1
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Li Y, Yang HS, Klasse PJ, Zhao Z. The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39041650 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Bieberich F, Vazquez-Lombardi R, Yermanos A, Ehling RA, Mason DM, Wagner B, Kapetanovic E, Di Roberto RB, Weber CR, Savic M, Rudolf F, Reddy ST. A Single-Cell Atlas of Lymphocyte Adaptive Immune Repertoires and Transcriptomes Reveals Age-Related Differences in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701085. [PMID: 34322127 PMCID: PMC8312723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease outcome is highly dependent on adaptive immunity from T and B lymphocytes, which play a critical role in the control, clearance and long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2. To date, there is limited knowledge on the composition of the T and B cell immune receptor repertoires [T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs)] and transcriptomes in convalescent COVID-19 patients of different age groups. Here, we utilize single-cell sequencing (scSeq) of lymphocyte immune repertoires and transcriptomes to quantitatively profile the adaptive immune response in COVID-19 patients of varying age. We discovered highly expanded T and B cells in multiple patients, with the most expanded clonotypes coming from the effector CD8+ T cell population. Highly expanded CD8+ and CD4+ T cell clones show elevated markers of cytotoxicity (CD8: PRF1, GZMH, GNLY; CD4: GZMA), whereas clonally expanded B cells show markers of transition into the plasma cell state and activation across patients. By comparing young and old convalescent COVID-19 patients (mean ages = 31 and 66.8 years, respectively), we found that clonally expanded B cells in young patients were predominantly of the IgA isotype and their BCRs had incurred higher levels of somatic hypermutation than elderly patients. In conclusion, our scSeq analysis defines the adaptive immune repertoire and transcriptome in convalescent COVID-19 patients and shows important age-related differences implicated in immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bieberich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Botnar Research Centre for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roy A Ehling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derek M Mason
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,deepCDR Biologics AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Wagner
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edo Kapetanovic
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric R Weber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,deepCDR Biologics AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miodrag Savic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Health, Economics and Health Directorate, Canton Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Rudolf
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Botnar Research Centre for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Georges G, Varga JM, Liedl KR. Ensembles in solution as a new paradigm for antibody structure prediction and design. MAbs 2021; 13:1923122. [PMID: 34030577 PMCID: PMC8158028 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1923122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibodies as a promising and rapidly growing class of biotherapeutic proteins has motivated numerous studies to characterize and understand antibody structures. In the past decades, the number of antibody crystal structures increased substantially, which revolutionized the atomistic understanding of antibody functions. Even though numerous static structures are known, various biophysical properties of antibodies (i.e., specificity, hydrophobicity and stability) are governed by their dynamic character. Additionally, the importance of high-quality structures in structure–function relationship studies has substantially increased. These structure–function relationship studies have also created a demand for precise homology models of antibody structures, which allow rational antibody design and engineering when no crystal structure is available. Here, we discuss various aspects and challenges in antibody design and extend the paradigm of describing antibodies with only a single static structure to characterizing them as dynamic ensembles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Janos M Varga
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Kroell KB, Heiss MC, Loeffler JR, Quoika PK, Waibl F, Bujotzek A, Moessner E, Georges G, Liedl KR. Surprisingly Fast Interface and Elbow Angle Dynamics of Antigen-Binding Fragments. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:609088. [PMID: 33330636 PMCID: PMC7732698 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.609088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fab consist of a heavy and light chain and can be subdivided into a variable (V H and V L ) and a constant region (C H 1 and C L ). The variable region contains the complementarity-determining region (CDR), which is formed by six hypervariable loops, shaping the antigen binding site, the paratope. Apart from the CDR loops, both the elbow angle and the relative interdomain orientations of the V H -V L and the C H 1-C L domains influence the shape of the paratope. Thus, characterization of the interface and elbow angle dynamics is essential to antigen specificity. We studied nine antigen-binding fragments (Fab) to investigate the influence of affinity maturation, antibody humanization, and different light-chain types on the interface and elbow angle dynamics. While the CDR loops reveal conformational transitions in the micro-to-millisecond timescale, both the interface and elbow angle dynamics occur on the low nanosecond timescale. Upon affinity maturation, we observe a substantial rigidification of the V H and V L interdomain and elbow-angle flexibility, reflected in a narrower and more distinct distribution. Antibody humanization describes the process of grafting non-human CDR loops onto a representative human framework. As the antibody framework changes upon humanization, we investigated if both the interface and the elbow angle distributions are changed or shifted. The results clearly showed a substantial shift in the relative V H -V L distributions upon antibody humanization, indicating that different frameworks favor distinct interface orientations. Additionally, the interface and elbow angle dynamics of five antibody fragments with different light-chain types are included, because of their strong differences in elbow angles. For these five examples, we clearly see a high variability and flexibility in both interface and elbow angle dynamics, highlighting the fact that Fab interface orientations and elbow angles interconvert between each other in the low nanosecond timescale. Understanding how the relative interdomain orientations and the elbow angle influence antigen specificity, affinity, and stability has broad implications in the field of antibody modeling and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina B. Kroell
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin C. Heiss
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick K. Quoika
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Moessner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecular Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Heiss MC, Liedl KR. Antibody humanization-the Influence of the antibody framework on the CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:411-422. [PMID: 32129452 PMCID: PMC7098879 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering of non-human antibodies has focused on reducing immunogenicity by humanization, being a major limitation in developing monoclonal antibodies. We analyzed four series of antibody binding fragments (Fabs) and a variable fragment (Fv) with structural information in different stages of humanization to investigate the influence of the framework, point mutations and specificity on the complementarity determining region (CDR)-H3 loop dynamics. We also studied a Fv without structural information of the anti-idiotypic antibody Ab2/3H6, because it completely lost its binding affinity upon superhumanization, as an example of a failed humanization. Enhanced sampling techniques in combination with molecular dynamics simulations allow to access micro- to milli-second timescales of the CDR-H3 loop dynamics and reveal kinetic and thermodynamic changes involved in the process of humanization. In most cases, we observe a reduced conformational diversity of the CDR-H3 loop when grafted on a human framework and find a conformational shift of the dominant CDR-H3 loop conformation in solution. A shallow side minimum of the conformational CDR-H3 loop ensemble attached to the murine framework becomes the dominant conformation in solution influenced by the human framework. Additionally, we observe in the case of the failed humanization that the potentially binding competent murine CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution shows nearly no kinetical or structural overlap with the superhumanized variant, thus explaining the loss of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin C Heiss
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Math BA, Loeffler JR, Liedl KR. Transitions of CDR-L3 Loop Canonical Cluster Conformations on the Micro-to-Millisecond Timescale. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2652. [PMID: 31803187 PMCID: PMC6877499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence and structural diversity of antibodies are concentrated on six hypervariable loops, also known as the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Five of six antibody CDR loops presumably adopt a so-called canonical structure out of a limited number of conformations. However, here we show for four antibody CDR-L3 loops differing in length and sequence, that each loop undergoes conformational transitions between different canonical structures. By extensive sampling in combination with Markov-state models we reconstruct the kinetics and probabilities of the transitions between canonical structures. Additionally, for these four CDR-L3 loops, we identify all relevant conformations in solution. Thereby we extend the model of static canonical structures to a dynamic conformational ensemble as a new paradigm in the field of antibody structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Burbelo PD, Price RW, Hagberg L, Hatano H, Spudich S, Deeks SG, Gisslén M. Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies in the Cerebrospinal Fluid: Evidence of Early Treatment Impact on Central Nervous System Reservoir? J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1024-1032. [PMID: 29401308 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) likely persists in the central nervous system (CNS) in treated individuals. We examined anti-HIV antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood as markers of persistence. Methods Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies were measured in paired CSF and serum before and after long-term treatment of chronic (n = 10) and early infection (n = 12), along with untreated early infection (n = 10). Results Treatment of chronic infection resulted in small reductions of anti-HIV antibodies in CSF and serum despite >10 years of suppressive ART. In untreated early infection, anti-HIV antibodies emerged in blood by day 30, whereas CSF antibodies reached similar levels 2 weeks later. Compared with long-term treatment of chronic infection, early ART initiation reduced CSF antibodies by 43-fold (P > .0001) and blood antibodies by 7-fold (P = .0003). Two individuals receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis and then ART early after infection failed to develop antibodies in CSF or blood, whereas CSF antibodies were markedly reduced in the Berlin patient. Conclusions To the extent that differential CSF and blood antibodies indicate HIV persistence, these data suggest a relative delay in establishment of the CNS compared with the systemic HIV reservoir that provides an opportunity for early treatment to have a greater impact on the magnitude of long-term CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiroyu Hatano
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Kraml J, Georges G, Liedl KR. CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution - conformational selection upon antibody binding. MAbs 2019; 11:1077-1088. [PMID: 31148507 PMCID: PMC6748594 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1618676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed pairs of protein-binding, peptide-binding and hapten-binding antibodies crystallized as complex and in the absence of the antigen with and without conformational differences upon binding in the complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 loop. Here, we introduce a molecular dynamics-based approach to capture a diverse conformational ensemble of the CDR-H3 loop in solution. The results clearly indicate that the inherently flexible CDR-H3 loop indeed needs to be characterized as a conformational ensemble. The conformational changes of the CDR-H3 loop in all antibodies investigated follow the paradigm of conformation selection, because we observe the experimentally determined binding competent conformation without the presence of the antigen within the ensemble of pre-existing conformational states in solution before binding. We also demonstrate for several examples that the conformation observed in the antibody crystal structure without antigen present is actually selected to bind the carboxyterminal tail region of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab). Thus, special care must be taken when characterizing antibody CDR-H3 loops by Fab X-ray structures, and the possibility that pre-existing conformations are present should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Guy Georges
- b Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- a Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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9
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Ismail AAA. The insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) as a cause of hypoglycaemia: an update on the pathophysiology, biochemical investigations and diagnosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:1715-1724. [PMID: 27071154 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is considered to be very rare in Caucasians. Understanding its pathophysiology is paramount in (a) appreciating its potential impact on analyses of pancreatic hormones and (b) explaining its highly variable clinical manifestations in non-diabetic, non-acutely ill patients with indeterminate hypoglycaemia. The underlying aetiology of IAS is the presence of variable affinity/avidity endogenous insulin antibodies in significant amounts. The two types of insulin antibodies namely antibodies which bind insulin and/or proinsulin(s) and receptor antibodies (insulin mimetic) will be discussed. Their biochemical and immunological roles in causing hypoglycaemia will be highlighted. Clinical manifestations of IAS can vary from mild and transient to spontaneous, severe and protracted hypoglycaemia necessitating in extreme cases plasmapheresis for glycaemic control. Antibodies of IAS can interfere in pancreatic immunoassay tests causing erroneous and potentially misleading results. Thorough testing for endogenous insulin antibodies must be considered in the investigations of non-diabetic, non-acutely ill patients with indeterminate and/or unexplained hypoglycaemia.
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10
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Saul L, Ilieva KM, Bax HJ, Karagiannis P, Correa I, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Josephs DH, Tosi I, Egbuniwe IU, Lombardi S, Crescioli S, Hobbs C, Villanova F, Cheung A, Geh JLC, Healy C, Harries M, Sanz-Moreno V, Fear DJ, Spicer JF, Lacy KE, Nestle FO, Karagiannis SN. IgG subclass switching and clonal expansion in cutaneous melanoma and normal skin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29736. [PMID: 27411958 PMCID: PMC4944184 DOI: 10.1038/srep29736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells participate in immune surveillance in human circulation and tissues, including tumors such as melanoma. By contrast, the role of humoral responses in cutaneous immunity is underappreciated. We report circulating skin-homing CD22+CLA+B cells in healthy volunteers and melanoma patients (n = 73) and CD22+ cells in melanoma and normal skin samples (n = 189). Normal and malignant skin featured mature IgG and CD22 mRNA, alongside mRNA for the transiently-expressed enzyme Activation-induced cytidine Deaminase (AID). Gene expression analyses of publically-available data (n = 234 GEO, n = 384 TCGA) confirmed heightened humoral responses (CD20, CD22, AID) in melanoma. Analyses of 51 melanoma-associated and 29 normal skin-derived IgG sequence repertoires revealed lower IgG1/IgGtotal representation compared with antibodies from circulating B cells. Consistent with AID, comparable somatic hypermutation frequencies and class-switching indicated affinity-matured antibodies in normal and malignant skin. A melanoma-associated antibody subset featured shorter complementarity-determining (CDR3) regions relative to those from circulating B cells. Clonal amplification in melanoma-associated antibodies and homology modeling indicated differential potential antigen recognition profiles between normal skin and melanoma sequences, suggesting distinct antibody repertoires. Evidence for IgG-expressing B cells, class switching and antibody maturation in normal and malignant skin and clonally-expanded antibodies in melanoma, support the involvement of mature B cells in cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Saul
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Correa
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Debra H Josephs
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Tosi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Isioma U Egbuniwe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Lombardi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Skin Tumor Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Hobbs
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases; King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L C Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harries
- Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - David J Fear
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Skin Tumor Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank O Nestle
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London &NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang ZZ, Pannunzio NR, Han L, Hsieh CL, Yu K, Lieber MR. The strength of an Ig switch region is determined by its ability to drive R loop formation and its number of WGCW sites. Cell Rep 2014; 8:557-69. [PMID: 25017067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
R loops exist at the murine IgH switch regions and possibly other locations, but their functional importance is unclear. In biochemical systems, R loop initiation requires DNA sequence regions containing clusters of G nucleotides, but cellular studies have not been done. Here, we vary the G-clustering, total switch region length, and the number of target sites (WGCW sites for the activation-induced deaminase) at synthetic switch regions in a murine B cell line to determine the effect on class switch recombination (CSR). G-clusters increase CSR regardless of their immediate proximity to the WGCW sites. This increase is accompanied by an increase in R loop formation. CSR efficiency correlates better with the absolute number of WGCW sites in the switch region rather than the total switch region length or density of WGCW sites. Thus, the overall strength of the switch region depends on G-clusters, which initiate R loop formation, and on the number of WGCW sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Z Zhang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nicholas R Pannunzio
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Li Han
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kefei Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Michael R Lieber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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12
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Cho SH, Raybuck A, Wei M, Erickson J, Nam KT, Cox RG, Trochtenberg A, Thomas JW, Williams J, Boothby M. B cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic regulation of antibody responses by PARP14, an intracellular (ADP-ribosyl)transferase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3169-78. [PMID: 23956424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to achieve sufficient concentrations of Ag-specific Ab of the appropriate isotypes is a critical component of immunity that requires efficient differentiation and interactions of Ag-specific B and Th cells along with dendritic cells. Numerous bacterial toxins catalyze mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of mammalian proteins to influence cell physiology and adaptive immunity. However, little is known about biological functions of intracellular mammalian mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, such as any ability to regulate Ab responses. poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 14 (PARP14), an intracellular protein highly expressed in lymphoid cells, binds to STAT6 and encodes a catalytic domain with mammalian mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase activity. In this article, we show that recall IgA as well as the STAT6-dependent IgE Ab responses are impaired in PARP14-deficient mice. Whereas PARP14 regulation of IgE involved a B cell-intrinsic process, the predominant impact on IgA was B cell extrinsic. Of note, PARP14 deficiency reduced the levels of Th17 cells and CD103⁺ DCs, which are implicated in IgA regulation. PARP14 enhanced the expression of RORα, Runx1, and Smad3 after T cell activation, and, importantly, its catalytic activity of PARP14 promoted Th17 differentiation. Collectively, the findings show that PARP14 influences the class distribution, affinity repertoire, and recall capacity of Ab responses in mice, as well as provide direct evidence of the requirement for protein mono-ADP-ribosylation in Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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13
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Avidity Studies in Anisakis simplex-Associated Allergic Diseases. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:106781. [PMID: 23762082 PMCID: PMC3676975 DOI: 10.1155/2013/106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroallergic anisakiasis (GAA) and Anisakis-sensitization-associated chronic urticaria (CU+) differ with respect to specific IgE levels. We hypothesised different immunoglobulin avidities in both entities as well as their dependence on TI and fish consumption. 16 patients with GAA and 17 patients with CU+ were included, and immunoglobulin levels were analysed by CAP (Phadia). IgE and IgG avidity indexes (AvIgE and AvIgG, resp.) were also determined. IgG avidity was higher in GAA than in CU+ (P = 0.035), whereas there was a tendency to lower IgE avidity in GAA (P = 0.095). When analysing all patients, AvIgG was positively correlated with specific IgE, IgG, and IgG4 as well as total IgE (Rho between 0.66 and 0.71; P < 0.002), but AvIgE was negatively correlated with specific IgE (Rho −0.57; P < 0.001), specific IgG4 (Rho −0.38; P < 0.05), and total IgE (Rho 0.66; P < 0.001). In GAA, weekly fish consumption was positively associated with AvIgE (Rho 0.51; P = 0.05). A multivariate regression showed that time interval was the main explaining factor for AvIgE in GAA. We could show a differential behaviour of immunoglobulin isotype avidities in both entities and their dependence on fish-eating habits as well as on the time elapsed to the last parasitic episode.
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14
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Barger TE, Wrona D, Goletz TJ, Mytych DT. A detailed examination of the antibody prevalence and characteristics of anti-ESA antibodies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3892-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Kim JH, Jeong EM, Jeong YJ, Lee WJ, Kang JS, Kim IG, Hwang YI. Transglutaminase 2 modulates antigen-specific antibody response by suppressing Blimp-1 and AID expression of B cells in mice. Immunol Lett 2012; 147:18-28. [PMID: 22658978 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tansglutaminase 2 (TG2) mediates post-translational modifications of proteins that are involved in a variety of biological processes. Previous reports suggest an involvement of TG2 in adaptive immune responses. However, little has been elucidated in this regard. We explored, in this study, the role of TG2 in humoral immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) using TG2(-/-) C57BL/6 mice. After primary and secondary immunization with KLH, the serum titer of the antigen-specific antibody was higher in the TG2(-/-) mice than in the wild-type mice. Not only the amount of the specific antibody was increased, but also the affinity of the antibody was estimated as higher in these mice. The TG2(-/-) spleen showed an enhanced germinal center response with higher percentages of GL7(+) germinal center B cells and B220(low) CD138(high) plasma cells. In addition, germinal center B cells from TG2(-/-) mice showed an increased expression of B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) as well as activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Our results, in sum, indicate a regulatory role of TG2 in humoral immune response to a protein antigen, probably by way of modulating the expression level of proteins related to humoral immune reposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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16
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Cortese L, Sica M, Piantedosi D, Ruggiero G, Pero ME, Terrazzano G, Mastellone V, Ciaramella P. Secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 2009; 164:778-82. [PMID: 19542552 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.25.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Forty-four dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum were divided into two groups: 20 thrombocytopenic dogs with fewer than 150 x 10(9) platelets/l, and 24 non-thrombocytopenic dogs with more than 200 x 10(9) platelets/l. Ten clinically healthy dogs were used as controls. A haematological profile was obtained and the dogs' serum was used to assess the presence of platelet-binding IgM and IgG antibodies using a flow cytometry technique. Nineteen of the 20 thrombocytopenic dogs, and 13 of the 24 non-thrombocytopenic dogs had detectable levels of platelet-binding immunoglobulins, but none of the control dogs did so. The differences were significantly different for both IgM and IgG platelet-binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine Section, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, Italy.
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17
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Primary Immunodeficiencies. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7121684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), once considered to be very rare, are now increasingly recognized because of growing knowledge in the immunological field and the availability of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities [161]. However in a database of >120,000 inpatients of a general hospital for conditions suggestive of ID 59 patients were tested, and an undiagnosed PID was found in 17 (29%) of the subjects tested [107]. The publication of the first case of agammaglobulinemia by Bruton in 1952 [60] demonstrated that the PID diagnosis is first done in the laboratory. However, PIDs require specialized immunological centers for diagnosis and management [33]. A large body of epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis of the existence of a close etiopathogenetic relation between PID and atopy [73]. In particular, an elevated frequency of asthma, food allergy (FA), atopic dermatitis and enteric pathologies can be found in various PIDs. In addition we will discuss another subject that is certainly of interest: the pseudo-immunodepressed child with recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs), an event that often requires medical intervention and that very often leads to the suspicion that it involves antibody deficiencies [149].
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18
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Jackola DR, Blackburn C, Sveum M, Rosenberg A. Entropy-favored human antibody binding reactions with a non-infectious antigen. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1494-500. [PMID: 17949816 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the thermodynamic properties of human antibodies directed against 'natural' antigen surfaces, possibly due to the complex interactions that are involved. Using an affinity distribution method, we have previously characterized the binding reactions between a major allergen from ragweed, Amb a 1, and serum Amb a 1-specific IgE as a model system. We determined the temperature dependence of these interactions using serum samples from people with established allergic sensitivity to ragweed pollen. Each sample provided evidence for three epitope-specific IgE reactions with extremely high equilibrium binding affinities @ 37 degrees C (10(8) to 10(11)M(-1)). Determining the affinities over a range of temperatures (4-41 degrees C) revealed a favorable exothermic Gibbs free energy change, DeltaG approximately -17.59 (+/- 5.04)kcal/M, comparable to previous reports using monoclonal antibodies produced against well-defined artificial antigens. In contrast to previous studies, in this system there was minimal input from enthalpy: DeltaH approximately -2.41 (+/- 2.32)kcal/M. However, a significant contribution was found from entropic changes: DeltaS approximately 48.98 (+/- 9.20)cal/KM. Human 'secondary antibodies' such as IgE, produced after exposure to 'natural' antigens, are optimized in terms of their high equilibrium binding constants with the antigen (allergen) that induced their production. Thermodynamically this is exemplified by minimal enthalpic (bond formation) concomitant with significant entropic (alignment) contributions to the total free energy change of reaction. These results suggest a high degree of 'complementarity' between the antibody and antigen surfaces in this experimental system, and may be a general guiding principle in the evolution of antibody repertoires by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- The Asthma & Allergy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Mayo Mail Code 434, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Hou P, Araujo E, Zhao T, Zhang M, Massenburg D, Veselits M, Doyle C, Dinner AR, Clark MR. B cell antigen receptor signaling and internalization are mutually exclusive events. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e200. [PMID: 16719564 PMCID: PMC1470458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the B cell antigen receptor initiates two concurrent processes, signaling and receptor internalization. While both are required for normal humoral immune responses, the relationship between these two processes is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that following receptor ligation, a small subpopulation of B cell antigen receptors are inductively phosphorylated and selectively retained at the cell surface where they can serve as scaffolds for the assembly of signaling molecules. In contrast, the larger population of non-phosphorylated receptors is rapidly endocytosed. Each receptor can undergo only one of two mutually exclusive fates because the tyrosine-based motifs that mediate signaling when phosphorylated mediate internalization when not phosphorylated. Mathematical modeling indicates that the observed competition between receptor phosphorylation and internalization enhances signaling responses to low avidity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hou
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Araujo
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhao
- 3Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 4Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 5James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Miao Zhang
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Don Massenburg
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Margaret Veselits
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Colleen Doyle
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 3Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 4Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 5James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus R Clark
- 1Department of Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- 2Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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20
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Terrazzano G, Cortese L, Piantedosi D, Zappacosta S, Di Loria A, Santoro D, Ruggiero G, Ciaramella P. Presence of anti-platelet IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:331-7. [PMID: 16406554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-three dogs, naturally infected by Leishmania infantum, were enrolled in the study and were classified as oligo-symptomatic (n. 15) and symptomatic or markedly symptomatic (n. 18). A control group was 10 healthy dogs. A haematological profile was obtained and the dogs serum was employed to assess the presence of platelet binding IgM and IgG antibodies (PBIgM, PBIgG) using flow cytometry. FITC labelled goat anti-dog IgM or IgG were used to detect PBIgM and PBIgG. Samples with a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) that was 100 channels higher on a log scale for more than 30% of the platelets than seen in negative control platelets from a healthy dog were considered positive for the presence of anti-platelet antibodies (PBIg). Twenty-one (63.3%) dogs revealed the presence of PBIg. Six of them were oligo-symptomatic while 15 showed moderate or severe clinical signs of illness. All the dogs with PBIg showed the presence of PBIgM, with nine animals showing both PBIgM and PBIgG. Nine of 18 symptomatic or markedly symptomatic dogs showed thrombocytopenia, while normal platelet counts were observed in all oligo-symptomatic animals. Eight of 9 thrombocytopenic animals showed the presence of PBIgM, while six of them showed PBIgG. One thrombocytopenic dog was negative for PBIg. This study is the first report documenting the presence of PBIg in natural canine leishmaniasis implying a pathogenic association between thrombocytopenia and the presence of antibody against platelet membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Terrazzano
- Chair of Immunology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, University of Naples, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Napoli, Italy
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21
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Zhou T, Hamer DH, Hendrickson WA, Sattentau QJ, Kwong PD. Interfacial metal and antibody recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14575-80. [PMID: 16195378 PMCID: PMC1237054 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507267102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ligation properties of metal ions are widely exploited by proteins, with approximately one-third of all proteins estimated to be metalloproteins. Although antibodies use various mechanisms for recognition, to our knowledge, none has ever been characterized that uses an interfacial metal. We previously described a family of CD4-reactive antibodies, the archetype being Q425. CD4:Q425 engagement does not interfere with CD4:HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein binding, but it blocks subsequent steps required for viral entry. Here, we use surface-plasmon resonance to show that Q425 requires calcium for recognition of CD4. Specifically, Q425 binding of calcium resulted in a 55,000-fold enhancement in affinity for CD4. X-ray crystallographic analyses of Q425 in the presence of Ca(2+), Ba(2+), or EDTA revealed an exposed metal-binding site, partially coordinated by five atoms contributed from four antibody complementarity-determining regions. The results suggest that Q425 recognition of CD4 involves direct ligation of antigen by the Q425-held calcium, with calcium binding each ligating atom of CD4 with approximately 1.5 kcal/mol of binding energy. This energetic contribution, which is greater than that from a typical protein atom, demonstrates how interfacial metal ligation can play a unique role in antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Jackola DR, Liebeler CL, Lin CY, Chiu YK, Blumenthal MN, Rosenberg A. Evidence that negative feedback between antibody concentration and affinity regulates humoral response consolidation to a non-infectious antigen in infants. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:19-30. [PMID: 15488940 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of human antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) responses in early life are not well characterized. We have previously observed an inverse relationship between allergen-specific Ig concentration and allergen-Ig-binding affinity in allergen-sensitive atopic adults, suggesting a possible feedback relationship between these variables. We prospectively studied children (6 months to 6 years) with and without atopic sensitization to the Der p 1 major allergen. Experimental results showed the following trends. (1) In both study groups, there was little change with age in average Der p 1-specific Ig (IgG1 or IgE) concentrations or allergen-Ig-binding affinities, and concentrations and affinities were independent. (2) Among individuals, however, there was a negative correlation between Ig concentration changes and affinity changes with age. (3) The rate of increase with age of the non-atopic Der p 1-IgG1 total binding capacity (Ig concentration x Ig affinity) paralleled that for the atopic Der p 1-IgE total binding capacity, and there was a comparable 'consolidation' of responses with age reflected by a narrowing of the variance of total binding capacity values. Except for the Ig classes involved, development of a humoral response to a non-infectious allergen is similarly regulated in atopic and non-atopic children, with Ig total binding capacity as the key regulatory variable. These results also suggest that there is a time-dependent feedback relationship between Ig concentrations and affinities that establishes an optimal Ig total binding capacity for a given environmental 'antigen load'. A theoretical model is proposed to account for this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- The Asthma and Allergy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Mayo Mail Code 434, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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23
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Jackola DR, Liebeler CL, Blumenthal MN, Rosenberg A. Random outcomes of allergen-specific responses in atopic families. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:540-7. [PMID: 15080805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergens are common non-infectious antigens to which people will mount T cell dependent humoral responses. Among genetically susceptible individuals, an antigen-specific response results involving the production of allergen-specific IgE (atopy). OBJECTIVE Determine if this susceptibility is manifested as an inherited, allergen-specific trait or a random response to allergens among susceptible people. METHODS We evaluated allergen-specific outcomes in 1099 members of families with positive atopic history (26 multi-generation and 112 nuclear families). Each was tested for sensitivity to 14 common allergens by standardized skin prick test (SPT), a marker of specific IgE production. Over 15,000 individual SPT's were evaluated. Among five randomly selected multi-generation families (N=163), semi-quantitative determinations of Amb a 1-specific IgA1,2 and IgG1-4 were determined in three groups: (A) Amb a SPT(+)/Amb a 1-IgE(+), (B) Amb a SPT(-)/Amb a 1-IgE(+), (C) Amb a SPT(-)/Amb a 1-IgE(-). RESULTS By rank correlation statistics, there were no discernible 'patterns' of specific SPT outcomes among any of the multi-generation families, suggesting that environmental exposure rather than allergen-specific inheritance determined the responses. This was confirmed among the nuclear families since the conditional SPT outcomes among children were independent of the SPT responses of their parents. Among five randomly selected multi-generation families, the relative proportionate concentrations of the Amb a 1-specific IgA and IgG subclasses were comparable, regardless of atopic sensitization to the ragweed allergen Amb a. CONCLUSION While the general propensity for atopy may be inherited, an individual's specific atopic outcome is a random variable independent of familial sensitization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jackola
- The Asthma and Allergy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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24
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Jackola DR, Pierson-Mullany L, Blumenthal MN, Rosenberg A. Allergen skin test reaction patterns in children (</=10 years old) from atopic families suggest age-dependent changes in allergen-IgE binding in early life. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 132:364-72. [PMID: 14707468 DOI: 10.1159/000074904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies of atopy rely upon evidence of abnormal IgE production, usually elevated total IgE or skin prick test (SPT) reactions. However, these measures may change with subject age. METHODS We screened 1,099 members of atopic families (aged 6-87 years) by serum total IgE and SPT for 14 allergens. For those SPT negative, we screened for Amb a 1- and Der p 1-specific IgE. Der p 1 IgE-Der p 1 allergen binding affinities were done on randomly selected subjects. RESULTS There were significantly fewer atopics </=10 years old (69.1%) compared to those >10 years old (75.8%) based upon any SPT-positive result. Children </=10 years had fewer SPT-positive reactions and smaller SPT wheal reaction areas. Yet, mean total IgE values were comparable to those of the older group. Screens for specific IgE showed no differences in proportions of atopics (</=10 years old = 83.1% and >10 years old = 82.3%). Among those SPT-positive for house dust mite extract, there was a positive correlation between Der p 1 binding affinity and the wheal area of the house dust mite extract. There was a positive correlation between the number of SPT-positive reactions and total IgE for both age groups. However, there was only a significant relationship between SPT-positive wheal area and total IgE for those >10 years old and no apparent relationship between wheal area and total IgE for those </=10 years old. CONCLUSION These results suggest that atopy-specific physiological mechanisms, primarily those involving allergen-IgE binding, change during the earliest years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- Asthma and Allergy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Jackola DR, Pierson-Mullany LK, Daniels LR, Corazalla E, Rosenberg A, Blumenthal MN. Robustness into advanced age of atopy-specific mechanisms in atopy-prone families. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:99-107. [PMID: 12586846 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.2.b99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated atopy-associated parameters in 1,099 people (aged 6-84 years) from families with history for atopy. All were tested for serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen sensitivity by skin prick test. Specific IgE tests were done in randomly selected families. There was a decline with age in serum total IgE values, and relative atopy "incidence rates" were slightly lower among those older than 60 years. However, there was no change with age in sensitivity or severity of atopy. Among those sensitized to ragweed (Ambrosia artemisilfolia), there was no age-associated change in IgE levels specific to Amb a 1, a major allergen extracted from ragweed, and no change in the binding affinity of IgE for the Amb a 1 allergen. Among families with atopic histories, the underlying atopic mechanisms are particularly robust, and the atopic propensity remains into advanced age. In addition, established atopic responses may be focused in an immune system compartment either independent of or minimally influenced by T-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- The Asthma & Allergy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Jackola DR, Pierson-Mullany LK, Liebeler CL, Blumenthal MN, Rosenberg A. Variable binding affinities for allergen suggest a 'selective competition' among immunoglobulins in atopic and non-atopic humans. Mol Immunol 2002; 39:367-77. [PMID: 12220894 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopy is a persistent, aberrant humoral response to certain classes of proteins (allergens) characterized by the presence of allergen-specific IgE. Yet, in both atopic and non-atopic individuals, allergen-specific responses involving the IgA and IgG subclasses have been observed, which evidence does not support models suggesting inherited differences in sensitivity to certain protein classes. Using the major ragweed component Amb a 1 as a model allergen, we assessed the humoral responses in three groups of unrelated donors: (A) atopic, ragweed sensitive; (B) atopic, but not ragweed sensitive; (C) non-atopic. As expected, Amb a 1-specific IgE was present in group A only. However, there were essentially no differences in the relative proportions of Amb a 1-specific IgA(1,2) and IgG(1-4) among the groups. We also determined the Amb a 1 binding affinities for IgG(1) and IgG(4) in the three groups, and compared these to Amb a 1-specific IgE binding affinities in group A. Group A donors' Amb a 1-IgE had extremely high affinities (10(8) to 10(11)M(-1)), but their Amb a 1-IgG(1) and Amb a 1-IgG(4) affinities were significantly lower (10(7) to 10(10)M(-1)). The average IgG(4) binding affinities in groups B and C were slightly higher than that of IgG(4) in group A, although not statistically significant. However, the IgG(1) affinity for Amb a 1 among group C, non-atopic donors was significantly elevated and comparable to the IgE affinity observed in group A, ragweed atopics. Inhibition studies with allergen-specific IgE-free serum showed that all isotypes recognized the major epitopes seen by IgE. These results suggest that there may be a "selective competition" among isotypes for allergens that is driven by the ability to produce high affinity, allergen-specific immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaine R Jackola
- The Asthma and Allergy Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 434, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Paul-Pletzer K, Yamamoto T, Bhat MB, Ma J, Ikemoto N, Jimenez LS, Morimoto H, Williams PG, Parness J. Identification of a dantrolene-binding sequence on the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:34918-23. [PMID: 12167662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205487200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dantrolene is a drug that suppresses intracellular Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscle and is used as a therapeutic agent in individuals susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Although its precise mechanism of action has not been elucidated, we have identified the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-1400) of the skeletal muscle isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), the primary Ca(2+) release channel in SR, as a molecular target for dantrolene using the photoaffinity analog [(3)H]azidodantrolene. Here, we demonstrate that heterologously expressed RyR1 retains its capacity to be specifically labeled with [(3)H]azidodantrolene, indicating that muscle specific factors are not required for this ligand-receptor interaction. Synthetic domain peptides of RyR1 previously shown to affect RyR1 function in vitro and in vivo were exploited as potential drug binding site mimics and used in photoaffinity labeling experiments. Only DP1 and DP1-2s, peptides containing the amino acid sequence corresponding to RyR1 residues 590-609, were specifically labeled by [(3)H]azidodantrolene. A monoclonal anti-RyR1 antibody that recognizes RyR1 and its 1400-amino acid N-terminal fragment recognizes DP1 and DP1-2s in both Western blots and immunoprecipitation assays and specifically inhibits [(3)H]azidodantrolene photolabeling of RyR1 and its N-terminal fragment in SR. Our results indicate that synthetic domain peptides can mimic a native, ligand-binding conformation in vitro and that the dantrolene-binding site and the epitope for the monoclonal antibody on RyR1 are equivalent and composed of amino acids 590-609.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanethee Paul-Pletzer
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Golub R, Martin D, Bertrand FE, Cascalho M, Wabl M, Wu GE. VH gene replacement in thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:855-60. [PMID: 11145660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The quasi-monoclonal (QM) mouse has a functionally rearranged H chain gene inserted into its natural position in the IgH locus. In this position, the H chain gene is subject to many of the same activities as normally arranged H chain genes, including somatic hypermutation, V(H) gene replacement, and class switch recombination. Here, we have used this mouse strain to determine some of the rules that govern the V(D)J recombination activity of the IgH locus in thymus. We focused on the requirements for V(H) gene replacement. In normal mice, thymic DJ(H) rearrangements are common, but VDJ(H) rearrangements are not. We found intermediate products of V(H) replacement in double-positive CD4(+)CD8(+) cells of the QM thymus, demonstrating that the inserted V(H) gene was accessible and ruling out the possibility that a V(H) gene per se cannot be rearranged in the thymus. We found transcripts from the knocked-in H chain gene of QM, but no mu H chain protein was detectable in thymocytes. Cloning and sequencing of these transcripts revealed that some had been generated by V(H) gene replacement. Corresponding signal joints could also be identified. These results suggest that neither a B cell-specific signal nor an Ig protein are necessary to activate V(H)-to-VDJ(H) joining in thymocytes. Possible mechanisms remaining to account for overcoming the barrier to V(H) joining in thymocytes include the insertion of a transcriptionally active gene segment and/or the inactivation of a silencer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin mu-Chains/analysis
- Immunoglobulin mu-Chains/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golub
- Department of Immunology and Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Tsuchiya H, Furukawa M, Matsui M, Katsuki K, Inouye S. 'Original antigenic sin' phenomenon in neutralizing antibody responses in children with enterovirus meningitis. J Clin Virol 2000; 19:205-7. [PMID: 11090757 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Department of Pediatrics, NTT West Kyushu Hospital, 1-17-27 Shinyashiki, 862-8655, Kumamoto City, Japan.
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30
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Kang Y, Calvo PA, Daly TM, Long CA. Comparison of Humoral Immune Responses Elicited by DNA and Protein Vaccines Based on Merozoite Surface Protein-1 from Plasmodium yoelii, a Rodent Malaria Parasite. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunization with DNA vaccines encoding relevant Ags can induce not only cell-mediated immune response but also humoral immune responses against pathogenic microorganisms in several animal models. Our previous results demonstrated that, when the C terminus (PyC2) of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), a leading vaccine candidate against erythrocytic stages of malaria, was expressed as a fusion protein (GST-PyC2) with glutathione S-transferase (GST), it elicited Ab-mediated protective immune responses in BALB/c mice. In our present study, we wished to examine the humoral responses to a DNA vaccine (V3) encoding GST-PyC2. The GST-PyC2 expressed in V3-transfected Cos 7 cells was recognized by a protective monoclonal Ab to PyC2 (mAb302), although the secreted product had undergone N-linked glycosylation. When BALB/c mice were immunized with V3 plasmid, anti-PyC2 Abs were successfully induced. These Abs immunoprecipitated native PyMSP-1 protein and competed with mAb302 for binding to its epitope at a level similar to those elicited by GST-PyC2 protein immunization. However, these Abs had significantly lower titers and avidities, and different isotype profiles and protective capacities against a lethal erythrocytic stage challenge, than those resulting from immunization with GST-PyC2 protein. Most surprising was the finding that, in contrast to protein immunization, there was no significant increase in the avidity of either GST-specific or PyC2-specific IgG Abs during the course of DNA immunization. This suggests that there may be little or no affinity maturation of specific Abs during DNA immunization in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Paul A. Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Thomas M. Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Carole A. Long
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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Lopez O, Perez C, Wylie D. A single VH family and long CDR3s are the targets for hypermutation in bovine immunoglobulin heavy chains. Immunol Rev 1998; 162:55-66. [PMID: 9602352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunoglobulins are made from genes belonging to a small family of closely related VH genes. In this respect cattle resemble all species of domesticated mammals, which also use one VH family. The family, named BoVH1, is homologous to the mouse Q52 family, and there are no more than 20 genes of this family in the bovine genome. Another feature of bovine heavy chains is the use of long CDR3s, which have an average of 21 codons. It seems that there are several families of long, closely related D genes rich in glycine and tyrosine responsible for this length. Sequences described as targets for mutations in other species can be found in CDR1, CDR2, and the putative D genes. The mutation mechanism starts at some point between late fetal stage and birth and seems to be antigen independent. Diversity seems to be generated by hypermutation, although other mechanisms cannot be discounted at this time. Contrary to humans and mice, which have several VH gene families comprising more than 100 genes, cattle use only a few genes and long CDR3s followed by somatic mutation to generate the necessary diversity to recognize the universe of antigens they will encounter during their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bachl J, Olsson C, Chitkara N, Wabl M. The Ig mutator is dependent on the presence, position, and orientation of the large intron enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2396-9. [PMID: 9482896 PMCID: PMC19354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypermutation at the Ig loci is confined to the area between the promoter and the intronic enhancer, which includes the rearranged variable region gene segment. We identified factors that contribute to the site-specificity at the heavy chain locus. We found that distance from both the promoter and the intronic enhancer is crucial in hypermutation. The presence of the enhancer is required, and, in contrast to its definition for transcriptional activity, its effect is orientation-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bachl
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Postfach, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Mice homozygous for a disrupted allele of the mismatch repair gene Pms2 have a mutator phenotype. When this allele is crossed into quasi-monoclonal (QM) mice, which have a very limited B cell repertoire, homozygotes have fewer somatic mutations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain and lambda chain loci than do heterozygotes or wild-type QM mice. That is, mismatch repair seems to contribute to somatic hypermutation rather than stifling it. It is suggested that at immunoglobulin loci in hypermutable B cells, mismatched base pairs are "corrected" according to the newly synthesized DNA strand, thereby fixing incipient mutations instead of eliminating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cascalho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0670, USA
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Bachl J, Steinberg C, Wabl M. Critical test of hot spot motifs for immunoglobulin hypermutation. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3398-403. [PMID: 9464828 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In hypermutation at the immunoglobulin loci, some bases are much more mutable than others. The increased mutability of the hot spots has been attributed to their being embedded in short sequence motifs. Among the suggested motifs are palindromes, TAA and RGYW (i.e. A/G G C/T A/T). We have tested these proposed motifs in a transfection system in vitro, which ordinarily uses the hypermutable stop codon TAG. The stop codon TAA is not hypermutable in our system, even when embedded in the pentamer and hexamer palindromes TAATA and ATTAAT; in fact, the revertants isolated were due to deletions. Single or double base changes in an RGYW motif containing a hypermutable stop codon result in a reduction of one order of magnitude or more in point mutation frequency. When the nonamer GACTAGTAT, which includes the same RGYW motif, was moved over hundred base pairs upstream, hypermutability was reduced by an order of magnitude. Thus, while RGYW apparently is a hypermutability motif, it cannot be the sole determinant of mutability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bachl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0670, USA
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Foster SJ, Brezinschek HP, Brezinschek RI, Lipsky PE. Molecular mechanisms and selective influences that shape the kappa gene repertoire of IgM+ B cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:1614-27. [PMID: 9120005 PMCID: PMC507981 DOI: 10.1172/jci119324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze the human kappa chain repertoire and the influences that shape it, a single cell PCR technique was used that amplified Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements from genomic DNA of individual human B cells. More than 350 productive and 250 nonproductive Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements were sequenced. Nearly every functional Vkappa gene segment was used in rearrangements, although six Vkappa gene segments, A27, L2, L6, L12a, A17, and O12/O2 were used preferentially. Of these, A27, L2, L6, and L12a showed evidence of positive selection based on the variable region and not CDR3, whereas A17 was overrepresented because of a rearrangement bias based on molecular mechanisms. Utilization of Jkappa segments was also nonrandom, with Jkappa1 and Jkappa2 being overrepresented and Jkappa3 and Jkappa5 underrepresented in the nonproductive repertoire, implying a molecular basis for the bias. In B cells with two Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements, marked differences were noted in the Vkappa segments used for the initial and subsequent rearrangements, whereas Jkappa segments were used comparably. Junctional diversity was generated by n-nucleotide addition in 60% and by exonuclease trimming in 75% of the Vkappa Jkappa rearrangements analyzed. Despite this large degree of diversity, a strict CDR3 length was maintained in both productive and nonproductive rearrangements. More than 23% of the productive rearrangements, but only 7% of the nonproductive rearrangements contained somatic hypermutations. Mutations were significantly more frequent in Vkappa sequences derived from CD5- as compared with CD5+ B cells. These results document that the gene segment utilization within the Vkappa repertoire is biased by both intrinsic molecular processes as well as selection after light chain expression. Moreover, IgM+ memory cells with highly mutated kappa genes reside within the CD5- but not the CD5+ B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8884, USA
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Li J, Daniels GA, Lieber MR. Asymmetric mutation around the recombination break point of immunoglobulin class switch sequences on extrachromosomal substrates. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:2104-11. [PMID: 8668542 PMCID: PMC145906 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.11.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Junctions at class switch recombination sites in the genome are characterized by a unique sequence feature. Nucleotide substitutions and small deletions are common on either of the two sides of the switch junction, but not on both together. We have previously reported an extrachromosomal substrate assay system for analyzing the recombination of class switch sequences. Here we have sequenced nine junctions on each side of the break point and compared these to 17 recombination junctions of control substrates from the same cells. Five of the nine switch recombination junctions have nucleotide substitutions and deletions, with multiple nucleotide changes being more common. Furthermore, mutations were found only on a single side of the junction, just as for the recombination of switch sequences in the genome. In contrast, only one of 17 control substrate junctions had a mutation, and this was a single nucleotide insertion. This difference is highly significant (P < 0.00007) and indicates that the fundamental recombination mechanism is likely to be similar for switch sequences in the chromosome and on minichromosome substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Division of Molecular Oncology, and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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37
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Tarlinton D. Chapter 2 The B-cell in immunity. Immunobiology 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(96)80070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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