transient transfection into mammalian cells, the beluga AHR activated transcription of a luciferase reporter under control of a DRE-containing fragment of the mouse Cyp1a1 promoter. These results show that in an in vitro system, the beluga AHR possesses characteristics similar to those of AHRs from other mammals that are considered sensitive to toxic effects of PHAHs. Together, these results demonstrate that the use of in vitro-expressed proteins is a promising approach for addressing molecular and biochemical questions concerning PHAH toxicity in endangered or protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Jensen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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