1
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Medina LY, Serda RE. Intercellular Communication Through Microtubular Highways. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:155-171. [PMID: 39242379 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are open-ended, membrane-encased extensions that connect neighboring cells. They have diameters up to 1 μm but are able to expand to convey large cargos. Lengths vary depending on the distance of the cells but have been reported to be capable of extending beyond 300 μm. They have actin cytoskeletons that are essential for their formation, and may or may not have microtubule networks. It is thought that thin TNTs lack microtubules, while thicker TNTs have microtubular highways that use motor proteins to convey materials, including proteins, mitochondria, and nanoparticles between cells. Specifically, the presence of dynein and myosin support trafficking of cargo in both directions. The purpose of these connections is to enable cells to work as a unit or to extend cell life by diluting cytotoxic agents or acquiring biological material needed to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorél Y Medina
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rita E Serda
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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2
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Stahl-Meyer J, Holland LKK, Liu B, Maeda K, Jäättelä M. Lysosomal Changes in Mitosis. Cells 2022; 11:875. [PMID: 35269496 PMCID: PMC8909281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery demonstrating that the leakage of cathepsin B from mitotic lysosomes assists mitotic chromosome segregation indicates that lysosomal membrane integrity can be spatiotemporally regulated. Unlike many other organelles, structural and functional alterations of lysosomes during mitosis remain, however, largely uncharted. Here, we demonstrate substantial differences in lysosomal proteome, lipidome, size, and pH between lysosomes that were isolated from human U2OS osteosarcoma cells either in mitosis or in interphase. The combination of pharmacological synchronization and mitotic shake-off yielded ~68% of cells in mitosis allowing us to investigate mitosis-specific lysosomal changes by comparing cell populations that were highly enriched in mitotic cells to those mainly in the G1 or G2 phases of the cell cycle. Mitotic cells had significantly reduced levels of lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1 and the active forms of lysosomal cathepsin B protease. Similar trends were observed in levels of acid sphingomyelinase and most other lysosomal proteins that were studied. The altered protein content was accompanied by increases in the size and pH of LAMP2-positive vesicles. Moreover, mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics of purified lysosomes revealed elevated levels of sphingolipids, especially sphingomyelin and hexocylceramide, and lysoglyserophospholipids in mitotic lysosomes. Interestingly, LAMPs and acid sphingomyelinase have been reported to stabilize lysosomal membranes, whereas sphingomyelin and lysoglyserophospholipids have an opposite effect. Thus, the observed lysosomal changes during the cell cycle may partially explain the reduced lysosomal membrane integrity in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Lya Katrine Kauffeldt Holland
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Hormazabal J, Saavedra F, Espinoza-Arratia C, Martinez NW, Cruces T, Alfaro IE, Loyola A. Chaperone mediated autophagy contributes to the newly synthesized histones H3 and H4 quality control. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:1875-1887. [PMID: 35037039 PMCID: PMC8887419 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several pathways to ensure that proteins are folded properly in the cell, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating histone folding and proteostasis. In this work, we identified that chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is the main pathway involved in the degradation of newly synthesized histones H3 and H4. This degradation is finely regulated by the interplay between HSC70 and tNASP, two histone interacting proteins. tNASP stabilizes histone H3 levels by blocking the direct transport of histone H3 into lysosomes. We further demonstrate that CMA degrades unfolded histone H3. Thus, we reveal that CMA is the main degradation pathway involved in the quality control of histone biogenesis, evidencing an additional mechanism in the intricate network of histone cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hormazabal
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Saavedra
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Tatiana Cruces
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván E Alfaro
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Loyola
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Noureddine A, Paffett ML, Franco S, Chan AE, Pallikkuth S, Lidke K, Serda RE. Endolysosomal Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Trafficking along Microtubular Highways. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010056. [PMID: 35056951 PMCID: PMC8781846 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines intra- and intercellular trafficking of mesoporous silica nanoparticles along microtubular highways, with an emphasis on intercellular bridges connecting interphase and telophase cells. The study of nanoparticle trafficking within and between cells during all phases of the cell cycle is relevant to payload destination and dilution, and impacts delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents. Super-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction and sub-airy unit image acquisition, the latter combined with Huygens deconvolution microscopy, enable single nanoparticle and microtubule resolution. Combined structural and functional data provide enhanced details on biological processes, with an example of mitotic inheritance during cancer cell trivision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Noureddine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Michael L. Paffett
- Fluorescence Microscopy Shared Resource, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Stefan Franco
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.F.); (A.E.C.)
| | - Alfonso E. Chan
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.F.); (A.E.C.)
| | - Sandeep Pallikkuth
- Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Keith Lidke
- Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Rita E. Serda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
- Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.F.); (A.E.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-7698
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5
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Hämälistö S, Stahl-Meyer J, Jäättelä M. They Might Cut It-Lysosomes and Autophagy in Mitotic Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727538. [PMID: 34485308 PMCID: PMC8414588 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of one cell into two looks so easy, as if it happens without any control at all. Mitosis, the hallmark of mammalian life is, however, tightly regulated from the early onset to the very last phase. Despite the tight control, errors in mitotic division occur frequently and they may result in various chromosomal instabilities and malignancies. The flow of events during mitotic progression where the chromosomes condensate and rearrange with the help of the cytoskeletal network has been described in great detail. Plasma membrane dynamics and endocytic vesicle movement upon deadhesion and reattachment of dividing cells are also demonstrated to be functionally important for the mitotic integrity. Other cytoplasmic organelles, such as autophagosomes and lysosomes, have until recently been considered merely as passive bystanders in this process. Accordingly, at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown in prometaphase, the number of autophagic structures and lysosomes is reduced and the bulk autophagic machinery is suppressed for the duration of mitosis. This is believed to ensure that the exposed nuclear components are not unintentionally delivered to autophagic degradation. With the evolving technologies that allow the detection of subtle alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, our understanding of the small-scale regulation of intracellular organelles has deepened rapidly and we discuss here recent discoveries revealing unexpected roles for autophagy and lysosomes in the preservation of genomic integrity during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Asymmetric organelle inheritance predicts human blood stem cell fate. Blood 2021; 139:2011-2023. [PMID: 34314497 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human hematopoietic stem cell fate control is important for their improved therapeutic manipulation. Asymmetric cell division, the asymmetric inheritance of factors during division instructing future daughter cell fates, was recently described in mouse blood stem cells. In human blood stem cells, the possible existence of asymmetric cell division remained unclear due to technical challenges in its direct observation. Here, we use long-term quantitative single-cell imaging to show that lysosomes and active mitochondria are asymmetrically inherited in human blood stem cells and that their inheritance is a coordinated, non-random process. Furthermore, multiple additional organelles, including autophagosomes, mitophagosomes, autolysosomes and recycling endosomes show preferential asymmetric co-segregation with lysosomes. Importantly, asymmetric lysosomal inheritance predicts future asymmetric daughter cell cycle length, differentiation and stem cell marker expression, while asymmetric inheritance of active mitochondria correlates with daughter metabolic activity. Hence, human hematopoietic stem cell fates are regulated by asymmetric cell division, with both mechanistic evolutionary conservation and differences to the mouse system.
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7
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Abdolahpur Monikh F, Chupani L, Guo Z, Zhang P, Darbha GK, Vijver MG, Valsami-Jones E, Peijnenburg WJGM. The stochastic association of nanoparticles with algae at the cellular level: Effects of NOM, particle size and particle shape. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112280. [PMID: 33962275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Association of nanoparticles (NPs) with algae likely plays a critical role in their transfer in aquatic food chains. Although our understanding of the ecotoxicity and fate of NPs in the environment is increasing, it is still unclear how the physicochemical properties of NPs influence their interaction with algae at cellular levels and how this is reflected at a population level. This is due to the limitation in the existing analytical techniques to quantify the association of NPs with cells. To fill this data gap, we applied the novel technique of single-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify the cellular association of gold (Au)-NPs with algal cells (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) as a function of particle size, shape (spherical 10 nm, spherical 60 nm, spherical 100 nm, rod-shaped 10 × 40 nm, and rod-shaped 50 × 100 nm), and surface chemistry [citrate and natural organic matter (NOM) coating] on a cell-by-cell basis. The association of Au-NPs with algal cells was found to be a random probability following a so-called stochastic process; after 72 h of exposure, less than 45% of the cell population accumulated NPs on their surface. The number of Au-NPs per cell was found to be heterogeneously distributed as some cells were associated with a significantly higher number (e.g. up to 600 spherical 10 nm particles per cell) of Au-NPs than other cells present in the medium. The presence of NOM on the surface of the particles decreased the percentage of cells containing NPs except for the spherical 60 nm Au-NPs. We conclude that some algae within a population can accumulate NPs on their surface and this accumulation is influenced by the size, shape, and surface chemistry of NPs. It is important to understand how NPs may enter aquatic food chains to assess the possible risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental & Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Latifeh Chupani
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Z´atiˇsí 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gopala Krishna Darbha
- Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences & Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Lafouresse F, Jugele R, Müller S, Doineau M, Duplan-Eche V, Espinosa E, Puisségur MP, Gadat S, Valitutti S. Stochastic asymmetric repartition of lytic machinery in dividing CD8 + T cells generates heterogeneous killing behavior. eLife 2021; 10:62691. [PMID: 33427199 PMCID: PMC7867409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immune cells are endowed with a high degree of heterogeneity in their lytic function, but how this heterogeneity is generated is still an open question. We therefore investigated if human CD8+ T cells could segregate their lytic components during telophase, using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and live-cell imaging. We show that CD107a+-intracellular vesicles, perforin, and granzyme B unevenly segregate in a constant fraction of telophasic cells during each division round. Mathematical modeling posits that unequal lytic molecule inheritance by daughter cells results from the random distribution of lytic granules on the two sides of the cleavage furrow. Finally, we establish that the level of lytic compartment in individual cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) dictates CTL killing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lafouresse
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Jugele
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Doineau
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Duplan-Eche
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Espinosa
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Puisségur
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Gadat
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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9
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Lijster T, Åberg C. Asymmetry of nanoparticle inheritance upon cell division: Effect on the coefficient of variation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242547. [PMID: 33201918 PMCID: PMC7671523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have shown that when a cell that has taken up nanoparticles divides, the nanoparticles are inherited by the two daughter cells in an asymmetrical fashion, with one daughter cell receiving more nanoparticles than the other. This interesting observation is typically demonstrated either indirectly using mathematical modelling of high-throughput experimental data or more directly by imaging individual cells as they divide. Here we suggest that measurements of the coefficient of variation (standard deviation over mean) of the number of nanoparticles per cell over the cell population is another means of assessing the degree of asymmetry. Using simulations of an evolving cell population, we show that the coefficient of variation is sensitive to the degree of asymmetry and note its characteristic evolution in time. As the coefficient of variation is readily measurable using high-throughput techniques, this should allow a more rapid experimental assessment of the degree of asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lijster
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoffer Åberg
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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10
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Daniel M, Dubreil L, Fleurisson R, Judor JP, Bresson T, Brouard S, Favier A, Charreyre MT, Conchon S. Multiscale fluorescent tracking of immune cells in the liver with a highly biocompatible far-red emitting polymer probe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17546. [PMID: 33067572 PMCID: PMC7567820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative immune cell therapies relies on efficient cell tracking strategies. For this, multiscale fluorescence-based analyses of transferred cells into the host with complementary techniques, including flow cytometry for high-throughput cell analysis and two-photon microscopy for deep tissue imaging would be highly beneficial. Ideally, cells should be labelled with a single fluorescent probe combining all the properties required for these different techniques. Due to the intrinsic autofluorescence of most tissues and especially the liver, far-red emission is also an important asset. However, the development of far-red emitting probes suitable for two-photon microscopy and compatible with clearing methods to track labelled immune cells in thick samples, remains challenging. A newly-designed water-soluble far-red emitting polymer probe, 19K-6H, with a large Stokes shift, was thus evaluated for the tracking of primary immune CD8 T cells. These cells, prepared from mouse spleen, were efficiently labelled with the 19K-6H probe, which was internalized via endocytosis and was highly biocompatible at concentrations up to 20 μM. Labelled primary CD8 T cells were detectable in culture by both confocal and two-photon microscopy as well as flow cytometry, even after 3 days of active proliferation. Finally, 19K-6H-labelled primary CD8 T cells were injected to mice in a classical model of immune mediated hepatitis. The efficient tracking of the transferred cells in the liver by flow cytometry (on purified non-parenchymal cells) and by two-photon microscopy on 800 μm thick cleared sections, demonstrated the versatility of the 19K-6H probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malo Daniel
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- PAnTher, INRAE, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Fleurisson
- PAnTher, INRAE, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Timothée Bresson
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Favier
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Charreyre
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France.
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11
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Valenzuela JI, Perez F. Localized Intercellular Transfer of Ephrin-As by Trans-endocytosis Enables Long-Term Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 52:104-117.e5. [PMID: 31866204 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ephrins can elicit either contact-mediated cell-cell adhesion or repulsion, depending on the efficiency of the removal of their ligand-receptor complexes from the cell surface, thus controlling tissue morphogenesis and oncogenic development. However, the dynamic of the turnover of newly assembled ephrin-Eph complexes during cell-cell interactions remains mostly unexplored. Here, we show that ephrin-A1-EphA2 complexes are locally formed at the tip of the filopodia, at cell-to-cell contacts. Clusters of ephrin-A1 from donor cells surf on filopodia associated to EphA2-bearing subdomains of acceptor cells. Full-length ephrin-A1 is transferred to acceptor cells by trans-endocytosis through a proteolysis-independent mechanism. Trans-endocytosed ephrin-A1 bound to its receptor enables signaling to be emitted from endo-lysosomes of acceptor cells. Localized trans-endocytosis of ephrin-A1 sustains contact-mediated repulsion on cancer cells. Our results uncover the essential role played by local concentration at the tip of filopodia and the trans-endocytosis of full-length ephrin to maintain long-lasting ephrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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12
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Leng C, Overeem AW, Cartón-Garcia F, Li Q, Klappe K, Kuipers J, Cui Y, Zuhorn IS, Arango D, van IJzendoorn SCD. Loss of MYO5B expression deregulates late endosome size which hinders mitotic spindle orientation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000531. [PMID: 31682603 PMCID: PMC6855566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes regulate plasma membrane recycling. Recently, recycling endosome–associated proteins have been implicated in the positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindle and cytokinesis. Loss of MYO5B, encoding the recycling endosome–associated myosin Vb, is associated with tumor development and tissue architecture defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Whether loss of MYO5B expression affects mitosis is not known. Here, we demonstrate that loss of MYO5B expression delayed cytokinesis, perturbed mitotic spindle orientation, led to the misorientation of the plane of cell division during the course of mitosis, and resulted in the delamination of epithelial cells. Remarkably, the effects on spindle orientation, but not cytokinesis, were a direct consequence of physical hindrance by giant late endosomes, which were formed in a chloride channel–sensitive manner concomitant with a redistribution of chloride channels from the cell periphery to late endosomes upon loss of MYO5B. Rab7 availability was identified as a limiting factor for the development of giant late endosomes. In accordance, increasing rab7 availability corrected mitotic spindle misorientation and cell delamination in cells lacking MYO5B expression. In conclusion, we identified a novel role for MYO5B in the regulation of late endosome size control and identify the inability to control late endosome size as an unexpected novel mechanism underlying defects in cell division orientation and epithelial architecture. Loss of the recycling endosome-associated motor protein myosin Vb causes the formation of giant late endo-lysosomes; these in turn hinder the orientation of the mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation. Deregulated endosome size thus hampers faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend W. Overeem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Cartón-Garcia
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qinghong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Klappe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven C. D. van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Bourquin J, Septiadi D, Vanhecke D, Balog S, Steinmetz L, Spuch-Calvar M, Taladriz-Blanco P, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Reduction of Nanoparticle Load in Cells by Mitosis but Not Exocytosis. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7759-7770. [PMID: 31276366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The long-term fate of biomedically relevant nanoparticles (NPs) at the single cell level after uptake is not fully understood yet. We report that lysosomal exocytosis of NPs is not a mechanism to reduce the particle load. Biopersistent NPs such as nonporous silica and gold remain in cells for a prolonged time. The only reduction of the intracellular NP number is observed via cell division, e.g., mitosis. Additionally, NP distribution after cell division is observed to be asymmetrical, likely due to the inhomogeneous location and distribution of the NP-loaded intracellular vesicles in the mother cells. These findings are important for biomedical and hazard studies as the NP load per cell can vary significantly. Furthermore, we highlight the possibility of biopersistent NP accumulation over time within the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Bourquin
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Vanhecke
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Lukas Steinmetz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Miguel Spuch-Calvar
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Patricia Taladriz-Blanco
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , University of Fribourg , Chemin des Verdiers 4 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
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14
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Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a "Golgi mitotic checkpoint" controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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15
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Mehta K, Chacko LA, Chug MK, Jhunjhunwala S, Ananthanarayanan V. Association of mitochondria with microtubules inhibits mitochondrial fission by precluding assembly of the fission protein Dnm1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3385-3396. [PMID: 30602572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organized as tubular networks in the cell and undergo fission and fusion. Although several of the molecular players involved in mediating mitochondrial dynamics have been identified, the precise cellular cues that initiate mitochondrial fission or fusion remain largely unknown. In fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), mitochondria are organized along microtubule bundles. Here, we employed deletions of kinesin-like proteins to perturb microtubule dynamics and used high-resolution and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, revealing that mitochondrial lengths mimic microtubule lengths. Furthermore, we determined that compared with WT cells, mutant cells with long microtubules exhibit fewer mitochondria, and mutant cells with short microtubules have an increased number of mitochondria because of reduced mitochondrial fission in the former and elevated fission in the latter. Correspondingly, upon onset of closed mitosis in fission yeast, wherein interphase microtubules assemble to form the spindle within the nucleus, we observed increased mitochondrial fission. We found that the consequent rise in the mitochondrial copy number is necessary to reduce partitioning errors during independent segregation of mitochondria between daughter cells. We also discovered that the association of mitochondria with microtubules physically impedes the assembly of the fission protein Dnm1 around mitochondria, resulting in inhibition of mitochondrial fission. Taken together, we demonstrate a mechanism for the regulation of mitochondrial fission that is dictated by the interaction between mitochondria and the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mehta
- From the Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Leeba Ann Chacko
- From the Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Manjyot Kaur Chug
- From the Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- From the Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan
- From the Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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16
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Fuchs R, Stracke A, Holzmann V, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Meier-Allard N, Ebner N, Lassacher TM, Absenger-Novak M, Fröhlich E, Schittmayer M, Cano Crespo S, Palacin M, Rinner B, Birner-Gruenberger R. Prazosin induced lysosomal tubulation interferes with cytokinesis and the endocytic sorting of the tumour antigen CD98hc. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1211-1229. [PMID: 29909287 PMCID: PMC6070144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quinazoline based drug prazosin (PRZ) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human cancer cells. We recently reported that PRZ enters cells via endocytosis and induces tubulation of the endolysosomal system. In a proteomics approach aimed at identifying potential membrane proteins with binding affinity to quinazolines, we detected the oncoprotein CD98hc. We confirmed shuttling of CD98hc towards lysosomes and upregulation of CD98hc expression in PRZ treated cells. Gene knockout (KO) experiments revealed that endocytosis of PRZ still occurs in the absence of CD98hc - suggesting that PRZ does not enter the cell via CD98hc but misroutes the protein towards tubular lysosomes. Lysosomal tubulation interfered with completion of cytokinesis and provoked endoreplication. CD98hc KO cells showed reduced endoreplication capacity and lower sensitivity towards PRZ induced apoptosis than wild type cells. Thus, loss of CD98hc does not affect endocytosis of PRZ and lysosomal tubulation, but the ability for endoreplication and survival of cells. Furthermore, we found that glutamine, lysomototropic agents - namely chloroquine and NH4Cl - as well as inhibition of v-ATPase, interfere with the intracellular transport of CD98hc. In summary, our study further emphasizes lysosomes as target organelles to inhibit proliferation and to induce cell death in cancer. Most importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that the intracellular trafficking of CD98hc can be modulated by small molecules. Since CD98hc is considered as a potential drug target in several types of human malignancies, our study possesses translational significance suggesting, that old drugs are able to act on a novel target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fuchs
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anika Stracke
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Holzmann
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria; FH JOANNEUM - University of Applied Sciences, Alte Poststraße 149, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerfried Luschin-Ebengreuth
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nathalie Meier-Allard
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Ebner
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Maria Lassacher
- Chair of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Centre for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Centre for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Cano Crespo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and CIBERER, Parc Científic de Barcelona. Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and CIBERER, Parc Científic de Barcelona. Baldiri I Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beate Rinner
- Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Bierne H, Milohanic E, Kortebi M. To Be Cytosolic or Vacuolar: The Double Life of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29868493 PMCID: PMC5962784 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens are generally classified into two types: those that exploit host membrane trafficking to construct specific niches in vacuoles (i.e., "vacuolar pathogens"), and those that escape from vacuoles into the cytosol, where they proliferate and often spread to neighboring cells (i.e., "cytosolic pathogens"). However, the boundary between these distinct intracellular phenotypes is tenuous and may depend on the timing of infection and on the host cell type. Here, we discuss recent progress highlighting this phenotypic duality in Listeria monocytogenes, which has long been a model for cytosolic pathogens, but now emerges as a bacterium also capable of residing in vacuoles, in a slow/non-growing state. The ability of L. monocytogenes to enter a persistence stage in vacuoles might play a role during the asymptomatic incubation period of listeriosis and/or the carriage of this pathogen in asymptomatic hosts. Moreover, persistent vacuolar Listeria could be less susceptible to antibiotics and more difficult to detect by routine techniques of clinical biology. These hypotheses deserve to be explored in order to better manage the risks related to this food-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Epigenetics and Cellular Microbiology Team, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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18
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Neefjes J, Jongsma MML, Berlin I. Stop or Go? Endosome Positioning in the Establishment of Compartment Architecture, Dynamics, and Function. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:580-594. [PMID: 28363667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal system constitutes a key negotiator between the environment of a cell and its internal affairs. Comprised of a complex membranous network, wherein each vesicle can in principle move autonomously throughout the cell, the endosomal system operates as a coherent unit to optimally face external challenges and maintain homeostasis. Our appreciation of how individual endosomes are controlled in time and space to best serve their collective purpose has evolved dramatically in recent years. In light of these efforts, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - with its expanse of membranes permeating the cytoplasmic space - has emerged as a potent spatiotemporal organizer of endosome biology. We review the latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning endosomal transport and positioning, with emphasis on the contributions from the ER, and offer a perspective on how the interplay between these aspects shapes the architecture and dynamics of the endosomal system and drives its myriad cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke M L Jongsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC)/Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Cellular Reorganization during Mitotic Entry. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:26-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Mitotic Golgi disassembly is required for bipolar spindle formation and mitotic progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6590-E6599. [PMID: 27791030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610844113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the mammalian Golgi vesiculates and, upon partitioning, reassembles in each daughter cell; however, it is not clear whether the disassembly process per se is important for partitioning or is merely an outcome of mitotic entry. Here, we show that Golgi vesiculation is required for progression to metaphase. To prevent Golgi disassembly, we expressed HRP linked to a Golgi-resident protein and acutely triggered the polymerization of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the Golgi lumen. The DAB polymer does not affect interphase cell viability, but inhibits Golgi fragmentation by nocodazole and brefeldin A and also halts cells in early mitosis. The arrest is Golgi specific and does not occur when DAB is polymerized in the endosomes. Cells with a DAB polymer in the Golgi enter mitosis normally but arrest with an intact Golgi clustered at a monopolar spindle and an active spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Mitotic progression is restored upon centrosome depletion by the Polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor, centrinone, indicating that the link between the Golgi and the centrosomes must be dissolved to reach metaphase. These results demonstrate that Golgi disassembly is required for mitotic progression because failure to vesiculate the Golgi activates the canonical SAC. This requirement suggests that cells actively monitor Golgi integrity in mitosis.
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21
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de Marcos Lousa C, Denecke J. Lysosomal and vacuolar sorting: not so different after all! Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:891-7. [PMID: 27284057 PMCID: PMC5264500 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble hydrolases represent the main proteins of lysosomes and vacuoles and are essential to sustain the lytic properties of these organelles typical for the eukaryotic organisms. The sorting of these proteins from ER residents and secreted proteins is controlled by highly specific receptors to avoid mislocalization and subsequent cellular damage. After binding their soluble cargo in the early stage of the secretory pathway, receptors rely on their own sorting signals to reach their target organelles for ligand delivery, and to recycle back for a new round of cargo recognition. Although signals in cargo and receptor molecules have been studied in human, yeast and plant model systems, common denominators and specific examples of diversification have not been systematically explored. This review aims to fill this niche by comparing the structure and the function of lysosomal/vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) from these three organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine de Marcos Lousa
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS13HE, U.K. Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K.
| | - Jurgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K.
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22
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Thapa P, Li M, Bio M, Rajaputra P, Nkepang G, Sun Y, Woo S, You Y. Far-Red Light-Activatable Prodrug of Paclitaxel for the Combined Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and Site-Specific Paclitaxel Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3204-14. [PMID: 26974508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most useful chemotherapeutic agents approved for several cancers, including ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, it causes systemic side effects when administered parenterally. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new strategy for treating local cancers using light and photosensitizer. Unfortunately, PDT is often followed by recurrence due to incomplete ablation of tumors. To overcome these problems, we prepared the far-red light-activatable prodrug of PTX by conjugating photosensitizer via singlet oxygen-cleavable aminoacrylate linker. Tubulin polymerization enhancement and cytotoxicity of prodrugs were dramatically reduced. However, once illuminated with far-red light, the prodrug effectively killed SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells through the combined effects of PDT and locally released PTX. Ours is the first PTX prodrug that can be activated by singlet oxygen using tissue penetrable and clinically useful far-red light, which kills the cancer cells through the combined effects of PDT and site-specific PTX chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Mengjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Moses Bio
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Pallavi Rajaputra
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Gregory Nkepang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Yajing Sun
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Sukyung Woo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Youngjae You
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , 1110 North Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
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23
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Uittenbogaard M, Chiaramello A. Novel subcellular localization of the DNA helicase Twinkle at the kinetochore complex during mitosis in neuronal-like progenitor cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:275-86. [PMID: 26678504 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the kinetochore, a multi-protein structure located on the centromeric DNA, is responsible for proper segregation of the replicated genome. More specifically, the outer kinetochore complex component Ndc80/Hec1 plays a critical role in regulating microtubule attachment to the spindle for accurate sister chromatid segregation. In addition, DNA helicases play a key contribution for precise and complete disjunction of sister chromatids held together through double-stranded DNA catenations until anaphase. In this study, we focused our attention on the nuclear-encoded DNA helicase Twinkle, which functions as an essential helicase for replication of mitochondrial DNA. It regulates the copy number of the mitochondrial genome, while maintaining its integrity, two processes essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic functions. Although the majority of the Twinkle protein is imported into mitochondria, a small fraction remains cytosolic with an unknown function. In this study, we report a novel expression pattern of Twinkle during chromosomal segregation at distinct mitotic phases. By immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that Twinkle protein colocalizes with the outer kinetochore protein HEC1 as early as prophase until late anaphase in neuronal-like progenitor cells. Thus, our collective results have revealed an unexpected cell cycle-regulated expression pattern of the DNA helicase Twinkle, known for its role in mtDNA replication. Therefore, its recruitment to the kinetochore suggests an evolutionary conserved function for both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Uittenbogaard
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Anne Chiaramello
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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24
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Souza TAJ, Franchi LP, Rosa LR, da Veiga MAMS, Takahashi CS. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles of different sizes in CHO-K1 and CHO-XRS5 cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 795:70-83. [PMID: 26774669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in a range of products due to their unique properties. Nevertheless, these NPs can cause adverse biological effects and because of that, there is a great concern about the health and environmental risks related to their use. Recently, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in a variety of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies, but there are still controversies regarding the association between the size and the toxicity of these particles. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Ag NPs (10 and 100 nm) in two different cell lines, CHO-K1 and CHO-XRS5, by performing cell viability assay (XTT), clonogenic assay, micronucleus test, comet assay, as well as by investigating the cell cycle kinetics using the flow cytometry. Cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations of AgNPs (0.025-5.0 μg/ml) for 24 h. Our results indicated that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by the 100 nm-Ag NPs were greater than those induced by the 10 nm-Ag NPs for both cell lines, which suggests that the exposure to greater size particles (100 nm) can cause more adverse biological effects than the exposure to the smaller ones (10 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A J Souza
- Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian R Rosa
- Departament of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia A M S da Veiga
- Departament of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Catarina S Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Departament of Biology, FFCLRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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25
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Jeong YM, Duanting Z, Hennig H, Samanta A, Agrawalla B, Bray MA, Carpenter A, Chang YT. CDy6, a Photostable Probe for Long-Term Real-Time Visualization of Mitosis and Proliferating Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:299-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Jongsma MLM, Berlin I, Neefjes J. On the move: organelle dynamics during mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:112-24. [PMID: 25466831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cell constitutes the minimal self-replicating unit of all organisms, programmed to propagate its genome as it proceeds through mitotic cell division. The molecular processes entrusted with ensuring high fidelity of DNA replication and subsequent segregation of chromosomes between daughter cells have therefore been studied extensively. However, to process the information encoded in its genome a cell must also pass on its non-genomic identity to future generations. To achieve productive sharing of intracellular organelles, cells have evolved complex mechanisms of organelle inheritance. Many membranous compartments undergo vast spatiotemporal rearrangements throughout mitosis. These controlled organizational changes are crucial to enabling completion of the division cycle and ensuring successful progeny. Herein we review current understanding of intracellular organelle segregation during mitotic division in mammalian cells, with a focus on compartment organization and integrity throughout the inheritance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Wu LP, Wang D, Parhamifar L, Hall A, Chen GQ, Moghimi SM. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-R-3-hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticles with polyethylenimine coat as simple, safe, and versatile vehicles for cell targeting: population characteristics, cell uptake, and intracellular trafficking. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:817-24. [PMID: 24408356 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly safe poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-R-3-hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticulate delivery system that targets different cell types is developed. A sub-cytotoxic level of polyethylenimine coat mediates universal cell targeting. Internalized nanoparticles traffic along endolysosomal compartments, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Nanoparticles have no detrimental effects on cell morphology and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ping Wu
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, NanoScience Centre, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ladan Parhamifar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, NanoScience Centre, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Arnaldur Hall
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, NanoScience Centre, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Seyed M. Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, NanoScience Centre, Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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28
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Braden BP, Taketa DA, Pierce JD, Kassmer S, Lewis DD, De Tomaso AW. Vascular regeneration in a basal chordate is due to the presence of immobile, bi-functional cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95460. [PMID: 24736432 PMCID: PMC3988187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The source of tissue turnover during homeostasis or following injury is usually due to proliferation of a small number of resident, lineage-restricted stem cells that have the ability to amplify and differentiate into mature cell types. We are studying vascular regeneration in a chordate model organism, Botryllus schlosseri, and have previously found that following surgical ablation of the extracorporeal vasculature, new tissue will regenerate in a VEGF-dependent process within 48 hrs. Here we use a novel vascular cell lineage tracing methodology to assess regeneration in parabiosed individuals and demonstrate that the source of regenerated vasculature is due to the proliferation of pre-existing vascular resident cells and not a mobile progenitor. We also show that these cells are bi-potential, and can reversibly adopt two fates, that of the newly forming vessels or the differentiated vascular tissue at the terminus of the vasculature, known as ampullae. In addition, we show that pre-existing vascular resident cells differentially express progenitor and differentiated cell markers including the Botryllus homologs of CD133, VEGFR-2, and Cadherin during the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Braden
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daryl A. Taketa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Pierce
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Susannah Kassmer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Lewis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. De Tomaso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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29
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Palibrk V, Lång E, Lång A, Schink KO, Rowe AD, Bøe SO. Promyelocytic leukemia bodies tether to early endosomes during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1749-55. [PMID: 24675887 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis the nuclear envelope breaks down, leading to potential interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear components. PML bodies are nuclear structures with tumor suppressor and antiviral functions. Early endosomes, on the other hand, are cytoplasmic vesicles involved in transport and growth factor signaling. Here we demonstrate that PML bodies form stable interactions with early endosomes immediately following entry into mitosis. The 2 compartments remain stably associated throughout mitosis and dissociate in the cytoplasm of newly divided daughter cells. We also show that a minor subset of PML bodies becomes anchored to the mitotic spindle poles during cell division. The study demonstrates a stable mitosis-specific interaction between a cytoplasmic and a nuclear compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Palibrk
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Biochemistry; Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Lång
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Biochemistry; Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Lång
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Biochemistry; Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay Oliver Schink
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute for Cancer Research; The Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander D Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Biochemistry; Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Ove Bøe
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Biochemistry; Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
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30
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Huang WY, Davies GL, Davis JJ. Engineering cytochrome-modified silica nanoparticles to induce programmed cell death. Chemistry 2013; 19:17891-8. [PMID: 24249039 PMCID: PMC4454278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A low native membrane permeability and ineffective access to the cellular cytosol, together with aggressive proteolytic degradation, often severely hampers the practical application of any therapeutic protein or antibody. Through engineering the charging profile of mesoporous silica nanoparticles, cellular uptake and subsequent subcellular distribution can be controlled. We show herein that programmed cell death can subsequently be induced across a population of cancer cells with remarkable efficacy on conjugating a specific caspase-cascade-activating cytochrome to such cytosol-accessing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Gemma-Louise Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ (UK)
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31
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Lawrence E, Mandato C. Mitochondrial inheritance is mediated by microtubules in mammalian cell division. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e27557. [PMID: 24567781 PMCID: PMC3925154 DOI: 10.4161/cib.27557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial network fragments and becomes uniformly dispersed within the cytoplasm when mammalian cells enter mitosis. Such morphology and distribution of mitochondria was previously thought to facilitate the stochastic inheritance of mitochondria by daughter cells. In contrast, we recently reported that mitochondria in dividing mammalian cells are inherited by an ordered mechanism of inheritance mediated by microtubules. We showed that mitochondria are progressively enriched at the cell equator and depleted at the poles throughout division. Furthermore, the mitochondrial distribution during division is dependent on microtubules, indicating an ordered inheritance strategy. The microtubule-mediated positioning of mitochondria in dividing mammalian cells may have functional consequences for cell division and/or mitochondrial inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Craig Mandato
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
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32
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Begum J, Day W, Henderson C, Purewal S, Cerveira J, Summers H, Rees P, Davies D, Filby A. A method for evaluating the use of fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in cell lines by dye dilution. Cytometry A 2013; 83:1085-95. [PMID: 24166880 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Labeling nonquiescent cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-like dyes gives rise to a population width exceeding the threshold for resolving division peaks by flow cytometry. Width is a function of biological heterogeneity plus extrinsic and intrinsic error sources associated with the measurement process. Optimal cytometer performance minimizes extrinsic error, but reducing intrinsic error to the point of facilitating peak resolution requires careful fluorochrome selection and fluorescent cell sorting. In this study, we labeled the Jurkat and A549 cell lines with CFSE, CellTraceViolet (CTV), and eFluor 670 proliferation dye (EPD) to test if we could resolve division peaks in culture after reducing the labeled input widths by cell sorting. Reanalysis of the sorted populations to ascertain the level of reduction achieved always led to widths exceeding the gated limits due to the contribution of errors. Measuring detector-specific extrinsic error by sorting uniform fluorescent particles with similar spectral properties to the tracking dyes allowed us to determine the intrinsic error for each dye and cell type using a simple mathematical approach. We found that cell intrinsic error ultimately dictated whether we could resolve division peaks, and that as this increased, the required sort gate width to resolve any division peaks decreased to the point whereby issues with yield made A549 unsuitable for this approach. Finally, attempts to improve yields by setting two concurrent sort gates on the fluorescence distribution enriched for cells in different stages of the cell cycle that had nonequivalent proliferative properties in culture and thus should be practiced with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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33
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Zhang W, Ji Y, Wu X, Xu H. Trafficking of gold nanorods in breast cancer cells: uptake, lysosome maturation, and elimination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9856-9865. [PMID: 24033123 DOI: 10.1021/am4033857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have been largely investigated driven by their promising potentials in drug delivery, imaging, and photodynamic therapy because of their distinctive physicochemical properties. It is widely known that AuNRs can be taken up by different cells, however, the trafficking of the nanorods in cells are less known. In this work, the behaviors and fate of AuNRs in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were intensively probed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with detailed time resolution, together with induced couple plasmon mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), confocal microscopy, Western blot, and cell viability assay. We reveal that AuNRs enter the classic lysosome maturation through endocytosis and are sequestered in the vesicular system even during cell division. AuNRs can escape from the lysosomes occasionally and the escaped AuNRs are recycled back into the lysosomal system through cytoprotective autophagy. The dilution of AuNRs in cells is mainly attributed to the cell division rather than exocytosis, because expelled AuNRs can be re-endocytosed by the cells. The feature of vesicular restriction guarantees other organelles such as mitochondria and nucleus are exempted from the direct exposure to AuNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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34
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Lawrence EJ, Mandato CA. Mitochondria localize to the cleavage furrow in mammalian cytokinesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72886. [PMID: 23991162 PMCID: PMC3749163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple cellular functions, including ATP production, calcium buffering, and lipid biosynthesis. Several studies have shown that mitochondrial positioning is regulated by the cytoskeleton during cell division in several eukaryotic systems. However, the distribution of mitochondria during mammalian cytokinesis and whether the distribution is regulated by the cytoskeleton has not been examined. Using live spinning disk confocal microscopy and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial fluorescence intensity, we demonstrate that mitochondria are recruited to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in HeLa cells. After anaphase onset, the mitochondria are recruited towards the site of cleavage furrow formation, where they remain enriched as the furrow ingresses and until cytokinesis completion. Furthermore, we show that recruitment of mitochondria to the furrow occurs in multiple mammalian cells lines as well as in monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar divisions, suggesting that the mechanism of recruitment is conserved and robust. Using inhibitors of cytoskeleton dynamics, we show that the microtubule cytoskeleton, but not actin, is required to transport mitochondria to the cleavage furrow. Thus, mitochondria are specifically recruited to the cleavage furrow in a microtubule-dependent manner during mammalian cytokinesis. Two possible reasons for this could be to localize mitochondrial function to the furrow to facilitate cytokinesis and / or ensure accurate mitochondrial inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A. Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Summers HD, Brown MR, Holton MD, Tonkin JA, Hondow N, Brown AP, Brydson R, Rees P. Quantification of nanoparticle dose and vesicular inheritance in proliferating cells. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6129-37. [PMID: 23773085 PMCID: PMC3722614 DOI: 10.1021/nn4019619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Assessing dose in nanoparticle-cell interactions is inherently difficult due to a complex multiplicity of possible mechanisms and metrics controlling particle uptake. The fundamental unit of nanoparticle dose is the number of particles internalized per cell; we show that this can be obtained for large cell populations that internalize fluorescent nanoparticles by endocytosis, through calibration of cytometry measurements to transmission electron microscopy data. Low-throughput, high-resolution electron imaging of quantum dots in U-2 OS cells is quantified and correlated with high-throughput, low-resolution optical imaging of the nanoparticle-loaded cells. From the correlated data, we obtain probability distribution functions of vesicles per cell and nanoparticles per vesicle. Sampling of these distributions and comparison to fluorescence intensity histograms from flow cytometry provide the calibration factor required to transform the cytometry metric to total particle dose per cell, the mean value of which is 2.4 million. Use of the probability distribution functions to analyze particle partitioning during cell division indicates that, while vesicle inheritance is near symmetric, highly variable vesicle loading leads to a highly asymmetric particle dose within the daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw D Summers
- Centre for Nanohealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
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36
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Yan Y, Lai ZW, Goode RJA, Cui J, Bacic T, Kamphuis MMJ, Nice EC, Caruso F. Particles on the move: intracellular trafficking and asymmetric mitotic partitioning of nanoporous polymer particles. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5558-5567. [PMID: 23713907 DOI: 10.1021/nn401800u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous polymer particles (NPPs) prepared by mesoporous silica templating show promise as a new class of versatile drug/gene delivery vehicles owning to their high payload capacity, functionality, and responsiveness. Understanding the cellular dynamics of such particles, including uptake, intracellular trafficking, and distribution, is an important requirement for their development as therapeutic carriers. Herein, we examine the spatiotemporal map of the cellular processing of submicrometer-sized disulfide-bonded poly(methacrylic acid) (PMASH) NPPs in HeLa cells using both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The data show that the PMASH NPPs are transported from the early endosomes to the lysosomes within a few minutes. Upon cell division, the lysosome-enclosed PMASH NPPs are distributed asymmetrically between two daughter cells. Statistical analysis of cells during cytokinesis suggests that partitioning of particles is biased with an average segregation deviation of 60%. Further, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analysis reveals that 127 out of 3059 identified spots are differentially regulated upon exposure to the PMASH NPPs. Pathway analysis of the proteomics data suggests that ubiquitylation, a reversible modification of cellular proteins with ubiquitin, plays a central role in overall cellular responses to the particles. These results provide important insights into the cellular dynamics and heterogeneity of NPPs, as well as the mechanisms that regulate the motility of these particles within cells, all of which have important implications for drug susceptibility characteristics in cancer cells using particle-based carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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37
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Thaunat O, Batista FD. Daughter B cells are not created equal: asymmetric segregation of antigen during B cell division. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2219-20. [PMID: 22617383 PMCID: PMC3383577 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Comment on: Thaunat O, et al. Science 2012; 335:475-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Facundo D. Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory; London Research Institute; Cancer Research UK; London, UK
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38
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Skjeldal FM, Strunze S, Bergeland T, Walseng E, Gregers TF, Bakke O. The fusion of early endosomes induces molecular-motor-driven tubule formation and fission. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1910-9. [PMID: 22357949 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles in the endocytic pathway interact and communicate through the crucial mechanisms of fusion and fission. However, any specific link between fusion and fission has not yet been determined. To study the endosomal interactions with high spatial and temporal resolution, we enlarged the endosomes by two mechanistically different methods: by expression of the MHC-class-II-associated chaperone invariant chain (Ii; or CD74) or Rab5, both of which increased the fusion rate of early endosomes and resulted in enlarged endosomes. Fast homotypic fusions were studied, and immediately after the fusion a highly active and specific tubule formation and fission was observed. These explosive tubule formations following fusion seemed to be a direct effect of fusion. The tubule formations were dependent on microtubule interactions, and specifically controlled by Kif16b and dynein. Our results show that fusion of endosomes is a rapid process that destabilizes the membrane and instantly induces molecular-motor-driven tubule formation and fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode M Skjeldal
- Centre of Immune Regulation, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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39
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Thaunat O, Granja AG, Barral P, Filby A, Montaner B, Collinson L, Martinez-Martin N, Harwood NE, Bruckbauer A, Batista FD. Asymmetric segregation of polarized antigen on B cell division shapes presentation capacity. Science 2012; 335:475-9. [PMID: 22282815 DOI: 10.1126/science.1214100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
During the activation of humoral immune responses, B cells acquire antigen for subsequent presentation to cognate T cells. Here we show that after mouse B cells accumulate antigen, it is maintained in a polarized distribution for extended periods in vivo. Using high-throughput imaging flow cytometry, we observed that this polarization is preserved during B cell division, promoting asymmetric antigen segregation among progeny. Antigen inheritance correlates with the ability of progeny to activate T cells: Daughter cells receiving larger antigen stores exhibit a prolonged capacity to present antigen, which renders them more effective in competing for T cell help. The generation of progeny with differential capacities for antigen presentation may have implications for somatic hypermutation and class switching during affinity maturation and as B cells commit to effector cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thaunat
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
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40
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Symens N, Soenen SJ, Rejman J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Intracellular partitioning of cell organelles and extraneous nanoparticles during mitosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:78-94. [PMID: 22210278 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of nanoparticles as a result of cell division is highly relevant to the field of nonviral gene delivery. We reviewed the literature on the intracellular distribution of cell organelles (the endosomal vesicles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus), foreign macromolecules (dextrans and plasmid DNA) and inorganic nanoparticles (gold, quantum dot and iron oxide) during mitosis. For nonviral gene delivery particles (lipid- or polymer-based), indirect proof of nuclear entry during mitosis is provided. We also describe how retroviruses and latent DNA viruses take advantage of mitosis to transfer their viral genome and segregate their episomes into the host daughter nuclei. Based on this knowledge, we propose strategies to improve nonviral gene delivery in dividing cells with the ultimate goal of designing nonviral gene delivery systems that are as efficient as their viral counterparts but non-immunogenic, non-oncogenic and easy and inexpensive to prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Symens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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41
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Boucrot E, Howes MT, Kirchhausen T, Parton RG. Redistribution of caveolae during mitosis. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1965-72. [PMID: 21625007 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae form a specialized platform within the plasma membrane that is crucial for an array of important biological functions, ranging from signaling to endocytosis. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and 3D fast spinning-disk confocal imaging to follow caveola dynamics for extended periods, and electron microscopy to obtain high resolution snapshots, we found that the vast majority of caveolae are dynamic with lifetimes ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. Use of these methods revealed a change in the dynamics and localization of caveolae during mitosis. During interphase, the equilibrium between the arrival and departure of caveolae from the cell surface maintains the steady-state distribution of caveolin-1 (Cav1) at the plasma membrane. During mitosis, increased dynamics coupled to an imbalance between the arrival and departure of caveolae from the cell surface induces a redistribution of Cav1 from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments. These changes are reversed during cytokinesis. The observed redistribution of Cav1 was reproduced by treatment of interphase cells with nocodazole, suggesting that microtubule rearrangements during mitosis can mediate caveolin relocalization. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of caveolae and highlights precise regulation of caveola budding and recycling during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boucrot
- Department of Cell Biology and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Abstract
Many RNAs, proteins, and organelles are present in such low numbers per cell that random segregation of individual copies causes large "partitioning errors" at cell division. Even symmetrically dividing cells can then by chance produce daughters with very different composition. The size of the errors depends on the segregation mechanism: Control systems can reduce low-abundance errors, but the segregation process can also be subject to upstream sources of randomness or spatial heterogeneities that create large errors despite high abundances. Here we mathematically demonstrate how partitioning errors arise for different types of segregation mechanisms and how errors can be greatly increased by upstream heterogeneity but remarkably hard to avoid through controlled partitioning. We also show that seemingly straightforward experiments cannot be straightforwardly interpreted because very different mechanisms produce identical fits and present an approach to deal with this problem by adding binomial counting noise and testing for convexity or concavity in the partitioning error as a function of the binomial thinning parameter. The results lay a conceptual groundwork for more effective studies of heterogeneity among growing and dividing cells, whether in microbes or in differentiating tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dann Huh
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Johan Paulsson
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115; and
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43
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Imoto Y, Yoshida Y, Yagisawa F, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. The cell cycle, including the mitotic cycle and organelle division cycles, as revealed by cytological observations. Microscopy (Oxf) 2011; 60 Suppl 1:S117-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Filby A, Perucha E, Summers H, Rees P, Chana P, Heck S, Lord GM, Davies D. An imaging flow cytometric method for measuring cell division history and molecular symmetry during mitosis. Cytometry A 2011; 79:496-506. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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45
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Summers HD, Rees P, Holton MD, Brown MR, Chappell SC, Smith PJ, Errington RJ. Statistical analysis of nanoparticle dosing in a dynamic cellular system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:170-4. [PMID: 21258333 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of nanoparticles into cells is important in therapeutic applications and in nanotoxicology. Nanoparticles are generally targeted to receptors on the surfaces of cells and internalized into endosomes by endocytosis, but the kinetics of the process and the way in which cell division redistributes the particles remain unclear. Here we show that the chance of success or failure of nanoparticle uptake and inheritance is random. Statistical analysis of nanoparticle-loaded endosomes indicates that particle capture is described by an over-dispersed Poisson probability distribution that is consistent with heterogeneous adsorption and internalization. Partitioning of nanoparticles in cell division is random and asymmetric, following a binomial distribution with mean probability of 0.52-0.72. These results show that cellular targeting of nanoparticles is inherently imprecise due to the randomness of nature at the molecular scale, and the statistical framework offers a way to predict nanoparticle dosage for therapy and for the study of nanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw D Summers
- Centre for Nanohealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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A transfer function approach to measuring cell inheritance. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:31. [PMID: 21342507 PMCID: PMC3056740 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inheritance of cellular material between parent and daughter cells during mitosis is highly influential in defining the properties of the cell and therefore the population lineage. This is of particular relevance when studying cell population evolution to assess the impact of a disease or the perturbation due to a drug treatment. The usual technique to investigate inheritance is to use time-lapse microscopy with an appropriate biological marker, however, this is time consuming and the number of inheritance events captured are too low to be statistically meaningful. RESULTS Here we demonstrate the use of a high throughput fluorescence measurement technique e.g. flow cytometry, to measure the fluorescence from quantum dot markers which can be used to target particular cellular sites. By relating, the fluorescence intensity measured between two time intervals to a transfer function we are able to deconvolve the inheritance of cellular material during mitosis. To demonstrate our methodology we use CdTe/ZnS quantum dots to measure the ratio of endosomes inherited by the two daughter cells during mitosis in the U2-OS, human osteoscarcoma cell line. The ratio determined is in excellent agreement with results obtained previously using a more complex and computational intensive bespoke stochastic model. CONCLUSIONS The use of a transfer function approach allows us to utilise high throughput measurement of large cell populations to derive statistically relevant measurements of the inheritance of cellular material. This approach can be used to measure the inheritance of organelles, proteins etc. and also particles introduced to cells for drug delivery.
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Opota O, Gauthier NC, Doye A, Berry C, Gounon P, Lemichez E, Pauron D. Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin elicits host cell autophagy as a response to intoxication. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14682. [PMID: 21339824 PMCID: PMC3038859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus sphaericus strains that produce the binary toxin (Bin) are highly toxic to Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes, and have been used since the late 1980s as a biopesticide for the control of these vectors of infectious disease agents. The Bin toxin produced by these strains targets mosquito larval midgut epithelial cells where it binds to Cpm1 (Culex pipiens maltase 1) a digestive enzyme, and causes severe intracellular damage, including a dramatic cytoplasmic vacuolation. The intoxication of mammalian epithelial MDCK cells engineered to express Cpm1 mimics the cytopathologies observed in mosquito enterocytes following Bin ingestion: pore formation and vacuolation. In this study we demonstrate that Bin-induced vacuolisation is a transient phenomenon that affects autolysosomes. In addition, we show that this vacuolisation is associated with induction of autophagy in intoxicated cells. Furthermore, we report that after internalization, Bin reaches the recycling endosomes but is not localized either within the vacuolating autolysosomes or within any other degradative compartment. Our observations reveal that Bin elicits autophagy as the cell's response to intoxication while protecting itself from degradation through trafficking towards the recycling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onya Opota
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA 1301-CNRS 6243-Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail: (OO); (DP)
| | - Nils C. Gauthier
- INSERM, U895, UNSA, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France
| | - Anne Doye
- INSERM, U895, UNSA, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France
| | - Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gounon
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U895, UNSA, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice, France
| | - David Pauron
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, INRA 1301-CNRS 6243-Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail: (OO); (DP)
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48
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Huh D, Paulsson J. Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division. Nat Genet 2010; 43:95-100. [PMID: 21186354 DOI: 10.1038/ng.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression involves inherently probabilistic steps that create fluctuations in protein abundances. The results from many in-depth analyses and genome-scale surveys have suggested how such fluctuations arise and spread, often in ways consistent with stochastic models of transcription and translation. But fluctuations also arise during cell division when molecules are partitioned stochastically between the two daughters. Here we mathematically demonstrate how stochastic partitioning contributes to the non-genetic heterogeneity. Our results show that partitioning errors are hard to correct, and that the resulting noise profiles are remarkably difficult to separate from gene expression noise. By applying these results to common experimental strategies and distinguishing between creation versus transmission of noise, we hypothesize that much of the cell-to-cell heterogeneity that has been attributed to various aspects of gene expression instead comes from random segregation at cell division. We propose experiments to separate between these two types of fluctuations and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dann Huh
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fujiwara T, Kuroiwa H, Yagisawa F, Ohnuma M, Yoshida Y, Yoshida M, Nishida K, Misumi O, Watanabe S, Tanaka K, Kuroiwa T. The coiled-coil protein VIG1 is essential for tethering vacuoles to mitochondria during vacuole inheritance of Cyanidioschyzon merolae. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:772-81. [PMID: 20348431 PMCID: PMC2861457 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles/lysosomes function in endocytosis and in storage and digestion of metabolites. These organelles are inherited by the daughter cells in eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms of this inheritance are poorly understood because the cells contain multiple vacuoles that behave randomly. The primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has a minimum set of organelles. Here, we show that C. merolae contains about four vacuoles that are distributed equally between the daughter cells by binding to dividing mitochondria. Binding is mediated by VIG1, a 30-kD coiled-coil protein identified by microarray analyses and immunological assays. VIG1 appears on the surface of free vacuoles in the cytosol and then tethers the vacuoles to the mitochondria. The vacuoles are released from the mitochondrion in the daughter cells following VIG1 digestion. Suppression of VIG1 by antisense RNA disrupted the migration of vacuoles. Thus, VIG1 is essential for tethering vacuoles to mitochondria during vacuole inheritance in C. merolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujiwara
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Osami Misumi
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kan Tanaka
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Research Information Center for Extremophile, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku 171-8501, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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50
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Fujiwara T, Yagisawa F, Ohnuma M, Yoshida Y, Yoshida M, Nishida K, Misumi O, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. The Vacuole Binding to Mitochondria by VIG1 Contributes an Equal Inheritance of the Vacuoles in Cyanidioschyzon merolae. CYTOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.75.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Yamato Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Osami Misumi
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo University
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