1
|
Stylianou E, Satti I. Inhaled aerosol viral-vectored vaccines against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101408. [PMID: 38574628 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the sole licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), despite its variable efficacy in protecting against pulmonary TB. The development of effective TB vaccines faces significant challenges, marked by the absence of validated correlates of protection and predictive animal models. Strategic approaches to enhance TB vaccines and augment BCG efficacy include utilising prime-boost strategies with viral-vectored vaccines and exploring innovative delivery techniques, such as mucosal vaccine administration. Viral vectors offer numerous advantages, including the capacity to accommodate genes encoding extensive antigenic fragments and the induction of robust immune responses. Aerosol delivery aligns with the route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and holds the potential to enhance protective mucosal immunity. Aerosolised viral-vectored vaccines overcome anti-vector immunity, facilitating repeated aerosol deliveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tong X, Deng Y, Cizmeci D, Fontana L, Carlock MA, Hanley HB, McNamara RP, Lingwood D, Ross TM, Alter G. Distinct Functional Humoral Immune Responses Are Induced after Live Attenuated and Inactivated Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:24-34. [PMID: 37975667 PMCID: PMC10872955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect 5-30% of the world's population annually, resulting in millions of incidents of hospitalization and thousands of mortalities worldwide every year. Although annual vaccination has significantly reduced hospitalization rates in vulnerable populations, the current vaccines are estimated to offer a wide range of protection from 10 to 60% annually. Such incomplete immunity may be related to both poor antigenic coverage of circulating strains, as well as to the insufficient induction of protective immunity. Beyond the role of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), vaccine-induced Abs have the capacity to induce a broader array of Ab effector functions, including Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, that has been implicated in universal immunity against influenza viruses. However, whether different vaccine platforms can induce functional humoral immunity in a distinct manner remains incompletely defined. In this study, we compared vaccine-induced humoral immune responses induced by two seasonal influenza vaccines in Homo sapiens, the i.m. inactivated vaccine (IIV/Fluzone) and the live attenuated mucosal vaccine (LAIV/FluMist). Whereas the inactivated influenza vaccine induced superior Ab titers and FcγR binding capacity to diverse HA and NA Ags, the live attenuated influenza mucosal vaccine induced a more robust functional humoral immune response against both the HA and NA domains. Multivariate Ab analysis further highlighted the significantly different overall functional humoral immune profiles induced by the two vaccines, marked by differences in IgG titers, FcR binding, and both NK cell-recruiting and opsonophagocytic Ab functions. These results highlight the striking differences in Ab Fc-effector profiles induced systemically by two distinct influenza vaccine platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Fontana
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah B. Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, DeCarlo C, Fox A, Pineda N, Powell RLR. Assessment of human milk samples obtained pre and post-influenza vaccination reveals a poor boosting of seasonally-relevant, hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154782. [PMID: 37325620 PMCID: PMC10264617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza (flu) vaccination prevented over 100,000 hospitalizations and 7000 deaths from flu over the 2019-2020 season in the USA. Infants <6 months are the most likely to die from flu, though flu vaccines are only licensed for infants >6 months old. Therefore, it is recommended that flu vaccination occur during pregnancy, as this reduces severe complications; however, vaccination rates are suboptimal, and vaccination is also recommended postpartum. For breast/chest-fed infants, the vaccine is believed to elicit protective and robust seasonally-specific milk antibody (Ab). Few comprehensive studies exist examining Ab responses in milk after vaccination, with none measuring secretory Ab (sAb). Determining whether sAbs are elicited is critical, as this Ab class is highly stable in milk and mucosae. Methods In the present study, our aim was to determine to what extent specific Ab titers in the milk of lactating people were boosted after seasonal influenza vaccination. Over the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons, milk was obtained pre- and post-vaccination and assessed for specific IgA, IgG, and sAb against relevant hemagglutinin (HA) antigens by a Luminex immunoassay. Results IgA and sAb were not found to be significantly boosted, while only IgG titers against B/Phuket/3073/2013, included in vaccines since 2015, exhibited an increase. Across the 7 immunogens examined, as many as 54% of samples exhibited no sAb boost. No significant differences for IgA, sAb, or IgG boosting were measured between seasonally-matched versus mismatched milk groups, indicating boosting was not seasonally-specific. No correlations between IgA and sAb increases were found for 6/8 HA antigens. No boost in IgG- or IgA-mediated neutralization post vaccination was observed. Discussion This study highlights the critical need to redesign influenza vaccines with the lactating population in mind, wherein the aim should be to elicit a potent seasonally-specific sAb response in milk. As such, this population must be included in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca L. R. Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kozak M, Hu J. The Integrated Consideration of Vaccine Platforms, Adjuvants, and Delivery Routes for Successful Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030695. [PMID: 36992279 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven to be the most cost-efficient and reasonable way to fight and exterminate virulent pathogens. Vaccines can be designed using a variety of platforms including inactivated/attenuated pathogen or subunits of it. The most recent COVID mRNA vaccines have employed nucleic acid sequences for the antigen of interest to combat the pandemic. Different vaccine platforms have been chosen for different licensed vaccines which all have shown their ability to induce durable immune responses and protection. In addition to platforms, different adjuvants have been used to strengthen the immunogenicity of vaccines. Among the delivery routes, intramuscular injection has been the most common for vaccination. In this review, we present a historical overview of the integrated consideration of vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and delivery routes in the success of vaccine development. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each choice in the efficacy of vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kozak
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong J, Dong Z, Feng P, Gao Y, Li J, Wang Y, Han L, Li Z, Wang Q, Niu X, Li C, Pan W, Chen L. Influenza Virus Carrying a Codon-Reprogrammed Neuraminidase Gene as a Strategy for Live Attenuated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020391. [PMID: 36851268 PMCID: PMC9959331 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines offer broader and longer-lasting protection in comparison to inactivated influenza vaccines. The neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoprotein of influenza A virus is essential for the release and spread of progeny viral particles from infected cells. In this study, we de novo synthesized the NA gene, in which 62% of codons were synonymously changed based on mammalian codon bias usage. The codon-reprogrammed NA (repNA) gene failed to be packaged into the viral genome, which was achievable with partial restoration of wild-type NA sequence nucleotides at the 3' and 5' termini. Among a series of rescued recombinant viruses, we selected 20/13repNA, which contained 20 and 13 nucleotides of wild-type NA at the 3' and 5' termini of repNA, respectively, and evaluated its potential as a live attenuated influenza vaccine. The 20/13repNA is highly attenuated in mice, and the calculated LD50 was about 10,000-fold higher than that of the wild-type (WT) virus. Intranasal inoculation of the 20/13repNA virus in mice induced viral-specific humoral, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses. Mice vaccinated with the 20/13repNA virus were protected from the lethal challenge of both homologous and heterologous viruses. This strategy may provide a new method for the development of live, attenuated influenza vaccines for a better and more rapid response to influenza threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Zhenyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Lujie Han
- Guangzhou nBiomed Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510535, China
- Guangzhou nBiomed Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chu JT, Gu H, Sun W, Fan RL, Nicholls JM, Valkenburg SA, Poon LL. Heterosubtypic immune pressure accelerates emergence of influenza A virus escape phenotypes in mice. Virus Res 2023; 323:198991. [PMID: 36302472 PMCID: PMC10194115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus surface antigen hemagglutinin undermines protection conferred by seasonal vaccines. Protective correlates targeted by universal vaccines such as cytotoxic T cells or HA stem directed broadly neutralizing antibodies have been shown to select for immune escape mutants during infection. We developed an in vivo serial passage mouse model for viral adaptation and used next generation sequencing to evaluate full genome viral evolution in the context of broadly protective immunity. Heterosubtypic immune pressure increased the incidence of genome-wide single nucleotide variants, though mutations found in early adapted populations were predominantly stochastic in nature. Prolonged adaptation under heterosubtypic immune selection resulted in the manifestation of highly virulent phenotypes that ablated vaccine mediated protection from mortality. High frequency mutations unique to escape phenotypes were identified within the polymerase encoding segments. These findings suggest that a suboptimial usage of population-wide universal influenza vaccine may drive formation of escape variants attributed to polygenic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ts Chu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wanying Sun
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rebecca Ly Fan
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leo Lm Poon
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Safety and Viral Shedding of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) in Chinese Healthy Juveniles and Adults: A Phase Ⅰ Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111796. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and viral shedding of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Chinese healthy juveniles and adults. A total of 80 Eligible volunteers were divided into two age groups (≥18 and 3–17 years old). Volunteers were randomly and equally assigned to the experimental group and placebo-controlled group by ratio of 3:1 in each age group. Vaccination was carried out in steps. Totally, 34 (56.67%) adverse events and 24 (40.00%) adverse reactions of the LAIV group were reported. Most adverse reactions were grade 1 and grade 2, and the incidence of adverse reactions that grade 3 was 5%. The most common local reaction was runny nose/nasal congestion (n = 4, 6.67%). And the most common general reaction was fever (n = 10, 16.67%). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of total adverse reactions, different grades of adverse reactions, and symptoms between the experimental group and placebo-controlled group. No severe adverse events were reported. Three subjects (5.00%) had been detected vaccine strains on the 3rd day after LAIV vaccination; one was type B and the other two were H3N2. Four subjects (6.67%) had been detected with vaccine strains on the 7th day after LAIV vaccination, all were H3N2. There were no subjects detected carrying the influenza virus on the 15th day after vaccination. There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rate of vaccine strains of influenza virus between the experimental group and placebo-controlled group. The vaccine was well tolerated and not associated with increased rates in adverse reactions or the occurrence of severe adverse events. Pathogenicity of shed vaccine virus to surrounding people was not observed. Thus, Phase Ⅱ study can be carried out as scheduled.
Collapse
|
8
|
Madhavan M, Ritchie AJ, Aboagye J, Jenkin D, Provstgaad-Morys S, Tarbet I, Woods D, Davies S, Baker M, Platt A, Flaxman A, Smith H, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Wilkins D, Kelly EJ, Villafana T, Green JA, Poulton I, Lambe T, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ, Douglas AD. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104298. [PMID: 36229342 PMCID: PMC9550199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasal vaccination may induce protective local and systemic immune responses against respiratory pathogens. A number of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have achieved protection in pre-clinical challenge models, including ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222, University of Oxford / AstraZeneca). METHODS We performed a single-centre open-label Phase I clinical trial of intranasal vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in healthy adults, using the existing formulation produced for intramuscular administration. Thirty SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-naïve participants were allocated to receive 5 × 109 viral particles (VP, n=6), 2 × 1010 VP (n=12), or 5 × 1010 VP (n=12). Fourteen received second intranasal doses 28 days later. A further 12 received non-study intramuscular mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination between study days 22 and 46. To investigate intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 as a booster, six participants who had previously received two intramuscular doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and six who had received two intramuscular doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer / BioNTech) were given a single intranasal dose of 5 × 1010 VP of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Objectives were to assess safety (primary) and mucosal antibody responses (secondary). FINDINGS Reactogenicity was mild or moderate. Antigen-specific mucosal antibody responses to intranasal vaccination were detectable in a minority of participants, rarely exceeding levels seen after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Systemic responses to intranasal vaccination were typically weaker than after intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Antigen-specific mucosal antibody was detectable in participants who received an intramuscular mRNA vaccine after intranasal vaccination. Seven participants developed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. INTERPRETATION This formulation of intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 showed an acceptable tolerability profile but induced neither a consistent mucosal antibody response nor a strong systemic response. FUNDING AstraZeneca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhavan
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Adam J Ritchie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jeremy Aboagye
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Jenkin
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Samuel Provstgaad-Morys
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Iona Tarbet
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Danielle Woods
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sophie Davies
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Megan Baker
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Abigail Platt
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Holly Smith
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Justin A Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Poulton
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; China Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Katie J Ewer
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Connor D. The omics strategy: the use of systems vaccinology to characterise immune responses to childhood immunisation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1205-1214. [PMID: 35786291 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2093193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines have had a transformative impact on child health. Despite this impact the immunological processes involved in protective responses are not entirely understood and vaccine development has been largely empirical. Recent technological advances offer the opportunity to reveal the immunology underlying vaccine response at an unprecedented resolution. These data could revolutionise the way vaccines are developed and tested and further augment their role in securing the health of children around the world. AREAS COVERED Systems level information and the tools are now being deployed by vaccinologists at all stages of the vaccine development pathway; however, this review will specifically describe some of the key findings that have be gleaned from multi-omics datasets collected in the context of childhood immunisation. EXPERT OPINION Despite the success of vaccines there remains hard-to-target pathogens, refractory to current vaccination strategies. Moreover, zoonotic diseases with pandemic potential are a threat to global health, as recently illustrated by COVID-19. Systems vaccinology holds a great deal of promise in revealing a greater understanding of vaccine responses and consequently modernising vaccinology. However, there is a need for future studies -particularly in vulnerable populations that are targets for vaccination programmes - if this potential is to be fulfilled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ullah S, Ross TM. Next generation live-attenuated influenza vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1097-1110. [PMID: 35502639 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza virus is a major cause of seasonal epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Despite the current molecular biology and vaccine development, influenza virus infection is a significant burden. Vaccines are considered an essential countermeasure for effective control and prevention of influenza virus infection. Even though current influenza virus vaccines provide efficient protection against seasonal influenza outbreaks, the efficacy of these vaccines is not suitable due to antigenic changes of the viruses. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on different live-attenuated platforms for influenza virus vaccine development and proposes essential considerations for a rational universal influenza virus vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION Despite the recent efforts for universal influenza virus vaccines, there is a lack of broadly reactive antibodies' induction that can confer broad and long-lasting protection. Various strategies using live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) are investigated to induce broadly reactive, durable, and cross-protective immune responses. LAIVs based on NS segment truncation prevent influenza virus infection and have shown to be effective vaccine candidates among other vaccine platforms. Although many approaches have been used for LAIVs generation, there is still a need to focus on the LAIVs development platforms to generate a universal influenza virus vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Ullah
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Artiaga BL, Morozov I, Ransburgh R, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Indran SV, De Carvalho Madrid DM, Gu W, Henningson J, Ma W, Richt JA, Driver JP. Evaluating α-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant for live attenuated influenza vaccines in pigs. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 35936354 PMCID: PMC9339466 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells activated with the glycolipid ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) stimulate a wide variety of immune cells that enhance vaccine-mediated immune responses. Several studies have used this approach to adjuvant inactivated and subunit influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, including to enhance cross-protective influenza immunity. However, less is known about whether α-GalCer can enhance live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines, which usually induce superior heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity compared to non-replicating influenza vaccines. The current study used the swine influenza challenge model to assess whether α-GalCer can enhance cross-protective immune responses elicited by a recombinant H3N2 LAIV vaccine (TX98ΔNS1) encoding a truncated NS1 protein. In one study, weaning pigs were administered the H3N2 TX98ΔNS1 LAIV vaccine with 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg doses of α-GalCer, and subsequently challenged with a heterologous H3N2 virus. All treatment groups were protected from infection. However, the addition of α-GalCer appeared to suppress nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine. In another experiment, pigs vaccinated with the H3N2 LAIV, with or without 50 μg/kg of α-GalCer, were challenged with the heterosubtypic pandemic H1N1 virus. Pigs vaccinated with the LAIV alone generated cross-reactive humoral and cellular responses which blocked virus replication in the airways, and significantly decreased virus shedding. On the other hand, combining the vaccine with α-GalCer reduced cross-protective cellular and antibody responses, and resulted in higher virus titers in respiratory tissues. These findings suggest that: (i) high doses of α-GalCer impair the replication and nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine; and (ii) α-GalCer might interfere with heterosubtypic cross-protective immune responses. This research raise concerns that should be considered before trying to use NKT cell agonists as a possible adjuvant approach for LAIV vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L. Artiaga
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | | | - Weihong Gu
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - John P. Driver
- grid.134936.a0000 0001 2162 3504Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Becker T, Elbahesh H, Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Influenza Vaccines: Successes and Continuing Challenges. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S405-S419. [PMID: 34590139 PMCID: PMC8482026 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines have been available for over 80 years. They have contributed to significant reductions in influenza morbidity and mortality. However, there have been limitations in their effectiveness, in part due to the continuous antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza viruses, but also due to the predominant use of embryonated chicken eggs for their production. The latter furthermore limits their worldwide production timelines and scale. Therefore today, alternative approaches for their design and production are increasingly pursued, with already licensed quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines produced in cell cultures, including based on a baculovirus expression system. Next-generation influenza vaccines aim at inducing broader and longer-lasting immune responses to overcome seasonal influenza virus antigenic drift and to timely address the emergence of a new pandemic influenza virus. Tailored approaches target mechanisms to improve vaccine-induced immune responses in individuals with a weakened immune system, in particular older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Becker
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Influenza hemagglutinin-specific IgA Fc-effector functionality is restricted to stalk epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018102118. [PMID: 33593910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we utilized a panel of human immunoglobulin (Ig) IgA monoclonal antibodies isolated from the plasmablasts of eight donors after 2014/2015 influenza virus vaccination (Fluarix) to study the binding and functional specificities of this isotype. In this cohort, isolated IgA monoclonal antibodies were primarily elicited against the hemagglutinin protein of the H1N1 component of the vaccine. To compare effector functionalities, an H1-specific subset of antibodies targeting distinct epitopes were expressed as monomeric, dimeric, or secretory IgA, as well as in an IgG1 backbone. When expressed with an IgG Fc domain, all antibodies elicited Fc-effector activity in a primary polymorphonuclear cell-based assay which differs from previous observations that found only stalk-specific antibodies activate the low-affinity FcγRIIIa. However, when expressed with IgA Fc domains, only antibodies targeting the stalk domain showed Fc-effector activity in line with these previous findings. To identify the cause of this discrepancy, we then confirmed that IgG signaling through the high-affinity FcγI receptor was not restricted to stalk epitopes. Since no corresponding high-affinity Fcα receptor exists, the IgA repertoire may therefore be limited to stalk-specific epitopes in the context of Fc receptor signaling.
Collapse
|
15
|
He Y, Ding Y, Cao B, Huang Y, Wang X. COVID-19 vaccine development from the perspective of cancer patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3281-3287. [PMID: 34170788 PMCID: PMC8437497 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1943988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, many companies around the world are actively developing COVID-19 vaccines. Fourteen vaccines with reliable safety and effectiveness are being successfully distributed to the public. However, there is no specific clinical trial data of the vaccines currently on the market on cancer patients at various stages, so the safety and effectiveness on cancer patients is unknown. This mini-review aims to discuss the impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients, and the urgent need of COVID-19 vaccines for cancer patients. In this review, we described the current status of the COVID-19 vaccine usages in cancer patients, as well as discussed potential problems in the use of vaccine. In addition, we included an original survey of the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines in 209 cancer patients and their family members. COVID-19 vaccine can provide cancer patients with social and medical benefits; therefore, clinical trials of vaccines on cancer patients are in great need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
From the Role of Microbiota in Gut-Lung Axis to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6611222. [PMID: 33953641 PMCID: PMC8059477 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the outbreak of a new viral respiratory infection. It has been demonstrated that the microbiota has a crucial role in establishing immune responses against respiratory infections, which are controlled by a bidirectional cross-talk, known as the “gut-lung axis.” The effects of microbiota on antiviral immune responses, including dendritic cell (DC) function and lymphocyte homing in the gut-lung axis, have been reported in the recent literature. Additionally, the gut microbiota composition affects (and is affected by) the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which is the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and contributes to regulate inflammation. Several studies demonstrated an altered microbiota composition in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, it has been shown that vaccine efficacy against viral respiratory infection is influenced by probiotics pretreatment. Therefore, the importance of the gut microbiota composition in the lung immune system and ACE2 expression could be valuable to provide optimal therapeutic approaches for SARS-CoV-2 and to preserve the symbiotic relationship of the microbiota with the host.
Collapse
|
17
|
Batty CJ, Heise MT, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Vaccine formulations in clinical development for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:168-189. [PMID: 33316346 PMCID: PMC7733686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented effort toward the development of an effective and safe vaccine. Aided by extensive research efforts into characterizing and developing countermeasures towards prior coronavirus epidemics, as well as recent developments of diverse vaccine platform technologies, hundreds of vaccine candidates using dozens of delivery vehicles and routes have been proposed and evaluated preclinically. A high demand coupled with massive effort from researchers has led to the advancement of at least 31 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, many using platforms that have never before been approved for use in humans. This review will address the approach and requirements for a successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the background of the myriad of vaccine platforms currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 prevention, and a summary of the present results of those trials. It concludes with a perspective on formulation problems which remain to be addressed in COVID-19 vaccine development and antigens or adjuvants which may be worth further investigation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rebuli ME, Glista-Baker E, Hoffman JR, Duffney PF, Robinette C, Speen AM, Pawlak EA, Dhingra R, Noah TL, Jaspers I. Electronic-Cigarette Use Alters Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to Live-attenuated Influenza Virus. A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:126-137. [PMID: 33095645 PMCID: PMC7781000 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0164oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk of viral infection, such as influenza. Inhalation of electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has also recently been linked to immune suppression within the respiratory tract, specifically the nasal mucosa. We propose that changes in the nasal mucosal immune response modify antiviral host-defense responses in e-cigarette users. Nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users were inoculated with live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) to safely examine the innate immune response to influenza infection. Before and after LAIV inoculation, we collected nasal epithelial-lining fluid, nasal lavage fluid, nasal-scrape biopsy specimens, urine, and blood. Endpoints examined include cytokines and chemokines, influenza-specific IgA, immune-gene expression, and markers of viral load. Statistical analysis included primary comparisons of cigarette and e-cigarette groups with nonsmokers, as well as secondary analysis of demographic factors as potential modifiers. Markers of viral load did not differ among the three groups. Nasal-lavage-fluid anti-LAIV IgA levels increased in nonsmokers after LAIV inoculation but did not increase in e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers. LAIV-induced gene-expression changes in nasal biopsy specimens differed in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users as compared with nonsmokers, with a greater number of genes changed in e-cigarette users, mostly resulting in decreased expression. The top downregulated genes in cigarette smokers were SMPD3, NOS2A, and KLRB1, and the top downregulated genes in e-cigarette users were MR1, NT5E, and HRAS. Similarly, LAIV-induced cytokine levels in nasal epithelial-lining fluid differed among the three groups, including decreased antiviral host-defense mediators (IFNγ, IL6, and IL12p40). We also detected that sex interacted with tobacco-product exposure to modify LAIV-induced immune-gene expression. Our results demonstrate that e-cigarette use altered nasal LAIV-induced immune responses, including gene expression, cytokine and chemokine release, and LAIV-specific IgA levels. Together, these data suggest that e-cigarette use induces changes in the nasal mucosa that are consistent with the potential for altered respiratory antiviral host-defense function. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02019745).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine.,Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | | | - Jessica R Hoffman
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, College of Arts and Sciences
| | | | | | - Adam M Speen
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine
| | - Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, and
| | - Radhika Dhingra
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, and.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Terry L Noah
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine.,Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ghorbani A, Abundo MC, Ji H, Taylor KJM, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Viral Subpopulation Screening Guides in Designing a High Interferon-Inducing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine by Targeting Rare Mutations in NS1 and PB2 Proteins. J Virol 2020; 95:e01722-20. [PMID: 33115873 PMCID: PMC7944443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01722-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing constant pandemic threats to humans. Effective control of emerging influenza viruses requires new broadly protective vaccines. Live attenuated influenza vaccines with truncations in nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) have shown broad protective efficacies in birds and mammals, which correlate with the ability to induce elevated interferon responses in the vaccinated hosts. Given the extreme diversity of influenza virus populations, we asked if we could improve an NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccine developed for poultry (PC4) by selecting viral subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing capacities. Here, we deconstructed a de novo population of PC4 through plaque isolation, created a large library of clones, and assessed their interferon-inducing phenotypes. While most of the clones displayed the parental interferon-inducing phenotype in cell culture, few clones showed enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes in cell culture and chickens. The enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes were linked to either a deletion in NS1 (NS1Δ76-86) or a substitution in polymerase basic 2 protein (PB2-D309N). The NS1Δ76-86 deletion disrupted the putative eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI-binding domain and promoted the synthesis of biologically active interferons. The PB2-D309N substitution enhanced the early transcription of interferon mRNA, revealing a novel role for the 309D residue in suppression of interferon responses. We combined these mutations to engineer a novel vaccine candidate that induced additive amounts of interferons and stimulated protective immunity in chickens. Therefore, viral subpopulation screening approaches can guide the design of live vaccines with strong immunostimulatory properties.IMPORTANCE Effectiveness of NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccines relies heavily on their ability to induce elevated interferon responses in vaccinated hosts. Influenza viruses contain diverse particle subpopulations with distinct phenotypes. We show that live influenza vaccines can contain underappreciated subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. The genomic traits of such virus subpopulations can be used to further improve the efficacy of the current live vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Hana Ji
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kara J M Taylor
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lopez CE, Legge KL. Influenza A Virus Vaccination: Immunity, Protection, and Recent Advances Toward A Universal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E434. [PMID: 32756443 PMCID: PMC7565301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health threat and account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Despite being an important countermeasure to combat influenza virus and being highly efficacious when matched to circulating influenza viruses, current preventative strategies of vaccination against influenza virus often provide incomplete protection due the continuous antigenic drift/shift of circulating strains of influenza virus. Prevention and control of influenza virus infection with vaccines is dependent on the host immune response induced by vaccination and the various vaccine platforms induce different components of the local and systemic immune response. This review focuses on the immune basis of current (inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)) as well as novel vaccine platforms against influenza virus. Particular emphasis will be placed on how each platform induces cross-protection against heterologous influenza viruses, as well as how this immunity compares to and contrasts from the "gold standard" of immunity generated by natural influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wong PT, Goff PH, Sun RJ, Ruge MJ, Ermler ME, Sebring A, O'Konek JJ, Landers JJ, Janczak KW, Sun W, Baker JR. Combined Intranasal Nanoemulsion and RIG-I Activating RNA Adjuvants Enhance Mucosal, Humoral, and Cellular Immunity to Influenza Virus. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:679-698. [PMID: 32491861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza virus vaccines are focused on humoral immunity and are limited by the short duration of protection, narrow cross-strain efficacy, and suboptimal immunogenicity. Here, we combined two chemically and biologically distinct adjuvants, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE) and RNA-based agonists of RIG-I, to determine whether the diverse mechanisms of these adjuvants could lead to improved immunogenicity and breadth of protection against the influenza virus. NE activates TLRs, stimulates immunogenic apoptosis, and enhances cellular antigen uptake, leading to a balanced TH1/TH2/TH17 response when administered intranasally. RIG-I agonists included RNAs derived from Sendai and influenza viral defective interfering RNAs (IVT DI, 3php, respectively) and RIG-I/TLR3 agonist, poly(I:C) (pIC), which induce IFN-Is and TH1-polarized responses. NE/RNA combined adjuvants potentially allow for costimulation of multiple innate immune receptor pathways, more closely mimicking patterns of activation occurring during natural viral infection. Mice intranasally immunized with inactivated A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR/8) adjuvanted with NE/IVT DI or NE/3php (but not NE/pIC) showed synergistic enhancement of systemic PR/8-specific IgG with significantly greater avidity and virus neutralization activity than the individual adjuvants. Notably, NE/IVT DI induced protective neutralizing titers after a single immunization. Hemagglutinin stem-specific antibodies were also improved, allowing recognition of heterologous and heterosubtypic hemagglutinins. All NE/RNAs elicited substantial PR/8-specific sIgA. Finally, a unique cellular response with enhanced TH1/TH17 immunity was induced with the NE/RNAs. These results demonstrate that the enhanced immunogenicity of the adjuvant combinations was synergistic and not simply additive, highlighting the potential value of a combined adjuvant approach for improving the efficacy of vaccination against the influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter H Goff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Rachel J Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew J Ruge
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Megan E Ermler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Alyssa Sebring
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Landers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katarzyna W Janczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Isakova-Sivak I, Grigorieva E, Rudenko L. Insights into current clinical research on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:43-55. [PMID: 31903816 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have been in use for more than three decades and are now licensed in many countries. There is evidence that LAIVs can have greater efficacy than inactivated influenza vaccines, especially against mismatched influenza, however, in recent years, a number of trials have found a lack of LAIV efficacy, mainly in relation to the H1N1 virus.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the results of clinical research published in the past 5 years on the immunogenicity of LAIVs, with special attention to the mechanisms of establishing protective immunity and some factors that may influence immunogenicity and efficacy.Expert opinion: A number of recent clinical studies confirmed that the immune responses to LAIVs are multifaceted, involving different immune mechanisms. These trials suggest that the intrinsic replicative properties of each LAIV component should be taken into account, and the precise effects of adding a fourth vaccine strain to trivalent LAIV formulations are still to be identified. In addition, new data are emerging regarding the impact of pre-vaccination conditions, such as preexisting immunity or concurrent asymptomatic viral and bacterial respiratory infections, on LAIV immunogenicity, suggesting the importance of monitoring them during clinical trials or vaccination campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Grigorieva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hansen OB, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Rieckmann A, Benn CS, Aaby P, Fisker AB. Impact of H1N1 Influenza Vaccination on Child Morbidity in Guinea-Bissau. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65:446-456. [PMID: 30590828 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to vaccines' specific effects, vaccines may have non-specific effects (NSEs) altering the susceptibility to unrelated infections. Non-live vaccines have been associated with negative NSEs. In 2010, a campaign with the non-live H1N1-influenza vaccine targeted children 6-59 months in Guinea-Bissau. METHODS Bandim Health Project runs a health and demographic surveillance system site in Guinea-Bissau. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, we compared all-cause consultation rates after vs. before the campaign, stratified by participation status. RESULTS Among 10 290 children eligible for the campaign, 60% had participated, 18% had not and for 22% no information was obtained. After the H1N1 campaign, the consultation rates tended to decline less for participants [HR = 0.80 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.75; 0.85)] than for non-participants [HR = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58; 0.79)], p = 0.06 for same effect. CONCLUSION The decline in the vaccinated group may have been smaller than the decline in the non-vaccinated group consistent with H1N1-vaccine increasing susceptibility to unrelated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bengård Hansen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Cesario Martins
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Andreas Rieckmann
- Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ane Bærent Fisker
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gianchecchi E, Manenti A, Kistner O, Trombetta C, Manini I, Montomoli E. How to assess the effectiveness of nasal influenza vaccines? Role and measurement of sIgA in mucosal secretions. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:429-437. [PMID: 31225704 PMCID: PMC6692539 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgAs (sIgA) constitute the principal isotype of antibodies present in nasal and mucosal secretions. They are secreted by plasma cells adjacent to the mucosal epithelial cells, the site where infection occurs, and are the main humoral mediator of mucosal immunity. Mucosally delivered vaccines, such as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), are able to mimic natural infection without causing disease or virus transmission and mainly elicit a local immune response. The measurement of sIgA concentrations in nasal swab/wash and saliva samples is therefore a valuable tool for evaluating their role in the effectiveness of such vaccines. Here, we describe two standardized assays (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization) available for the quantification of sIgA and discuss the advantages and limitations of their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020053. [PMID: 31216759 PMCID: PMC6630949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a disease that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. Subsequently, the inability to store these vaccines long-term and vaccine shortages are challenges that need to be overcome. Conventional vaccines also have variable efficacies for certain populations, including the young, old, and immunocompromised. This warrants for diverse efficacious vaccine developmental approaches, involving both active and passive immunization. As opposed to active immunization platforms (requiring the use of whole or portions of pathogens as vaccines), the rapidly developing passive immunization involves administration of either pathogen-specific or broadly acting antibodies against a kind or class of pathogens as a treatment to corresponding acute infection. Several antibodies with broadly acting capacities have been discovered that may serve as means to suppress influenza viral infection and allow the process of natural immunity to engage opsonized pathogens whilst boosting immune system by antibody-dependent mechanisms that bridge the innate and adaptive arms. By that; passive immunotherapeutics approach assumes a robust tool that could aid control of influenza viruses. In this review, we comment on some improvements in influenza management and promising vaccine development platforms with an emphasis on the protective capacity of passive immunotherapeutics especially when coupled with the use of antivirals in the management of influenza infection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Novel genetically-modified chimpanzee adenovirus and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine safely boosts humoral and cellular immunity in healthy older adults. J Infect 2019; 78:382-392. [PMID: 30742894 PMCID: PMC7172982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infection across the world, with infants and the elderly at particular risk of developing severe disease and death. The replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus (PanAd3-RSV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-RSV) vaccines were shown to be safe and immunogenic in young healthy adults. Here we report an extension to this first-in-man vaccine trial to include healthy older adults aged 60-75 years. METHODS We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of MVA-RSV given by intra-muscular (IM) injection (n = 6), two doses of IM PanAd3-RSV given 4-weeks apart (n = 6), IM PanAd3-RSV prime and IM MVA-RSV boost 8-weeks later (n = 6), intra-nasal (IN) spray of PanAd3-RSV prime and IM MVA-RSV boost 8-weeks later (n = 6), or no vaccine (n = 6). Safety measures included all adverse events within one week of vaccination and blood monitoring. Immunogenicity measures included serum antibody responses (RSV- and PanAd3-neutralising antibody titres measured by plaque-reduction neutralisation and SEAP assays, respectively), peripheral B-cell immune responses (frequencies of F-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells and memory B-cells by ex vivo and cultured dual-colour ELISpot assays respectively), and peripheral RSV-specific T-cell immune responses (frequencies of IFNγ-producing T-cells by ex vivo ELISpot and CD4+/CD8+/Tfh-like cell frequencies by ICS/FACS assay). RESULTS The vaccines were safe and well tolerated. Compared with each individual baseline immunity the mean fold-changes in serum RSV-neutralising antibody, appearance and magnitude of F-specific IgG and IgA ASCs and expansion of CD4+/CD8+ IFNγ-producing T-cells in peripheral circulation were comparable to the results seen from younger healthy adults who received the same vaccine combination and dose. There were little/no IgA memory B-cell responses in younger and older adults. Expansion of IFNγ-producing T-cells was most marked in older adults following IM prime, with balanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. The RSV-specific immune responses to vaccination did not appear to be attenuated in the presence of PanAd3 (vector) neutralising antibody. CONCLUSIONS PanAd3-RSV and MVA-RSV was safe and immunogenic in older adults and the parallel induction of RSV-specific humoral and cellular immunity merits further assessment in providing protection from severe disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Heterosubtypic protection against avian influenza virus by live attenuated and chimeric norovirus P-particle-M2e vaccines in chickens. Vaccine 2019; 37:1356-1364. [PMID: 30691981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza in poultry continues to be a great concern worldwide, and the currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccines are not effective against the novel strains of influenza virus that continue to emerge in the field. This warrants the development of more broadly protective influenza vaccines or vaccination regimens. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and subunit vaccines derived from viral peptides, such as the highly conserved ectodomain of influenza virus matrix protein 2 (M2e), can offer a more broadly reactive immune response. In chickens, we previously showed that a chimeric norovirus P particle containing M2e (M2eP) could provide partial but broad immunity, when administered as a standalone vaccine, and also enhanced the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine when used in a combination regimen. We also demonstrated that a naturally-selected NS1-truncated H7N3 LAIV (pc4-LAIV) was highly efficacious against antigenically distant heterologous H7N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus challenge, especially when used as the priming vaccine in a prime-boost vaccination regimen. In this study, we investigated the cross-subtype protective efficacy of pc4-LAIV in conjunction with M2eP using single vaccination, combined treatment, and prime-boost approaches. Chickens vaccinated with pc4-LAIV showed significant reduction of tracheal shedding of a low pathogenicity H5N2 challenge virus. This cross-subtype protective efficacy was further enhanced, during the initial stages of challenge virus replication, in chickens that received a vaccination regimen consisting of priming with pc4-LAIV at 1 day of age and boosting with M2eP. Further, H5N2-specific serum IgG and pc4-LAIV-specific hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers were enhanced in LAIV-primed and M2eP boost-vaccinated chickens. Taken together, our data point to the need of further investigation into the benefits of combined and prime-boost vaccination schemes utilizing LAIV and epitope-based vaccines, to develop more broadly protective vaccination regimens.
Collapse
|
29
|
Trombetta CM, Remarque EJ, Mortier D, Montomoli E. Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition, single radial hemolysis, virus neutralization assays, and ELISA to detect antibody levels against seasonal influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:675-686. [PMID: 30019448 PMCID: PMC6185893 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunological response to influenza vaccine and/or natural infection is evaluated by serological techniques, the most common being hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH), and virus neutralization assays, which is commonly used in a micro‐neutralization (MN) format. ELISA is not officially required; however, this assay is able to measure different class‐specific antibodies. The four assays identify different sets or subsets of antibodies. Objectives The aim of this study was to establish the correlation among four serological assays using four seasonal influenza strains. Methods The HI, SRH, MN assays, and ELISA were performed on four seasonal influenza strains. Results A strong positive correlation was found between HI and MN and between SRH and MN assays for influenza A strains. The B strains also showed good correlations among the three assays. A positive correlation was also found between ELISA and the “classical” assays for all strains. Concerning the correlates of protection, as defined by HI ≥ 40 and SRH ≥ 25 mm2, good agreement was observed for the influenza A strains. By contrast, the agreement for the B strains was very low. Conclusions There is a positive strong correlation among the four serological assays for both A and B strains, especially for the HI and MN assays. There is good agreement on correlates of protection between HI and SRH assays for the A strains, but very low agreement for the B strains, suggesting higher sensitivity of SRH than HI assay in detecting antibodies against the influenza B viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brady RC, Jackson LA, Frey SE, Shane AL, Walter EB, Swamy GK, Schlaudecker EP, Szefer E, Wolff M, McNeal MM, Bernstein DI, Steinhoff MC. Randomized trial comparing the safety and antibody responses to live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine when administered to breastfeeding women. Vaccine 2018; 36:4663-4671. [PMID: 29961606 PMCID: PMC8785652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are both licensed for administration to nursing mothers. Little is known about the potential for transmission of LAIV viruses from the mother to the infant and the comparative breast milk antibody responses to LAIV and IIV. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind study comparing the immunogenicity of LAIV to IIV when administered to nursing mothers. The safety of LAIV to IIV in women and their infants was also compared. Women received LAIV + intramuscular placebo, or IIV + intranasal placebo on Day 0. Breast milk and nasal swabs (from women and infants) were collected on Days 0, 2, and 8 for detection of LAIV. Breast milk and serum antibody responses were measured at Days 0 and 28. The primary hypothesis was that LAIV would provide superior induction of breast milk IgA responses to influenza as compared to IIV when administered to nursing mothers. RESULTS Breast milk IgG, breast milk IgA (H1N1 only), serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and serum IgG responses were significantly higher following administration of IIV compared to LAIV. Receipt of either LAIV or IIV was safe in women and their infants. One (1%) LAIV recipient transmitted vaccine virus to her infant who remained well. No influenza virus was detected in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk and serum antibody responses were higher for IIV compared to LAIV. LAIV and IIV were safe for nursing women but there was one (1%) possible transmission of LAIV to an infant. This study suggests that IIV may be the preferred vaccine for nursing mothers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Breast Feeding
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Milk, Human/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Placebos/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Wolff
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Mark C Steinhoff
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Saletti G, Gerlach T, Rimmelzwaan GF. Influenza vaccines: 'tailor-made' or 'one fits all'. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:102-110. [PMID: 29734023 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently used inactivated influenza vaccines aim at the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed to the variable head domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Although these vaccines are effective against antigenically matching virus strains, they offer little protection against antigenically distinct drift variants or potentially pandemic viruses of alternative subtypes. In the last decades, the threat of novel influenza pandemics has sparked research efforts to develop vaccines that induce more broadly protective immunity. Here, we discuss the immune responses induced by conventional 'tailor-made' inactivated and live influenza vaccines and novel 'one fits all' candidate vaccines able to induce cross-reactive virus-specific antibody and T cell responses and to afford protection to a wider range of influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Saletti
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Czakó R, Vogel L, Sutton T, Matsuoka Y, Krammer F, Chen Z, Jin H, Subbarao K. H5N2 vaccine viruses on Russian and US live attenuated influenza virus backbones demonstrate similar infectivity, immunogenicity and protection in ferrets. Vaccine 2018; 36:1871-1879. [PMID: 29503113 PMCID: PMC5854182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The continued detection of zoonotic influenza infections, most notably due to the avian influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, underscores the need for pandemic preparedness. Decades of experience with live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) for the control of seasonal influenza support the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine platform. All LAIV candidates are derived from one of two licensed master donor viruses (MDVs), cold-adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or ca A/Leningrad/134/17/57. A number of LAIV candidates targeting avian H5 influenza viruses derived with each MDV have been evaluated in humans, but have differed in their infectivity and immunogenicity. To understand these differences, we generated four H5N2 candidate pandemic LAIVs (pLAIVs) derived from either MDV and compared their biological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that all candidate pLAIVs, regardless of gene constellation and derivation, were comparable with respect to infectivity, immunogenicity, and protection from challenge in the ferret model of influenza. These observations suggest that differences in clinical performance of H5 pLAIVs may be due to factors other than inherent biological properties of the two MDVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Czakó
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Troy Sutton
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune Vaccines, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mohn KGI, Smith I, Sjursen H, Cox RJ. Immune responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:571-578. [PMID: 28933664 PMCID: PMC5861782 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1377376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2003 (US) and 2012 (Europe) the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been used as an alternative to the traditional inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). The immune responses elicted by LAIV mimic natural infection and have been found to provide broader clinical protection in children compared to the IIVs. However, our knowledge of the detailed immunological mechanisims induced by LAIV remain to be fully elucidated, and despite 14 years on the global market, there exists no correlate of protection. Recently, matters are further complicated by differing efficacy data from the US and Europe which are not understood. Better understanding of the immune responses after LAIV may aid in achieving the ultimate goal of a future "universal influenza vaccine". In this review we aim to cover the current understanding of the immune responses induced after LAIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Smith
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haakon Sjursen
- Medical Department, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- The Influenza Center
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Busignies V, Simon G, Mollereau G, Bourry O, Mazel V, Rosa-Calatrava M, Tchoreloff P. Development and pre-clinical evaluation in the swine model of a mucosal vaccine tablet for human influenza viruses: A proof-of-concept study. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
35
|
Lee YH, Jang YH, Byun YH, Cheong Y, Kim P, Lee YJ, Lee YJ, Sung JM, Son A, Lee HM, Lee J, Yang SW, Song JM, Seong BL. Green Tea Catechin-Inactivated Viral Vaccine Platform. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2469. [PMID: 29312180 PMCID: PMC5732980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, chemical agents such as formalin (FA) and β-propiolactone (BPL) have long been used for the preparation of inactivated vaccines or toxoids. It has been shown that FA extensively modifies vaccine antigens and thus affects immunogenicity profiles, sometimes compromising the protective efficacy of the vaccines or even exacerbating the disease upon infection. In this study, we show that natural catechins from green tea extracts (GT) can be used as an inactivating agent to prepare inactivated viral vaccines. GT treatment resulted in complete and irreversible inactivation of influenza virus as well as dengue virus. In contrast to FA that reacted extensively with multiple amino acids including lysine, a major anchor residue for epitope binding to MHC molecules, GT catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) crosslinked primarily with cysteine residues and thus preserved the major epitopes of the influenza hemagglutinin. In a mouse model, vaccination with GT-inactivated influenza virus (GTi virus) elicited higher levels of viral neutralizing antibodies than FA-inactivated virus (FAi virus). The vaccination completely protected the mice from a lethal challenge and restricted the challenge viral replication in the lungs. Of note, the quality of antibody responses of GTi virus was superior to that with FAi virus, in terms of the magnitude of antibody titer, cross-reactivity to hetero-subtypes of influenza viruses, and the avidity to viral antigens. As the first report of using non-toxic natural compounds for the preparation of inactivated viral vaccines, the present results could be translated into a clinically relevant vaccine platform with improved efficacy, safety, productivity, and public acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun H Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo H Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young J Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon J Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je M Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ahyun Son
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye M Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung W Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, Health and Wellness College, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Koch RM, Kox M, Thijs EJM, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, van de Veerdonk FL, Gerretsen J, Schloesser J, Diavatopoulos D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Netea MG, van der Hoeven JG, de Jonge MI, Pickkers P. Development of Endotoxin Tolerance Does Not Influence the Response to a Challenge with the Mucosal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Humans In Vivo. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1600. [PMID: 29312282 PMCID: PMC5732479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effects of bacterial infections on the response to subsequent viral infections are largely unknown. This is important to elucidate to increase insight into the pathophysiology of bacterial and viral co-infections, and to assess whether bacterial infections may influence the course of viral infections. Methods Healthy male subjects received either bacterial endotoxin [Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2 ng/kg, n = 15] or placebo (n = 15) intravenously, followed by intranasal Fluenz (live-attenuated influenza vaccine) 1 week later. Results LPS administration resulted in increased plasma cytokine levels and development of endotoxin tolerance in vivo and ex vivo, illustrated by attenuated cytokine production upon rechallenge with LPS. Following Fluenz administration, infectivity for the Fluenz A/B strains was similar between the LPS-Fluenz and placebo-Fluenz groups (13/15 subjects in both groups). Also, the Fluenz-induced increase in temperature and IL-6, G-CSF and IP-10 concentrations in nasal wash were similar between both groups. Conclusion While endotoxemia profoundly attenuates the immune response upon a second LPS challenge, it does not influence the Fluenz-induced immune response. These results suggest immune suppression after bacterial infection does not alter the response to a subsequent viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Koch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora J M Thijs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janette C Rahamat-Langendoen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dimitri Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Athlin S, Lidman C, Lundqvist A, Naucler P, Nilsson AC, Spindler C, Strålin K, Hedlund J. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: updated Swedish guidelines 2017. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 50:247-272. [PMID: 29119848 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1399316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on expert group work, Swedish recommendations for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults are here updated. The management of sepsis-induced hypotension is addressed in detail, including monitoring and parenteral therapy. The importance of respiratory support in cases of acute respiratory failure is emphasized. Treatment with high-flow oxygen and non-invasive ventilation is recommended. The use of statins or steroids in general therapy is not found to be fully supported by evidence. In the management of pleural infection, new data show favourable effects of tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease installation. Detailed recommendations for the vaccination of risk groups are afforded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Athlin
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Örebro University Hospital , Örebro , Sweden.,b Faculty of Medicin and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Christer Lidman
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anders Lundqvist
- e Department of Infectious Diseases , Södra Älvsborgs Hospital , Borås , Sweden
| | - Pontus Naucler
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna C Nilsson
- f Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Carl Spindler
- d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- b Faculty of Medicin and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,g Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedlund
- c Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Perez AC, Murphy TF. A Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine to protect against otitis media and exacerbations of COPD: An update on current progress and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2322-2331. [PMID: 28853985 PMCID: PMC5647992 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially causing otitis media in young children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. This pathogen uses several virulence mechanisms to colonize and survive in its host, including adherence and invasion of host cells, formation of polymicrobial biofilms with other bacterial pathogens, and production of β-lactamase. Given the global impact of otitis media and COPD, an effective vaccine to prevent M. catarrhalis infection would have a huge impact on the quality of life in both patient populations by preventing disease, thus reducing morbidity and health care costs. A number of promising vaccine antigens have been identified for M. catarrhalis. The development of improved animal models of M. catarrhalis disease and identification of a correlate of protection are needed to accelerate vaccine development. This review will discuss the current state of M. catarrhalis vaccine development, and the challenges that must be addressed to succeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia C. Perez
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Timothy F. Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Comparisons of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00414-16. [PMID: 27847366 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00414-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) induce protective immunity against influenza. There is evidence that LAIV induces superior protection in children, whereas IIV may induce superior protection in adults. The immune mechanisms responsible for these differences have not been identified. We previously compared LAIV and IIV in young children of 6 to 36 months of age, and we demonstrated that while both induced similar hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody responses, only LAIV induced significant increases in T cell responses. In the present study, 37 healthy adult subjects of 18 to 49 years of age were randomized to receive seasonal influenza vaccination with LAIV or IIV. Influenza virus-specific HAI, T cell, and secretory IgA (sIgA) responses were studied pre- and postvaccination. In contrast to the responses seen in young children, LAIV induced only minimal increases in serum HAI responses in adults, which were significantly lower than the responses induced by IIV. Both LAIV and IIV similarly induced only transient T cell responses to replication-competent whole virus in adults. In contrast, influenza virus-specific sIgA responses were induced more strongly by LAIV than by IIV. Our previous studies suggest that LAIV may be more protective than IIV in young children not previously exposed to influenza virus or influenza vaccines due to increased vaccine-induced T cell and/or sIgA responses. Our current work suggests that in adults with extensive and partially cross-reactive preexisting influenza immunity, LAIV boosting of sIgA responses to hemagglutinin (HA) and non-HA antigenic targets expressed by circulating influenza virus strains may be an important additional mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity.
Collapse
|
40
|
Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040033. [PMID: 27754364 PMCID: PMC5192353 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent human influenza. Current vaccines are mainly focused on eliciting a strain-matched humoral immune response, requiring yearly updates, and do not provide protection for all vaccinated individuals. The past few years, the importance of cellular immunity, and especially memory T cells, in long-lived protection against influenza virus has become clear. To overcome the shortcomings of current influenza vaccines, eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity is imperative. Today, several new vaccines such as infection-permissive and recombinant T cell inducing vaccines, are being developed and show promising results. These vaccines will allow us to stay several steps ahead of the constantly evolving influenza virus.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stein CR, Ge Y, Wolff MS, Ye X, Calafat AM, Kraus T, Moran TM. Perfluoroalkyl substance serum concentrations and immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:171-178. [PMID: 27208468 PMCID: PMC4907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were shown to be immunotoxic in laboratory animals. There is some epidemiological evidence that PFAS exposure is inversely associated with vaccine-induced antibody concentration. We examined immune response to vaccination with FluMist intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in relation to four PFAS (perfluorooctanoate, perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate) serum concentrations among 78 healthy adults vaccinated during the 2010-2011 influenza season. We measured anti-A H1N1 antibody response and cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum pre-vaccination, 3 days post-vaccination, and 30 days post-vaccination. We measured cytokine, chemokine, and mucosal IgA concentration in nasal secretions 3 days post-vaccination and 30 days post-vaccination. Adults with higher PFAS concentrations were more likely to seroconvert after FluMist vaccination as compared to adults with lower PFAS concentrations. The associations, however, were imprecise and few participants seroconverted as measured either by hemagglutination inhibition (9%) or immunohistochemical staining (25%). We observed no readily discernable or consistent pattern between PFAS concentration and baseline cytokine, chemokine, or mucosal IgA concentration, or between PFAS concentration and change in these immune markers between baseline and FluMist-response states. The results of this study do not support a reduced immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults in relation to serum PFAS concentration. Given the study's many limitations, however, it does not rule out impaired vaccine response to other vaccines or vaccine components in either children or adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl R Stein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1137, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Thomas M Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Trombetta CM, Montomoli E. Influenza immunology evaluation and correlates of protection: a focus on vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:967-76. [PMID: 26954563 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1164046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method of controlling seasonal influenza infections and preventing possible pandemic events. Although influenza vaccines have been licensed and used for decades, the potential correlates of protection induced by these vaccines are still a matter of discussion. Currently, inactivated vaccines are the most common and the haemagglutination inhibition antibody titer is regarded as an immunological correlate of protection and the best available parameter for predicting protection from influenza infection. However, the assay shows some limitations, such as its low sensitivity to B and avian strains and inter-laboratory variability. Additional assays and next-generation vaccines have been evaluated to overcome the limitations of the traditional serological techniques and to elicit broad immune responses, underlining the need to revise the current correlates of protection. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scenario regarding the immunological evaluation and correlates of protection of influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.,b VisMederi srl , Enterprise of services in Life Sciences , Siena , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccine for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Maintenance Infliximab Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:638-47. [PMID: 26595551 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on infliximab, data are limited on immune response to influenza vaccine and the impact of vaccine timing. The study aims were to evaluate immune responses to the influenza vaccine in IBD patients on infliximab and the impact of vaccine timing on immune responses. METHODS In this randomized study, 137 subjects with IBD on maintenance infliximab therapy were allocated to receive the 2012/2013 inactivated influenza vaccine at the time of infliximab infusion (n = 69) or midway between infusions (n = 68). Serum was collected before and after vaccination for hemagglutination inhibition titers. Serologic protection was defined by postvaccine titer of ≥1:40. RESULTS Comparing subjects vaccinated at the time of infliximab with those vaccinated midway, serologic protection was achieved in 67% versus 66% to H1N1 (P = 0.8), in 43% versus 49% to H3N2 (P = 0.5), and in 69% versus 79% to influenza B (P = 0.2). Although solicited adverse events were common (60%), no subject experienced a serious adverse event requiring additional medical attention. Only 6% of subjects had a clinically significant increase in disease activity score, not impacted by vaccine timing. CONCLUSIONS Serologic protection to influenza vaccine is achieved in only approximately 45% to 80% of IBD patients on maintenance infliximab therapy varying by antigen. Yet, importantly, vaccine timing relative to infliximab infusion does not affect the achievement of serologic protection, and the influenza vaccine is well tolerated. Therefore, influenza vaccination at any point during infliximab scheduling is recommended for patients with IBD and opportunities to broaden the availability and convenience of influenza vaccine to optimize coverage should be explored.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hegde NR. Cell culture-based influenza vaccines: A necessary and indispensable investment for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1223-34. [PMID: 25875691 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional platform of using embryonated chicken eggs for the production of influenza vaccines has several drawbacks including the inability to meet the volume of required doses in the case of widespread epidemics and pandemics. Cell culture platforms have therefore been explored in the last 2 decades, and have attracted further attention following the H1N1 pandemic outbreak. This platform, while not the most economical for large-scale production, has several advantages, and can supplement the vaccine requirement when needed. Recent developments in production technologies have contributed greatly to fine-tuning this platform. In combination with other technologies such as live attenuated and recombinant protein or virus-like particle vaccines, and different adjuvants and delivery systems, cell culture-based influenza vaccine platform can be used both for production of seasonal vaccine, and to mitigate vaccine shortages in pandemic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- a Ella Foundation; Genome Valley; Turkapally , Shameerpet Mandal , Hyderabad , India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lin J, Tu C, Mou C, Chen X, Yang Q. CpG DNA facilitate the inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in enhancing the local and systemic immune response of pigs via oral administration. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:1-8. [PMID: 27032496 PMCID: PMC7112793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) replicates in the small intestine and induces enteritis and watery diarrhea. Establishment of local immunity in the intestine would thus prevent TGEV transmission. CpG DNA has been reported as a promising mucosal adjuvant in some animals. The effects of oral immunization of CpG DNA together with inactivated TGEV (ITGEV) were investigated in this study. Pigs (6 weeks old) were orally immunized with ITGEV plus CpG DNA. The TGEV-specific IgA level in the intestinal tract and the TGEV-specific IgG level in serum significantly increased following immunization with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, populations of IgA-secreting cells, CD3+ T lymphocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), in the intestine increased significantly after immunization with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of IL-6, IL-12 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in ligated intestine segments increased significantly after injection with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that oral immunization of ITGEV plus CpG DNA elicits a local immune response. Further studies are required to determine whether this immunity provides protection against TGEV in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongzhi Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee YJ, Jang YH, Kim P, Lee YH, Lee YJ, Byun YH, Lee KH, Kim K, Seong BL. Enhancement of the safety of live influenza vaccine by attenuating mutations from cold-adapted hemagglutinin. Virology 2016; 491:1-9. [PMID: 26874012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, X-31ca-based H5N1 LAIVs, in particular, became more virulent in mice than the X-31ca MDV, possibly by the introduction of the surface antigens of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus, implying that additional attenuation is needed in this cases to increase the safety level of the vaccine. In this report we suggest an approach to further increase the safety of LAIV through additional cold-adapted mutations in the hemagglutinin. The cold-adaptation of X-31 virus resulted in four amino acid mutations in the HA. We generated a panel of 7:1 reassortant viruses each carrying the hemagglutinins with individual single amino acid mutations. We examined their phenotypes and found a major attenuating mutation, N81K. This attenuation marker conferred additional temperature-sensitive and attenuation phenotype to the LAIV. Our data indicate that the cold-adapted mutation in the HA confers additional attenuation to the LAIV strain, without compromising its productivity and immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jae Lee
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Ha Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Byun
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyusik Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vaccination against Viruses. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152391 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.14016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines in use today are the result of empirical development. The mechanism of action of many vaccines in common use remains incompletely understood. Understanding how such vaccines protect is an ongoing subject of study using increasingly sophisticated immunological tools, such as B cell and T cell repertoire and transcriptome analysis. Such tools are also being applied to the design of vaccines against those viral targets that have evaded vaccine-mediated protection thus far. As basic immunological science intersects with the practicalities of assuring vaccine safety, tolerability, efficacy, and consistency in the clinic, the practical utility of more sophisticated immunological measures for vaccine development may be determined by whether they can be reduced to simply executed, highly standardized, reproducible assays with outcomes that have clear interpretations for vaccine development and use. Basic immunology, empirical vaccine testing, and regulatory science are all necessary contributors to developing the next generation of vaccines, including vaccines effective against the pathogens for which vaccines are not currently available.
Collapse
|
49
|
van de Sandt CE, Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Influenza B viruses: not to be discounted. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1447-65. [PMID: 26357957 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population and full understanding of their biological and epidemiological properties is imperative to better control this important pathogen. However, some of its characteristics are still elusive and warrant investigation. Here, we review evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity and identify gaps in our knowledge of influenza B viruses. The divergence of two antigenically distinct influenza B viruses is highlighted. The co-circulation of viruses of these two lineages necessitated the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines, which is discussed in addition to possibilities to develop universal vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam Science Tower, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Green CA, Scarselli E, Sande CJ, Thompson AJ, de Lara CM, Taylor KS, Haworth K, Del Sorbo M, Angus B, Siani L, Di Marco S, Traboni C, Folgori A, Colloca S, Capone S, Vitelli A, Cortese R, Klenerman P, Nicosia A, Pollard AJ. Chimpanzee adenovirus- and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:300ra126. [PMID: 26268313 PMCID: PMC4669850 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infection in annual epidemics, with infants and the elderly at particular risk of developing severe disease and death. However, despite its importance, no vaccine exists. The chimpanzee adenovirus, PanAd3-RSV, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA-RSV, are replication-defective viral vectors encoding the RSV fusion (F), nucleocapsid (N), and matrix (M2-1) proteins for the induction of humoral and cellular responses. We performed an open-label, dose escalation, phase 1 clinical trial in 42 healthy adults in which four different combinations of prime/boost vaccinations were investigated for safety and immunogenicity, including both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration of the adenovirus-vectored vaccine. The vaccines were safe and well tolerated, with the most common reported adverse events being mild injection site reactions. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. RSV neutralizing antibody titers rose in response to IM prime with PanAd3-RSV and after IM boost for individuals primed by the IN route. Circulating anti-F immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were observed after the IM prime and IM boost. RSV-specific T cell responses were increased after the IM PanAd3-RSV prime and were most efficiently boosted by IM MVA-RSV. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion after boost was from both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, without detectable T helper cell 2 (TH2) cytokines that have been previously associated with immune pathogenesis following exposure to RSV after the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. In conclusion, PanAd3-RSV and MVA-RSV are safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. These vaccine candidates warrant further clinical evaluation of efficacy to assess their potential to reduce the burden of RSV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Elisa Scarselli
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Charles J Sande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Amber J Thompson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Catherine M de Lara
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Kathryn S Taylor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kathryn Haworth
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | | | - Brian Angus
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Traboni
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Folgori
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Colloca
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Capone
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vitelli
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy. CEINGE, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy. Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|