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Matera A, Dulak K, Werner H, Sordon S, Huszcza E, Popłoński J. Investigation on production and reaction conditions of sucrose synthase based glucosylation cascade towards flavonoid modification. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107287. [PMID: 38503024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme-based glycosylation is of great interest in the context of natural products decoration. Yet, its industrial application is hindered by optimisation difficulties and hard-to-standardise productivities. In this study, five sugar nucleotide-dependent glucosyltransferases from different origins (bacterial, plant and fungal) were coupled with soy sucrose synthase (GmSuSy) to create a set of diverse cascade biocatalysts for flavonoid glucosylation, which evaluation brought new insights into the field. Investigations into co-expression conditions and reaction settings enabled to define optimal induction temperature (25 °C) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) concentration (0.5 mM) for all tested pairs of enzymes. Moreover, the influence of pH and substrate concentration on the monoglucosylated product distribution was detected and analysed. The utilisation of crude protein extracts as a cost-effective source of catalysts unveiled their glycosidase activity against flavonoid glucosides, resulting in decreased productivity, which, to our knowledge, has not previously been discussed in such a context. Additionally, examination of the commercially available EziG immobilisation resins showed that selection of suitable carrier for solid catalyst production can be problematic and not only enzyme's but also reagent's properties have to be considered. Flavonoids, due to their complexation and hydrophobic properties, can adsorb on different types of surfaces, including divalent metal ions required for IMAC based immobilisation, necessitating detailed examination of the resins while the catalysis design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matera
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Dulak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hanna Werner
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sandra Sordon
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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2
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Cui J, Chen H, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Consensus mutagenesis and computational simulation provide insight into the desaturation catalytic mechanism for delta 6 fatty acid desaturase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:74-80. [PMID: 34837835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) generates double bond at a certain position of the corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with high selectivity, the enzyme activity and PUFAs products of which are essential to biological systems and are associated with a variety of physiological diseases. Little is known about the structure of FADSs and their amino acid residues related to catalytic activities. Identifying key residues of Micromonas pusilla delta 6 desaturase (MpFADS6) provides a point of departure for a better understanding of desaturation. In this study, conserved amino acids were anchored through gene consensus analysis, thereby generating corresponding variants by site-directed mutagenesis. To achieve stable and high-efficiency expression of MpFADS6 and its variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the key points of induced expression were optimized. The contribution of conserved residues to the function of enzyme was determined by analyzing enzyme activity of the variants. Molecular modeling indicated that these residues are essential to catalytic activities, or substrate binding. Mutants MpFADS6[Q409R] and MpFADS6[M242P] abolished desaturation, while MpFADS6[F419V] and MpFADS6[A374Q] significantly reduced catalytic activities. Given that certain residues have been identified to have a significant impact on MpFADS6 activities, it is put forward that histidine-conserved region III of FADS6 is related to electronic transfer during desaturation, while histidine-conserved regions I and II are related to desaturation. These findings provide new insights and methods to determine the structure, mechanism and directed transformation of membrane-bound desaturases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 5, 27127, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
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3
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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4
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Al-Amoodi AS, Sakashita K, Ali AJ, Zhou R, Lee JM, Tehseen M, Li M, Belmonte JCI, Kusakabe T, Merzaban JS. Using Eukaryotic Expression Systems to Generate Human α1,3-Fucosyltransferases That Effectively Create Selectin-Binding Glycans on Stem Cells. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3757-3771. [PMID: 32901486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of circulating cells toward target sites is primarily dependent on selectin/ligand adhesive interactions. Glycosyltransferases are involved in the creation of selectin ligands on proteins and lipids. α1,3-Fucosylation is imperative for the creation of selectin ligands, and a number of fucosyltransferases (FTs) can modify terminal lactosamines on cells to create these ligands. One FT, fucosyltransferase VI (FTVI), adds a fucose in an α1,3 configuration to N-acetylglucosamine to generate sialyl Lewis X (sLex) epitopes on proteins of live cells and enhances their ability to bind E-selectin. Although a number of recombinant human FTVIs have been purified, apart from limited commercial enzymes, they were not characterized for their activity on live cells. Here we focused on establishing a robust method for producing FTVI that is active on living cells (hematopoietic cells and mesenchymal stromal cells). To this end, we used two expression systems, Bombyx mori (silkworm) and Pichia pastoris (yeast), to produce significant amounts of N-terminally tagged FTVI and demonstrated that these enzymes have superior activity when compared to currently available commercial enzymes that are produced from various expression systems. Overall, we outline a scheme for obtaining large amounts of highly active FTVI that can be used for the application of FTVI in enhancing the engraftment of cells lacking the sLex epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S Al-Amoodi
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Signaling, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kosuke Sakashita
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Signaling, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal J Ali
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Signaling, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruoyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Muhammad Tehseen
- Laboratory of DNA Replication and Recombination, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mo Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan Carlos I Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jasmeen S Merzaban
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Signaling, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Stratilová B, Firáková Z, Klaudiny J, Šesták S, Kozmon S, Strouhalová D, Garajová S, Ait-Mohand F, Horváthová Á, Farkaš V, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Engineering the acceptor substrate specificity in the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase TmXET6.3 from nasturtium seeds (Tropaeolum majus L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:181-197. [PMID: 30868545 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of substrate specificity of XET enzymes is important for the general understanding of metabolic pathways to challenge the established notion that these enzymes operate uniquely on cellulose-xyloglucan networks. Xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XETs) (EC 2.4.1.207) play a central role in loosening and re-arranging the cellulose-xyloglucan network, which is assumed to be the primary load-bearing structural component of plant cell walls. The sequence of mature TmXET6.3 from Tropaeolum majus (280 residues) was deduced by the nucleotide sequence analysis of complete cDNA by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, based on tryptic and chymotryptic peptide sequences. Partly purified TmXET6.3, expressed in Pichia occurred in N-glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. The quantification of hetero-transglycosylation activities of TmXET6.3 revealed that (1,3;1,4)-, (1,6)- and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were the preferred acceptor substrates, while (1,4)-β-D-xylooligosaccharides, and arabinoxylo- and glucomanno-oligosaccharides were less preferred. The 3D model of TmXET6.3, and bioinformatics analyses of identified and putative plant xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs)/hydrolases (XEHs) of the GH16 family revealed that H94, A104, Q108, K234 and K237 were the key residues that underpinned the acceptor substrate specificity of TmXET6.3. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the single Q108R and K237T, and double-K234T/K237T and triple-H94Q/A104D/Q108R variants exhibited enhanced hetero-transglycosylation activities with xyloglucan and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides, while those with (1,3;1,4)- and (1,6)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were suppressed; the incorporation of xyloglucan to (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides by the H94Q variant was influenced most extensively. Structural and biochemical data of non-specific TmXET6.3 presented here extend the classic XET reaction mechanism by which these enzymes operate in plant cell walls. The evaluations of TmXET6.3 transglycosylation activities and the incidence of investigated residues in other members of the GH16 family suggest that a broad acceptor substrate specificity in plant XET enzymes could be more widespread than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Firáková
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Strouhalová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Veveří, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Garajová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fairouz Ait-Mohand
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ágnes Horváthová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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6
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Luley-Goedl C, Czabany T, Longus K, Schmölzer K, Zitzenbacher S, Ribitsch D, Schwab H, Nidetzky B. Combining expression and process engineering for high-quality production of human sialyltransferase in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:54-60. [PMID: 27018228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase I, ST6Gal-I has drawn considerable interest for its use as biocatalyst for in-vitro glycoengineering of recombinantly produced therapeutic proteins. By attaching sialic acid onto the terminal galactoses of biantennary protein N-glycans, ST6Gal-I facilitates protein remodeling towards a humanized glycosylation and thus optimized efficacy in pharmacological use. Secreted expression of ST6Gal-I in Pichia pastoris is promising, but proteolysis restricts both the yield and the quality of the enzyme produced. Focusing on an N-terminally truncated (Δ108) variant of ST6Gal-I previously shown to represent a minimally sized, still active form of ST6Gal-I, we show here that protein expression engineering and optimization of bioreactor cultivation of P. pastoris KM71H (pPICZαB) synergized to enhance the maximum enzyme titer about 57-fold to 17units/L. N-Terminal fusion to the Flag-tag plus deletion of a potential proteolytic site (Lys(114)-Asn→Gln(114)-Asn) improved the intrinsic resistance of Δ108ST6Gal-I to degradation in P. pastoris culture. A mixed glycerol/methanol feeding protocol for P. pastoris growth and induction was key for enzyme production in high yield and quality. The sialyltransferase was recovered from the bioreactor culture in a yield of 70% using a single step of anion-exchange chromatography. Its specific activity was 0.05units/mg protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor Czabany
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Longus
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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7
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Hu X, Chu J, Zhang S, Zhuang Y. Comparative performance of S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis and degradation in Pichia pastoris using different promoters and novel consumption inhibitors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:94-9. [PMID: 24411450 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Pichia pastoris is a widely used host for recombinant protein expression, and has recently been engineered for whole-cell biocatalysis. The inducible P(AOX) and constitutive P(GAP) promoters are commonly employed. In this study, the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) biosynthesis and degradation efficiency of two P. pastoris strains were compared, and novel inhibitors that suppress SAM degradation were characterized. The strains exhibited clear physiological differences. P(GAP)-Pichia showed higher transcription and activity of SAM synthetase, and the rapid cell growth led to higher levels of spermidine synthesis from SAM. In contrast, P(AOX)-Pichia synthesized higher levels of glutathione from SAM, and this strain responded to hydrogen peroxide formation during methanol utilization. Aristeromycin proved an efficient inhibitor of SAM degradation in P(AOX)-Pichia; 0.02 mg/L led to a 36.36% reduction in the ratio of glutathionine:SAM, and SAM accumulation was enhanced by 7.74% to 11.83 g/L. Ethanol was an even more efficient inhibitor of SAM consumption in P(GAP)-Pichia; 8 g/L resulted in a 73.68% decrease in the ratio of SPD:SAM, and SAM production was elevated by 54.55% to 0.17 g/L/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Antiviral activity of rChIFN-α against vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus: A novel recombinant chicken interferon-α showed high antiviral activity. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:e73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Both P, Sobczak L, Breton C, Hann S, Nöbauer K, Paschinger K, Kozmon S, Mucha J, Wilson IB. Distantly related plant and nematode core α1,3-fucosyltransferases display similar trends in structure-function relationships. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1401-15. [PMID: 21515584 PMCID: PMC3272405 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a comparative structure-function study of a nematode and a plant core α1,3-fucosyltransferase based on deletion and point mutations of the coding regions of Caenorhabditis elegans FUT-1 and Arabidopsis thaliana FucTA (FUT11). In particular, our results reveal a novel "first cluster motif" shared by both core and Lewis-type α1,3-fucosyltransferases of the GT10 family. To evaluate the role of the conserved serine within this motif, this residue was replaced with alanine in FucTA (S218) and FUT-1 (S243). The S218A replacement completely abolished the enzyme activity of FucTA, while the S243A mutant of FUT-1 retained 20% of the "wild-type" activity. Based on the results of homology modeling of FucTA, other residues potentially involved in the donor substrate binding were examined, and mutations of N219 and R226 dramatically affected enzymatic activity. Finally, as both FucTA and FUT-1 were shown to be N-glycosylated, we examined the putative N-glycosylation sites. While alanine replacements at single potential N-glycosylation sites of FucTA resulted in a loss of up to 80% of the activity, a triple glycosylation site mutant still retained 5%, as compared to the control. In summary, our data indicate similar trends in structure-function relationships of distantly related enzymes which perform similar biochemical reactions and form the basis for future work aimed at understanding the structure of α1,3-fucosyltransferases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Both
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Lukas Sobczak
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Christelle Breton
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Stephan Hann
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- Vetomics Core Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Mucha
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iain B.H. Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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WANG XIUQING, ZHU MINGXING, YANG GUIMAO, SU CHUNXIA, ZHANG AIJUN, CAO RUIBING, CHEN PUYAN. Expression of cecropin B in Pichia pastoris and its bioactivity in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:655-660. [PMID: 22977556 PMCID: PMC3440743 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural cecropin B (CB), consisting of 35 amino acids, is a member of the cecropin family with the highest antibacterial activity. Here, a novel approach for the generation of recombinant CB in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was explored. For this purpose, the CB gene was amplified by recursive PCR (rPCR) and cloned into the pPICZαA vector. The SacI-linearized plasmid pPICZαA-CB was transformed into P. pastoris SMD1168 by electroporation. The expression of recombinant CB was induced with 1.0% methanol at pH 5.0 for 60 h at 28°C. Recombinant CB was purified using cationic exchange chromatography; 5.0 mg of pure active CB was obtained from 100 ml of culture broth supernatant. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that CB has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that the P. pastoris expression system can be used to produce large quantities of fully functional CB for both research and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - CHUNXIA SU
- School of Basic Medical Science, NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004
| | | | - RUIBING CAO
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R.
China
| | - PUYAN CHEN
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R.
China
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11
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Tárraga S, Lisón P, López-Gresa MP, Torres C, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, Conejero V. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel tomato xylosyltransferase specific for gentisic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:4325-38. [PMID: 20729481 PMCID: PMC2955746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of salicylic acid (SA) in the signal transduction pathway of plant disease resistance has been well documented in many incompatible plant-pathogen interactions, but less is known about signalling in compatible interactions. In this type of interaction, tomato plants have been found to accumulate high levels of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid, GA), a metabolic derivative of SA. Exogenous GA treatments induce in tomato plants a set of PR proteins that differ from those induced by salicylic acid. While SA accumulates in tomato plants mainly as 2-O-β-D-glucoside, GA has only been found as 5-O-β-D-xyloside. To characterize this step of the GA signalling pathway further, the present work focuses on the study of the GA-conjugating activity in tomato plants. A gentisate glycosyltransferase (GAGT) cDNA has been isolated and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, and GA-conjugating activity was confirmed by detecting the xylosylated GA. The purified plant protein is highly specific for GA, showing no activity toward many other phenolic compounds, including SA. In addition, it shows an outstanding selectivity for UDP-xylose as the sugar donor, which differentiates this enzyme from most glycosyltransferases. Both the GA-conjugating activity and the corresponding mRNA show a strong, rapid, and transient induction upon treatment of tomato plants with GA or SA. Furthermore, its expression is rapidly induced by compatible infections. However, neither the gene nor the activity seems to respond to incompatible infections or wounding. The unique properties of this new glycosyltransferase suggest a specific role in regulating the free GA levels in compatible plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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13
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Farrokhi N, Hrmova M, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Heterologous and cell free protein expression systems. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 513:175-198. [PMID: 19347659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the fact that a relatively small percentage of 'named' genes in databases have any experimental proof for their annotation, attention is shifting towards the more accurate assignment of functions to individual genes in a genome. The central objective will be to reduce our reliance on nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarities as a means to define the functions of genes and to annotate genome sequences. There are many unsolved technical difficulties associated with the purification of specific proteins from extracts of biological material, especially where the protein is present in low abundance, has multiple isoforms or is found in multiple post-translationally modified forms. The relative ease with which cDNAs can be cloned has led to the development of methods through which cDNAs from essentially any source can be expressed in a limited range of suitable host organisms, so that sufficient levels of the encoded proteins can be generated for functional analysis. Recently, these heterologous expression systems have been supplemented by more robust prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis systems. In this chapter, common host systems for heterologous expression are reviewed and the current status of cell-free expression systems will be presented. New approaches to overcoming the special problems encountered during the expression of membrane-associated proteins will also be addressed. Methodological considerations, including the characteristics of codon usage in the expressed DNA, peptide tags that facilitate subsequent purification of the expressed proteins and the role of post-translational modifications, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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14
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Sado PE, Tessier D, Vasseur M, Elmorjani K, Guillon F, Saulnier L. Integrating genes and phenotype: a wheat-Arabidopsis-rice glycosyltransferase database for candidate gene analyses. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 9:43-58. [PMID: 19005709 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-008-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) constitute a very large multi-gene superfamily, containing several thousand members identified in sequenced organisms especially in plants. GTs are key enzymes involved in various biological processes such as cell wall formation, storage polysaccharides biosynthesis, and glycosylation of various metabolites. GTs have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana, but their precise function has been demonstrated biochemically for only a few. In this work we have established a repertoire of virtually all the wheat (Triticum aestivum) GT sequences, using the large publicly available banks of expressed sequences. Based on sequence similarity with Arabidopsis and rice GTs compiled in the carbohydrate active enzyme database (CAZY), we have identified and classified these wheat sequences. The results were used to feed a searchable database available on the web ( http://wwwappli.nantes.inra.fr:8180/GTIDB ) that can be used for initiating an exhaustive candidate gene survey in wheat applied to a particular biological process. This is illustrated through the identification of GT families which are expressed during cell wall formation in wheat grain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Etienne Sado
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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15
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Effects of pH and temperature on recombinant manganese peroxidase production and stability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 146:15-27. [PMID: 18421583 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP) is produced by numerous white-rot fungi to overcome biomass recalcitrance caused by lignin. MnP acts directly on lignin and increases access of the woody structure to synergistic wood-degrading enzymes such as cellulases and xylanases. Recombinant MnP (rMnP) can be produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris alphaMnP1-1 in fed-batch fermentations. The effects of pH and temperature on recombinant manganese peroxidase (rMnP) production by P. pastoris alphaMnP1-1 were investigated in shake flask and fed-batch fermentations. The optimum pH and temperature for a standardized fed-batch fermentation process for rMnP production in P. pastoris alphaMnP1-1 were determined to be pH 6 and 30 degrees C, respectively. P. pastoris alphaMnP1-1 constitutively expresses the manganese peroxidase (mnp1) complementary DNA from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the rMnP has similar kinetic characteristics and pH activity and stability ranges as the wild-type MnP (wtMnP). Cultivation of P. chrysosporium mycelia in stationary flasks for production of heme peroxidases is commonly conducted at low pH (pH 4.2). However, shake flask and fed-batch fermentation experiments with P. pastoris alphaMnP1-1 demonstrated that rMnP production is highest at pH 6, with rMnP concentrations in the medium declining rapidly at pH less than 5.5, although cell growth rates were similar from pH 4-7. Investigations of the cause of low rMnP production at low pH were consistent with the hypothesis that intracellular proteases are released from dead and lysed yeast cells during the fermentation that are active against rMnP at pH less than 5.5.
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16
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Gutternigg M, Kretschmer-Lubich D, Paschinger K, Rendić D, Hader J, Geier P, Ranftl R, Jantsch V, Lochnit G, Wilson IBH. Biosynthesis of truncated N-linked oligosaccharides results from non-orthologous hexosaminidase-mediated mechanisms in nematodes, plants, and insects. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27825-40. [PMID: 17636254 PMCID: PMC2850174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704235200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In many invertebrates and plants, the N-glycosylation profile is dominated by truncated paucimannosidic N-glycans, i.e. glycans consisting of a simple trimannosylchitobiosyl core often modified by core fucose residues. Even though they lack antennal N-acetylglucosamine residues, the biosynthesis of these glycans requires the sequential action of GlcNAc transferase I, Golgi mannosidase II, and, finally, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. In Drosophila, the recently characterized enzyme encoded by the fused lobes (fdl) gene specifically removes the non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine residue from the alpha1,3-antenna of N-glycans. In the present study, we examined the products of five beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase genes from Caenorhabditis elegans (hex-1 to hex-5, corresponding to reading frames T14F9.3, C14C11.3, Y39A1C.4, Y51F10.5, and Y70D2A.2) in addition to three from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHEX1, AtHEX2, and AtHEX3, corresponding to reading frames At1g65590, At3g55260, and At1g05590). Based on homology, the Caenorhabditis HEX-1 and all three Arabidopsis enzymes are members of the same sub-family as the aforementioned Drosophila fused lobes enzyme but either act as chitotriosidases or non-specifically remove N-acetylglucosamine from both N-glycan antennae. The other four Caenorhabditis enzymes are members of a distinct sub-family; nevertheless, two of these enzymes displayed the same alpha1,3-antennal specificity as the fused lobes enzyme. Furthermore, a deletion of part of the Caenorhabditis hex-2 gene drastically reduces the native N-glycan-specific hexosaminidase activity in mutant worm extracts and results in a shift in the N-glycan profile, which is a demonstration of its in vivo enzymatic relevance. Based on these data, it is hypothesized that the genetic origin of paucimannosidic glycans in nematodes, plants, and insects involves highly divergent members of the same hexosaminidase gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutternigg
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dubravko Rendić
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Josef Hader
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Petra Geier
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Ramona Ranftl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Verena Jantsch
- Abteilung für Chromosomenbiologie, Vienna Biocenter II, A-1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, D-35292 Gießen, Germany
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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17
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Shi L, Wang D, Chan W, Cheng L. Efficient expression and purification of human interferon alpha2b in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 54:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Kolarich D, Loos A, Léonard R, Mach L, Marzban G, Hemmer W, Altmann F. A proteomic study of the major allergens from yellow jacket venoms. Proteomics 2007; 7:1615-23. [PMID: 17443842 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The venoms of stinging insects belong to the most dangerous allergen sources and can cause fatal anaphylactic reactions. Reliable prediction of a patient's risk to anaphylactic reactions is vital, and diagnosis requires the knowledge of the relevant allergens. Recently, a new hyaluronidase -like glycoprotein from Vespula vulgaris (Ves v 2b) was identified. This led us to investigate hyaluronidases and also other major allergens from V. germanica and four additional Vespula species. By MALDI-Q-TOF-MS, the new hyaluronidase-like protein was shown to be the major component of the 43-kDa band in all Vespula species studied. LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS sequencing of Ves g 2a and Ves g 2b facilitated the cloning of their cDNA. Ves v 2b and Ves g 2b turned out to be essentially identical on protein level. Whereas the less abundant "a" form displayed enzymatic activity, the new "b" homologue did not. This is probably caused by amino acid exchanges in the active site, and it raises questions about the physiological role of this protein. Sequence comparisons by MS/MS of antigen 5 and phospholipases from V. vulgaris, germanica, maculifrons, pensylvanica, flavopilosa and squamosa revealed the latter as a taxonomic outlier and led to the discovery of several not previously reported amino acid differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kolarich
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Shimma YI, Saito F, Oosawa F, Jigami Y. Construction of a library of human glycosyltransferases immobilized in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7003-12. [PMID: 16936046 PMCID: PMC1636194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01378-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-one human glycosyltransferases were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as immobilized enzymes and were assayed for enzymatic activities. The stem and catalytic regions of sialyl-, fucosyl-, galactosyl-, N-acetylgalactosaminyl-, and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases were fused with yeast cell wall Pir proteins, which anchor glycosyltransferases at the yeast cell wall glucan. More than 75% of expressed recombinant glycosyltransferases retained their enzymatic activities in the yeast cell wall fraction and will be used as a human glycosyltransferase library. In increasing the enzymatic activities of immobilized glycosyltransferases, several approaches were found to be effective. Additional expression of yeast protein disulfide isomerase increased the expression levels and activities of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases and other glycosyltransferases. PIR3 and/or PIR4 was more effective than PIR1 as a cell wall anchor when the Pir-glycosyltransferase fusions were expressed under the control of the constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Oligosaccharides such as Lewis x, Lewis y, and H antigen were successfully synthesized using this immobilized glycosyltransferase library, indicating that the Pir-fused glycosyltransferases are useful for the production of various human oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh-Ichi Shimma
- Research Center for Glycoscience, AIST, Tsukuba Central 6, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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20
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Toonkool P, Metheenukul P, Sujiwattanarat P, Paiboon P, Tongtubtim N, Ketudat-Cairns M, Ketudat-Cairns J, Svasti J. Expression and purification of dalcochinase, a β-glucosidase from Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre, in yeast and bacterial hosts. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 48:195-204. [PMID: 16814564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coding sequence of the mature dalcochinase, a beta-glucosidase from Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre, was cloned and expressed in various systems. Expression in Escherichia coli resulted in an insoluble protein, which could be made soluble by co-expression with bacterial chaperonin GroESL. However, the enzyme had no activity. Recombinant expression in Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded an active enzyme. Dalcochinase was expressed under methanol induction in P. pastoris, since this was much more efficient than constitutive expression in P. pastoris or in S. cerevisiae. Addition of 0.5% casamino acids to the culture medium stabilized the pH of the culture and increased the protein yield by 3- to 5-folds. Insertion of a polyhistidine-tag either after the N-terminal alpha factor signal sequence or at the C-terminus failed to assist in purification by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) due to post-translational processing at both termini. A new construct of dalcochinase with an N-terminal truncation following the propeptide and eight histidine residues enabled its purification by IMAC, following hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified recombinant dalcochinase was apparently composed of differently post-translationally modified forms, but had kinetic properties and pH and temperature optima comparable to natural dalcochinase. The procedures reported here overcome the limitation in enzyme supply from natural sources, and allow further studies on structure-function relationships in this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachumporn Toonkool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Léonard R, Rendic D, Rabouille C, Wilson IBH, Préat T, Altmann F. The Drosophila fused lobes Gene Encodes an N-Acetylglucosaminidase Involved in N-Glycan Processing. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4867-75. [PMID: 16339150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most processed, e.g. fucosylated, N-glycans on insect glycoproteins terminate in mannose, yet the relevant modifying enzymes require the prior action of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. This led to the hypothesis that a hexosaminidase acts during the course of N-glycan maturation. To determine whether the Drosophila melanogaster genome indeed encodes such an enzyme, a cDNA corresponding to fused lobes (fdl), a putative beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase with a potential transmembrane domain, was cloned. When expressed in Pichia pastoris, the enzyme exhibited a substrate specificity similar to that previously described for a hexosaminidase activity from Sf-9 cells, i.e. it hydrolyzed exclusively the GlcNAc residue attached to the alpha1,3-linked mannose of the core pentasaccharide of N-glycans. It also hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminide, but not chitooligosaccharides; in contrast, Drosophila HEXO1 and HEXO2 expressed in Pichia cleaved both these substrates but not N-glycans. The localization of recombinant FDL tagged with green fluorescent protein in Drosophila S2 cells by immunoelectron microscopy showed that this enzyme transits through the Golgi, is present on the plasma membrane and in multivesicular bodies, and is secreted. Finally, the N-glycans of two lines of fdl mutant flies were analyzed by mass spectrometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The ratio of structures with terminal GlcNAc over those without (i.e. paucimannosidic N-glycans) was drastically increased in the fdl-deficient flies. Therefore, we conclude that the fdl gene encodes a novel hexosaminidase responsible for the occurrence of paucimannosidic N-glycans in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Glycobiology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Zhang J, Zhang SQ, Wu X, Chen YQ, Diao ZY. Expression and characterization of antimicrobial peptide ABP-CM4 in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Jin C, Bencúrová M, Borth N, Ferko B, Jensen-Jarolim E, Altmann F, Hantusch B. Immunoglobulin G specifically binding plant N-glycans with high affinity could be generated in rabbits but not in mice. Glycobiology 2005; 16:349-57. [PMID: 16373330 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylosylated and core alpha1,3-fucosylated N-glycans from plants are immunogenic, and they play a still obscure role in allergy and in the field of plant-made protein pharmaceuticals. We immunized mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding plant N-glycans specifically via the epitope containing either the xylose or the core alpha1,3-fucose residue. Splenocytes expressing N-glycan-specific antibodies derived from C57BL/6 mice previously immunized with plant glycoproteins were preselected by cell sorting to generate hybridoma lines producing specific antibodies. However, we obtained only mAbs unable to distinguish fucosylated from xylosylated N-glycans and reactive even with the pentasaccharide core Man3GlcNAc2. In contrast, immunization of rabbits yielded polyclonal sera selectively reactive with either fucosylated or xylosylated N-glycans. Purification of these sera using glyco-modified neoglycoproteins coupled to a chromatography matrix provided polyclonal sera suitable for affinity determination. Surface plasmon resonance measurements using sensor chips with immobilized glyco-modified transferrins revealed dissociation constants of around 10(-9) M. This unexpectedly high affinity of IgG antibodies toward carbohydrate epitopes has repercussions on our conception of the binding strength and significance of antiglycan IgE antibodies in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applies Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Lattard V, Fondeur-Gelinotte M, Gulberti S, Jacquinet JC, Boudrant J, Netter P, Magdalou J, Ouzzine M, Fournel-Gigleux S. Purification and characterization of a soluble form of the recombinant human galactose-beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:137-43. [PMID: 16300963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The galactose-beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I (GlcAT-I) catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto the terminal galactose of the trisaccharide glycosaminoglycan-protein linker region of proteoglycans. This enzyme plays a key role in the process of proteoglycan assembly since the completion of the linkage region is essential for the conversion of a core protein into a functional proteoglycan. To investigate the enzymatic properties of human GlcAT-I, we established an expression system for producing a soluble form of enzyme in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and developed a three-step purification procedure using a combination of anion exchange, cation exchange and heparin chromatographies. This procedure yielded 1.6 mg homogeneous enzyme from 200 ml yeast cell culture, with a specific activity value of 1.5 micromol/min/mg protein. Analysis of the specificity of GlcAT-I towards Galbeta1-3Gal and Galbeta1-4GlcNAc derivatives known as substrates of the beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, showed that the enzyme exhibited a strict selectivity towards Galbeta1-3Gal structures. Thus, the large source of purified active enzyme allowed the determination of the kinetic parameters of GlcAT-I towards the donor substrate UDP-GlcA and the acceptor substrate digalactoside Galbeta1-3Gal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lattard
- UMR 7561 CNRS-Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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25
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Bencúr P, Steinkellner H, Svoboda B, Mucha J, Strasser R, Kolarich D, Hann S, Köllensperger G, Glössl J, Altmann F, Mach L. Arabidopsis thaliana beta1,2-xylosyltransferase: an unusual glycosyltransferase with the potential to act at multiple stages of the plant N-glycosylation pathway. Biochem J 2005; 388:515-25. [PMID: 15686448 PMCID: PMC1138959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
XylT (beta1,2-xylosyltransferase) is a unique Golgi-bound glycosyltransferase that is involved in the biosynthesis of glycoprotein-bound N-glycans in plants. To delineate the catalytic domain of XylT, a series of N-terminal deletion mutants was heterologously expressed in insect cells. Whereas the first 54 residues could be deleted without affecting the catalytic activity of the enzyme, removal of an additional five amino acids led to the formation of an inactive protein. Characterization of the N-glycosylation status of recombinant XylT revealed that all three potential N-glycosylation sites of the protein are occupied by N-linked oligosaccharides. However, an unglycosylated version of the enzyme displayed substantial catalytic activity, demonstrating that N-glycosylation is not essential for proper folding of XylT. In contrast with most other glycosyltransferases, XylT is enzymatically active in the absence of added metal ions. This feature is not due to any metal ion directly associated with the enzyme. The precise acceptor substrate specificity of XylT was assessed with several physiologically relevant compounds and the xylosylated reaction products were subsequently tested as substrates of other Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases. These experiments revealed that the substrate specificity of XylT permits the enzyme to act at multiple stages of the plant N-glycosylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bencúr
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Svoboda
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jan Mucha
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Gunda Köllensperger
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Josef Glössl
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- *Department für Angewandte Pflanzenwissenschaften und Pflanzenbiotechnologie, Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Mucha J, Domlatil J, Lochnit G, Rendić D, Paschinger K, HINTERKöRNER G, Hofinger A, Kosma P, Wilson I. The Drosophila melanogaster homologue of the human histo-blood group Pk gene encodes a glycolipid-modifying alpha1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Biochem J 2005; 382:67-74. [PMID: 15130086 PMCID: PMC1133916 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insects express arthro-series glycosphingolipids, which contain an alpha1,4-linked GalNAc residue. To determine the genetic basis for this linkage, we cloned a cDNA (CG17223) from Drosophila melanogaster encoding a protein with homology to mammalian alpha1,4-glycosyltransferases and expressed it in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Culture supernatants from the transformed yeast were found to display a novel UDP-GalNAc:GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1-R alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity when using either a glycolipid, p-nitrophenylglycoside or an N-glycan carrying one or two terminal beta-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. NMR and MS in combination with glycosidase digestion and methylation analysis indicate that the cloned cDNA encodes an alpha1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. We hypothesize that this enzyme and its orthologues in other insects are required for the biosynthesis of the N5a and subsequent members of the arthro-series of glycolipids as well as of N-glycan receptors for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin Cry1Ac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Mucha
- *Chemický ústav, Slovenská akadémia vied, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jiří Domlatil
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Günter Lochnit
- ‡Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dubravko Rendić
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Georg HINTERKöRNER
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas Hofinger
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- †Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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27
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Salo H, Sievi E, Suntio T, Mecklin M, Mattila P, Renkonen R, Makarow M. Co-expression of two mammalian glycosyltransferases in the yeast cell wall allows synthesis of sLex. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:341-50. [PMID: 15691739 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between selectins and their oligosaccharide-decorated counter-receptors play an important role in the initiation of leukocyte extravasation in inflammation. L-selectin ligands are O-glycosylated with sulphated sialyl Lewis X epitopes (sulpho-sLex). Synthetic sLex oligosaccharides have been shown to inhibit adhesion of lymphocytes to endothelium at sites of inflammation. Thus, they could be used to prevent undesirable inflammatory reactions such as rejection of organ transplants. In vitro synthesis of sLex glycans is dependent on the availability of recombinant glycosyltransferases. Here we expressed the catalytic domain of human alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VII in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. To promote proper folding and secretion competence of this catalytic domain in yeast, it was fused to the Hsp150 delta carrier, which is an N-terminal fragment of a secretory glycoprotein of S. cerevisiae. In both yeasts, the catalytic domain acquired an active conformation and the fusion protein was externalised, but remained mostly attached to the cell wall in a non-covalent fashion. Incubation of intact S. cerevisiae or P. pastoris cells with GDP-[14C]fucose and sialyl-alpha-2,3-N-acetyllactosamine resulted in synthesis of radioactive sLex, which diffused to the medium. Finally, we constructed an S. cerevisiae strain co-expressing the catalytic domains of alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase and alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VII, which were targeted to the cell wall. When these cells were provided with N-acetyllactosamine, CMP-sialic acid and GDP-[14C]fucose, radioactive sLex was produced to the medium. These data imply that yeast cells can provide a self-perpetuating source of fucosyltransferase activity immobilized in the cell wall, useful for the in vitro synthesis of sLex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Salo
- Program in Cellular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00710 Helsinki, Finland.
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Macauley-Patrick S, Fazenda ML, McNeil B, Harvey LM. Heterologous protein production using thePichia pastoris expression system. Yeast 2005; 22:249-70. [PMID: 15704221 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pichia pastoris expression system is being used successfully for the production of various recombinant heterologous proteins. Recent developments with respect to the Pichia expression system have had an impact on not only the expression levels that can be achieved, but also the bioactivity of various heterologous proteins. We review here some of these recent developments, as well as strategies for reducing proteolytic degradation of the expressed recombinant protein at cultivation, cellular and protein levels. The problems associated with post-translational modifications performed on recombinant proteins by P. pastoris are discussed, including the effects on bioactivity and function of these proteins, and some engineering strategies for minimizing unwanted glycosylations. We pay particular attention to the importance of optimizing the physicochemical environment for efficient and maximal recombinant protein production in bioreactors and the role of process control in optimizing protein production is reviewed. Finally, future aspects of the use of the P. pastoris expression system are discussed with regard to the production of complex membrane proteins, such as G protein-coupled receptors, and the industrial and clinical importance of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Macauley-Patrick
- Strathclyde Fermentation Centre, Department of Bioscience, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK.
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Paschinger K, Staudacher E, Stemmer U, Fabini G, Wilson IBH. Fucosyltransferase substrate specificity and the order of fucosylation in invertebrates. Glycobiology 2004; 15:463-74. [PMID: 15604090 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Core alpha1,6-fucosylation is a conserved feature of animal N-linked oligosaccharides being present in both invertebrates and vertebrates. To prove that the enzymatic basis for this modification is also evolutionarily conserved, cDNAs encoding the catalytic regions of the predicted Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster homologs of vertebrate alpha1,6-fucosyltransferases (E.C. 2.4.1.68) were engineered for expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Recombinant forms of both enzymes were found to display core fucosyltransferase activity as shown by a variety of methods. Unsubstituted nonreducing terminal GlcNAc residues appeared to be an obligatory feature of the substrate for the recombinant Caenorhabditis and Drosophila alpha1,6-fucosyltransferases, as well as for native Caenorhabditis and Schistosoma mansoni core alpha1,6-fucosyltransferases. On the other hand, these alpha1,6-fucosyltransferases could not act on N-glycopeptides already carrying core alpha1,3-fucose residues, whereas recombinant Drosophila and native Schistosoma core alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases were able to use core alpha1,6-fucosylated glycans as substrates. Lewis-type fucosylation was observed with native Schistosoma extracts and could take place after core alpha1,3-fucosylation, whereas prior Lewis-type fucosylation precluded the action of the Schistosoma core alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase. Overall, we conclude that the strict order of fucosylation events, previously determined for fucosyltransferases in crude extracts from insect cell lines (core alpha1,6 before core alpha1,3), also applies for recombinant Drosophila core alpha1,3- and alpha1,6-fucosyltransferases as well as for core fucosyltransferases in schistosomal egg extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie der Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Léonard R, Kolarich D, Paschinger K, Altmann F, Wilson IBH. A genetic and structural analysis of the N-glycosylation capabilities. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 55:631-44. [PMID: 15604706 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-1558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent draft sequencing of the rice (Oryza sativa) genome has enabled a genetic analysis of the glycosylation capabilities of an agroeconomically important group of plants, the monocotyledons. In this study, we have not only identified genes putatively encoding enzymes involved in N-glycosylation, but have examined by MALDI-TOF MS the structures of the N-glycans of rice and other monocotyledons (maize, wheat and dates; Zea mays, Triticum aestivum and Phoenix dactylifera); these data show that within the plant kingdom the types of N-glycans found are very similar between monocotyledons, dicotyledons and gymnosperms. Subsequently, we constructed expression vectors for the key enzymes forming plant-typical structures in rice, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-TI; EC 2.4.1.101), core alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucTA; EC 2.4.1.214) and beta1,2-xylosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.38) and successfully expressed them in Pichia pastoris. Rice GlcNAc-TI, FucTA and xylosyltransferase are therefore the first monocotyledon glycosyltransferases involved in N-glycan biosynthesis to be characterised in a recombinant form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Temporini ED, Alvarez ME, Mautino MR, Folco HD, Rosa AL. The Neurospora crassa cfp promoter drives a carbon source-dependent expression of transgenes in filamentous fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:1256-64. [PMID: 15139917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the present study was to determine the potential of promoter sequences from the cfp gene of Neurospora crassa to drive the expression of transgenes in filamentous fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS Northern blot analyses showed that the mRNA levels of cfp were rapidly modified in response to either inducing or repressing culture conditions. The hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (eth-1) genes were fused to a minimal cfp promoter fragment (Pcfp) and used as reporter genes. These constructs were highly expressed in transformant N. crassa strains grown in media containing glucose or sucrose and repressed in media containing ethanol or ethanol plus glucose. A gene fusion of the cfp promoter to the beta-glucuronidase gene (cfp-uidA) showed identical patterns of expression in the heterologous filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the levels of expression of the native cfp gene, as well as reporter genes driven by cfp promoter sequences, can be rapidly modified in response to different carbon sources. These modified levels of expression are maintained by continuous growth in the presence of the corresponding carbon source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We propose that the cfp promoter can be used to control the expression of transgenes in filamentous fungi in a carbon source-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Temporini
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, and Departmento de Química Biológica, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:1227-34. [PMID: 14609010 DOI: 10.1002/yea.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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