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Kalafatakis I, Savvaki M, Velona T, Karagogeos D. Implication of Contactins in Demyelinating Pathologies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010051. [PMID: 33451101 PMCID: PMC7828632 DOI: 10.3390/life11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating pathologies comprise of a variety of conditions where either central or peripheral myelin is attacked, resulting in white matter lesions and neurodegeneration. Myelinated axons are organized into molecularly distinct domains, and this segregation is crucial for their proper function. These defined domains are differentially affected at the different stages of demyelination as well as at the lesion and perilesion sites. Among the main players in myelinated axon organization are proteins of the contactin (CNTN) group of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cell adhesion molecules, namely Contactin-1 and Contactin-2 (CNTN1, CNTN2). The two contactins perform their functions through intermolecular interactions, which are crucial for myelinated axon integrity and functionality. In this review, we focus on the implication of these two molecules as well as their interactors in demyelinating pathologies in humans. At first, we describe the organization and function of myelinated axons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, further analyzing the role of CNTN1 and CNTN2 as well as their interactors in myelination. In the last section, studies showing the correlation of the two contactins with demyelinating pathologies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of these recognition molecules in shaping the function of the nervous system in multiple ways.
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Kawamura Y, Nakaoka H, Nakayama A, Okada Y, Yamamoto K, Higashino T, Sakiyama M, Shimizu T, Ooyama H, Ooyama K, Nagase M, Hidaka Y, Shirahama Y, Hosomichi K, Nishida Y, Shimoshikiryo I, Hishida A, Katsuura-Kamano S, Shimizu S, Kawaguchi M, Uemura H, Ibusuki R, Hara M, Naito M, Takao M, Nakajima M, Iwasawa S, Nakashima H, Ohnaka K, Nakamura T, Stiburkova B, Merriman TR, Nakatochi M, Ichihara S, Yokota M, Takada T, Saitoh T, Kamatani Y, Takahashi A, Arisawa K, Takezaki T, Tanaka K, Wakai K, Kubo M, Hosoya T, Ichida K, Inoue I, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Genome-wide association study revealed novel loci which aggravate asymptomatic hyperuricaemia into gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1430-1437. [PMID: 31289104 PMCID: PMC6788923 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective The first ever genome-wide association study (GWAS) of clinically defined gout cases and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (AHUA) controls was performed to identify novel gout loci that aggravate AHUA into gout. Methods We carried out a GWAS of 945 clinically defined gout cases and 1003 AHUA controls followed by 2 replication studies. In total, 2860 gout cases and 3149 AHUA controls (all Japanese men) were analysed. We also compared the ORs for each locus in the present GWAS (gout vs AHUA) with those in the previous GWAS (gout vs normouricaemia). Results This new approach enabled us to identify two novel gout loci (rs7927466 of CNTN5 and rs9952962 of MIR302F) and one suggestive locus (rs12980365 of ZNF724) at the genome-wide significance level (p<5.0×10–8). The present study also identified the loci of ABCG2, ALDH2 and SLC2A9. One of them, rs671 of ALDH2, was identified as a gout locus by GWAS for the first time. Comparing ORs for each locus in the present versus the previous GWAS revealed three ‘gout vs AHUA GWAS’-specific loci (CNTN5, MIR302F and ZNF724) to be clearly associated with mechanisms of gout development which distinctly differ from the known gout risk loci that basically elevate serum uric acid level. Conclusions This meta-analysis is the first to reveal the loci associated with crystal-induced inflammation, the last step in gout development that aggravates AHUA into gout. Our findings should help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of gout development and assist the prevention of gout attacks in high-risk AHUA individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Medical Squadron, Air Base Group, Western Aircraft Control and Warning Wing, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Shimizu
- Midorigaoka Hospital, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.,Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuko Shirahama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimoshikiryo
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rie Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikiya Takao
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoko Iwasawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keizo Ohnaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Blanka Stiburkova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemisty, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yokota
- Department of Genome Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Inflammation Biology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hosoya
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Chatterjee M, Schild D, Teunissen CE. Contactins in the central nervous system: role in health and disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:206-216. [PMID: 30530999 PMCID: PMC6301169 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a group of cell adhesion molecules that are mainly expressed in the brain and play pivotal roles in the organization of axonal domains, axonal guidance, neuritogenesis, neuronal development, synapse formation and plasticity, axo-glia interactions and neural regeneration. Contactins comprise a family of six members. Their absence leads to malformed axons and impaired nerve conduction. Contactin mediated protein complex formation is critical for the organization of the axon in early central nervous system development. Mutations and differential expression of contactins have been identified in neuro-developmental or neurological disorders. Taken together, contactins are extensively studied in the context of nervous system development. This review summarizes the physiological roles of all six members of the Contactin family in neurodevelopment as well as their involvement in neurological/neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Excellence Cluster 171, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Tan RPA, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Neuronal Development and Synapse Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:378. [PMID: 29249937 PMCID: PMC5715320 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell surface glycoproteins that not only mediate interactions between neurons but also between neurons and other cells in the nervous system. While typical IgSF CAMs are transmembrane molecules, this superfamily also includes CAMs, which do not possess transmembrane and intracellular domains and are instead attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. In this review, we focus on the role GPI-anchored IgSF CAMs have as signal transducers and ligands in neurons, and discuss their functions in regulation of neuronal development, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, learning, and behavior. We also review the links between GPI-anchored IgSF CAMs and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P A Tan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Huang AY, Yu D, Davis LK, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Ramensky V, Zelaya I, Ramos EM, Osiecki L, Chen JA, McGrath LM, Illmann C, Sandor P, Barr CL, Grados M, Singer HS, Nöthen MM, Hebebrand J, King RA, Dion Y, Rouleau G, Budman CL, Depienne C, Worbe Y, Hartmann A, Müller-Vahl KR, Stuhrmann M, Aschauer H, Stamenkovic M, Schloegelhofer M, Konstantinidis A, Lyon GJ, McMahon WM, Barta C, Tarnok Z, Nagy P, Batterson JR, Rizzo R, Cath DC, Wolanczyk T, Berlin C, Malaty IA, Okun MS, Woods DW, Rees E, Pato CN, Pato MT, Knowles JA, Posthuma D, Pauls DL, Cox NJ, Neale BM, Freimer NB, Paschou P, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Coppola G. Rare Copy Number Variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 Increase Risk for Tourette Syndrome. Neuron 2017; 94:1101-1111.e7. [PMID: 28641109 PMCID: PMC5568251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a model neuropsychiatric disorder thought to arise from abnormal development and/or maintenance of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. TS is highly heritable, but its underlying genetic causes are still elusive, and no genome-wide significant loci have been discovered to date. We analyzed a European ancestry sample of 2,434 TS cases and 4,093 ancestry-matched controls for rare (< 1% frequency) copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarray data. We observed an enrichment of global CNV burden that was prominent for large (> 1 Mb), singleton events (OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.39-3.79], p = 1.2 × 10-3) and known, pathogenic CNVs (OR = 3.03 [1.85-5.07], p = 1.5 × 10-5). We also identified two individual, genome-wide significant loci, each conferring a substantial increase in TS risk (NRXN1 deletions, OR = 20.3, 95% CI [2.6-156.2]; CNTN6 duplications, OR = 10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4]). Approximately 1% of TS cases carry one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden Y Huang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Institusky 9, Moscow 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Ivette Zelaya
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paul Sandor
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network and Youthdale Treatment Centres, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marco Grados
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Harvey S Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert A King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yves Dion
- University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cathy L Budman
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Christel Depienne
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Kirsten R Müller-Vahl
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Stuhrmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Aschauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Biopsychosocial Corporation, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mara Stamenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schloegelhofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasios Konstantinidis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Mental Health Muldenstrasse, BBRZMed, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - William M McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, 1021 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, 1021 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Renata Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen & Drenthe Mental Health Center, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Wolanczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cheston Berlin
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Douglas W Woods
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
| | - Carlos N Pato
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David L Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Kleijer KTE, van Nieuwenhuize D, Spierenburg HA, Gregorio-Jordan S, Kas MJH, Burbach JPH. Structural abnormalities in the primary somatosensory cortex and a normal behavioral profile in Contactin-5 deficient mice. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:5-18. [PMID: 28346043 PMCID: PMC5810773 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1288788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactin-5 (Cntn5) is an immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule that is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system. In view of its association with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this study focused on Cntn5-positive areas in the forebrain and aimed to explore the morphological and behavioral phenotypes of the Cntn5 null mutant (Cntn5−/−) mouse in relation to these areas and ASD symptomatology. A newly generated antibody enabled us to elaborately describe the spatial expression pattern of Cntn5 in P7 wild type (Cntn5+/+) mice. The Cntn5 expression pattern included strong expression in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and mammillary bodies in addition to described previously brain nuclei of the auditory pathway and the dorsal thalamus. Thinning of the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex was found in Cntn5−/− mice and ascribed to a misplacement of Cntn5-ablated cells. This phenotype was accompanied by a reduction in the barrel/septa ratio of the S1 barrel field. The structure and morphology of the hippocampus was intact in Cntn5−/− mice. A set of behavioral experiments including social, exploratory and repetitive behaviors showed that these were unaffected in Cntn5−/− mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate a selective role of Cntn5 in development of the cerebral cortex without overt behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel T E Kleijer
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Denise van Nieuwenhuize
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Spierenburg
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Sara Gregorio-Jordan
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- a Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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Anatomy and Cell Biology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lessons from Human Genetics. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 224:1-25. [PMID: 28551748 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was regarded as a neurodevelopmental condition with unknown causes and pathogenesis. In the footsteps of the revolution of genome technologies and genetics, and with its high degree of heritability, ASD became the first neuropsychiatric disorder for which clues towards molecular and cellular pathogenesis were uncovered by genetic identification of susceptibility genes. Currently several hundreds of risk genes have been assigned, with a recurrence below 1% in the ASD population. The multitude and diversity of known ASD genes has extended the clinical notion that ASD comprises very heterogeneous conditions ranging from severe intellectual disabilities to mild high-functioning forms. The results of genetics have allowed to pinpoint a limited number of cellular and molecular processes likely involved in ASD including protein synthesis, signal transduction, transcription/chromatin remodelling and synaptic function all playing an essential role in the regulation of synaptic homeostasis during brain development. In this context, we highlight the role of protein synthesis as a key process in ASD pathogenesis as it might be central in synaptic deregulation and a potential target for intervention. These current insights should lead to a rational design of interventions in molecular and cellular pathways of ASD pathogenesis that may be applied to affected individuals in the future.
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Gennarini G, Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Puzzo D, Corsi P, Furley AJW. The role of Gpi-anchored axonal glycoproteins in neural development and neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:49-63. [PMID: 27871938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the Contactin (CNTN) subset of the Immunoglobulin supergene family (IgC2/FNIII molecules), whose components share structural properties (the association of Immunoglobulin type C2 with Fibronectin type III domains), as well as a general role in cell contact formation and axonal growth control. IgC2/FNIII molecules include 6 highly related components (CNTN 1-6), associated with the cell membrane via a Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-containing lipid tail. Contactin 1 and Contactin 2 share ~50 (49.38)% identity at the aminoacid level. They are components of the cell surface, from which they may be released in soluble forms. They bind heterophilically to multiple partners in cis and in trans, including members of the related L1CAM family and of the Neurexin family Contactin-associated proteins (CNTNAPs or Casprs). Such interactions are important for organising the neuronal membrane, as well as for modulating the growth and pathfinding of axon tracts. In addition, they also mediate the functional maturation of axons by promoting their interactions with myelinating cells at the nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions. Such interactions also mediate differential ionic channels (both Na+ and K+) distribution, which is of critical relevance in the generation of the peak-shaped action potential. Indeed, thanks to their interactions with Ankyrin G, Na+ channels map within the nodal regions, where they drive axonal depolarization. However, no ionic channels are found in the flanking Contactin1-containing paranodal regions, where CNTN1 interactions with Caspr1 and with the Ig superfamily component Neurofascin 155 in cis and in trans, respectively, build a molecular barrier between the node and the juxtaparanode. In this region K+ channels are clustered, depending upon molecular interactions with Contactin 2 and with Caspr2. In addition to these functions, the Contactins appear to have also a role in degenerative and inflammatory disorders: indeed Contactin 2 is involved in neurodegenerative disorders with a special reference to the Alzheimer disease, given its ability to work as a ligand of the Alzheimer Precursor Protein (APP), which results in increased Alzheimer Intracellular Domain (AICD) release in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. On the other hand Contactin 1 drives Notch signalling activation via the Hes pathway, which could be consistent with its ability to modulate neuroinflammation events, and with the possibility that Contactin 1-dependent interactions may participate to the pathogenesis of the Multiple Sclerosis and of other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
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Contactin-5 expression during development and wiring of the thalamocortical system. Neuroscience 2015; 310:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ashrafi S, Betley JN, Comer JD, Brenner-Morton S, Bar V, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Peles E, Jessell TM, Kaltschmidt JA. Neuronal Ig/Caspr recognition promotes the formation of axoaxonic synapses in mouse spinal cord. Neuron 2014; 81:120-9. [PMID: 24411736 PMCID: PMC3898991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory microcircuits are wired with a precision that underlies their complex regulatory roles in neural information processing. In the spinal cord, one specialized class of GABAergic interneurons (GABApre) mediates presynaptic inhibitory control of sensory-motor synapses. The synaptic targeting of these GABAergic neurons exhibits an absolute dependence on proprioceptive sensory terminals, yet the molecular underpinnings of this specialized axoaxonic organization remain unclear. Here, we show that sensory expression of an NB2 (Contactin5)/Caspr4 coreceptor complex, together with spinal interneuron expression of NrCAM/CHL1, directs the high-density accumulation of GABAergic boutons on sensory terminals. Moreover, genetic elimination of NB2 results in a disproportionate stripping of inhibitory boutons from high-density GABApre-sensory synapses, suggesting that the preterminal axons of GABApre neurons compete for access to individual sensory terminals. Our findings define a recognition complex that contributes to the assembly and organization of a specialized GABAergic microcircuit. Sensory Ig/Caspr4 complex directs inhibitory synapse formation in mouse spinal cord Eliminating NB2 results in a reduced number of GABApre-sensory synapses Quantitative modeling suggests competition for formation of axoaxonic synapses Role for a contactin/Caspr complex in central synapse formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Ashrafi
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Departments of Neuroscience, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John D Comer
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Brenner-Morton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Departments of Neuroscience, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vered Bar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomiokamachi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kazutada Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomiokamachi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan; Nagaoka National College of Technology, 888, Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas M Jessell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Departments of Neuroscience, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Julia A Kaltschmidt
- Neuroscience Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Zuko A, Kleijer KTE, Oguro-Ando A, Kas MJH, van Daalen E, van der Zwaag B, Burbach JPH. Contactins in the neurobiology of autism. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:63-74. [PMID: 23872404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a disease of brain plasticity. Inspiring work of Willem Hendrik Gispen on neuronal plasticity has stimulated us to investigate gene defects in autism and the consequences for brain development. The central process in the pathogenesis of autism is local dendritic mRNA translation which is dependent on axodendritic communication. Hence, most autism-related gene products (i) are part of the protein synthesis machinery itself, (ii) are components of the mTOR signal transduction pathway, or (iii) shape synaptic activity and plasticity. Accordingly, prototype drugs have been recognized that interfere with these pathways. The contactin (CNTN) family of Ig cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) harbours at least three members that have genetically been implicated in autism: CNTN4, CNTN5, and CNTN6. In this chapter we review the genetic and neurobiological data underpinning their role in normal and abnormal development of brain systems, and the consequences for behavior. Although data on each of these CNTNs are far from complete, we tentatively conclude that these three contactins play roles in brain development in a critical phase of establishing brain systems and their plasticity. They modulate neuronal activities, such as neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, survival, guidance of projections and terminal branching of axons in forming neural circuits. Current research on these CNTNs concentrate on the neurobiological mechanism of their developmental functions. A future task will be to establish if proposed pharmacological strategies to counteract ASD-related symptomes can also be applied to reversal of phenotypes caused by genetic defects in these CNTN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Zuko
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel T E Kleijer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van Daalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mercati O, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Bellinzoni M, Gouder L, Watanabe K, Shimoda Y, Grailhe R, De Chaumont F, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites. Biol Open 2013; 2:324-34. [PMID: 23519440 PMCID: PMC3603414 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell-adhesion molecules contactin 4, contactin 5 and contactin 6 are involved in brain development, and disruptions in contactin genes may confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We describe a co-culture of rat cortical neurons and HEK293 cells overexpressing and delivering the secreted forms of rat contactin 4-6. We quantified their effects on the length and branching of neurites. Contactin 4-6 effects were different depending on the contactin member and duration of co-culture. At 4 days in culture, contactin 4 and -6 increased the length of neurites, while contactin 5 increased the number of roots. Up to 8 days in culture, contactin 6 progressively increased the length of neurites while contactin 5 was more efficient on neurite branching. We studied the molecular sites of interaction between human contactin 4, -5 or -6 and the human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a contactin partner, by modeling their 3D structures. As compared to contactin 4, we observed differences in the Ig2 and Ig3 domains of contactin 5 and -6 with the appearance of an omega loop that could adopt three distinct conformations. However, interactive residues between human contactin 4-6 and PTPRG were strictly conserved. We did not observe any differences in PTPRG binding on contactin 5 and -6 either. Our data suggest that the differential contactin effects on neurite outgrowth do not result from distinct interactions with PTPRG. A better understanding of the contactin cellular properties should help elucidate their roles in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions , 75013 Paris , France
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13
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Expanding the Ig superfamily code for laminar specificity in retina: expression and role of contactins. J Neurosci 2013; 32:14402-14. [PMID: 23055510 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3193-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar, amacrine, and retinal ganglion cells elaborate arbors and form synapses within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the vertebrate retina. Specific subsets of these neuronal types synapse in one or a few of the ≥10 sublaminae of the IPL. Four closely related Ig superfamily transmembrane adhesion molecules--Sidekick1 (Sdk1), Sdk2, Dscam, and DscamL--are expressed by non-overlapping subsets of chick retinal neurons and promote their lamina-specific arborization (Yamagata and Sanes, 2008). Here, we asked whether contactins (Cntns), six homologs of Sdks and Dscams, are expressed by and play roles in other subsets. In situ hybridization showed that cntn1-5 were differentially expressed by subsets of amacrine cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that each Cntn protein was concentrated in a subset of IPL sublaminae. To assess roles of Cntns in retinal development, we focused on Cntn2. Depletion of Cntn2 by RNA interference markedly reduced the ability of Cntn2-positive cells to restrict their arbors to appropriate sublaminae. Conversely, ectopic expression of cntn2 redirected neurites of transduced neurons to the Cntn2-positive sublaminae. Thus, both loss- and gain-of-function strategies implicate Cntn2 in lamina-specific neurite targeting. Studies in heterologous cells showed that Cntn2 mediates homophilic adhesion, but does not bind detectably to Sdks, Dscams, or other Cntns. Overexpression analysis showed that Cntns1 and 3 can also redirect neurites to appropriate sublaminae. We propose that Cntns, Sdks, and Dscams comprise an Ig superfamily code that uses homophilic interactions to promote lamina-specific targeting of retinal dendrites in IPL.
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Huang Z, Yu Y, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Liu Y. Loss of neural recognition molecule NB-3 delays the normal projection and terminal branching of developing corticospinal tract axons in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1227-45. [PMID: 21935948 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural recognition molecule NB-3 is involved in neural development and synapse formation. However, its role in axon tract formation is unclear. In this study, we found that the temporal expression of NB-3 in the deep layers of the motor cortex in mice was coincident with the development of the corticospinal tract (CST). Clear NB-3 immunoreactivity in the CST trajectory strongly suggested that NB-3 was expressed specifically in projecting CST axons. By tracing CST axons in NB-3−/− mice at different developmental stages, we found that these axons were capable of projecting and forming a normal trajectory. However, the projection was greatly delayed in NB-3−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice from the embryonic to postnatal stages, a period that is coincident with the completion of the CST projection in mice. Subsequently, although their projection was delayed, CST axons in NB-3−/− mice gradually completed a normal projection. By stage P21, the characteristics of CST projections in NB-3−/− mice were not statistically different from those in WT mice. In addition, we found that the branching of CST axons into spinal gray matter also was delayed in NB-3−/− mice. The CST innervation area in the spinal gray matter of NB-3−/− mice was greatly reduced in comparison with WT mice until P30 and gradually became normal by P45. These data suggest that NB-3 is involved in the normal projection and terminal branching of developing CST axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Umiċeviċ Mirkov M, Cui J, Vermeulen SH, Stahl EA, Toonen EJM, Makkinje RR, Lee AT, Huizinga TWJ, Allaart R, Barton A, Mariette X, Miceli CR, Criswell LA, Tak PP, de Vries N, Saevarsdottir S, Padyukov L, Bridges SL, van Schaardenburg DJ, Jansen TL, Dutmer EAJ, van de Laar MAFJ, Barrera P, Radstake TRDJ, van Riel PLCM, Scheffer H, Franke B, Brunner HG, Plenge RM, Gregersen PK, Guchelaar HJ, Coenen MJH. Genome-wide association analysis of anti-TNF drug response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1375-81. [PMID: 23233654 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment strategies blocking tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a significant subset of patients does not respond for unknown reasons. Currently, there are no means of identifying these patients before treatment. This study was aimed at identifying genetic factors predicting anti-TNF treatment outcome in patients with RA using a genome-wide association approach. METHODS We conducted a multistage, genome-wide association study with a primary analysis of 2 557 253 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 882 patients with RA receiving anti-TNF therapy included through the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) registry and the database of Apotheekzorg. Linear regression analysis of changes in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints after 14 weeks of treatment was performed using an additive model. Markers with p<10(-3) were selected for replication in 1821 patients from three independent cohorts. Pathway analysis including all SNPs with p<10(-3) was performed using Ingenuity. RESULTS 772 markers showed evidence of association with treatment outcome in the initial stage. Eight genetic loci showed improved p value in the overall meta-analysis compared with the first stage, three of which (rs1568885, rs1813443 and rs4411591) showed directional consistency over all four cohorts studied. We were unable to replicate markers previously reported to be associated with anti-TNF outcome. Network analysis indicated strong involvement of biological processes underlying inflammatory response and cell morphology. CONCLUSIONS Using a multistage strategy, we have identified eight genetic loci associated with response to anti-TNF treatment. Further studies are required to validate these findings in additional patient collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Umiċeviċ Mirkov
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Huang X, Sun J, Zhao T, Wu KW, Watanabe K, Xiao ZC, Zhu LL, Fan M. Loss of NB-3 aggravates cerebral ischemia by impairing neuron survival and neurite growth. Stroke 2011; 42:2910-6. [PMID: 21817151 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.609560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NB-3 is a member of the F3/contactin family of neural recognition molecules, which are crucial for cell morphogenesis and motility. NB-3 is expressed in neurons and plays an important role in axonal extension and neuronal survival. However, the role of NB-3 in cerebral ischemic injury remains unknown. METHODS Adult male wild-type and NB-3 knockout mice were subjected to ischemic injury by unilateral middle cerebral carotid artery occlusion for 3 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours. Ischemic infarction volumes were then determined by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Neurological dysfunction analysis was also performed. Primary culture of neuronal cells from wild-type and knockout animals was also used for analysis of neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. RESULTS NB-3 expression in the ischemic hemisphere was decreased after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). NB-3-knockout mice developed a 2.6-fold larger infarct volume and exhibited increased neurological deficit scores after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with control mice. Substrate with NB-3 promoted neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth in vitro, whereas neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival were significantly reduced in NB-3-deficient neurons. In addition, NB-3 deficiency renders neurons more susceptible to oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage and NB-3 as substrate could partially through homophilic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that NB-3 deficiency may aggravate brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion by impairing neuronal survival and neurite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Ye H, Zhao T, Tan YLJ, Liu J, Pallen CJ, Xiao ZC. Receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α enhances cell surface expression of neural adhesion molecule NB-3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26071-80. [PMID: 21622556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural adhesion molecule NB-3 plays an important role in the apical dendrite development of layer V pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex, and receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) mediates NB-3 signaling in this process. Here we investigated the role of PTPα in regulating cell surface expression of NB-3. We found that cortical neurons from PTPα knock-out mice exhibited a lower level of NB-3 at the cell surface. When expressed in COS1 cells, NB-3 was enriched in the Golgi apparatus with a low level of cell surface expression. However, co-expression of PTPα increased the cell surface distribution of NB-3. Further analysis showed that PTPα facilitated Golgi exit of NB-3 and stabilized NB-3 protein at the cell surface by preventing its release from the plasma membrane. The extracellular region of PTPα but not its catalytic activity is necessary for its effect on NB-3 expression. Thus, the PTPα-mediated increase of NB-3 level at the cell surface represents a novel function of PTPα in NB-3 signaling in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Nanomechanics of Ig-like domains of human contactin (BIG-2). J Mol Model 2011; 17:2313-23. [PMID: 21445711 PMCID: PMC3168757 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Contactins are modular extracellular cell matrix proteins that are present in the brain, and they are responsible for the proper development and functioning of neurons. They contain six immunoglobulin-like IgC2 domains and four fibronectin type III repeats. The interactions of contactin with other proteins are poorly understood. The mechanical properties of all IgC2 domains of human contactin 4 were studied using a steered molecular dynamics approach and CHARMM force field with an explicit TIP3P water environment on a 10-ns timescale. Force spectra of all domains were determined computationally and the nanomechanical unfolding process is described. The domains show different mechanical stabilities. The calculated maxima of the unfolding force are in the range of 900–1700 pN at a loading rate of 7 N/s. Our data indicate that critical regions of IgC2 domains 2 and 3, which are responsible for interactions with tyrosine phosphatases and are important in nervous system development, are affected by even weak mechanical stretching. Thus, tensions present in the cell may modulate cellular activities related to contactin function. The present data should facilitate the interpretation of atomic force microscope single-molecule spectra of numerous proteins with similar IgC2 motives. The general fold of IgC2 domains of contactin 4 protein. Vectors show directions of pulling forces applied in mechanical unfolding computer experiments. ![]()
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Synaptic formation in subsets of glutamatergic terminals in the mouse hippocampal formation is affected by a deficiency in the neural cell recognition molecule NB-3. Neurosci Lett 2010; 473:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sakurai K, Toyoshima M, Ueda H, Matsubara K, Takeda Y, Karagogeos D, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K. Contribution of the neural cell recognition molecule NB-3 to synapse formation between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells in mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:811-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Oiso S, Takeda Y, Futagawa T, Miura T, Kuchiiwa S, Nishida K, Ikeda R, Kariyazono H, Watanabe K, Yamada K. Contactin-associated protein (Caspr) 2 interacts with carboxypeptidase E in the CNS. J Neurochem 2009; 109:158-67. [PMID: 19166515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify proteins interacting with the intracellular domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule contactin-associated protein 2 (Caspr2), yeast two-hybrid screening was performed. We identified carboxypeptidase E (CPE) as a Caspr2-interacting candidate protein. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that Caspr2 was associated with CPE in vitro and in vivo. Both Caspr2 and CPE were expressed predominantly in the CNS. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both Caspr2- and CPE-like immunoreactivities were found to co-localize in the apical dendrites and cell bodies of rat cortical neurons. In subcellular localization analysis, Caspr2- and CPE-like immunoreactivities were co-migrated in the fractions of Golgi/ER. Additionally, in COS-7 cells co-transfected with CPE and Caspr2 cDNAs, Caspr2- and CPE-immunoreactivities were co-localized in both Golgi and membrane, whereas it was only observed in Golgi of either COS-7 cell transfected with CPE or Caspr2 cDNA alone. It is known that the membrane-bound form of CPE functions as a sorting receptor of prohormones in the trans-Golgi network. Taken together, our data suggest that CPE may be a key molecule to regulate Caspr2 trafficking to the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Oiso
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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22
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Shimoda Y, Watanabe K. Contactins: emerging key roles in the development and function of the nervous system. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:64-70. [PMID: 19262165 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a subgroup of molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that are expressed exclusively in the nervous system. The subgroup consists of six members: contactin, TAG-1, BIG-1, BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3. Since their identification in the late 1980s, contactin and TAG-1 have been studied extensively. Axonal expression and the neurite extension activity of contactin and TAG-1 attracted researchers to study the function of these molecules in axon guidance during development. After the exciting discovery of the molecular function of contactin and TAG-1 in myelination earlier this decade, these two molecules have come to be known as the principal molecules in the function and maintenance of myelinated neurons. In contrast, the function of the other four members of this subgroup remained unknown until recently. Here, we will give an overview of contactin function, including recent progress on BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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23
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Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Gennarini G. The mouse F3/contactin glycoprotein: structural features, functional properties and developmental significance of its regulated expression. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:53-63. [PMID: 19372728 PMCID: PMC2675150 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
F3/Contactin is an immunoglobulin superfamily component expressed in the nervous tissue of several species. Here we focus on the structural and functional properties of its mouse relative, on the mechanisms driving its regulated expression and on its developmental role. F3/Contactin is differentially expressed in distinct populations of central and peripheral neurons and in some non-neuronal cells. Accordingly, the regulatory region of the underlying gene includes promoter elements undergoing differential activation, associated with an intricate splicing profile, indicating that transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms contribute to its expression. Transgenic models allowed to follow F3/Contactin promoter activation in vivo and to modify F3/Contactin gene expression under a heterologous promoter, which resulted in morphological and functional phenotypes. Besides axonal growth and pathfinding, these concerned earlier events, including precursor proliferation and commitment. This wide role in neural ontogenesis is consistent with the recognized interaction of F3/Contactin with developmental control genes belonging to the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Osterfield M, Egelund R, Young LM, Flanagan JG. Interaction of amyloid precursor protein with contactins and NgCAM in the retinotectal system. Development 2008; 135:1189-99. [PMID: 18272596 DOI: 10.1242/dev.007401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease, but its actions in normal development are not well understood. Here, a tagged APP ectodomain was used to identify extracellular binding partners in developing chick brain. Prominent binding sites were seen in the olfactory bulb and on retinal axons growing into the optic tectum. Co-precipitation from these tissues and tandem mass spectrometry led to the identification of two associated proteins: contactin 4 and NgCAM. In vitro binding studies revealed direct interactions among multiple members of the APP and contactin protein families. Levels of the APP processing fragment, CTFalpha, were modulated by both contactin 4 and NgCAM. In the developing retinotectal system, APP, contactin 4 and NgCAM are expressed in the retina and tectum in suitable locations to interact. Functional assays revealed regulatory effects of both APP and contactin 4 on NgCAM-dependent growth of cultured retinal axons, demonstrating specific functional interactions among these proteins. These studies identify novel binding and functional interactions among proteins of the APP, contactin and L1CAM families, with general implications for mechanisms of APP action in neural development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Osterfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Hu QD, Ma QH, Gennarini G, Xiao ZC. Cross-talk between F3/contactin and Notch at axoglial interface: a role in oligodendrocyte development. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:25-33. [PMID: 16508301 DOI: 10.1159/000090750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the Notch signalling pathway regulates oligodendrogliogenesis. Upon binding to classical Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 ligands, Notch signalling promotes generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells while inhibiting their further differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In our recent studies, we have found that two neural cell adhesion molecules, F3/contactin and NB-3 interact with Notch receptors and promote oligodendrocyte development. Remarkably, all these F3 and NB-3/Notch cascade-related events required Deltex1 as the intermediate element. Experiments using several animal models further imply the function of F3/Notch signalling in vivo, which designates Notch signalling as a ligand-dependent, multipotential cascade involved in oligodendrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Dong Hu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, and Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari, Italy
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26
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Haenisch C, Diekmann H, Klinger M, Gennarini G, Kuwada JY, Stuermer CAO. The neuronal growth and regeneration associated Cntn1 (F3/F11/Contactin) gene is duplicated in fish: expression during development and retinal axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:361-74. [PMID: 15691716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cntn1 (Contactin/F3/F11) cell adhesion molecule is involved in axon growth and guidance, fasciculation, synapse formation, and myelination in birds and mammals. We identified Cntn1 genes in goldfish, zebrafish, and fugu, and provide evidence for a fish-specific duplication leading to Cntn1a and Cntn1b. Our analyses suggest a subfunctionalization for the Cntn1 paralogs in zebrafish compared to other vertebrates which have a single Cntn1 gene. Similar to Cntn1a, Cntn1b transcripts are found in subsets of sensory and motor neurons. However, Cntn1b is detected later and more restricted than Cntn1a. This spatio-temporal expression pattern of the two zebrafish Cntn1 paralogs suggests functions related to those of mammalian Cntn1. In adult goldfish, Cntn1b is expressed in oligodendrocytes and is upregulated in retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection, which is consistent with an additional role during regeneration.
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27
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Brendel C, Kuklick L, Hartmann O, Kim TD, Boudriot U, Schwell D, Neubauer A. Distinct gene expression profile of human mesenchymal stem cells in comparison to skin fibroblasts employing cDNA microarray analysis of 9600 genes. Gene Expr 2005; 12:245-57. [PMID: 16355723 PMCID: PMC6009126 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783992043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broad differentiation capacity has been described for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from human bone marrow. We sought to identify genes associated with the immature state and pluripotency of this cell type. To prove the pluripotent state of the MSC, differentiation into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes was performed in vitro. In contrast, normal skin cells did not harbor these differentiation abilities. We compared the expression profile of human bone marrow MSC with cDNA from one primary human skin cell line as control, using a cDNA chip providing 9600 genes. The identity of all relevant genes was confirmed by direct sequencing. Data of gene array expression were corroborated employing quantitative PCR analysis. About 80 genes were differently expressed more than threefold in MSC compared to mature skin fibroblasts. Interestingly, primary human MSC were found to upregulate a number of genes important for embryogenesis such as distal-less homeo box 5, Eyes absent homolog 2, inhibitor of DNA binding 3, and LIM protein. In contrast, mesenchymal lineage genes were downregulated in MSC in comparison to skin cells. We also detected expression of some genes involved in neural development, indicating the broad differentiation capabilities of MSC. We conclude that human mesenchymal stem cells harbor an expression profile distinct from mature skin fibroblast, and genes associated with developmental processes and stem cell function are highly expressed in adult mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Brendel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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28
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Faivre-Sarrailh C, Banerjee S, Li J, Hortsch M, Laval M, Bhat MA. Drosophila contactin, a homolog of vertebrate contactin, is required for septate junction organization and paracellular barrier function. Development 2004; 131:4931-42. [PMID: 15459097 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Septate junctions (SJs) in epithelial and neuronal cells play an important role in the formation and maintenance of charge and size selective barriers. They form the basis for the ensheathment of nerve fibers in Drosophila and for the attachment of myelin loops to axonal surface in vertebrates. The cell-adhesion molecules NRX IV/Caspr/Paranodin (NCP1),contactin and Neurofascin-155 (NF-155) are all present at the vertebrate axo-glial SJs. Mutational analyses have shown that vertebrate NCP1 and its Drosophila homolog, Neurexin IV (NRX IV) are required for the formation of SJs. In this study, we report the genetic, molecular and biochemical characterization of the Drosophila homolog of vertebrate contactin, CONT. Ultrastructural and dye-exclusion analyses of Contmutant embryos show that CONT is required for organization of SJs and paracellular barrier function. We show that CONT, Neuroglian (NRG)(Drosophila homolog of NF-155) and NRX IV are interdependent for their SJ localization and these proteins form a tripartite complex. Hence, our data provide evidence that the organization of SJs is dependent on the interactions between these highly conserved cell-adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, UMR 6184 CNRS, Institut Jean-Roche, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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29
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Fernandez T, Morgan T, Davis N, Klin A, Morris A, Farhi A, Lifton RP, State MW. Disruption of contactin 4 (CNTN4) results in developmental delay and other features of 3p deletion syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1286-93. [PMID: 15106122 PMCID: PMC1182094 DOI: 10.1086/421474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
3p deletion syndrome is a rare contiguous-gene disorder involving the loss of the telomeric portion of the short arm of chromosome 3 and characterized by developmental delay, growth retardation, and dysmorphic features. All reported cases have involved, at a minimum, the deletion of chromosome 3 telomeric to the band 3p25.3. Despite the presence of several genes in this region that are involved in neural development, a causative relationship between a particular transcript and the observed clinical manifestations has remained elusive. We have identified a child with characteristic physical features of 3p deletion syndrome and both verbal and nonverbal developmental delay who carries a de novo balanced translocation involving chromosomes 3 and 10. Fine mapping of this rearrangement demonstrates that the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 3 falls within the recently identified minimal candidate region for 3p deletion syndrome and disrupts the Contactin 4 (CNTN4) mRNA transcript at 3p26.2-3p26.3. This transcript (also known as BIG-2) is a member of the immunoglobulin super family of neuronal cell adhesion molecules involved in axon growth, guidance, and fasciculation in the central nervous system (CNS). Our results demonstrate the association of CNTN4 disruption with the 3p deletion syndrome phenotype and strongly suggest a causal relationship. These findings point to an important role for CNTN4 in normal and abnormal CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Cui XY, Hu QD, Tekaya M, Shimoda Y, Ang BT, Nie DY, Sun L, Hu WP, Karsak M, Duka T, Takeda Y, Ou LY, Dawe GS, Yu FG, Ahmed S, Jin LH, Schachner M, Watanabe K, Arsenijevic Y, Xiao ZC. NB-3/Notch1 pathway via Deltex1 promotes neural progenitor cell differentiation into oligodendrocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25858-65. [PMID: 15082708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313505200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia in the vertebrate central nervous system arise in temporally distinct, albeit overlapping, phases. Neurons are generated first followed by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from common progenitor cells. Increasing evidence indicates that axon-derived signals spatiotemporally modulate oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin formation. Our previous observations demonstrate that F3/contactin is a functional ligand of Notch during oligodendrocyte maturation, revealing the existence of another group of Notch ligands. Here, we establish that NB-3, a member of the F3/contactin family, acts as a novel Notch ligand to participate in oligodendrocyte generation. NB-3 triggers nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain and promotes oligodendrogliogenesis from progenitor cells and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via Deltex1. In primary oligodendrocytes, NB-3 increases myelin-associated glycoprotein transcripts. Thus, the NB-3/Notch signaling pathway may prove to be a molecular handle to treat demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Cui
- Department of Clinical Research and Group of Stem Cell Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608
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31
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Denaxa M, Pavlou O, Tsiotra P, Papadopoulos GC, Liapaki K, Theodorakis K, Papadaki C, Karagogeos D, Papamatheakis J. The upstream regulatory region of the gene for the human homologue of the adhesion molecule TAG-1 contains elements driving neural specific expression in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 118:91-101. [PMID: 14559358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) exhibit restricted spatial and temporal expression profiles requiring a tight regulatory program during development. The rodent glycoprotein TAG-1 and its orthologs TAX-1 in the human and axonin-1 in chick are cell adhesion molecules belonging to the contactin/F3 subgroup of the IgSF. TAG-1 is expressed in restricted subsets of central and peripheral neurons, not only during development but also in adulthood, and is implicated in neurite outgrowth, axon guidance and fasciculation, as well as neuronal migration. In an attempt to identify the regulatory elements that guide the neuronal expression of TAG-1, we have isolated genomic clones containing 4 kb of the TAX-1 upstream sequence and used them to drive the expression of the LacZ reporter gene in transgenic mice. We demonstrate that this sequence includes elements not only sufficient to restrict expression to the nervous system, but also to recapitulate to a great extent the endogenous pattern of the TAG-1 expression in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Denaxa
- Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PO Box 1527, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 711 10, Crete, Greece
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32
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Takeda Y, Akasaka K, Lee S, Kobayashi S, Kawano H, Murayama S, Takahashi N, Hashimoto K, Kano M, Asano M, Sudo K, Iwakura Y, Watanabe K. Impaired motor coordination in mice lacking neural recognition molecule NB-3 of the contactin/F3 subgroup. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 56:252-65. [PMID: 12884264 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The neural recognition molecule NB-3, which belongs to the contactin subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed exclusively in the nervous system and mainly upregulated at the early postnatal stage during mouse brain development. The expression of NB-3 in the cerebellum increases until adulthood. In contrast, the expression in the cerebrum declines to a low level after postnatal day 7. To characterize the functional roles of NB-3 in vivo, we generated NB-3-deficient mice by substituting a part of the NB-3 gene with the beta-galactosidase (Lac Z) gene. Complete overlap of the Lac Z expression in the heterozygous mouse brain with the NB-3 immunostaining pattern in the rat cerebellum and with the previously reported pattern of in situ hybridization of NB-3 transcripts indicated that Lac Z expression reflects the expression of NB-3 in the mouse brain. NB-3-deficient mice were viable and fertile. The formation and organization of all nuclei and layers throughout the brains of mutant mice appeared normal. Behavioral tests to examine motor function showed that the mice deficient for NB-3 were slow to learn to stay on the rotating rod in the rotorod test during repeated trials, and that they displayed dysfunction of equilibrium and vestibular senses in the wire hang and horizontal rod-walking tests. In contrast, the mutant mice showed no difference of grasp force from the wild-type mice. Thus, NB-3-deficient mice are impaired in motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takeda
- Department of Cell Recognition, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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33
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Man K, Lo CM, Lee TKW, Li XL, Ng IOL, Fan ST. Intragraft gene expression profiles by cDNA microarray in small-for-size liver grafts. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:425-32. [PMID: 12682897 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2003.50066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism of small-for-size graft injury through large-scale expression measurement of intragraft gene profile by carrier DNA (cDNA) microarray screening in liver transplantation. The studies compared 1,081 intragraft genes expression profiles using cDNA microarray of small-for-size grafts (<30% of recipient liver weight) with those of whole grafts (control group) 1, 3, and 24 hours after reperfusion in a rat liver transplantation model. Intragraft gene expression was detected by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hepatic ultrastructural features were shown by electron microscopy. In the small-for-size grafts, by cDNA microarray study, the vasoconstriction genes were found up-regulated together with adhesion molecules at 1 hour after reperfusion. Three and 24 hours after reperfusion, the vasopressin genes were found up-regulated together with adhesion molecules, inflammatory mediators and cell death signals, accompanied with down-regulation of the genes related to energy metabolism. By quantitative RT-PCR, intragraft messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-1 receptor A (ETA) was up-regulated during the first 24 hours after reperfusion accompanied with down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The intragraft mRNA and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) also were overexpressed during the first 24 hours after reperfusion. Sinusoidal congestion and disruption were found accompanied with mitochondrial swelling during the first 24 hours after reperfusion. The up-regulation of intragraft vasoconstriction genes accompanied by early overexpression of adhesion molecules and apoptotic signals, as well as down-regulation of HO-1 in small-for-size grafts may be related to sinusoidal injury leading to graft damage in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Man
- Centre for the Study of Liver Disease, The University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, China
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34
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Li H, Takeda Y, Niki H, Ogawa J, Kobayashi S, Kai N, Akasaka K, Asano M, Sudo K, Iwakura Y, Watanabe K. Aberrant responses to acoustic stimuli in mice deficient for neural recognition molecule NB-2. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:929-36. [PMID: 12653969 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NB-2, a member of the contactin subgroup in the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed specifically in the postnatal nervous system, reaching a maximum level at 3 weeks postnatal. NB-2 displays neurite outgrowth-promoting activity in vitro. To assess its function in the nervous system, we generated mutant mice in which a part of the NB-2 gene was ablated and replaced with the tau-LacZ gene. The general appearance of NB-2-deficient mice and their gross anatomical features were normal. The LacZ expression patterns in heterozygous mice revealed that NB-2 is preferentially expressed in the central auditory pathways. In the audiogenic seizure test, NB-2-deficient mice exhibited a lower incidence of wild running, but a higher mortality rate than the wild-type littermates. c-Fos immunohistochemistry demonstrated that neural excitability induced by the audiogenic seizure test in the NB-2-deficient mice was prominently attenuated in both the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus, where enhanced neural excitability was observed in the wild-type mice. In response to pure-tone stimulation after priming, NB-2-deficient mice exhibited a diffuse and low level of c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, which was distinctly different from the band-like c-Fos expression corresponding to the tonotopic map in the wild-type littermates. Taken together, these results suggest that a lack of NB-2 causes impairment of the neuronal activity in the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Cell Recognition, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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35
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Masignani V, Rappuoli R, Pizza M. Reverse vaccinology: a genome-based approach for vaccine development. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:895-905. [PMID: 12517268 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.8.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the last century several approaches have been followed for the development of vaccines. These include live-attenuated viruses and bacteria, killed microorganisms and the subunit vaccines [1]. With the introduction of recombinant DNA technologies, new approaches have been exploited for vaccine manufacturing. However, the major problem remains the rapid identification of highly immunogenic and protective antigens suitable for vaccine development, which still relies on standard biochemical and microbiological techniques. The advent of genomics has greatly contributed to providing a new impulse to the microbial field. The complete genomic sequence of a human pathogen represents a new unexploited field, to be used for the design of novel vaccines and antimicrobial drugs. In the case of meningococcus B, four decades of continuous efforts, using conventional technologies of purifying antigens from the microorganism, had not been sufficient to deliver an effective and universal vaccine. It was therefore decided to obtain the genomic sequence of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) and use this information to identify vaccine candidates. This approach was named "reverse vaccinology"[2].
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36
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Spiegel I, Salomon D, Erne B, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Peles E. Caspr3 and caspr4, two novel members of the caspr family are expressed in the nervous system and interact with PDZ domains. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 20:283-97. [PMID: 12093160 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2002.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCP family of cell-recognition molecules represents a distinct subgroup of the neurexins that includes Caspr and Caspr2, as well as Drosophila Neurexin-IV and axotactin. Here, we report the identification of Caspr3 and Caspr4, two new NCPs expressed in nervous system. Caspr3 was detected along axons in the corpus callosum, spinal cord, basket cells in the cerebellum and in peripheral nerves, as well as in oligodendrocytes. In contrast, expression of Caspr4 was more restricted to specific neuronal subpopulations in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, deep cerebellar nuclei, and the substantia nigra. Similar to the neurexins, the cytoplasmic tails of Caspr3 and Caspr4 interacted differentially with PDZ domain-containing proteins of the CASK/Lin2-Veli/Lin7-Mint1/Lin10 complex. The structural organization and distinct cellular distribution of Caspr3 and Caspr4 suggest a potential role of these proteins in cell recognition within the nervous system.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Drosophila Proteins
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/isolation & purification
- Nervous System/cytology
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/isolation & purification
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Spiegel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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37
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Ogawa J, Lee S, Itoh K, Nagata S, Machida T, Takeda Y, Watanabe K. Neural recognition molecule NB-2 of the contactin/F3 subgroup in rat: Specificity in neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and restricted expression in the brain regions. J Neurosci Res 2001; 65:100-10. [PMID: 11438979 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NB-2, a neural cell recognition molecule of the contactin/F3 subgroup, promoted neurite outgrowth of the cerebral cortical neurons but not the hippocampal neurons. NB-2 in rat became apparent after birth at protein level, reaching a maximum at postnatal day 14 in the cerebrum and postnatal day 3 in the cerebellum. NB-2 in the cerebellum declined abruptly thereafter. In situ hybridization demonstrated that NB-2 mRNA was highly expressed in regions implicated in the central auditory pathway, including the cochlear nuclei, superior olive, inferior colliculi, medial geniculate nuclei, and auditory cortex. In addition, a high level of NB-2 expression was observed in the accessory olfactory bulb, thalamic nuclei, facial nucleus, and inferior olive. By immunohistochemistry, intense immunoreactivity against NB-2 was also detected in the auditory pathway. Thus, NB-2 is expressed in highly restricted brain regions, including the auditory system, suggesting that it plays specific roles in the development and/or maturation of the regions.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/growth & development
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/pharmacology
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Contactins
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Neurites/drug effects
- Neurites/metabolism
- Neurites/ultrastructure
- Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Type C Phospholipases/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogawa
- Department of Cell Recognition, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Plagge A, Sendtner-Voelderndorff L, Sirim P, Freigang J, Rader C, Sonderegger P, Brümmendorf T. The contactin-related protein FAR-2 defines purkinje cell clusters and labels subpopulations of climbing fibers in the developing cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 18:91-107. [PMID: 11461156 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FAR-2 is a novel neural member of the Ig superfamily, which is related to F11/F3/contactin and axonin-1/TAG-1. This protein is expressed by subpopulations of Purkinje cells in the chicken cerebellum and FAR-2-positive clusters of these neurons alternate with FAR-2-negative clusters in both tangential dimensions of the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, FAR-2 is also expressed by one type of Purkinje cell afferents, namely, the climbing fibers, and different subpopulations of these axons show distinct levels of FAR-2 expression. Homology modeling using axonin-1 as a template reveals that the four aminoterminal Ig domains of FAR-2 form a compact U-shaped structure, which is likely to contain functionally important ligand-binding sites. FAR-2 is binding to the Ig superfamily protein NgCAM/L1, but not to the related receptor NrCAM, and it is also interacting with the modular ECM protein tenascin-R. These results suggest that FAR-2 may contribute to the formation of somatotopic maps of cerebellar afferents during the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plagge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Fukamauchi F, Aihara O, Wang YJ, Akasaka K, Takeda Y, Horie M, Kawano H, Sudo K, Asano M, Watanabe K, Iwakura Y. TAG-1-deficient mice have marked elevation of adenosine A1 receptors in the hippocampus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:220-6. [PMID: 11178983 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TAG-1 is a neural recognition molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily that is predominantly expressed in the developing brain. Several lines of evidence suggest that TAG-1 is involved in the outgrowth, guidance, and fasciculation of neurites. To directly assess the function of TAG-1 in vivo, we have generated mice with a deletion in the gene encoding TAG-1 using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Gross morphological analysis of the cerebellum, the spinal cord, and the hippocampus appeared normal in TAG-1-deficient mice. However, TAG-1 (-/-) mice showed the upregulation of the adenosine A1 receptors determined by [(3)H]cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine in the hippocampus, and their greater sensitivity to convulsant stimuli than that in TAG-1 (+/+) mice. We suspect that the subtle changes in neural plasticity induced by TAG-1 deficiency during development cause the selective vulnerability of specific brain regions and the epileptogenicity in TAG-1 (-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fukamauchi
- Department of Molecular Medical Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
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40
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Kamei Y, Takeda Y, Teramoto K, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y, Watanabe K. Human NB-2 of the contactin subgroup molecules: chromosomal localization of the gene (CNTN5) and distinct expression pattern from other subgroup members. Genomics 2000; 69:113-9. [PMID: 11013081 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NB-2 is one of the neural recognition molecules in the contactin subgroup, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In rat, the six molecules in this subgroup that have been reported to date are contactin, TAG-1, BIG-1, BIG-2, NB-2, and NB-3. We have isolated cDNAs encoding the two splicing isoforms of human NB-2. The long isoform of human NB-2 consists of 1100 amino acids residues that are 91% homologous to rat NB-2 at the amino acid sequence level. The short isoform lacks 74 amino acid residues between residues 19 and 93 of the long isoform. Among various regions of the adult human brain, high-level expression of NB-2 was detected in the amygdala and occipital lobe, whereas expression was low in the corpus callosum, caudate nucleus, and spinal cord. Although there were some differences, the expression pattern of NB-2 was the most similar to that of BIG-1 in the brain. Likewise, contactin and BIG-2 exhibited similar expression patterns. The expression of TAG-1 showed the least regional differences. The human NB-2 gene (CNTN5) was mapped to chromosome 11q21-q22.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Our results suggest that the NB-2 gene may contribute to human neurological disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Contactin 2
- Contactins
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kamei
- Department of Cell Recognition, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily nucleate and maintain groups of cells at key sites during early development and in the adult. In addition to their adhesive properties, binding of CAMs can affect intracellular signaling. Their ability to influence developmental events, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation can therefore result both from their adhesive as well as their signaling properties. This review focuses on the two CAMs for which the most information is known, the neural CAM, N-CAM, and L1. N-CAM was the first CAM to be characterized and, therefore, has been studied extensively. The binding of N-CAM to cells leads to a number of signaling events, some of which result in changes in gene expression. Interest in L1 derives from the fact that mutations in its gene lead to human genetic diseases including mental retardation. Much is known about modifications of the L1 cytoplasmic domain and its interaction with cytoskeletal molecules. The study of CAM signaling mechanisms has been assay-dependent rather than molecule-dependent, with particular emphasis on assays of neurite outgrowth and gene expression, an emphasis that is maintained throughout the review. The signals generated following CAM binding that lead to alterations in cell morphology and gene expression have been linked directly in only a few cases. We also review information on other CAMs, giving special consideration to those that are anchored in the membrane by a phospholipid anchor. These proteins, including a form of N-CAM, are presumed to be localized in lipid rafts, membrane substructures that include distinctive subsets of cytoplasmic signaling molecules such as members of the src-family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. In the end, these studies may reveal that what CAMs do after they bind cells together may have as profound consequences for the cells as the adhesive interactions themselves. This area will therefore remain a rich ground for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Crossin
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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42
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Fujita N, Saito R, Watanabe K, Nagata S. An essential role of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule contactin in development of the Xenopus primary sensory system. Dev Biol 2000; 221:308-20. [PMID: 10790328 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Contactin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored immunoglobulin-like neuronal cell adhesion molecule that has been implicated in cellular interaction during development of the vertebrate central nervous system. Here we report evidence for an essential role of contactin in development of the Xenopus nervous system. Contactin mRNA is detectable by in situ hybridization in subsets of neurons in the brain, primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord, and cells along the trigeminal nerves of tailbud embryos. Contactin immunoreactivities preferentially distribute on axon tracts of the brain, the spinal cord, and the trigeminal sensory nerves. Most prominently, cell bodies and peripheral and spinal axons of primary sensory neurons, Rohon-Beard (RB) cells, are strongly contactin positive. Injection of the contactin overexpression vector into one blastomere of two-cell stage embryos leads to misdirected elongation of the peripheral axons of RB neurons in the injected half. Overexpression of antisense transcript causes depletion of contactin mRNA accumulation and abnormal development of RB neurons. In 52.3% of the injected embryos, RB neurons decrease in number and their peripheral axons in dorsal lateral tracts are defasciculated. These results demonstrate that contactin plays an essential role in development of the Xenopus primary sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fujita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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43
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Lee S, Takeda Y, Kawano H, Hosoya H, Nomoto M, Fujimoto D, Takahashi N, Watanabe K. Expression and regulation of a gene encoding neural recognition molecule NB-3 of the contactin/F3 subgroup in mouse brain. Gene 2000; 245:253-66. [PMID: 10717476 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NB-3 is a neural recognition molecule which is a member of contactin/F3 subgroup in the immunoglobulin superfamily. We report here the developmental expression pattern and localization of NB-3 mRNA in mouse brain, determination of the NB-3 gene organization and identification of the promoter region. We also describe a splicing isoform of mouse NB-3. Mouse NB-3 exhibited 96% identity with rat NB-3 at the amino acid sequence level. The splicing isoform lacked the amino acid residues between 62 and 78 of the original NB-3, which constituted a part of the first immunoglobulin-like domain. The expression of NB-3 mRNA was evident after birth, reaching a maximum at the postnatal seventh day, and declined thereafter in the cerebrum, whereas the mRNA increased in the cerebellum to adulthood. In situ hybridization demonstrated that NB-3 mRNA was preferentially expressed in the accessory olfactory bulb, layers II/III and V of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, anterior thalamic nuclei, locus coeruleus of the pons and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, and in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The mouse NB-3 gene consisted of 23 exons spanning more than 130kb. The overall organization of the gene was similar to those of the F11, axonin-1 and TAX-1 genes of the subgroup. By reporter gene analysis with the 5'-flanking region of the gene, we found a basal promoter activity in the 1.2kb fragment upstream of the putative transcription initiation site. This study provides a basis for elucidating the biological significance of the contactin/F3 subgroup molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Contactins
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neurons/cytology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Cell Recognition, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Shimazaki K, Hosoya H, Takeda Y, Kobayashi S, Watanabe K. Age-related decline of F3/contactin in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 1998; 245:117-20. [PMID: 9605499 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
F3/Contactin (F3), a neural adhesion molecule, is known to be involved in developmental and regenerative processes in the brain. We have investigated age-related change in the expression of F3 mRNA and protein in the Wistar rat brain using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. From 3 months to 24 months, no obvious change in the amount of F3 protein was observed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. However, in 30-month-old rats a significant decrease in F3 protein was found in the hippocampus. A specific decrease of density of F3 immunostaining and F3 mRNA expression was observed in the pyramidal neurons of CA1 and the granule cells in dentate gyrus. The specific decrease of F3 in the hippocampus at late stage of aging may be related to memory deficient in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimazaki
- Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan.
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45
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Abstract
Neural adhesion molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily play essential roles in axonal guidance during development, plasticity, and maintenance of synaptic connections in the adult brain. Recently, we reported two novel cDNAs encoding adhesion molecules, NB-2 and NB-3, in the contactin/F3 subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily from rat brain. We have now isolated cDNA encoding human NB-3. The cDNA clone, hNB-3, consists of 3,530 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 3,084 nucleotides encoding 1,028 amino acids. It shares with rat NB-3 86% identity in nucleotide sequences and 90% identity in amino acid sequences. Likewise, hNB-3 exhibits 53% and 51% identity in nucleotide sequences and 43% and 44% identity in amino acid sequences with human contactin/F3 and human TAG-1/axonin-1, respectively. Northern blot analysis of mRNA isolated from different regions of the adult human nervous system showed that the hNB-3 mRNA content was regionally different by dozens-fold, although the mRNA was detected in all regions, as a transcript of 3.7 kb. The cerebellum showed the highest expression of hNB-3 mRNA among various regions of the nervous system. Chromosomal localization of hNB-3, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, was assigned to 3p25-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kamei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Kang JS, Gao M, Feinleib JL, Cotter PD, Guadagno SN, Krauss RS. CDO: an oncogene-, serum-, and anchorage-regulated member of the Ig/fibronectin type III repeat family. J Cell Biol 1997; 138:203-13. [PMID: 9214393 PMCID: PMC2139939 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.138.1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules of the Ig superfamily are implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including cell migration, axon guidance and fasciculation, and growth control and tumorigenesis. Expression of these proteins can be highly dynamic and cell type specific, but little is known of the signals that regulate such specificity. Reported here is the molecular cloning and characterization of rat CDO, a novel cell surface glycoprotein of the Ig superfamily that contains five Ig-like repeats, followed by three fibronectin type III-like repeats in its extracellular region, and a 256-amino acid intracellular region that does not resemble other known proteins. In rat embryo fibroblasts, cdo mRNA expression is maximal in confluent, quiescent cells. It is rapidly and transiently down-regulated by serum stimulation of such cells, and is constitutively down-regulated in oncogene-transformed derivatives of these cells. CDO protein levels are also dramatically regulated by cell-substratum adhesion, via a mechanism that is independent of cdo mRNA expression. The amount of CDO produced at the surface of a cell may therefore be governed by a complex balance of signals, including mitogenic stimuli that regulate cdo mRNA levels, and substratum-derived signals that regulate CDO protein production. cdo mRNA is expressed at low levels in most adult rat tissues. A closely related human gene maps to chromosome 11q23-24, a region that displays frequent loss of heterozygosity in human lung, breast, and ovarian tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that loss of CDO function could play a role in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
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