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Bektas S, Kaptan E. Microbial lectins as a potential therapeutics for the prevention of certain human diseases. Life Sci 2024; 346:122643. [PMID: 38614308 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are protein or glycoprotein molecules with a specific ability to bind to carbohydrates. From viruses to mammals, they are found in various organisms and exhibit remarkable diverse structures and functions. They are significant contributors to defense mechanisms against microbial attacks in plants. They are also involved in functions such as controlling lymphocyte migration, regulating glycoprotein biosynthesis, cell-cell recognition, and embryonic development in animals. In addition, lectins serve as invaluable molecular tools in various biological and medical disciplines due to their reversible binding ability and enable the monitoring of cell membrane changes in physiological and pathological contexts. Microbial lectins, often referred to as adhesins, play an important role in microbial colonization, pathogenicity, and interactions among microorganisms. Viral lectins are located in the bilayered viral membrane, whereas bacterial lectins are found intracellularly and on the bacterial cell surface. Microfungal lectins are typically intracellular and have various functions in host-parasite interaction, and in fungal growth and morphogenesis. Although microbial lectin studies are less extensive than those of plants and animals, they provide insights into the infection mechanisms and potential interventions. Glycan specificity, essential functions in infectious diseases, and applications in the diagnosis and treatment of viral and bacterial infections are critical aspects of microbial lectin research. In this review, we will discuss the application and therapeutic potential of viral, bacterial and microfungal lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Bektas
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey.
| | - Engin Kaptan
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kim CS, Jung MH, Choi EY, Shin DM. Probiotic supplementation has sex-dependent effects on immune responses in association with the gut microbiota in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:883-898. [PMID: 37780220 PMCID: PMC10522805 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.5.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Probiotics have been suggested as potent modulators of age-related disorders in immunological functions, yet little is known about sex-dependent effects of probiotic supplements. Therefore, we aimed to investigate sex-dependent effects of probiotics on profiles of the gut microbiota and peripheral immune cells in healthy older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, healthy elderly individuals ≥ 65 yrs old were administered probiotic capsules (or placebo) for 12 wk. Gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. Peripheral immune cells were profiled using flow cytometry for lymphocytes (natural killer, B, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells), dendritic cells, monocytes, and their subpopulations. RESULTS Compared with placebo, phylum Firmicutes was significantly reduced in the probiotic group in women, but not in men. At the genus level, sex-specific responses included reductions in the relative abundances of pro-inflammatory gut microbes, including Catabacter and unclassified_Coriobacteriales, and Burkholderia and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, in men and women, respectively. Peripheral immune cell profiling analysis revealed that in men, probiotics significantly reduced the proportions of dendritic cells and CD14+ CD16- monocytes; however, these effects were not observed in women. In contrast, the proportion of total CD4+ T cells was significantly reduced in women in the probiotic group. Additionally, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels showed a decreasing tendency that were positively associated with changes in gut bacteria, including Catabacter (ρ = 0.678, P < 0.05) and Burkholderia (ρ = 0.673, P < 0.05) in men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that probiotic supplementation may reduce the incidence of inflammation-related diseases by regulating the profiles of the gut microbiota and peripheral immune cells in healthy elders in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Information Sciences, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| | - Min Ho Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Catumbela CSG, Giridharan VV, Barichello T, Morales R. Clinical evidence of human pathogens implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathology and the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobials: an overview. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 37496074 PMCID: PMC10369764 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wealth of pre-clinical reports and data derived from human subjects and brain autopsies suggest that microbial infections are relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has inspired the hypothesis that microbial infections increase the risk or even trigger the onset of AD. Multiple models have been developed to explain the increase in pathogenic microbes in AD patients. Although this hypothesis is well accepted in the field, it is not yet clear whether microbial neuroinvasion is a cause of AD or a consequence of the pathological changes experienced by the demented brain. Along the same line, the gut microbiome has also been proposed as a modulator of AD. In this review, we focus on human-based evidence demonstrating the elevated abundance of microbes and microbe-derived molecules in AD hosts as well as their interactions with AD hallmarks. Further, the direct-purpose and potential off-target effects underpinning the efficacy of anti-microbial treatments in AD are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso S G Catumbela
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, 8370993, Santiago, Chile.
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Devi P, Kumari P, Yadav A, Tarai B, Budhiraja S, Shamim U, Pandey R. Transcriptionally active nasopharyngeal commensals and opportunistic microbial dynamics define mild symptoms in the COVID 19 vaccination breakthroughs. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011160. [PMID: 36800345 PMCID: PMC9937460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of COVID 19 vaccines as an effort to mitigate the outbreak, has saved millions of lives globally. However, vaccination breakthroughs have continuously challenged the vaccines' effectiveness and provided incentives to explore facets holding potential to alter vaccination-induced immunity and protection from subsequent infection, especially VOCs (Variants Of Concern). We explored the functional dynamics of nasopharyngeal transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs) between vaccination breakthroughs and unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Microbial taxonomic communities were differentially altered with skewed enrichment of bacterial class/genera of Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria with grossly reduced phylum Bacteroidetes in vaccination breakthrough individuals. The Bacillus genus was abundant in Firmicutes in vaccination breakthrough whereas Prevotella among Bacteroides dominated the unvaccinated. Also, Pseudomonas and Salmonella of Gammaproteobacteria were overrepresented in vaccination breakthrough, whilst unvaccinated showed presence of several genera, Achromobacter, Bordetella, Burkholderia, Neisseria, Hemophilus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas, belonging to Proteobacteria. At species level, the microbiota of vaccination breakthrough exhibited relatively higher abundance of unique commensals, in comparison to potential opportunistic microbes enrichment in unvaccinated patients' microbiota. Functional metabolic pathways like amino acid biosynthesis, sulphate assimilation, fatty acid and beta oxidation, associated with generation of SCFAs (short chain fatty acids), were enriched in vaccination breakthroughs. Majorly, metabolic pathways of LCFAs biosynthesis (long chain fatty acids; oleate, dodecenoate, palmitoleate, gondoate) were found associated with the unvaccinated. Our research highlights that vaccination decreases the microbial diversity in terms of depleting opportunistic pathogens and increasing the preponderance of commensals with respect to unvaccinated patients. Metabolic pathway analysis substantiates the shift in diversity to functionally modulate immune response generation, which may be related to mild clinical manifestations and faster recovery times during vaccination breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Devi
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pallawi Kumari
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Yadav
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bansidhar Tarai
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Budhiraja
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Jeong MJ, Jeon S, Yu HS, Cho WS, Lee S, Kang D, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kim SY. Exposure to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Rat Lungs and Perturbs the Lung Microbiome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:522. [PMID: 35010784 PMCID: PMC8744909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) are highly redox active nanoparticles. They can cause acute and chronic inflammation in rat lungs. Unlike the gut microbiome, the association between the lung microbiome's role and pulmonary inflammatory response to inhaled nanoparticles remains largely unexplored. We aimed to explore the interaction between the lung microbiome and inflammatory responses in rats exposed to NiO NPs. Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly categorized into control and low- (50 cm2/rat), and high- (150 cm2/rat) dose NiO NPs exposure groups. NiO NPs were intratracheally instilled, and cytological, biochemical, proinflammatory cytokine, and lung microbiome analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were performed at 1 day and 4 weeks after instillation. NiO NPs caused a neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammatory response in rat lung. We demonstrated that exposure to NiO NPs can alter the lung microbial composition in rats. In particular, we found that more Burkholderiales are present in the NiO NPs exposure groups than in the control group at 1 day after instillation. Dysbiosis in the lung microbiome is thought to be associated with acute lung inflammation. We also suggested that Burkholderiales may be a key biomarker associated with lung neutrophilic inflammation after NiO NPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin Jeong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (M.-J.J.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (S.J.); (W.-S.C.)
| | - Hak-Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (M.-J.J.); (H.-S.Y.)
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (S.J.); (W.-S.C.)
| | - Seungho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.L.); (D.K.); (Y.K.)
- Environmental Health Center of Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Dongmug Kang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.L.); (D.K.); (Y.K.)
- Environmental Health Center of Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Preventive and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Youngki Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.L.); (D.K.); (Y.K.)
- Environmental Health Center of Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Preventive and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ji Kim
- Environmental Health Center of Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Preventive and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Se-Yeong Kim
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (S.L.); (D.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Preventive and Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Medical College, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Ganesh PS, Vishnupriya S, Vadivelu J, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Shankar EM. Intracellular survival and innate immune evasion of Burkholderia cepacia: Improved understanding of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors, biofilm, and inhibitors. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:87-98. [PMID: 31769530 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are opportunistic pathogens implicated with nosocomial infections, and high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). B. cepacia are naturally resistant to different classes of antibiotics, and can subvert the host innate immune responses by producing quorum sensing (QS) controlled virulence factors and biofilms. It still remains a conundrum as to how exactly the bacterium survives the intracellular environment within the host cells of CF patients and immunocompromised individuals although the bacterium can invade human lung epithelial cells, neutrophils, and murine macrophages. The mechanisms associated with intracellular survival in the airway epithelial cells and the role of QS and virulence factors in B. cepacia infections in cystic fibrosis remain largely unclear. The current review focuses on understanding the role of QS-controlled virulence factors and biofilms, and provides additional impetus to understanding the potentials of QS-inhibitory strategies against B. cepacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivakumar Vishnupriya
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Armstrong H, Alipour M, Valcheva R, Bording-Jorgensen M, Jovel J, Zaidi D, Shah P, Lou Y, Ebeling C, Mason AL, Lafleur D, Jerasi J, Wong GKS, Madsen K, Carroll MW, Huynh HQ, Dieleman LA, Wine E. Host immunoglobulin G selectively identifies pathobionts in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30925932 PMCID: PMC6317230 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of complex and multifactorial disorders with unknown etiology. Chronic intestinal inflammation develops against resident intestinal bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. We hypothesized that host intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) G can be used to identify bacteria involved in IBD pathogenesis. RESULTS IgG-bound and -unbound microorganisms were collected from 32 pediatric terminal ileum aspirate washes during colonoscopy [non-IBD (n = 10), Crohn disease (n = 15), and ulcerative colitis (n = 7)], and composition was assessed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. In vitro analysis of invasive capacity was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and gentamicin invasion assay; immune activation was measured by qPCR. Despite considerable inter-individual variations, IgG binding favored specific and unique mucosa-associated species in pediatric IBD patients. Burkholderia cepacia, Flavonifractor plautii, and Rumminococcus sp. demonstrated increased IgG binding, while Pseudomonas ST29 demonstrated reduced IgG binding, in IBD. In vitro validation confirmed that B. cepacia, F. plautii, and Rumminococcus display invasive potential while Pseudomonas protogens did not. CONCLUSION Using IgG as a marker of pathobionts in larger patient cohorts to identify microbes and elucidate their role in IBD pathogenesis will potentially underpin new strategies to facilitate development of novel, targeted diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, this method can be used beyond the scope of this manuscript to evaluate altered gut pathobionts in a number of diseases associated with altered microbiota including arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, and carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Misagh Alipour
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Rosica Valcheva
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Juan Jovel
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Deenaz Zaidi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Prachi Shah
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Cory Ebeling
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Andrew L. Mason
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Dawson Lafleur
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jeremy Jerasi
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Gane K.-S. Wong
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Madsen
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Matthew W. Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Hien Q. Huynh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Levinus A. Dieleman
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- CEGIIR, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Room 4-577, 11405 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9 Canada
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David J, Bell RE, Clark GC. Mechanisms of Disease: Host-Pathogen Interactions between Burkholderia Species and Lung Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:80. [PMID: 26636042 PMCID: PMC4649042 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Burkholderia species can cause a range of severe, often fatal, respiratory diseases. A variety of in vitro models of infection have been developed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which Burkholderia spp. gain entry to and interact with the body. The majority of studies have tended to focus on the interaction of bacteria with phagocytic cells with a paucity of information available with regard to the lung epithelium. However, the lung epithelium is becoming more widely recognized as an important player in innate immunity and the early response to infections. Here we review the complex relationship between Burkholderia species and epithelial cells with an emphasis on the most pathogenic species, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. The current gaps in knowledge in our understanding are highlighted along with the epithelial host-pathogen interactions that offer potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan David
- Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Salisbury, UK
| | - Rachel E Bell
- Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Salisbury, UK ; Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, King's College London London, UK
| | - Graeme C Clark
- Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Salisbury, UK
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Agard M, Asakrah S, Morici LA. PGE(2) suppression of innate immunity during mucosal bacterial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:45. [PMID: 23971009 PMCID: PMC3748320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator in inflammatory and immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Upon stimulation by various proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, PGE2 synthesis is upregulated by the expression of cyclooxygenases. Biologically active PGE2 is then able to signal through four primary receptors to elicit a response. PGE2 is a critical molecule that regulates the activation, maturation, migration, and cytokine secretion of several immune cells, particularly those involved in innate immunity such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can induce PGE2 synthesis to regulate immune responses during bacterial pathogenesis. This review will focus on PGE2 in innate immunity and how bacterial pathogens influence PGE2 production during enteric and pulmonary infections. The conserved ability of many bacterial pathogens to promote PGE2 responses during infection suggests a common signaling mechanism to deter protective pro-inflammatory immune responses. Inhibition of PGE2 production and signaling during infection may represent a therapeutic alternative to treat bacterial infections. Further study of the immunosuppressive effects of PGE2 on innate immunity will lead to a better understanding of potential therapeutic targets within the PGE2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Agard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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10
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Räth S, Ziesemer S, Witte A, Konkel A, Müller C, Hildebrandt P, Völker U, Hildebrandt JP. S. aureus haemolysin A-induced IL-8 and IL-6 release from human airway epithelial cells is mediated by activation of p38- and Erk-MAP kinases and additional, cell type-specific signalling mechanisms. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1253-65. [PMID: 23347173 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soluble virulence-associated factors of Staphylococcus aureus like haemolysin A (Hla) induce secretion of chemo/cytokines from airway epithelial cells. To elucidate the potential roles of specific signalling pathways in this response, we treated 16HBE14o-, S9 or A549 cells with recombinant Hla (rHla). In a dose-dependent manner, rHla induced secretion of IL-8 in all three cell types, but IL-6 release only in 16HBE14o- and S9 cells. rHla-mediated secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 was suppressed by pre-incubation of cells with inhibitors of Erk type or p38 MAP kinases, indicating that activation of these signalling pathways is essential for IL-8 release in all three cell types and for IL-6 release in 16HBE14o- and S9 cells. The rHla-mediated phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAP kinase seem to depend on elevations in [Ca(2+)]i, an early response in rHla-treated cells. Inhibitors of calmodulin or calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II attenuated rHla-mediated release of IL-8 in 16HBE14o- and A549 cells and of IL-6 in 16HBE14o- cells. This indicates that rHla may mediate simultaneous activation of calmodulin-dependent processes as additional prerequisites for chemo/cytokine secretion.However, the inhibitors of calmodulin-dependent signalling did not affect rHla-induced p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, indicating that this pathway works in parallel with p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Räth
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Johann Sebastian Bach-Strasse 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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De Lisle RC, Meldi L, Mueller R. Intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction develops postnatally in cystic fibrosis mice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 55:689-94. [PMID: 22699839 PMCID: PMC3504652 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182638bf4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intestinal dysmotility is one of the effects of cystic fibrosis (CF), but when and how this develops is not well understood. The goal of the present study was to use the Cftr knockout mouse to determine when in development circular smooth muscle of the small intestine becomes dysfunctional. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and CF mice were used at postnatal day 5 (P5) through adult. Pieces of small intestine were used to measure contractile activity of the circular muscle. Bacterial overgrowth was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the bacterial 16S gene. Intestinal gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its metabolites were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS CF circular muscle response to cholinergic stimulation was similar to WT at P5, became somewhat impaired at P7, and was severely impaired by P14. In the CF intestine, bacterial overgrowth occurred by P4 and was maintained into adulthood. Eicosanoid metabolic gene expression in the CF intestine did not differ from WT shortly after birth. The phospholipase A2 genes, Pla2g4c and Pla2g5 exhibited increased expression in CF mice at P24. Prostaglandin degradative genes, Hpgd and Ptgr1, showed lower expression in CF as compared with WT at P16 and P24, respectively. PGE2 levels were significantly greater in CF mice at most ages from P7 through adulthood. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly demonstrate that lack of CFTR itself does not cause smooth muscle dysfunction, because the circular muscle from P5 CF mice had normal activity and dysfunction developed between P7 and P14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C De Lisle
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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12
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Šulák O, Cioci G, Lameignère E, Balloy V, Round A, Gutsche I, Malinovská L, Chignard M, Kosma P, Aubert DF, Marolda CL, Valvano MA, Wimmerová M, Imberty A. Burkholderia cenocepacia BC2L-C is a super lectin with dual specificity and proinflammatory activity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002238. [PMID: 21909279 PMCID: PMC3164656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins and adhesins are involved in bacterial adhesion to host tissues and mucus during early steps of infection. We report the characterization of BC2L-C, a soluble lectin from the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia, which has two distinct domains with unique specificities and biological activities. The N-terminal domain is a novel TNF-α-like fucose-binding lectin, while the C-terminal part is similar to a superfamily of calcium-dependent bacterial lectins. The C-terminal domain displays specificity for mannose and l-glycero-d-manno-heptose. BC2L-C is therefore a superlectin that binds independently to mannose/heptose glycoconjugates and fucosylated human histo-blood group epitopes. The apo form of the C-terminal domain crystallized as a dimer, and calcium and mannose could be docked in the binding site. The whole lectin is hexameric and the overall structure, determined by electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering, reveals a flexible arrangement of three mannose/heptose-specific dimers flanked by two fucose-specific TNF-α-like trimers. We propose that BC2L-C binds to the bacterial surface in a mannose/heptose-dependent manner via the C-terminal domain. The TNF-α-like domain triggers IL-8 production in cultured airway epithelial cells in a carbohydrate-independent manner, and is therefore proposed to play a role in the dysregulated proinflammatory response observed in B. cenocepacia lung infections. The unique architecture of this newly recognized superlectin correlates with multiple functions including bacterial cell cross-linking, adhesion to human epithelia, and stimulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Šulák
- CERMAV-CNRS- UPR5301 affiliated to Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gianluca Cioci
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie Lameignère
- CERMAV-CNRS- UPR5301 affiliated to Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Viviane Balloy
- Unité de Défense innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U874, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Lenka Malinovská
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michel Chignard
- Unité de Défense innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U874, Paris, France
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel F. Aubert
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Cristina L. Marolda
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Michaela Wimmerová
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV-CNRS- UPR5301 affiliated to Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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Hurley BP, Pirzai W, Mumy KL, Gronert K, McCormick BA. Selective eicosanoid-generating capacity of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L286-94. [PMID: 21097525 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00147.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway neutrophil infiltration is a pathological hallmark observed in multiple lung diseases including pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. Bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa instigate neutrophil recruitment to the air space. Excessive accumulation of neutrophils in the lung often contributes to tissue destruction. Previous studies have unveiled hepoxilin A(3) as the key molecular signal driving neutrophils across epithelial barriers. The eicosanoid hepoxilin A(3) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant produced by epithelial cells in response to infection with P. aeruginosa. The enzyme phospholipase A(2) liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of all eicosanoids, including hepoxilin A(3). Once generated, aracidonic acid is acted upon by multiple cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases producing an array of functionally diverse eicosanoids. Although there are numerous phospholipase A(2) isoforms capable of generating arachidonic acid, the isoform most often associated with eicosanoid generation is cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2)α. In the current study, we observed that the cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2)α isoform is required for mediating P. aeruginosa-induced production of certain eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E(2). However, we found that neutrophil transepithelial migration induced by P. aeruginosa does not require cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2)α. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa-induced hepoxilin A(3) production persists despite cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2)α suppression and generation of the 12-lipoxygenase metabolite 12-HETE is actually enhanced in this context. These results suggest that alterative phospholipase A(2) isoforms are utilized to synthesize 12-lipoxygenase metabolites. The therapeutic implications of these findings are significant when considering anti-inflammatory therapies based on targeting eicosanoid synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Hurley
- Mucosal Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, USA.
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Abstract
Since inflammation and infection occur so early in infancy in cystic fibrosis, the function of innate immune defence in cystic fibrosis has been questioned by many investigators. This review aims to summarize the findings relating to the physical, humoral and cellular components of innate immune defence in cystic fibrosis, and highlights the roles of neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells in these activities. In addition, recently identified links between antioxidant defences and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, and how these may impact on innate lung defence, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhain Brennan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Eichstaedt S, Gäbler K, Below S, Müller C, Kohler C, Engelmann S, Hildebrandt P, Völker U, Hecker M, Hildebrandt JP. Effects of Staphylococcus aureus-hemolysin A on calcium signalling in immortalized human airway epithelial cells. Cell Calcium 2008; 45:165-76. [PMID: 18922576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Part of the innate defence of bronchial epithelia against bacterial colonization is secretion of salt and water which generally depends on coordinated actions of receptor-mediated cAMP- and calcium signalling. The hypothesis that Staphylococcus aureus-virulence factors interfere with endogenous signals in host cells was tested by measuring agonist-mediated changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in S9 cells upon pre-incubation with bacterial secretory products. S9 cells responded to mAChR-activation with calcium release from intracellular stores and capacitative calcium influx. Treatment of cells with culture supernatants of S. aureus (COL) or with recombinant alpha-hemolysin (Hla) resulted in time- and concentration-dependent changes in [Ca(2+)](i). High concentrations of Hla (2000 ng/ml) resulted in elevations in [Ca(2+)](i) elicited by accelerated calcium influx. A general Hla-mediated permeabilization of S9 cell membranes to small molecules, however, did not occur. Lower concentrations of Hla (200 ng/ml) induced a reduction in [Ca(2+)](i)-levels during the sustained plateau phase of receptor-mediated calcium signalling which was abolished by pre-incubation of cells with carboxyeosin, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane calcium-ATPase. This indicates that low concentrations of Hla change calcium signalling by accelerating pump-driven extrusion of Ca(2+) ions. In vivo, such a mechanism may result in attenuation of calcium-mediated cellular defence functions and facilitation of bacterial adherence to the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eichstaedt
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Zoological Institute, Johann Sebastian Bach-Strasse 11/12, Ernst Moritz Arndt-University, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Kerbiriou M, Le Drévo MA, Férec C, Trouvé P. Coupling cystic fibrosis to endoplasmic reticulum stress: Differential role of Grp78 and ATF6. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:1236-49. [PMID: 18022401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common Caucasian autosomal recessive disease. It is due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene encoding the CFTR protein, which is a chloride (Cl(-)) channel. The most common mutation leads to a missing phenylalanine at position 508 (DeltaF508). The DeltaF508-CFTR protein is misfolded and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and may trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, CF is accompanied by inflammation and infection, which are also involved in the UPR. To date, the UPR transducer ATF6 and ER stress sensor Grp78 have been used as UPR markers. Therefore, our aim was to study the activation of ATF6 and Grp78 in transfected human epithelial cells expressing the DeltaF508-CFTR protein, and we showed that they are activated in these cells. We investigated the effect of exogenous UPR inducers thapsigargin (Tg) and tunicamycin (Tu) on Grp78 and ATF6 expression. Whereas the cells reacted to the UPR induction, we show a difference in the electrophoretic pattern of ATF6. The Grp78/ATF6 complex was previously described, but its stability during UPR is controversial. Using co-immunoprecipitation we show that it is stable in DeltaF508-CFTR-expressing cells and is maintained under UPR conditions. Finally, using siRNA, we show that decreased ATF6 expression induces increased cAMP-dependent halide flux through DeltaF508-CFTR due to its increased membrane localization. Therefore, our results suggest that UPR may be triggered in CF and that ATF6 may be a therapeutic target.
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17
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Differential interaction of bacterial species from the Burkholderia cepacia complex with human airway epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2007; 10:52-9. [PMID: 18068390 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To increase knowledge of the pathogenic potential of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), we investigated the effects of reference strains of the nine BCC species on human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. B. multivorans exhibited the highest rates of adherence to and internalization by host cells. Two out of three clinical isolates recovered from cystic fibrosis patients confirmed the B. multivorans high adhesiveness. All four B. multivorans isolates exhibited an aggregated pattern of adherence but any of them expressed cable pili. When bacteria were centrifuged onto cell cultures to circumvent their poor adhesiveness, B. pyrrocinia exhibited the highest internalization rate, followed by B. multivorans. The percentages of apoptotic cells in cultures infected with B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia (subgroups IIIA and IIIB), B. stabilis and B. vietnamiensis were significantly higher than in control non-infected cultures. All nine BCC species triggered a similar release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8, that was not reduced by cell treatment with cytochalasin D. Hence, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that all BCC species exhibit a similar ability to induce the expression of host immune mediators whereas they differ on their ability to adhere to, invade and kill airway epithelial cells.
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18
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Sajjan US, Hershenson MB, Forstner JF, LiPuma JJ. Burkholderia cenocepacia ET12 strain activates TNFR1 signalling in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:188-201. [PMID: 17697131 PMCID: PMC3226749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an important pulmonary pathogen in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Infection is often associated with severe pulmonary inflammation, and some patients develop a fatal necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis ('cepacia syndrome'). The mechanisms by which this species causes severe pulmonary inflammation are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that B. cenocepacia BC7, a potentially virulent representative of the epidemic ET12 lineage, binds to tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and activates TNFR1-related signalling pathway similar to TNF-alpha, a natural ligand for TNFR1. This interaction participates in stimulating a robust IL-8 production from CF airway epithelial cells. In contrast, BC45, a less virulent ET12 representative, and ATCC 25416, an environmental B. cepacia strain, do not bind to TNFR1 and stimulate only minimal IL-8 production from CF cells. Further, TNFR1 expression is increased in CF airway epithelial cells compared with non-CF cells. We also show that B. cenocepacia ET12 strain colocaizes with TNFR1 in vitro and in the lungs of CF patients who died due to infection with B. cenocepacia, ET12 strain. Together, these results suggest that interaction of B. cenocepacia, ET12 strain with TNFR1 may contribute to robust inflammatory responses elicited by this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi S Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Medjane S, Raymond B, Wu Y, Touqui L. Impact of CFTR ΔF508 mutation on prostaglandin E2production and type IIA phospholipase A2expression by pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L816-24. [PMID: 15964894 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00466.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory pulmonary response with excessive production of inflammatory mediators. We investigated here the impact of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction on prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production and type IIA secreted phospholipase A2(sPLA2-IIA) expression. We show that both resting and LPS-stimulated human respiratory epithelial cell line bearing ΔF508 mutation on CFTR (CF cells) released more PGE2than control cell line. This was accompanied by enhanced expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 in CF cells. PGE2release was attenuated after experimentally induced retrafficking of the ΔF508-CFTR at the plasma membrane. sPLA2-IIA expression occurred at higher levels in CF cells than in control cells and was enhanced by LPS and PGE2. Suppression of PGE2synthesis by aspirin led to an inhibition of LPS-induced sPLA2-IIA expression. Higher activation of NF-κB was observed in CF cells compared with control cells and was enhanced by LPS. However, addition of PGE2or aspirin had no effect on NF-κB activation. LPS-induced sPLA2-IIA expression was reduced by an NF-κB inhibitor. We suggest that the lack of the CFTR in the plasma membrane results in a PGE2overproduction and an enhanced sPLA2-IIA expression. This expression is upregulated by NF-κB and amplified by PGE2via a unidentified signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Medjane
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, E336, Paris, France
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Watt AP, Courtney J, Moore J, Ennis M, Elborn JS. Neutrophil cell death, activation and bacterial infection in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2005; 60:659-64. [PMID: 16061707 PMCID: PMC1747479 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.038240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by chronic endobronchial bacterial infection and neutrophil mediated inflammation. Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for the resolution of inflammation. This study assessed the relationship between levels of neutrophil apoptosis and sputum microbiology in matched clinically stable patients with CF. METHODS Sputum was induced from 34 patients (nine with no Gram negative infection, 10 colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 with Burkholderia cenocepacia, and five with other infections). Apoptotic neutrophils measured by flow cytometric Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and morphology were similar in all groups. RESULTS Patients infected with P aeruginosa or B cenocepacia had a significantly lower percentage of viable neutrophils in the sputum than those with no Gram negative infection (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.01, median (interquartile range (IQR)) 14.2% (9.4-21.6), 15.8% (12.3-19.5), and 48.4% (23.0-66.4); p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively). They also had significantly higher levels of secondary necrotic granulocytes in sputum than patients with no Gram negative infection (Kruskal-Wallis p<0.0001, median (IQR) 55.5% (48.4-64.5), 50.4% (44.6-61.9), and 24.8% (14.4-30.5); p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Neutrophils (x 10(6)/g sputum) in P aeruginosa infected patients (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.05, median (IQR) 6.3 (3.5-12.7)) and B cenocepacia infected patients (5.7 (1.5-14.5)) were significantly higher than in the group with no Gram negative infection (0.5 (0.5-4.3), p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION These results suggest that cell death and clearance may be altered in patients with CF colonised with P aeruginosa and B cenocepacia compared with those with no Gram negative infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Watt
- Respiratory Research Group, The Queen's University of Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK.
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Steinkamp G, Wiedemann B, Rietschel E, Krahl A, Gielen J, Bärmeier H, Ratjen F. Prospective evaluation of emerging bacteria in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2005; 4:41-8. [PMID: 15752680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria contribute considerably to the progression of lung disease in cystic fibrosis. In this prospective, multi-centre study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of emerging bacteria and the physicians' assessments of the clinical importance of these findings. METHODS Twelve CF centres (total number of patients: 1419) reported the detection of any Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia complex, MRSA, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Klebsiella species and Mycobacteria during an observation period of 6 months. RESULTS 213 specimens with emerging bacteria were reported from 145 different patients. The proportion of patients with emerging bacteria differed between centres (3-38%, mean: 12.6%) and increased with age. The predominant bacterium was S. maltophilia (n=106 positive specimens), followed by Klebsiellae (n=36), B. cepacia complex (n=31), A. xylosoxidans (n=16), Mycobacteria (n=11), MRSA (n=11), and others (n=2). In many instances the same microorganisms had already been reported earlier, indicating intermittent or chronic colonisation. The clinical status was reported to be stable in 70% of patients, and antibiotic treatment was anticipated for 46% of positive specimens. Comparison of clinical data to age matched controls did not reveal any significant differences with regard to pulmonary and nutritional status prior to detection of emerging bacteria. CONCLUSION These data suggest a high variability between centres regarding the prevalence of emerging bacteria. Most patients maintained a stable clinical condition during the 6-month study period despite being colonised with emerging bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinkamp
- CF-Centre Hamburg-Altona and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Urban TA, Griffith A, Torok AM, Smolkin ME, Burns JL, Goldberg JB. Contribution of Burkholderia cenocepacia flagella to infectivity and inflammation. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5126-34. [PMID: 15322006 PMCID: PMC517433 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5126-5134.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. To understand the contribution of B. cenocepacia flagella to infection, a strain mutated in the major flagellin subunit, fliCII, was constructed in B. cenocepacia K56-2 and tested in a murine agar bead model of lung infection. C57/BL6 mice infected with approximately 10(8) wild-type K56-2 bacteria exhibited 40% mortality after 3 days, whereas no mortality was noted in mice infected with the fliCII mutant. Among the mice surviving the infection with either strain, there was no significant difference in the bacterial loads in the lungs and spleen, bacteremia, weight loss, or infiltration of immune effector cells at 3 days postinfection. Similar results were observed at 24 h, prior to expression of the lethality phenotype. KC, a murine interleukin-8 (IL-8) homolog, was elevated in both the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of mice infected with the wild type compared to the fliCII mutant at 24 h, suggesting that flagella stimulated host cells. To demonstrate that flagella contributed to these responses, the interaction between B. cenocepacia and Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) was investigated. Infection of HEK293 cells with heat-killed wild-type K56-2, but not infection with the fliCII mutant, resulted in both NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 secretion that was dependent upon expression of TLR5. Together, these results demonstrate that B. cenocepacia flagella contribute to virulence in an in vivo infection model, and that induction of host immune responses through interaction with TLR5 may contribute to its overall pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Urban
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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