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Maciver SK, Abdelnasir S, Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Modular nanotheranostic agents for protistan parasitic diseases: Magic bullets with tracers. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111541. [PMID: 36603708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protistan parasitic infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, causing more than 2 billion human infections annually. However, current treatments are often limited; due to ineffective drugs and drug resistance, thus better options are urgently required. In the present context, theranostics agents are those that offer simultaneous detection, diagnosis and even treatment of protistan parasitic diseases. "Nanotheranostics" is the term used to describe such agents, that are around 100 nm or less in size. Anti-parasitic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported, and many have useful intrinsic imaging properties, but it is perhaps their multifunctional nature that offers the greatest potential. NPs may be used as adapters onto which various subunits with different functions may be attached. These subunits may facilitate targeting parasites, coupled with toxins to eradicate parasites, and probe subunits for detection of particles and/or parasites. The modular nature of nano-platforms promises a "mix and match" approach for the construction of tailored agents by using combinations of these subunits against different protistan parasites. Even though many of the subunits have shown promise alone, these have not yet been put together convincingly enough to form working theranostics against protistan parasites. Although the clinical application of nanotheranostics to protistan parasitic infections in humans requires more research, we conclude that they offer not just a realisation of Paul Ehrlich's long imagined "magic bullet" concept, but potentially are magic bullets combined with tracer bullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutherland Kester Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sumayah Abdelnasir
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Sinha S, Medhi B, Radotra BD, Batovska DI, Markova N, Bhalla A, Sehgal R. Antimalarial and immunomodulatory potential of chalcone derivatives in experimental model of malaria. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:330. [PMID: 36510199 PMCID: PMC9743746 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a complex issue due to the availability of few therapies and chemical families against Plasmodium and mosquitoes. There is increasing resistance to various drugs and insecticides in Plasmodium and in the vector. Additionally, human behaviors are responsible for promoting resistance as well as increasing the risk of exposure to infections. Chalcones and their derivatives have been widely explored for their antimalarial effects. In this context, new derivatives of chalcones have been evaluated for their antimalarial efficacy. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei NK-65. The efficacy of the three most potent chalcone derivations (1, 2, and 3) identified after an in vitro compound screening test was tested. The selected doses of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg were studied by evaluating parasitemia, changes in temperature, body weights, organ weights, histopathological features, nitric oxide, cytokines, and ICAM-1 expression. Also, localization of parasites inside the two vital tissues involved during malaria infections was done through a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS All three chalcone derivative treated groups showed significant (p < 0.001) reductions in parasitemia levels on the fifth and eighth days of post-infection compared to the infected control. These derivatives were found to modulate the immune response in a P. berghei infected malaria mouse model with a significant reduction in IL-12 levels. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates the potential inhibitory and immunomodulatory actions of chalcones against the rodent malarial parasite P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B. D. Radotra
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela I. Batovska
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Markova
- grid.410344.60000 0001 2097 3094Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- grid.415131.30000 0004 1767 2903Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
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Azlyna ASN, Ahmad S, Husna SMN, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Mohamud R, Kadir R. Review: Liposomes in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2022; 305:120734. [PMID: 35760094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as one of the major burdens among health communities as well as in the general public despite the advances in prevention and treatment. Although vaccination and vector eliminations have greatly prevented the transmission of these diseases, the effectiveness of these strategies is no longer guaranteed as new challenges such as drug resistance and toxicity as well as the missing effective therapeutics arise. Hence, the development of new tools to manage these challenges is anticipated, in which nano technology using liposomes as effective nanostructure is highly considered. In this review, we concentrate on the advantages of liposomes in the drug delivery system and the development of vaccine in the treatment of three major infectious diseases; tuberculosis (TB), malaria and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Đorđević S, Gonzalez MM, Conejos-Sánchez I, Carreira B, Pozzi S, Acúrcio RC, Satchi-Fainaro R, Florindo HF, Vicent MJ. Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:500-525. [PMID: 34302274 PMCID: PMC8300981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine has significantly influenced research areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine; however, the further development of this field will face significant challenges at the regulatory level if related guidance remains unclear and unconsolidated. This review describes those features and pathways crucial to the clinical translation of nanomedicine and highlights considerations for early-stage product development. These include identifying those critical quality attributes of the drug product essential for activity and safety, appropriate analytical methods (physical, chemical, biological) for characterization, important process parameters, and adequate pre-clinical models. Additional concerns include the evaluation of batch-to-batch consistency and considerations regarding scaling up that will ensure a successful reproducible manufacturing process. Furthermore, we advise close collaboration with regulatory agencies from the early stages of development to assure an aligned position to accelerate the development of future nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Đorđević
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - María Medel Gonzalez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - Barbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rita C Acúrcio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain.
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Memvanga PB, Nkanga CI. Liposomes for malaria management: the evolution from 1980 to 2020. Malar J 2021; 20:327. [PMID: 34315484 PMCID: PMC8313885 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases and the foremost cause of morbidity in the tropical regions of the world. Strategies for the efficient management of this parasitic infection include adequate treatment with anti-malarial therapeutics and vaccination. However, the emergence and spread of resistant strains of malaria parasites to the majority of presently used anti-malarial medications, on the other hand, complicates malaria treatment. Other shortcomings of anti-malarial drugs include poor aqueous solubility, low permeability, poor bioavailability, and non-specific targeting of intracellular parasites, resulting in high dose requirements and toxic side effects. To address these limitations, liposome-based nanotechnology has been extensively explored as a new solution in malaria management. Liposome technology improves anti-malarial drug encapsulation, bioavailability, target delivery, and controlled release, resulting in increased effectiveness, reduced resistance progression, and fewer adverse effects. Furthermore, liposomes are exploited as immunological adjuvants and antigen carriers to boost the preventive effectiveness of malaria vaccine candidates. The present review discusses the findings from studies conducted over the last 40 years (1980-2020) using in vitro and in vivo settings to assess the prophylactic and curative anti-malarial potential of liposomes containing anti-malarial agents or antigens. This paper and the discussion herein provide a useful resource for further complementary investigations and may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable anti-malarial-based liposomes and liposomal malaria vaccines by allowing a thorough evaluation of liposomes developed to date for the management of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Memvanga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Christian I Nkanga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kaur R, Gorki V, Singh G, Kaur R, Katare O, Nirmalan N, Singh B. Intranasal delivery of polymer-anchored lipid nanoconstructs of artemether-lumefantrine in Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Moreira Souza AC, Grabe-Guimarães A, Cruz JDS, Santos-Miranda A, Farah C, Teixeira Oliveira L, Lucas A, Aimond F, Sicard P, Mosqueira VCF, Richard S. Mechanisms of artemether toxicity on single cardiomyocytes and protective effect of nanoencapsulation. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4448-4463. [PMID: 32608017 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The artemisinin derivative, artemether, has antimalarial activity with potential neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects. Artemether in nanocapsules (NC-ATM) is more efficient than free artemether for reducing parasitaemia and increasing survival of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. NCs also prevent prolongation of the QT interval of the ECG. Here, we assessed cellular cardiotoxicity of artemether and how this toxicity was prevented by nanoencapsulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were treated with NC-ATM orally (120 mg·kg-1 twice daily) for 4 days. Other mice received free artemether, blank NCs, and vehicle for comparison. We measured single-cell contraction, intracellular Ca2+ transient using fluorescent Indo-1AM Ca2+ dye, and electrical activity using the patch-clamp technique in freshly isolated left ventricular myocytes. The acute effect of free artemether was also tested on cardiomyocytes of untreated animals. KEY RESULTS Artemether prolonged action potentials (AP) upon acute exposure (at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM) of cardiomyocytes from untreated mice or after in vivo treatment. This prolongation was unrelated to blockade of K+ currents, increased Ca2+ currents or promotion of a sustained Na+ current. AP lengthening was abolished by the NCX inhibitor SEA-0400. Artemether promoted irregular Ca2+ transients during pacing and spontaneous Ca2+ events during resting periods. NC-ATM prevented all effects. Blank NCs had no effects compared with vehicle. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Artemether induced NCX-dependent AP lengthening (explaining QTc prolongation) and disrupted Ca2+ handling, both effects increasing pro-arrhythmogenic risks. NCs prevented these adverse effects, providing a safe alternative to the use of artemether alone, especially to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Moreira Souza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program (CiPharma), Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Grabe-Guimarães
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program (CiPharma), Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jader Dos Santos Cruz
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Artur Santos-Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Liliam Teixeira Oliveira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program (CiPharma), Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Inserm/Université Paul Sabatier UMR1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Aimond
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program (CiPharma), Pharmacy School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sylvain Richard
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
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Puttappa N, Kumar RS, Kuppusamy G, Radhakrishnan A. Nano-facilitated drug delivery strategies in the treatment of plasmodium infection. Acta Trop 2019; 195:103-114. [PMID: 31039335 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the major infectious disease-causing sizeable morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The main drawback for the failure to eradicate malaria is the spread of multiple drug resistance to the majority of currently available chemotherapy. At present nanotechnology offers an advanced opportunity in the delivery of drugs and vaccines to the desired targeted site in the body following oral and systemic administration. It confers the major advantages like improving drug pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce dose frequency and reduction in drug toxicity. Hence, Nano-based drug delivery system can provide a promising prospect in the way of malaria treatment. This paper is a review of recent researches highlighting includes nanocarriers loaded antimalarial drugs for better therapeutic efficacy and future perspective in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathi Puttappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rahman K, Khan SU, Fahad S, Chang MX, Abbas A, Khan WU, Rahman L, Haq ZU, Nabi G, Khan D. Nano-biotechnology: a new approach to treat and prevent malaria. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1401-1410. [PMID: 30863068 PMCID: PMC6390872 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s190692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, the exterminator of ~1.5 to 2.7 million human lives yearly, is a notorious disease known throughout the world. The eradication of this disease is difficult and a challenge to scientists. Vector elimination and effective chemotherapy for the patients are key tactics to be used in the fight against malaria. However, drug resistance and environmental and social concerns are the main hurdles in this fight against malaria. Overcoming these limitations is the major challenge for the 21st-century malarial researchers. Adapting the principles of nano-biotechnology to both vector control and patient therapy is the only solution to the problem. Several compounds such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acid and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully used for the control of this lethal malaria disease. Other useful natural reagents such as microbes and their products, carbohydrates, vitamins, plant extracts and biodegradable polymers, are also used to control this disease. Among these particles, the plant-based particles such as leaf, root, stem, latex, and seed give the best antagonistic response against malaria. In the present review, we describe certain efforts related to the control, prevention and treatment of malaria. We hope that this review will open new doors for malarial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaista Rahman
- College of Animal Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar, Pakistan,
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wasim Ullah Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lutfur Rahman
- Molecular Systematics & Applied Ethno Botany Lab (MoSEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Dilfaraz Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Mhlwatika Z, Aderibigbe BA. Polymeric Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Antimalarials. Molecules 2018; 23:E2527. [PMID: 30279405 PMCID: PMC6222303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite which is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes around tropical and sub-tropical regions. Half of the world's population is at risk of being infected by malaria. This mainly includes children, pregnant women and people living with chronic diseases. The main factor that has contributed to the spread of this disease is the increase in the number of drug-resistant parasites. To overcome drug resistance, researchers have developed drug delivery systems from biodegradable polymers for the loading of antimalarials. The drug delivery systems were characterized by distinct features such as good biocompatibility, high percentage drug encapsulation, reduced drug toxicity and targeted drug delivery. In this review article, we highlight the various types of drug delivery systems developed from polymeric nanocarriers used for the delivery of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandile Mhlwatika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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Ismail M, Ling L, Du Y, Yao C, Li X. Liposomes of dimeric artesunate phospholipid: A combination of dimerization and self-assembly to combat malaria. Biomaterials 2018; 163:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tian L, Liu J, Jia Q, Ying Y, Yang Z, Huang G. Preparation and Evaluation of Artemether Liposomes for Enhanced Anti-Tumor Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:512-521. [PMID: 29038986 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to design liposomes (Lips) of artemether (ARM), a plant-derived drug for treatment of metastatic tumors, for the intravenous delivery. The ARM-Lips were prepared using ethanol injection method. Based on the optimization of formulation with single-factor experiments, ARM-Lips were spherical with a uniform particle size (187.3 ± 1.83) nm and its EE and DL were (94.49 ± 1.18)% and (10.94 ± 0.10)%, respectively. The in vitro drug release characteristics of ARM-Lips possessed a sustained release characteristic, and their behavior was in accordance with the first-order kinetics equation. In vivo, after intravenous injection to mice, the t1/2β, MRT, and AUC of ARM-Lips were 8.38-, 3.38-, and 3.11-fold those of ARM solution (ARM-Sol), respectively. In the pharmacodynamics studies, the tumor doubling time, growth inhibition rate, and specific growth rate of tumor of ARM-Lips were 1.97 times, 1.54 times, and 0.51 times those of ARM-Sol, respectively, which indicated that the anti-tumor effect of ARM-Lips was significantly stronger than that of ARM-Sol. These encouraging results revealed that ARM-Lips would serve as an efficient carrier for ARM for increasing therapeutic efficacy on tumor.
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Gioria S, Caputo F, Urbán P, Maguire CM, Bremer-Hoffmann S, Prina-Mello A, Calzolai L, Mehn D. Are existing standard methods suitable for the evaluation of nanomedicines: some case studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:539-554. [PMID: 29381129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in medical products has been demonstrated at laboratory scale, and many resulting nanomedicines are in the translational phase toward clinical applications, with global market trends indicating strong growth of the sector in the coming years. The translation of nanomedicines toward the clinic and subsequent commercialization may require the development of new or adaptation of existing standards to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of such products. This work addresses some identified needs, and illustrates the shortcomings of currently used standardized methods when applied to medical-nanoparticles to assess particle size, drug loading, drug release and in vitro safety. Alternative physicochemical, and in vitro toxicology methods, with the potential to qualify as future standards supporting the evaluation of nanomedicine are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Directorate for Health, Consumers & Reference Materials, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Fanny Caputo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Urbán
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Directorate for Health, Consumers & Reference Materials, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Ciarán Manus Maguire
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,AMBER Center & CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susanne Bremer-Hoffmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Directorate for Health, Consumers & Reference Materials, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,AMBER Center & CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Directorate for Health, Consumers & Reference Materials, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Directorate for Health, Consumers & Reference Materials, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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15
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Abstract
AIM The low aqueous solubility of artemether and lumefantrine makes them less bioavailable. It is expected that by formulating self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems (SMEDDS), their aqueous solubility and absorption will thus be enhanced. Results & methodology: Optimized liquid SMEDDS containing artemether and lumefantrine was adsorbed on Neusilin US2® employing spray drying technique to convert it into solid SMEDDS. Almost 90% of both drugs were released within 15 min in their respective official dissolution media. Drug assay and dissolution rate of solid SMEDDS remained unaltered after 3-month storage at 40°C and 75% relative humidity. CONCLUSION Reconstitution of solid SMEDDS in water yielded microemulsion with a globule size of 67.74 nm. Complete and faster in vitro release of both drugs from solid SMEDDS was observed as compared with that from marketed tablets.
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16
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Reduced cardiotoxicity and increased oral efficacy of artemether polymeric nanocapsules in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Parasitology 2017; 145:1075-1083. [PMID: 29223181 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Artemether (ATM) cardiotoxicity, its short half-life and low oral bioavailability are the major limiting factors for its use to treat malaria. The purposes of this work were to study free-ATM and ATM-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapules (ATM-NC) cardiotoxicity and oral efficacy on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. ATM-NC was obtained by interfacial polymer deposition and ATM was associated with polymeric NC oily core. For cardiotoxicity evaluation, male black C57BL6 uninfected or P. berghei-infected mice received, by oral route twice daily/4 days, vehicle (sorbitol/carboxymethylcellulose), blank-NC, free-ATM or ATM-NC at doses 40, 80 or 120 mg kg-1. Electrocardiogram (ECG) lead II signal was obtained before and after treatment. For ATM efficacy evaluation, female P. berghei-infected mice were treated the same way. ATM-NC improved antimalarial in vivo efficacy and reduced mice mortality. Free-ATM induced significantly QT and QTc intervals prolongation. ATM-NC (120 mg kg-1) given to uninfected mice reduced QT and QTc intervals prolongation 34 and 30%, respectively, compared with free-ATM. ATM-NC given to infected mice also reduced QT and QTc intervals prolongation, 28 and 27%, respectively. For the first time, the study showed a nanocarrier reducing cardiotoxicity of ATM given by oral route and it was more effective against P. berghei than free-ATM as monotherapy.
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17
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Bhandari S, Bhandari V, Sood J, Jaswal S, Rana V, Bedi N, Sehgal R, Tiwary AK. Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic attributes of artemether-lumefantrine-loaded solid SMEDDS for oral administration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1437-1446. [PMID: 28809448 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of solid SMEDDS containing combination of artemether and lumefantrine. METHODS Formulation development of solid SMEDDS containing combination of artemether and lumefantrine was carried out using spray drying technique. These S-SMEDDS were evaluated for reduction in parasitemia and mortality as well as subacute toxicity in mice. Haematology, biochemical parameters and histopathology were performed for evaluating safety of formulation. Pharmacokinetic characterization of both drugs was performed after oral administration in rats. KEY FINDINGS Optimized solid SMEDDS containing low, medium and high dose were more effective in reducing parasitemia and mortality of mice as compared to marketed tablets containing high dose of these drugs. Single oral administration of solid SMEDDS containing high-dose combination could maintain plasma concentration of lumefantrine above the minimum effective concentration for ≈4 days. CONCLUSIONS Solid SMEDDS containing low-, medium- and high-dose combination of artemether and lumefantrine are more effective than marketed tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Bhandari
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Vikram Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, SGRDIMSR, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatin Sood
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Jaswal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Rana
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Neena Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok K Tiwary
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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18
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González-Rodríguez ML, Arroyo CM, Cózar-Bernal MJ, González-R PL, León JM, Calle M, Canca D, Rabasco AM. Deformability properties of timolol-loaded transfersomes based on the extrusion mechanism. Statistical optimization of the process. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1683-94. [PMID: 26981839 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2016.1165691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to analyze the deformability properties of different timolol maleate (TM)-loaded transfersomes by extrusion. This was performed because elastic liposomes may contribute to the elevation of amount and rate of drug permeation through the corneal membrane. This paper describes the optimization of a transfersome formulation by use of Taguchi orthogonal experimental design and two different statistical analysis approaches were utilized. The amount of cholesterol (F1), the amount of edge-activator (F2), the distribution of the drug into the vesicle (F3), the addition of stearylamine (F4) and the type of edge-activator (F5) were selected as causal factors. The deformability index, the phosphorous recovery, the vesicle size, the polydispersity index, the zeta potential and percentage of drug entrapped were fixed as the dependent variables and these responses were evaluated for each formulation. Two different statistical analysis approaches were applied. The better statistical approach was determined by comparing their prediction errors, where regression analysis provided better optimized responses than marginal means. From the study, an optimized formulation of TM-loaded transfersomes was prepared and obtained for the proposed ophthalmic delivery for the treatment of open angle glaucoma. It was found that the lipid to surfactant ratio and type of surfactant are the main key factors for determining the flexibility of the bilayer of transfersomes. From in vitro permeation studies, we can conclude that TM-loaded transfersomes may enhance the corneal transmittance and improve the bioavailability of conventional TM delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L González-Rodríguez
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - C M Arroyo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - M J Cózar-Bernal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - P L González-R
- b Department of Industrial Management, School of Engineering , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - J M León
- b Department of Industrial Management, School of Engineering , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - M Calle
- b Department of Industrial Management, School of Engineering , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - D Canca
- b Department of Industrial Management, School of Engineering , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - A M Rabasco
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
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19
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From tablets to pharmaceutical nanotechnologies: Innovation in drug delivery strategies for the administration of antimalarial drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Characterization of insulin-loaded liposome using column-switching HPLC. Int J Pharm 2015; 479:302-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Sun J, Zhu Y, Meng L, Wei W, Li Y, Liu X, Zheng Y. Controlled release and corrosion protection by self-assembled colloidal particles electrodeposited onto magnesium alloys. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1667-1676. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanoparticles loaded with bioactive agents were electrodeposited to provide the magnesium alloy with controlled release and corrosion resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Ye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Long Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- People's Republic of China
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22
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Sinha S, Medhi B, Sehgal R. Challenges of drug-resistant malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:61. [PMID: 25402734 PMCID: PMC4234044 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past six decades, the drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum has become an issue of utmost concern. Despite the remarkable progress that has been made in recent years in reducing the mortality rate to about 30% with the scaling-up of vector control, introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies and other malaria control strategies, the confirmation of artemisinin resistance on the Cambodia–Thailand border threatened all the previous success. This review addresses the global scenario of antimalarial resistance and factors associated with it, with the main emphasis on futuristic approaches like nanotechnology and stem cell therapy that may impede resistant malaria, along with novel medications which are preparing to enter the global antimalarial market. These novel studies are likely to escalate over the coming years and will hopefully help to reduce the burden of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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23
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Assessment of the induction of dormant ring stages in Plasmodium falciparum parasites by artemisone and artemisone entrapped in Pheroid vesicles in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7579-82. [PMID: 25288088 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02707-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antimalarial activities of artemisone and artemisone entrapped in Pheroid vesicles were compared, as was their ability to induce dormancy in Plasmodium falciparum. There was no increase in the activity of artemisone entrapped in Pheroid vesicles against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum lines. Artemisone induced the formation of dormant ring stages similar to dihydroartemisinin. Thus, the Pheroid delivery system neither improved the activity of artemisone nor prevented the induction of dormant rings.
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24
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Meena S, Sandhya SM. ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, LUMEFANTRINE AND ARTEMETHER IN COMBINED ANTIMALARIAL TABLET BY HPTLC WITH DENSITOMETRIC MEASUREMENT BEFORE AND AFTER DERIVATIZATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Meena
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , K.M. College of Pharmacy , Uthangudi , Tamilnadu , India
| | - S. M. Sandhya
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy , Chelembra , Kerala , India
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25
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Laxmi M, Bhardwaj A, Mehta S, Mehta A. Development and characterization of nanoemulsion as carrier for the enhancement of bioavailability of artemether. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 43:334-44. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.887018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Aditya N, Vathsala P, Vieira V, Murthy R, Souto E. Advances in nanomedicines for malaria treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 201-202:1-17. [PMID: 24192063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease that mainly affects children and pregnant women from tropical countries. The mortality rate of people infected with malaria per year is enormous and became a public health concern. The main factor that has contributed to the success of malaria proliferation is the increased number of drug resistant parasites. To counteract this trend, research has been done in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, for the development of new biocompatible systems capable of incorporating drugs, lowering the resistance progress, contributing for diagnosis, control and treatment of malaria by target delivery. In this review, we discussed the main problems associated with the spread of malaria and the most recent developments in nanomedicine for anti-malarial drug delivery.
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27
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Nguyen TT, Østergaard J, Stürup S, Gammelgaard B. Determination of platinum drug release and liposome stability in human plasma by CE-ICP-MS. Int J Pharm 2013; 449:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Abstract
A mathematical model which predicts the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum infection was developed using data from malaria-infected mice. Variables selected accounted for levels of healthy red blood cells, merozoite (Plasmodium asexual phase) infected red blood cells, gametocyte (Plasmodium sexual phase) infected red blood cells and a phenomenological variable which accounts for the mean activity of the immune system of the host. The model built was able to reproduce the behavior of three different scenarios of malaria. It predicts the later dynamics of malaria-infected humans well after the first peak of parasitemia, the qualitative response of malaria-infected monkeys to vaccination and the changes observed in malaria-infected mice when they are treated with antimalarial drugs. The mathematical model was used to identify new targets to be focused on drug design. Optimization methodologies were applied to identify five targets for minimizing the parasite load; four of the targets thus identified have never before been taken into account in drug design. The potential targets include: 1) increasing the death rate of the gametocytes, 2) decreasing the invasion rate of the red blood cells by the merozoites, 3) increasing the transformation of merozoites into gametocytes, 4) decreasing the activation of the immune system by the gametocytes, and finally 5) a combination of the previous target with decreasing the recycling rate of the red blood cells. The first target is already used in current therapies, whereas the remainders are proposals for potential new targets. Furthermore, the combined target (the simultaneous decrease of the activation of IS by gRBC and the decrease of the influence of IS on the recycling of hRBC) is interesting, since this combination does not affect the parasite directly. Thus, it is not expected to generate selective pressure on the parasites, which means that it would not produce resistance in Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Néstor V. Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna. Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
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29
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Rapid determination of the encapsulation efficiency of a liposome formulation using column-switching HPLC. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Franzen U, Østergaard J. Physico-chemical characterization of liposomes and drug substance–liposome interactions in pharmaceutics using capillary electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Aditya NP, Chimote G, Gunalan K, Banerjee R, Patankar S, Madhusudhan B. Curcuminoids-loaded liposomes in combination with arteether protects against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:292-9. [PMID: 22561991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Curcuminoids are poorly water-soluble compounds with promising antimalarial activity. To overcome some of the drawbacks of curcuminoids, we explored the potential of liposomes for the intravenous delivery of curcuminoids in a model of mouse malaria. The curcuminoids-loaded liposomes were formulated from phosphatidylcholine (soy PC) by the thin-film hydration method. Antimalarial activity of curcuminoids-loaded liposomes alone and in combination with α/β arteether when administered intravenously, was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Animals treated with curcuminoids-loaded liposomes showed lower parasitemia and higher survival when compared to control group (no treatment). Importantly, the combination therapy of curcuminoids-loaded liposomes (40 mg/kg body wt) along with α/β arteether (30 mg/kg body wt) was able to not only cure infected mice but also prevented recrudescence. These data suggest that curcuminoids-loaded liposomes may show promise as a formulation for anti-malarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Aditya
- Department of Biochemistry, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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32
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Yaméogo JB, Gèze A, Choisnard L, Putaux JL, Gansané A, Sirima SB, Semdé R, Wouessidjewe D. Self-assembled biotransesterified cyclodextrins as Artemisinin nanocarriers – I: Formulation, lyoavailability and in vitro antimalarial activity assessment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:508-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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33
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Isacchi B, Bergonzi MC, Grazioso M, Righeschi C, Pietretti A, Severini C, Bilia AR. Artemisinin and artemisinin plus curcumin liposomal formulations: enhanced antimalarial efficacy against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:528-34. [PMID: 22142592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacies of novel liposomal delivery systems based on artemisinin or artemisinin-based combination therapy with curcumin have been investigated and reported in this study. The developed liposomal formulations had proper characteristics as drug carriers for parental administration in terms of particle size, polydispersity, encapsulation efficacy and ζ-potential. Their physical and chemical stabilities were also evaluated. Furthermore, the in vivo antimalarial activity of artemisinin-based liposomal formulations was tested in Plasmodium berghei NK-65 infected mice, a suitable model for studying malaria because the infection presents structural, physiological and life cycle analogies with the human disease. Artemisinin, alone or in combination with curcumin, was encapsulated in conventional and PEGylated liposomes and its in vivo performance was assessed by comparison with the free drug. Mice were treated with artemisinin at the dosage of 50 mg/kg/days alone or plus curcumin as partner drug, administered at the dosage of 100 mg/kg/days. Artemisinin alone began to decrease parasitaemia levels only 7 days after the start of the treatment and it appeared to have a fluctuant trend in blood concentration which is reflected in the antimalarial effectiveness. By contrast, treatments with artemisinin-loaded conventional liposomes (A-CL), artemisinin-curcumin-loaded conventional liposomes (AC-CL), artemisinin-loaded PEGylated liposomes (A-PL), artemisinin-curcumin-loaded PEGylated liposomes (AC-PL) appeared to have an immediate antimalarial effect. Both nanoencapsulated artemisinin and artemisinin plus curcumin formulations cured all malaria-infected mice within the same post-inoculation period of time. Additionally, all formulations showed less variability in artemisinin plasma concentrations which suggested that A-CL, AC-CL, A-PL and AC-PL give a modified release of drug(s) and, as a consequence, a constant antimalarial effect during time. In particular, A-PL seems to give the most pronounced and statistically significant therapeutic effect in this murine model of malaria. The enhanced permanency in blood of A-PL suggests the use of these nanosystems as suitable passive targeted carriers for parasitic infections; this strong effect of formulation is added up to the mechanism of action of artemisinin which acts in the erythrocyte cycle stage of human host as a blood schizonticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Isacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Gaudin K, Kauss T, Gaubert A, Viaud V, Dubost JP, Olliaro P, White NJ, Millet P. Simultaneous Determination of Artemether and Azithromycin in Suppositories by Reversed Phase HPLC. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.553014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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35
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Tayade NG, Nagarsenker MS. Development and evaluation of artemether parenteral microemulsion. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:637-40. [PMID: 21694999 PMCID: PMC3116312 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.78536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to develop a parenteral microemulsion delivering artemether, a hydrophobic antimalarial drug and to evaluate antimalarial activity of the microemulsion in comparison to the marketed oily injection of artemether (Larither®). The microemulsion was evaluated for various parameters such as globule size, ability to withstand centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycling and effect of sterilization method on the drug content and globule size. The in vivo antimalarial activity of the microemulsion was evaluated in P. berghei infected mice in comparison to the Larither;. The stability of the microemulsion was evaluated at 5º for 1 month. The microemulsion exhibited globule size of 113 nm and it could successfully withstand centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycling. The method of sterilization did not have any significant effect on the artemether content and globule size of the microemulsion. The microemulsion showed around 1.5-fold higher antimalarial activity and higher survival as compared to that of marketed artemether injection Larither® and it showed a good stability at the end of 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Tayade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400 098, India
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Murambiwa P, Masola B, Govender T, Mukaratirwa S, Musabayane C. Anti-malarial drug formulations and novel delivery systems: a review. Acta Trop 2011; 118:71-9. [PMID: 21439929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin combination therapies have decreased malaria associated morbidity and mortality in several parts of the world. On the other hand, malaria cases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa largely due to falciparum resistance to the most frequently used drugs (chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) combination). Therapeutic failure has also been attributed in part to adverse effects of anti-malarial drugs and patients' non-compliance due to inconvenient dosing schedules. We consider that formulation and evaluation of novel drug delivery systems is not only less expensive than developing new drugs, but may also improve delivery of anti-malarials at the desired rates. In this review we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of existing anti-malarial drugs and assess the feasibility of developing novel formulations and delivery systems.
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Shrivastava A, Issarani R, Nagori B. Stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for the estimation of artemether in capsule dosage forms. J Young Pharm 2011; 2:79-84. [PMID: 21331197 PMCID: PMC3035892 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.62220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new simple, sensitive, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of analysis for artemether both as a bulk drug and in capsule formulations was developed and validated. The method employed mobile phase acetonitrile (ACN) and buffer in the ratio 65:35 of pH 6.5 adjusted with tryethylamine. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9996 in the concentration range 250-750 μg/ml. The mean value slope and intercept were 9355.5 and −93.5, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, and recovery studies. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for artemether were found to be 21.83-750 μg/ml, respectively. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of marketed capsule formulations. The presented method was found to be reliable to separate all the degradents from all the stress conditions with resolution of more than 1.5 showing that it is a stability indicating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shrivastava
- Department of Pharm. Sciences, B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mhow-Neemuch Road, Mandsaur (M.P) - 458 001, India
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Isacchi B, Arrigucci S, Marca GL, Bergonzi MC, Vannucchi MG, Novelli A, Bilia AR. Conventional and long-circulating liposomes of artemisinin: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic profile in mice. J Liposome Res 2010; 21:237-44. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2010.539185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gugulothu D, Pathak S, Suryavanshi S, Sharma S, Patravale V. Self-microemulsifiyng suppository formulation of β-artemether. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1179-84. [PMID: 20661674 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are of immense global significance as around 30% of world's population experiences parasitic infections. Among these, malaria is the most life-threatening disease. Various routes of administration have been explored for delivering antimalarial actives. The present investigation aims at formulating self-microemulsifying suppositories of β-artemether with faster onset of action and prolonged effect to be administered by rectal route. These were compared with conventional polyethylene glycol suppositories with respect to melting range, rheology, texture analysis, disintegration time, self microemulsification time, particle size, and drug content. In vitro drug release was studied by using USP apparatus II. Further, the suppositories were evaluated in murine model against virulent rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei wherein the developed self-microemulsifying suppositories could sustain the activity (94%) for 20 days post infection. The survival of animals was also better as compared to the conventional formulation.
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Aditya N, Patankar S, Madhusudhan B, Murthy R, Souto E. Arthemeter-loaded lipid nanoparticles produced by modified thin-film hydration: Pharmacokinetics, toxicological and in vivo anti-malarial activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:448-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Santos-Magalhães NS, Mosqueira VCF. Nanotechnology applied to the treatment of malaria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:560-75. [PMID: 19914313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like malaria, continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks of conventional malaria chemotherapy are the development of multiple drug resistance and the non-specific targeting to intracellular parasites, resulting in high dose requirements and subsequent intolerable toxicity. Nanosized carriers have been receiving special attention with the aim of minimizing the side effects of drug therapy, such as poor bioavailability and the selectivity of drugs. Several nanosized delivery systems have already proved their effectiveness in animal models for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. A number of strategies to deliver antimalarials using nanocarriers and the mechanisms that facilitate their targeting to Plasmodium spp.-infected cells are discussed in this review. Taking into account the peculiarities of malaria parasites, the focus is placed particularly on lipid-based (e.g., liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nano and microemulsions) and polymer-based nanocarriers (nanocapsules and nanospheres). This review emphasizes the main requirements for developing new nanotechnology-based carriers as a promising choice in malaria treatment, especially in the case of severe cerebral malaria.
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Joshi M, Pathak S, Sharma S, Patravale V. Solid microemulsion preconcentrate (NanOsorb) of artemether for effective treatment of malaria. Int J Pharm 2008; 362:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Development of SMEDDS using natural lipophile: Application to β-Artemether delivery. Int J Pharm 2008; 362:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Joshi M, Pathak S, Sharma S, Patravale V. Design and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of nanostructured lipid carriers for parenteral delivery of artemether: Nanoject. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:119-26. [PMID: 18765274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to explore the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the intravenous delivery of artemether (ARM), a poorly water-soluble antimalarial agent. The NLC of ARM (Nanoject) were formulated by employing a microemulsion template technique. The NLC were evaluated for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release and in vitro hemolysis. The antimalarial activity of the Nanoject and conventional ARM injectable formulation was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The average particle size of Nanoject was 63+/-28 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was found to be 30+/-2%. The Nanoject released ARM in a sustained manner. In vitro haemolytic studies showed that Nanoject had lower haemolytic potential (approximately 13%) as compared to all the components when studied individually. Nanoject showed significantly higher (P<0.005) antimalarial activity as compared to the marketed injectable formulation. The antimalarial activity of Nanoject lasted for a longer duration (more than 20 days) indicating that Nanoject may be long-circulating in vivo. Nanoject showed significantly higher survival rate (60%) even after 31 days as compared to marketed formulation which showed 0% survival (100% mortality). This clearly indicates that Nanoject offers several advantages over the currently marketed oily intramuscular formulation (Larither).
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomus), N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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Tayade NG, Nagarsenker MS. Validated HPTLC method of analysis for artemether and its formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:839-44. [PMID: 17045768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, precise and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method of analysis for artemether both as a bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated. The method employed TLC aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (8:2:0.3, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric analysis of artemether was carried out in the reflectance mode at 565 nm. The system was found to give compact spots for artemether (R(f) value of 0.50+/-0.03). The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r(2)=0.9904 in the concentration range 200-1000 ng per spot. The mean value of correlation coefficient, slope and intercept were 0.9904+/-0.011, 7.27+/-0.11 and 166.24+/-56.92, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The limits of detection and quantitation were 65.91 and 197.74 ng per spot, respectively. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of lipid based parenteral formulations and marketed oral solid dosage formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin G Tayade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400098, India
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Teja-Isavadharm P, Peggins JO, Brewer TG, White NJ, Webster HK, Kyle DE. Plasmodium falciparum-based bioassay for measurement of artemisinin derivatives in plasma or serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:954-60. [PMID: 14982789 PMCID: PMC353064 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.3.954-960.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives, artesunate and artemether, are rapidly acting antimalarials that are used for the treatment of severe and uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. To optimize treatment regimens that use this new class of antimalarials, there is a need for readily available and reproducible assays to monitor drug levels closely in patients. A sensitive and reproducible bioassay for the measurement of the concentrations of artemisinin derivatives in plasma and serum is described. By modifying the in vitro drug susceptibility test, it was found that antimalarial activity in plasma or serum containing an unknown concentration of drug could be equated to the known concentrations of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) required to inhibit parasite growth. Dose-response curves for a Plasmodium falciparum clone (clone W2) and DHA were used as a standard for each assay. Assays with plasma or serum spiked with DHA proved to be reproducible (coefficient of variation, <or=10.9%), with a lower limit of quantitation equivalent to 2.5 ng of DHA per ml. For plasma spiked with artesunate or artemether, there was good agreement of the results obtained by the bioassay and the concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The bioassay for measurement of the antimalarial activities of artemisinin derivatives in body fluids requires a smaller volume of plasma or serum and is more sensitive than the presently available HPLC methods, can provide pharmacodynamic parameters for determination of activity against the parasite, and should enhance the design of more appropriate dosage regimens for artemisinin drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paktiya Teja-Isavadharm
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences. Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kayser O, Olbrich C, Croft SL, Kiderlen AF. Formulation and biopharmaceutical issues in the development of drug delivery systems for antiparasitic drugs. Parasitol Res 2003; 90 Suppl 2:S63-70. [PMID: 12937968 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-002-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of really new antiparasitic drugs to market level is a very rare event. A large number of lead structures have already been screened and discarded, the market is large but poor, and the administrative barriers are increasingly high and costly. Novel antiparasitics must not only be better, they must also be substantially safer than the existing repertoire. There are two major aspects to drug development. One is the strategy of pathogen-specific biochemical intervention, the other the strategy of optimal formulation and application. This review focuses on the latter. In finding and adapting innovative and "intelligent", i.e. parasite- and disease-specific formulations and delivery systems, established but deficient drugs might be optimised, enhancing their efficiency and reducing negative side effects at relatively low cost. Further, many promising new ideas are severely hampered by the low water solubility of the antiparasitic drug. Here as well, some of the innovative drug formulation and delivery systems discussed below might offer highly efficient, while technologically simple, solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kayser
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Technologie, Biopharmazie und Biotechnologie, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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