1
|
Xu Y, Zhang N, Hu Y, Chen F, Hu L, Liao C, Jiang G. A preliminary understanding of the relationship between synthetic phenolic antioxidants and early pregnancy loss: Uncovering the potential molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171972. [PMID: 38554970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may affect reproductive health, potentially leading to adverse outcomes like pregnancy loss. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) correlates with early pregnancy loss (EPL). This study explores SPA exposure's link to EPL and its potential molecular mechanisms. From 2021 to 2022, 265 early pregnant women (136 serum and 129 villus samples) with and without EPL were enrolled. We quantified 17 SPAs in serum and chorionic villus, with AO1010, AO3114, BHT, AO2246, and BHT-Q frequently being detected, suggesting their ability to cross the placental barrier. AO1135 showed a positive relationship with EPL in sera, indicating a significant monotonic dose-response relationship (p-trend <0.001). BHT-Q exhibited a similar relationship with EPL in villi. Inhibitory effects of BHT-Q on estradiol (E2) were observed. Molecular docking revealed SPA-protein interactions involved in E2 synthesis. SPA-induced EPL might occur with specific serum levels of AO1135 and certain villus levels of AO1010, BHT-Q, and AO2246. BHT-Q emerges as a potential biomarker for assessing EPL risk. This study provides insights into understanding of the exposure to SPAs and potential adverse outcomes in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du B, Deng Q, Luo D, Chen H, Wu W, Liang B, Zhu H, Zeng L. Ubiquity of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Children's Cerebrospinal Fluid from South China: First Evidence for Their Penetration across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8289-8298. [PMID: 38687905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and relevant transformation products (TPs) are potentially neurotoxic pollutants to which humans are widely exposed. However, their penetration behavior across the brain barrier and associated exposure to the central nervous system (CNS) remain unknown. This study is the first to investigate a wide range of 30 SPAs and TPs, including emerging SPAs, in matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from children in Guangzhou, China. Sixty-two children of either sex aged <14 years with nonbloody CSF and complete clinical information were included. The findings demonstrated the ubiquitous occurrence of many SPAs and TPs, particularly BHT, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP), AO 1010, AO 1076, BHT-Q, and BHT-quinol, not only in serum but also in the CSF. Median total concentrations of SPAs and TPs were up to 22.0 and 2.63 ng/mL in serum and 14.5 and 2.11 ng/mL in CSF, respectively. On calculating the penetration efficiencies across the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) (RCSF/serum, CCSF/Cserum) for selected SPAs and TPs, their RCSF/serum values (median 0.52-1.41) were highly related to their physicochemical properties, indicating that passive diffusion may be the potential mechanism of BCSFB penetration. In addition, the RCSF/serum values were positively correlated with the barrier permeability index RAlb (AlbuminCSF/Albuminserum), indicating that barrier integrity is an important determinant of BCSFB penetration. Overall, these results will improve our perception of human internal exposure to SPAs and lay a solid foundation for assessing the risk of CNS exposure to various SPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibai Du
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing Deng
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji X, Liu J, Liang J, Feng X, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen X, Qu G, Yan B, Liu R. The hidden diet: Synthetic antioxidants in packaged food and their impact on human exposure and health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108613. [PMID: 38555663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) are commonly used in everyday items and industrial products to inhibit oxidative deterioration. However, the presence of AOs in food packaging and packaged foods has not been thoroughly documented. Moreover, studies on human exposure to AOs through skin contact with packaging or ingesting packaged foods are limited. In this study, we analyzed twenty-three AOs-including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs)-along with six transformation products in various food samples and their packaging materials. We found AOs in food products at concentrations ranging from 1.30 × 103 to 1.77 × 105 ng/g, which exceeded the levels in both outer packaging (6.05 × 102-3.07 × 104 ng/g) and inner packaging (2.27 × 102-1.09 × 105 ng/g). The most common AOs detected in foodstuffs were tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (AO1076), together constituting 95.7 % of the total AOs found. Our preliminary exposure assessment revealed that dietary exposure-estimated at a median of 2.55 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for children and 1.24 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for adults-is a more significant exposure route than dermal contact with packaging. Notably, four AOs were identified in food for the first time, with BHT making up 76.8 % and 67.6 % of the total BHT intake for children and adults, respectively. These findings suggest that food consumption is a significant source of BHT exposure. The estimated daily intakes of AOs via consumption of foodstuffs were compared with the recommended acceptable daily intake to assess the risks. This systematic investigation into AOs contributes to understanding potential exposure and health risks associated with AOs in packaged foods. It emphasizes the need for further evaluation of human exposure to these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Liang X, Chen H, Guo W, Martyniuk CJ. Exposure to environmental levels of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol affects digestive glands and induces inflammation in Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170054. [PMID: 38224884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is used as an antioxidant added to plastics. Due to its potential toxicity and relatively high concentrations in environments and presence in human tissue, concern has been raised for 2,4-DTBP as a contaminant associated with adverse health outcomes. However, studies on the toxicity of 2,4-DTBP are relatively limited, especially for benthic aquatic organisms. In this study, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-DTBP (0.01-1 μM, corresponding to 2.06-206.32 μg/L) for 21 days. Accumulation of 2,4-DTBP was noted in both gills and digestive glands, with the latter presenting as the primary target tissue. Increased damage rate of digestive tube and cellular DNA damage were observed in the digestive glands of 2,4-DTBP exposed clams. The injury was attributed to the imbalance of the antioxidant system, characterized by elevated oxidative stress and inflammation (upregulation of ROS, MDA, NO, and pro-inflammatory factors). In contrast, upon 2,4-DTBP exposure, antioxidant system in gills was activated, while ROS and NO were not promoted. Moreover, NF-κB and IL-1 were significantly decreased. These results suggested that biochemical mechanisms were activated in gills to maintain homeostasis. Internal exposure in the digestive gland was significantly correlated with the biochemical biomarkers tested, underscoring the potential risk associated with the bioaccumulation of 2,4-DTBP from contaminated environments. These findings provide novel insights into toxicity of 2,4-DTBP in bivalves, contributing valuable knowledge to risk assessment and chemical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang YQ, Zeng Y, Mai JL, Huang ZS, Guan YF, Chen SJ. Disposable Plastic Waste and Associated Antioxidants and Plasticizers Generated by Online Food Delivery Services in China: National Mass Inventories and Environmental Release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38316131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
China's online food delivery (OFD) services consume enormous amounts of disposable plastics. Here, we investigated and modeled the national mass inventories and environmental release of plastics and chemical additives in the plastic. The extra-tree regression identified six key descriptors in determining OFD sales in Chinese cities. Approximately 847 kt of OFD plastic waste was generated in 2021 (per capita 1.10 kg/yr in the megacities and 0.39 kg/yr in other cities). Various additives were extensively detected, with geomean concentrations of 140.96, 4.76, and 0.25 μg/g for ∑8antioxidants, ∑21phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA), respectively. The estimated mass inventory of these additives in the OFD plastics was 164.7 t, of which 51.1 t was released into the atmosphere via incineration plants and 51.0 t was landfilled. The incineration also released 8.07 t of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 39.1 kt of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Takeout food may increase the dietary intake of phthalates and BPA by 30% to 50% and raise concerns about considerable exposure to antioxidant transformation products. This study provides profound environmental implications for plastic waste in the Chinese OFD industry. We call for a sustainable circular economy action plan for waste disposal, but mitigating the hazardous substance content and their emissions is urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Long Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Shan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi Z, Zhang Z, Jin R, Zhang L, Zheng M, Li J, Wu Y, Li C, Lin B, Liu Y, Liu G. Target Analysis of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals in Bovine Milk, Infant Formula, and Adult Milk Powder by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:773-782. [PMID: 38109498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula is intended as an effective substitute for breast milk but is the main source of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to nonbreastfed infants. We performed target and nontarget analyses to determine PCNs and identify other organic contaminants in infant formula. The mean PCN concentrations in infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk were 106.1, 88.8, and 78.2 μg kg-1 of dry weight, respectively. The PCN congener profiles indicated that thermal processes and raw materials were probably the main sources of PCNs in infant formula. A health risk assessment indicated that PCNs in infant formula do not pose health risks to infants. Using gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry, 352, 372, and 161 organic chemicals were identified in the infant formula, milk powder, and bovine milk samples, respectively. Phthalate esters were detected in all four plastic-packed milk powder samples. The results indicated milk becomes more contaminated with organic chemicals during manufacturing, processing, and packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zherui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ji X, Liang J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Q, Liu R. Synthetic Antioxidants as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Indoor Environments: Knowns and Unknowns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21550-21557. [PMID: 38085701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants, including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), amine antioxidants (AAs), and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), are essential additives for preventing oxidative aging in various industrial and consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental contamination caused by these chemicals, but our understanding of synthetic antioxidants is generally limited compared to other emerging contaminants such as plasticizers and flame retardants. Many people spend a significant portion (normally greater than 80%) of their time indoors, meaning that they experience widespread and persistent exposure to indoor contaminants. Thus, this Perspective focuses on the problem of synthetic antioxidants as indoor environmental contaminants. The wide application of antioxidants in commercial products and their demonstrated toxicity make them an important family of indoor contaminants of emerging concern. However, significant knowledge gaps still need to be bridged: novel synthetic antioxidants and their related transformation products need to be identified in indoor environments, different dust sampling strategies should be employed to evaluate human exposure to these contaminants, geographic scope and sampling scope of research on indoor contamination should be broadened, and the partition coefficients of synthetic antioxidants among different media need to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qifan Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen W, Oh JS, Lim JE, Moon HB. Occurrence, time trends, and human exposure of siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds in indoor dust from Korean homes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115538. [PMID: 37806134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) have been widely used as additives in household and personal care products. Humans are easily exposed to siloxanes and SMCs originating from these products through ingestion and dermal absorption of indoor dust. In the present study, indoor dust samples were analyzed for 19 siloxanes (cyclic and linear) and 12 SMCs (polycyclic, macrocyclic, and nitro musks) to assess their occurrence, time trends over time, source, and health risks. A total of 18 siloxanes and 10 SMCs were detected in all indoor dust samples obtained from 2011⎯2021, indicating widespread and long-term contamination. Higher detection frequencies and concentrations were associated with siloxanes and SMCs with higher use and strong resistance against degradation processes. Indoor dust samples were dominated by linear siloxanes (L11-L13), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyran (HHCB), musk ketone (MK), and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN). The frequent use of household and personal care products is likely an important source of siloxane and SMC contamination in indoor environments. The concentrations of siloxanes and SMCs in indoor dust increased from 2011 to 2021, particularly, those of linear siloxanes, reflecting the impact of regulatory actions addressing cyclic siloxanes. The profiles of siloxanes remained stable throughout the study period, whereas those of SMCs shifted from nitro to polycyclic musks. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of siloxanes and SMCs arising from ingestion were greater than from dermal absorption of indoor dust. The EDIs of siloxanes and SMCs associated with indoor dust indicated that children are exposed to these pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Jin-Su Oh
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang XJ, Diao MN, Zhang YF. A review of the occurrence, metabolites and health risks of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6150-6166. [PMID: 37127924 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is mainly used as a food additive due to its antioxidant properties, which prevent or delay oxidation reactions and extend the storage life of products. The widespread use of BHA has led to its extensive presence in various environmental matrices and human tissues. Food intake is the main route of human exposure to BHA. Under different conditions, BHA can produce different metabolites, with tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) being one of the major products. Several studies have shown that BHA could cause thyroid system damage, metabolic and growth disorders, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. Mechanisms such as endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, disturbances of energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, signaling pathways, and imbalances in calcium homeostasis appear to be associated with the toxic effects of BHA. Avoiding the toxic effects of BHA to the maximum extent possible is a top priority. Finding safe, non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternatives to BHA should be the focus of subsequent research. In all, this review summarized the current situation related to BHA and might make recommendations for future research directions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Ning Diao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Sun Z, Pei Y, Liu QS, Zhou Q, Jiang G. 3- tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Perturbs Differentiation of C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Brown Adipocytes through Regulating Smad Signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37481753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA), one of the most commonly used antioxidants in foodstuffs, has been identified as an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED) with obesogenic activity. Given the increasing concern on EED-caused dysfunction in lipid metabolism, whether 3-BHA could influence the development of brown adipocytes is worthy of being explored. In this study, the effect of 3-BHA on the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into brown adipocytes was investigated. Exposure to 3-BHA promoted lipogenesis of the differentiated cells, as evidenced by the increased intracellular lipid accumulation and elevated expressions of adipogenic biomarkers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Perilipin, Adiponectin, and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Surprisingly, the thermogenic capacity of the differentiated cells was compromised as a result of 3-BHA exposure, because neither intracellular mitochondrial contents nor expressions of thermogenic biomarkers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), cell-death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α subunit-like effector A (CIDEA), and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), were increased by this chemical. The underlying molecular mechanism exploration revealed that, in contrast to p38 MAPK, 3-BHA stimulation induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in an exposure time-dependent manner, suggesting that this chemical-triggered Smad signaling was responsible for the shift of C3H10T1/2 MSC differentiation from a brown to white-like phenotype. The finding herein, for the first time, revealed the perturbation of 3-BHA in the development of brown adipocytes, uncovering new knowledge about the obesogenic potential of this emerging chemical of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang C, Zhang Q, Luo M, Wang Q, Wu X. Bacillus cereus WL08 immobilized on tobacco stem charcoal eliminates butylated hydroxytoluene in soils and alleviates the continuous cropping obstacle of Pinellia ternata. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131091. [PMID: 36870095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), as an emerging contaminant in ecosystems, has potential influences on animals, aquatic organisms, and public health, and has been proven to be a major allelochemical of Pinellia ternata. In this study, Bacillus cereus WL08 was used to rapidly degrade BHT in liquid culture. Strain WL08 immobilized on tobacco stem charcoal (TSC) particles notably accelerated BHT removal in contract to its free cells, and exhibited excellent reutilization and storage capacities. The optimal removal parameters of TSC WL08 were ascertained to be pH 7.0, 30 °C, 50 mg L-1 BHT and 0.14 mg L-1 TSC WL08. Moreover, TSC WL08 significantly accelerated the degradation of 50 mg L-1 BHT in sterile and non-sterile soils compared to that of free WL08 or natural dissipation, and notably shortened their half-lives by 2.47- or 362.14- fold, and 2.20- or 14.99- fold, respectively. Simultaneously, TSC WL08 was introduced into the continuous cropping soils of P. ternata, which accelerated the elimination of allelochemical BHT, and notably enhanced the photosynthesis, growth, yield, and quality of P. ternata. This study provides new insights and strategies for the rapid in situ remediation of BHT-polluted soils and effective alleviation of P. ternata cropping obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Institute of Modern Chinese Herbal Medicines, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Department of Food and Medicine, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen, Guizhou 551400, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Sun Z, Gao Y, Liu QS, Yang X, Liang J, Ren J, Ren Z, Zhou Q, Jiang G. 3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole perturbs renal lipid metabolism in vitro by targeting androgen receptor-regulated de novo lipogenesis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114979. [PMID: 37150107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread usage of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) as an anthropogenic antioxidant has caused considerable environmental contamination and frequent detection in diverse human-derived samples. 3-BHA can promote adipogenesis and impair hepatic lipid metabolism, while its effects on renal lipid homeostasis remain to be uncertain. Herein, using the human kidney 2 (HK-2) cell experiments, 3-BHA was found to cause a significant reduction in lipid accumulation of the HK-2 cells in both exposure concentration- and duration-dependent manners. Exposure to 3-BHA lowered the transcriptional expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), as well as ACC activity, indicating the inhibition in the process of de novo lipogenesis in HK-2 cells. On this basis, the mechanism study suggested that the reduced glucose absorption and accelerated glycolysis were concomitantly involved. The antagonism of 3-BHA on the transactivation of androgen receptor (AR) contributed to the lowered de novo lipogenesis and the consequent intracellular lipid reduction. The metabolomics data further confirmed the imbalance of lipid homeostasis and dysregulation of de novo lipogenesis. The new findings on the impaired renal lipid metabolism induced by 3-BHA warranted proper care about the usage of this chemical as a food additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yurou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dewika M, Markandan K, Irfan NA, Mohd Abdah MAA, Ruwaida JN, Sara YY, Khalid M. Review of microplastics in the indoor environment: Distribution, human exposure and potential health impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138270. [PMID: 36878370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of microplastics (MPs) pollution as a global environmental concern has attracted significant attention in the last decade. The majority of the human population spends most of their time indoors, leading to increased exposure to MPs contamination through various sources such as settled dust, air, drinking water and food. Although research on indoor MPs has intensified significantly in recent years, comprehensive reviews on this topic remain limited. Therefore, this review comprehensively analyses the occurrence, distribution, human exposure, potential health impact and mitigation strategies of MPs in the indoor air environment. Specifically, we focus on the risks associated with finer MPs that can translocate into the circulatory system and other organs, emphasizing the need for continued research to develop effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with MPs exposure. Our findings suggest that indoor MPs impose potential risk to human health, and strategies for mitigating exposure should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dewika
- Centre of American Education, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kalaimani Markandan
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Ahmad Irfan
- Centre of American Education, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - J Nor Ruwaida
- Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, 54100, UTM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Sara
- Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia; Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Y, Hu Y, Wang X, Wei X, Zhu Q, Hu L, Liao C, Jiang G. Profiles of novel high-molecular-weight synthetic antioxidants in urine and associated child exposure in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161844. [PMID: 36716867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure of novel high-molecular-weight (HMW) synthetic antioxidants (AOs), including nine synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), one low-molecular-weight (LMW) SPA, two organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) as well as one transformation product in children's urine from eastern (n = 82) and western (n = 105) China. For the first time, all analytes were detected in children's urine such as the representative HMW SPAs pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) (AO1010, median = 0.447 ng/mL), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO1076, median = 0.0300 ng/mL), and 1,3,5-tris[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione(1,2-dioxoethylene)bis(iminoethylene) (AO3114, median = 0.0166 ng/mL) and representative OPAs bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (AO626, median = 0.00216 ng/mL), tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168, median = 0.0296 ng/mL) as well as its transformation product tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O, median = 1.53 ng/mL). Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of AO1010, AO3114, AO168, and AO168O between urine samples from eastern and western China (p < 0.01). The high-frequency combination of AOs from binary to a mixture of six AOs was acquired, which would provide a better investigation of the mixture toxicity. The high estimated daily intakes of AO1010 (85.4 ng/kg/day), AO1076 (10.2 ng/kg/day), AO3114 (4.50 ng/kg/day), and AO168 (1231 ng/kg/day) were less than the values of the tolerable daily intake (3,020,000, 1,500,000, 10,000,000, and 580,000 ng/kg/day for AO1010, AO1076, AO3114, and AO168, respectively), indicating low health risk to children. Our findings showed the co-occurrence of those novel AOs and transformation products in children, the overall risks associated with the mixture of transformation products and the mixture with other emerging pollutants need to be considered when assessing the risks of AOs in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li ZM, Kannan K. Occurrence of 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, 1,3-Di- o-tolylguanidine, and 1,2,3-Triphenylguanidine in Indoor Dust from 11 Countries: Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6129-6138. [PMID: 37010350 PMCID: PMC10116588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG), 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), and 1,2,3-triphenylguanidine (TPG) are synthetic chemicals widely used in rubber and other polymers. Nevertheless, limited information is available on their occurrence in indoor dust. We measured these chemicals in 332 dust samples collected from 11 countries. DPG, DTG, and TPG were found in 100%, 62%, and 76% of the house dust samples, at median concentrations of 140, 2.3, and 0.9 ng/g, respectively. The sum concentrations of DPG and its analogues varied among the countries in the following decreasing order: Japan (median: 1300 ng/g) > Greece (940) > South Korea (560) > Saudi Arabia (440) > the United States (250) > Kuwait (160) > Romania (140) > Vietnam (120) > Colombia (100) > Pakistan (33) > India (26). DPG accounted for ≥87% of the sum concentrations of the three compounds in all countries. DPG, DTG, and TPG exhibited significant correlations (r: 0.35-0.73; p < 0.001). Elevated concentrations of DPG were found in dust from certain microenvironments (e.g., offices and cars). Human exposure to DPG through dust ingestion were in the ranges 0.07-4.40, 0.09-5.20, 0.03-1.70, 0.02-1.04, and 0.01-0.87 ng/kg body weight (BW)/day for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department
of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, New York University
Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department
of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, New York University
Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Du B, Liang B, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Han X, Liu LY, Zeng L. Prevalence of Novel and Traditional Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Baby Food from China: A Dominant Pathway for Infant Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6119-6128. [PMID: 37017371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a group of ubiquitous contaminants with multiple toxicities. However, current knowledge on the occurrence of SPAs in baby food and associated infant exposure is lacking. Herein, we analyzed three categories of baby food from China: infant formula, cereal, and puree, for a broad suite of 11 traditional and 19 novel SPAs. In addition to 11 traditional SPAs, up to 13 novel SPAs were detected in the baby food samples. The median concentrations of novel SPAs for infant formula, cereal, and puree were 604, 218, and 24.1 ng/g, respectively, surpassing those of traditional SPAs (53.4, 62.1, and 10.0 ng/g). The prevalent SPAs in the samples were butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (AO 1010), and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076). Source analysis indicated that the prevalence of these four SPAs in baby food was associated with contamination of packaging materials, mechanical processing, or raw ingredients. Migration experiments demonstrated that contamination of plastic packaging constituted an important source. Exposure assessment suggested that there may be no appreciable health risk posed by the SPAs in baby food. Even so, baby food consumption was still a dominant pathway for infant exposure to SPAs, with a higher contribution than breast milk consumption, dust ingestion, dermal dust absorption, and air inhalation, which requires special attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zibin Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xu Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Enrique Cuevas-Suárez C, Aldrighi Münchow E, Gonçalves Schwarzbold C, Kuhn Rutz J, Fernandes da Silva A, Piva E. Effect of naturally derived antioxidants as polymerization inhibitors on experimental adhesive resins. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Hernández-Fernández J, Ortega-Toro R, López-Martinez J. A New Route of Valorization of Petrochemical Wastewater: Recovery of 1,3,5-Tris (4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)-trione (Cyanox 1790) and Its Subsequent Application in a PP Matrix to Improve Its Thermal Stability. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052003. [PMID: 36903250 PMCID: PMC10004459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The various chemicals in industrial wastewater can be beneficial for improving its circularity. If extraction methods are used to capture valuable components from the wastewater and then recirculate them throughout the process, the potential of the wastewater can be fully exploited. In this study, wastewater produced after the polypropylene deodorization process was evaluated. These waters remove the remains of the additives used to create the resin. With this recovery, contamination of the water bodies is avoided, and the polymer production process becomes more circular. The phenolic component was recovered by solid-phase extraction and HPLC, with a recovery rate of over 95%. FTIR and DSC were used to evaluate the purity of the extracted compound. After the phenolic compound was applied to the resin and its thermal stability was analyzed via TGA, the compound's efficacy was finally determined. The results showed that the recovered additive improves the thermal qualities of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Hernández-Fernández
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Km 1 Vía Turbaco, Turbaco 130001, Colombia
- Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 30300, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
- Food Packaging and Shelf-Life Research Group (FP&SL), Food Engineering Department, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Juan López-Martinez
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Plaza Ferrandiz and Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dương TB, Dwivedi R, Bain LJ. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol exposure impairs osteogenic differentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 461:116386. [PMID: 36682590 PMCID: PMC9974311 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is a synthetic antioxidant used in polyethylene crosspolymer (PEX) water distribution pipes and food-related plastics. 2,4-DTBP can leach from plastic materials and has been found in breast milk, cord blood, and placental tissue, giving rise to the concern that this compound may interfere with fetal development. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts of 2,4-DTBP on cellular differentiation. Human induced pluripotent stem (HiPS) cells were differentiated into osteoblasts or myoblasts over 40 days, and analyzed for markers of somite, dermomyotome, sclerotome, myoblast, and osteoblast development. When cultured as stem cells, 2,4-DTBP did not alter cell viability and expression of markers (NANOG, OCT4). However, upon differentiation into somite-like cells, 2,4-DTBP had reduced levels of MEOX1 and TBX6 transcripts, while NANOG and OCT4 were in turn upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. At the sclerotome-like stage, PAX9 mRNA decreased by 2-fold in the 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM 2,4-DTBP exposure groups. After 40 days of differentiation into an osteoblast-like lineage, exposure to 2,4-DTBP significantly reduced expression of the osteogenesis transcripts RUNX2 and OSX in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Alizarin Red staining of calcium deposits was decreased in the 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM treatment groups. In contrast, myogenesis was not affected by 2,4-DTBP exposure. Interestingly, KEAP1 expression was significantly increased in the sclerotomal-like cells, but decreased in the dermomytomal-like cells, which may suggest a mechanism of action. Overall, this study shows that 2,4-DTBP can delay key processes during sclerotome and osteoblast development, leading to a potential for bone developmental issues in exposed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Bình Dương
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Raj Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu Y, Venier M. High levels of synthetic antioxidants and ultraviolet filters in children's car seats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158637. [PMID: 36096214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forty-seven compounds among synthetic phenolic and amino antioxidants and ultraviolet filters, three suites of widely used chemical additives, were measured in eighteen popular children's car seats (fabric, foam, and laminated composites of both layers) marketed in the United States in 2018. Significantly higher levels of target compounds were found in foam and composite samples than in fabric samples. Median total concentrations of phenolic antioxidants and their transformation products ranged from 8.11 μg/g in fabric to 213 μg/g in foam In general, isooctyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO-1135) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (24-DBP) were the most abundant among all target compounds with maximum levels of526 μg/g in composite and 13.7 μg/g, respectively. The total concentrations of amino antioxidants and their transformation products and of ultraviolet filters were at least one order of magnitude lower than those of phenolic antioxidants, with medians of 0.15-37.1 μg/g and 0.29-1.81 μg/g, respectively, in which the predominant congeners were 4-tert-butyl diphenylamine (BDPA), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl diphenylamine (DBDPA), 4-tert-octyl diphenylamine (ODPA), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), and 2-(2-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-P). Large variabilities in usage of these chemicals resulted in different compositional patterns among the car seats. These results suggest that these compounds are major polymeric additives in children's car seats as they are present at greater levels than previously measured groups of chemicals like brominated flame retardants and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Given the documented toxic potentials of synthetic antioxidants and ultraviolet filters, their abundances in children products are a cause for concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Claesson A, Parkes K. Non-innocuous Consequences of Metabolic Oxidation of Alkyls on Arenes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11433-11453. [PMID: 36001003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive metabolite (RM) formation is widely accepted as playing a pivotal role in causing adverse idiosyncratic drug reactions, with most attention paid to drug-induced liver injury. Mechanisms of RM formation are determined by the drug's properties in relation to human enzymes transforming the drug. This Perspective focuses on enzymatic oxidation of alkyl groups on aromatics leading to quinone methides and benzylic alcohol sulfates as RMs, a topic that has not received very much attention. Unlike previous overviews, we will include in our Perspective several fulvene-like methides such as 3-methyleneindole. We also speculate that a few older drugs may form non-reported methides of this class. In addition, we report a few guiding DFT calculations of changes in free energy on going from a benzylic alcohol to the corresponding methide. Particularly facile reactions of 2-aminothiazole-5-methanol and 4-aminobenzyl alcohol are noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
| | - Kevin Parkes
- Consultant, 39 Cashio Lane, Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire SG6 1AY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qiao R, Liang S, Chen C, Xiong L, Guan Q, Wang L, Fu Z, Pan Y, Liu H, Zhu J, Hu Y, Li L, Huang G. 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone formation from chlorination of substituted aromatic antioxidants and its control by pre-ozonation in drinking water treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134498. [PMID: 35390416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones are frequently detected as disinfection by-products in drinking water. Among identified halobenzoquinones, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is particularly toxic and is frequently detected in drinking water. Synthetic aromatic antioxidants discharged to source water may increase the risk of 2,6-DCBQ formation, as many studies suggest that aromatic compounds are the most likely precursors to 2,6-DCBQ. Herein, we investigated the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from chlorination of three model aromatic antioxidants, including 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (BBPA). Only BBPA produced 2,6-DCBQ under chlorination, while chlorination of BHA and BHT formed α, β-unsaturated C4-dicarbonyl ring-opening products and phenolic compounds. Based on mass balance and intermediate transformation analysis, mechanisms for the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from BBPA chlorination involved hydrolysis, tert-butyl group cleavage, chlorine substitution, desamination and oxidation. Mitigating aromatic compounds will be an efficient method for 2,6-DCBQ control, such as pre-ozonation, because the intermediates involved in 2,6-DCBQ formation were aromatic compounds. Real water samples from two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), one with pre-ozonation (DWTP 2) and the other without pre-ozonation (DWTP1), were analyzed. The two DWTPs were built along the Yangtse river in Nanjing city. Raw water parameters from the two DWTPs, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and NH3-N, indicated the water quality between these sources was similar. Pre-ozonation in DWTP 2 vanished 2,6-DCBQ in raw water. Concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ in finished water from DWTP 1 (5.69 ng/L) was higher than concentrations generated from DWTP 2 (1.31 ng/L). These results demonstrate that pre-ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) and quartz sand treatments at DWTP 2 remove more 2,6-DCBQ precursors than the conventional quartz sand and GAC treatments in DWTP 1. These results suggest the pre-ozonation, GAC and quartz sand treatments can help minimize concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ generated in DWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Qiangdong Guan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Lab of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haozhe Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yechen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang P, Wang J, Hong AB, Huang LL, Xie QT, Wang YX, Xiong CL, Meng TQ, Pan A, Chen D. Exposure profiles and predictors of a cocktail of environmental chemicals in Chinese men of reproductive age. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134337. [PMID: 35304217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products, such as additives, have raised widespread concerns about the potential threat to male reproductive health. The spermatogenesis in humans lasts for approximately 90 days, the average levels of these chemicals remain unclear during spermatogenesis. In our study, we pooled urine samples from each man during the days of 1-15, 16-31, 32-63, and ≥64, and examined exposure to 48 typical additive chemicals. By principal component analysis (PCA), k-means clustering, and Spearman's rank correlations, we then identified 6 PC scores and 4 clusters based on profiles of these chemicals. Some industrial, commercial or structural similar chemicals (e.g., phthalates) were significantly correlated compared to unrelated chemicals (e.g., benzophenone). PCA scores were associated with individual lifestyles (e.g., household income, tea consumption, and drinking tap water). Distinct exposure components and exposure patterns of personal care products may help the reproductive health assessment of men. We suggested more concerns for widespread exposure to these chemicals for men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China; School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ao-Bo Hong
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Tong Xie
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Liang Xiong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China; Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Tian-Qing Meng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China; Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang D, Gao L, Zheng M, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Wang S. Screening organic contaminants in soil by two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A non-target analysis strategy and contaminated area case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112420. [PMID: 34838571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of organic substances that are used in industrial applications ultimately enter the soil and may negatively affect human health. Limited numbers of target pollutants are usually monitored in environmental media because of analytical limitations. In this study, a non-target screening method for quickly analyzing multiple soil samples from a contaminated area (a chemical industry park) by two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed. The types of compounds present in the soil samples were preliminarily analyzed through data simplification and visual assessment. A total of 81 organic compounds with detection frequencies ≥40% in the samples from the chemical industry park were selected for identification, including 38 PAHs, 26 oxygenated organic compounds, eight N-containing compounds, and nine other compounds. Potential sources of the organic compounds in the industrial park were investigated. Some pharmaceutical and organic synthetic intermediates in the soil were affected by nearby chemical plants. After assessing the relative abundances and detection frequencies, 36 pollutants that may pose potential risks to the environment were preliminarily identified. The results of the study were helpful for assessing environmental risks around Yangkou industrial park and they will be helpful when assessing risks in other contaminated areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | | | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Bejing, 100012, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Q, Davis AY, Black MS. Emissions and Chemical Exposure Potentials from Stereolithography Vat Polymerization 3D Printing and Post-processing Units. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Aika Y. Davis
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Marilyn S. Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meza-González J, Hernández-Quiróz M, Rojo-Callejas F, Hjort-Colunga E, Mazari-Hiriart M, Valiente-Riveros E, Arellano-Aguilar O, Ponce de León-Hill C. Screening and Risk Evaluation of Organic Contaminants in an Urban Wetland Fed with Wastewater Effluents. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:114-121. [PMID: 33909117 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater release in an urban wetland in Mexico City entails discharging complex mixtures of hundreds of chemical substances into the aquatic system. Therefore, in order to identify the most important contaminants, a GC-MS screening method coupled with deconvolution software was used. LC50 values from ECOSAR and Toxic Units were obtained to identify the organic pollutants-of-concern and to pinpoint the most ecotoxic sites. The results showed that, even though the area has intensive farming, agrochemicals are not of concern. Industrial and domestic groups make up from about 30%-66% of the pollutants for all sites. Of the 189 identified substances, 17 were detected 44% of the time and the Toxic Unit showed that terbutol, coprostanol, and hexadecane were capable of generating considerable adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem. Total Toxic Units for each site exhibited a decreasing trend as they distanced from the urban and agricultural area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Meza-González
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Hernández-Quiróz
- Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rojo-Callejas
- Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erick Hjort-Colunga
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Arellano-Aguilar
- Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yuan Y, Liu J, Gao B, Hao J. Ozone direct oxidation pretreatment and catalytic oxidation post-treatment coupled with ABMBR for landfill leachate treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148557. [PMID: 34323762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to treat the high concentration landfill leachate, ozone direct oxidation pretreatment and catalytic oxidation post-treatment coupled with anaerobic baffled membrane bioreactor (ABMBR) system was proposed in this study. For pretreatment, ozone direct oxidation could remarkably reduce UV254, 3D fluorescence peak value and fluorescence regional integration (FRI) of organic pollutants. For ABMBR treatment, the removal efficiencies of COD and ammonia nitrogen were 80.38% and 21.56%, respectively. Post-treatment included struvite precipitation, ozone catalytic oxidation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. Finally, the total removal efficiencies of COD and ammonia nitrogen were 91.2% and 99.4%, respectively. The chroma was remarkably decreased from 1250 times to 40 times after a series of treatments. The acids in ABMBR could be degraded by microorganisms of Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi. The cellulose and polysaccharides could be decomposed by Bacteroidetes and ketones could be decomposed by Brevundimonas in ABMBR. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl radicals were the main reactive oxygen species during the direct ozone oxidation process, while the superoxide radicals played an important role in the ozone catalytic oxidation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jiadong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Membrane Separation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jialiang Hao
- JUSCO (DaLian) Environmental Science and Technology Co. Ltd., China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Rat Metabolism Study Suggests 3-(3,5-Di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid as a Potential Urinary Biomarker of Human Exposure to Representative 3-(3,5-Di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate Antioxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14051-14058. [PMID: 34618444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate antioxidants, a family of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) widely used in polymers, have recently been identified in indoor and outdoor environments. However, limited information is available concerning human exposure to these novel contaminants. In the present study, seven 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate antioxidants were analyzed in human urine samples of donors from the United States. None of the target SPAs were initially detected in the urine samples either before or after hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase, prompting us to probe the major metabolites of these SPAs. We conducted rat metabolism studies with two representative congeners, tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) (AO1010) and N,N'-bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl]hydrazine (AO1024). Neither AO1010 nor AO1024 was detected in rat urine, while 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (fenozan acid) was identified as a urinary biomarker for these 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate antioxidants. Surprisingly, fenozan acid was detected in 88% of the human urine samples before hydrolysis (geometric mean: 0.69 ng/mL) and 98% of the samples after hydrolysis (geometric mean: 10.2 ng/mL), indicating prevalent human exposure to 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate antioxidants. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the occurrence of fenozan acid in urine, where it can act as a potential biomarker of human exposure to 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111531. [PMID: 34146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous improvement of living standards is related to higher requirements for the freshness and taste of food. For example, synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added to fats and fried foods as food additives to minimize the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats. Hence, the global use of SPAs is increasing year by year. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene is one of the widely used SPAs, often in combination with butyl hydroxyanisole or gallate SPAs. The extensive use of these compounds makes them and their transformation products to be widespread in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, and sediment, as well as human samples, such as nails and urine, at concentrations varying from nanogram per gram (ng/g) to microgram per gram (μg/g). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose SPA exposure is toxic, which may lead to DNA damage and mismatches and the development of cancerous tumors. Since the biosphere shares the same set of genetic codes, humans and animals have many identical or similar feedback mechanisms and information pathways. Therefore, the damage of SPAs to animals may also threaten human health. This review discusses the properties, occurrence, analysis, and environmental health risks of typical SPAs, including butyl hydroxyanisole, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate, used as food additives. In addition, AO2246, which is used in food packaging bags, is also considered. Future research directions on SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) are identified and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun Z, Gao R, Chen X, Liu X, Ding Y, Geng Y, Mu X, Liu T, Li F, Wang Y, He J. Exposure to butylated hydroxytoluene compromises endometrial decidualization during early pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42024-42036. [PMID: 33792845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one of the most widely used synthetic phenolic antioxidants, is a popular food additive. Previous studies have reported the possible health hazards of BHT. However, BHT effects on female reproduction, especially on endometrial decidualization, are still unknown. During early pregnancy, decidualization plays important roles for embryo implantation and pregnancy establishment. This study aimed to explore the effects of BHT on endometrial decidualization in pregnant mice. The pregnant mice received BHT via intraperitoneal injection at doses of 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day from day 1 (D1) of pregnancy until sacrifice. Under BHT exposure, maternal body weight was significantly decreased during early pregnancy. Compared with the control group, the number of implantation sites and uterine weight were significantly reduced in the BHT groups. The uterine lumen failed to close after BHT exposure, and the decidual morphology of endometrial stromal cells was inhibited by BHT. Furthermore, BHT significantly decreased the expression of endometrial decidual markers including COX2, HOXA10, and MMP9. Notably, the levels of serum estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) and expression levels of uterus estrogen receptor α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) during early pregnancy were significantly upregulated following BHT exposure. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that gestational BHT exposure could inhibit decidualization of mouse endometrium during early pregnancy. The disorders of reproductive hormones and changes of hormone receptor signals could be responsible for the impaired decidualization. This study provided new evidence for the deleterious effects of BHT on female reproduction and revealed the potential reproductive toxicity of synthetic phenolic antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Sun
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yanqing Geng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinyi Mu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Taihang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chamorro-Garcia R, Veiga-Lopez A. The new kids on the block: Emerging obesogens. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:457-484. [PMID: 34452694 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic is calling for action in the determination of contributing factors. Although social and life-style factors have been traditionally associated with metabolic disruption, a subset of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), called obesogens are garnering increasing attention for their ability to promote adipose tissue differentiation and accumulation. For some chemicals, such as tributyltin, there is conclusive evidence regarding their ability to promote adipogenesis and their mechanism of action. In recent years, the list of chemicals that exert obesogenic potential is increasing. In this chapter, we review current knowledge of the most recent developments in the field of emerging obesogens with a specific focus on food additives, surfactants, and sunscreens, for which the mechanism of action remains unclear. We also review new evidence relative to the obesogenic potential of environmentally relevant chemical mixtures and point to potential therapeutic approaches to minimize the detrimental effects of obesogens. We conclude by discussing the available tools to investigate new obesogenic chemicals, strategies to maximize reproducibility in adipogenic studies, and future directions that will help propel the field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Chamorro-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States.
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; The ChicAgo Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tan H, Yang L, Huang Y, Tao L, Chen D. "Novel" Synthetic Antioxidants in House Dust from Multiple Locations in the Asia-Pacific Region and the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8675-8682. [PMID: 34110804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants represent a complex group of additive chemicals broadly used in consumer products. While traditional antioxidants such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) have been well studied, a variety of "novel" antioxidants have emerged with extensive applications but received much less attention. Our study aimed to explore a suite of 34 emerging antioxidants in house dust from four different regions, including Guangzhou (China), Adelaide (Australia), Carbondale (Illinois), and Hanoi (Vietnam). The results revealed broad occurrence of several rarely investigated chemicals in house dust across regions, including triethylene glycol bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionate (AO245), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylamino)methylphenol (AO4703), 2,2'-thiene-2,5-diylbis(5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzoxazole) (BBOT), 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (2,4DtBP), and 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (2,6DtBP). In particular, DPG exhibited a median concentration of 5030-11 400 ng/g in house dust from the studied regions except for Hanoi (305 ng/g), generally 1 order of magnitude greater than that of BHT (890-1060 ng/g) and dominating the compositional profiles of antioxidants. Estimated intake of target antioxidants by toddlers via dust ingestion, even under the high exposure scenario, was determined to be 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than the reference doses of selected antioxidants. However, potential risks from long-term exposure to a cocktail of antioxidants under environmentally relevant concentrations merit further investigations due to insufficient knowledge on the sources, fate, and toxicokinetics of these chemicals to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin Tao
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Printing ink related chemicals, including synthetic phenolic antioxidants, organophosphite antioxidants, and photoinitiators, in printing paper products and implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106412. [PMID: 33548846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although synthetic antioxidants (AOs) and photoinitiators (PIs) are known to be used in printing inks, there are little data on residual concentrations in printing paper products. In the present study, twenty-five PIs, ten AOs, and six transformation products were analyzed in two types of printing paper products, magazines and paperboard food packaging materials, both of which are unavoidable everyday products in our life. Nine AOs and six transformation products can be detected in food packaging materials with total concentrations (geometric mean, GM) of 1.16 × 104 ng/dm2. Twenty-two PIs were detected in food packaging materials with total concentrations (GM) of 1.76 × 104 ng/dm2. These chemicals were also detected in magazines, albeit at low concentrations (GM of AOs: 466 ng/dm2, GM of PIs: 1.17 × 103 ng/dm2). Magazine front covers were found to have much higher concentrations of the target compounds than magazine inside pages. Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), bisphenol A (BPA), and benzophenone (BP) were among the predominant chemicals in those printing paper products. Preliminary calculations suggest that dermal exposure to AOs (GM: 6.25 ng/day) and PIs (GM: 17.0 ng/day) via contact with printing paper products is a minor exposure pathway compared to food intake/dust ingestion and is exceedingly unlikely to cause adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Schmidtkunz C, Küpper K, Leng G, Eckert E, Kuhlmann L, Göen T, Daniels A, Schwedler G, Kolossa-Gehring M. Metabolites of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V (2014-2017). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110345. [PMID: 33096061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), used in cosmetics, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), used inter alia as a food additive and in cosmetics, and the plasticizer tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), used mainly in medical devices as substitute for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are suspected to have endocrine disrupting effects. Human biomonitoring methods that allow for assessing the internal exposure of the general population to these substances were recently developed in a German cooperation to enhance the use of human biomonitoring. First-morning void urine samples from 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents living in Germany were analysed for metabolites of 4-MBC (N = 447), BHT (N = 2091), and TOTM (N = 431) in the population-representative German Environmental Survey on Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). 4-MBC metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in single cases and exposure levels remained well below health-based guidance values. In contrast, ubiquitous exposure to BHT became evident with a geometric mean (GM) urinary concentration of the metabolite BHT acid of 2.346 μg/L (1.989 μg/gcreatinine) and a maximum concentration of 248 μg/L (269 μg/gcrea). The highest GM concentration was found in young children aged 3-5 years, yet no specific sources of exposure could be identified. Also, TOTM metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in very few samples. None of these findings could be related to previous hospital treatment or exposure via house dust. The presented results will be the basis to derive reference values for exposure of children and adolescents in Germany to BHT and will facilitate to identify changing exposure levels in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Daniels
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang R, Li J, Cui X. Tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139862. [PMID: 32544679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As one typical synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) has been widely adopted in food and other human products, and considered as an emerging contaminant due to its toxic effects. Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism of BHT is crucial to evaluate its environmental fate and toxicity. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of BHT in mice were investigated. It was shown that BHT was prone to be accumulated in metabolism-related organs (i.e., liver and kidney) with AUC0-120 h (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 120 h) values of 206 h·μg/g in liver and 162 h·μg/g in kidney. For metabolites, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadione (BHT-quinol) was preferentially accumulated in liver, while 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH) was the major metabolite in excreta. The major excretion of BHT and metabolites was through feces with a value of 25.1 ± 0.16% of the initial dose compared with urine of 1.27 ± 0.05%. The possible metabolic pathways of BHT were elucidated as the oxidation of the para-methyl, tert-butyl groups, and aromatic ring based on the known and identified unknown metabolites by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The preferred accumulation of BHT and metabolites in liver implies their potential hepatotoxicity. Results here also suggested that considering the distribution and excretion of metabolites can better assess BHT's fate and risk in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11706-11719. [PMID: 32915564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions and lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these issues and provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs have been detected in various environmental matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, and river water. Recent studies have also observed the occurrence of SPAs, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP), in humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, and fingernails). In addition to these parent compounds, some transformation products have also been detected both in the environment and in humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, and use of personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an important exposure pathway. Toxicity studies suggest some SPAs may cause hepatic toxicity, have endocrine disrupting effects, or even be carcinogenic. The toxicity effects of some transformation products are likely worse than those of the parent compound. For example, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can cause DNA damage at low concentrations. Future studies should investigate the contamination and environmental behaviors of novel high molecular weight SPAs, toxicity effects of coexposure to several SPAs, and toxicity effects on infants. Future studies should also develop novel SPAs with low toxicity and low migration ability, decreasing the potential for environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu Y, Venier M, Hites RA. Broad Exposure of the North American Environment to Phenolic and Amino Antioxidants and to Ultraviolet Filters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9345-9355. [PMID: 32672444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides a comprehensive investigation of three suites of commonly used synthetic additives: phenolic and amino antioxidants and ultraviolet filters. The concentrations of 47 such compounds and their transformation products were measured in 20 atmospheric particle samples collected in Chicago, in 21 Canadian e-waste dust samples, in 32 Canadian and United States' residential dust samples, and in 10 sediment samples collected from the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Despite their large production volumes in the United States, environmental data on antioxidants and UV filters in North America is limited. These compounds were detected in all the samples, indicating their ubiquitous distribution in the North American environment. The most prevalent compounds were 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone, diphenylamine, 4,4'-di-t-octyl diphenylamine, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. The e-waste dust contained significantly greater total concentrations of these compounds than the Canadian residential dust, while intermediate levels were detected in the United States residential dust. The sediment samples showed relatively high levels of N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, the source of which is unclear, and some benzotriazole UV filters. Daily intake rates by dust ingestion for these compounds ranged from 1-10 ng/(kg·day) for adults to 10-100 ng/(kg·day) for toddlers. Due to the wide distribution of these compounds in both the ambient and built environments, future research on their potential toxic effects on people and ecosystems is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo F, Chai L, Zhang S, Yu H, Liu W, Kepp KP, Ji L. Computational Biotransformation Profile of Emerging Phenolic Pollutants by Cytochromes P450: Phenol-Coupling Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2902-2912. [PMID: 31967796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenols are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, whose biotransformation involving phenol coupling catalyzed by cytochromes P450 may produce more lipophilic and toxic metabolites. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were performed to explore the debated phenol-coupling mechanisms, taking triclosan as a model substrate. We find that a diradical pathway facilitated by compound I and protonated compound II of P450 is favored vs alternative radical addition or electron-transfer mechanisms. The identified diradical coupling resembles a "two-state reactivity" from compound I characterized by significantly high rebound barriers of the phenoxy radicals, which can be formulated into three equations for calculating the ratio [coupling]/[hydroxylation]. A higher barrier for rebound than for H-abstraction in high-spin triclosan can facilitate the phenoxy radical dissociation and thus enable phenol coupling, while H-abstraction/radical rebound causing phenol hydroxylation via minor rebound barriers mostly occurs via the low-spin state. Therefore, oxidation of triclosan by P450 fits the first equation with a ratio [coupling]/[hydroxylation] of 1:4, consistent with experimental data indicating different extents of triclosan coupling (6-40%). The high rebound barrier of phenoxy radicals, as a key for the mechanistic identification of phenol coupling vs hydroxylation, originates from their weak electron donor ability due to spin aromatic delocalization. We envision that the revealed mechanism can be extended to the cross-coupling reactions between different phenolic pollutants, and the coupling reactions of several other aromatic pollutants, to infer unknown metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Avenue 688, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Li Ji
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liang X, Zhao Y, Liu W, Li Z, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces hyperactivity and alters dopamine-related gene expression in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113624. [PMID: 31780362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the most frequently used synthetic phenolic antioxidants added to food and consumer products such as plastics as a preservative. Due to its high production volume, BHT has been detected in aquatic environments, raising concerns about sub-lethal toxicity. However, there are limited toxicological data for BHT, especially in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BHT at concentrations ranging 0.01-100 μM for up to 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Acute toxicity was assessed, and experiments revealed that BHT had a 96 h LC50 value of 57.61 μM. At sub-lethal doses (0.1-60 μM), BHT markedly decreased heart rates of zebrafish embryos at 48 h and 72 h by ∼25-30%. Basal and maximal respiration of zebrafish embryos at 24 hpf were decreased by 59.3% and 41.4% respectively following exposure to 100 μM BHT. Behavior in zebrafish was measured at 6 dpf following exposures to 0.01-10 μM BHT. Locomotor behaviors (e.g. total distance moved and velocity) were significantly increased in larvae at doses higher than 0.1 μM BHT. In addition, dark-avoidance behavior was decreased following exposure to 0.01 μM BHT, while conversely, it was increased in zebrafish exposed to 0.1 μM BHT. To investigate potential underlying mechanisms that could explain behavioral changes, transcripts involved in dopamine signaling were measured. Relative expression of dat mRNA was increased in larval fish from the 0.01 μM BHT treatment, while there were no effects on dat mRNA levels at higher concentrations. The mRNA levels of drd3 were decreased in zebrafish from the 1 μM BHT treatment. Taken together, BHT can affect the expression of the dopamine system, which is hypothesized to be related to the abnormal anxiety-associated behavior of larval zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zhitong Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ham J, Lim W, Whang KY, Song G. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse Leydig cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113421. [PMID: 31677866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant that has been used as an additive for fat- or oil-containing foods. The exposure index value increases with extended usage of the chemical. Further, estimated total amount of BHT could exceed standard regulation, considering dietary intake or another exposure. Although BHT may induce side effects in reproductive systems, adequate research had not yet been performed to confirm them. In this study, we investigated the effects of BHT on mouse Leydig cells (TM3), which are components of testis. Our results indicated that BHT suppressed cellular proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in TM3 cells. Moreover, BHT hampered cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in TM3 cells. Furthermore, BHT treatment led to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA fragmentation, simultaneously stimulating intrinsic apoptosis signal transduction. To elucidate the mode of action of BHT on Leydig cells, we performed western blot analysis and confirmed the activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Collectively, our results demonstrated that BHT has toxic effects on mouse Leydig cells via induction of calcium dysregulation and ER-mitochondria dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang J, Wang L, Kannan K. Microplastics in house dust from 12 countries and associated human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105314. [PMID: 31756678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global marine pollution by microplastics (MPs) has received considerable attention in recent years. Nevertheless, little is known about the occurrence of MPs in indoor environments. A novel analytical method was used to quantitatively determine polyethylene terephthalate (PET)- and polycarbonate (PC)- based MPs in 286 indoor dust samples collected from 12 countries. PET-based MPs were detected in all dust samples at concentrations of 38-120,000 µg/g (median: 5900 µg/g), whereas PC-based MPs were measured at <0.11-1700 µg/g (median: 8.8 µg/g). Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of terephthalic acid (a PET monomer) and PET as well as between bisphenol A (a PC monomer) and PC. Based on the concentrations of MPs measured in indoor dust, the median daily intake of PET-based MPs calculated for infants was in the range of 4000-150,000 ng/kg-bw/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Du B, Zhang Y, Lam JCW, Pan S, Huang Y, Chen B, Lan S, Li J, Luo D, Zeng L. Prevalence, Biotransformation, and Maternal Transfer of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Pregnant Women from South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13959-13969. [PMID: 31702911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have been identified as an emerging group of contaminants in recent years. However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of human prenatal exposure to these synthetic chemicals. In this study, a set of eight SPAs and four major transformation products (TPs) were systematically analyzed in matched samples of maternal plasma, cord plasma, and placenta from a population of pregnant women. Five of the eight target SPAs and all four target TPs were frequently detected in the maternal-placental-fetal unit, indicating prenatal exposure to SPAs and the transfer of SPAs across the placenta. In the three matrices, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP), and 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (AO 2246) were identified as the most abundant SPAs, while 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol) were identified as the predominant TPs of BHT. In the maternal plasma, concentrations of both BHT-Q and BHT-quinol were significantly correlated with BHT (p < 0.001), suggesting that the two TPs mainly originated from the biotransformation of BHT itself in pregnant women. The transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) of the SPAs and TPs were structure-dependent and generally less than 1. Significantly higher TTEs for four target TPs than their parent BHT were identified. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that SPAs and TPs transfer across the placenta in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Shilei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510280 , China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510280 , China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai 519082 , China
| | - Shenyu Lan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Juan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Dan Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment , Jinan University , Guangzhou 511443 , China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Y, He L, Lv G, Liu W, Liu J, Ma X, Sun X. Distribution, transformation and toxicity evaluation of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-hydroxytotulene in aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113330. [PMID: 31606662 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-hydroxytotulene (BHT), as a significant synthetic phenolic antioxidant (SPA), has received increasing attention in the environmental field. In the present study, the BHT is confirmed to be mainly distributed in the liquid phase in the environment base on the Aspen PLUS simulation results. The mechanism and kinetics of BHT transformation initiated by OH radicals were conducted in aquatic environment using density functional theory (DFT) method. Briefly, seven initiation reactions and three detailed transformation pathways of BHT were reported. The H atoms in the t-butyl and methyl group were found more favorable to be abstracted. The C1 site of the BHT was susceptible to addition by OH radicals. Rate constants of different initial reactions were calculated and they were inhibited by temperature rise. Meanwhile, the acute and chronic toxicities of BHT and its metabolites were evaluated at three different trophic levels using the ECOSAR program. During the degradation process, the toxicities of these metabolites gradually decreased, but the toxicities of the final product 2,6-di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1,4-dione (BHT-Q) were significantly increased. These results could help to reveal the transformation mechanism and risk assessment of BHT in aquatic environment, and further design the experimental and industrial applications of SPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guochun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiashuo Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Personal Care Products in Toronto, Canada: Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Discharge via Greywater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13440-13448. [PMID: 31609587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various personal care products (PCPs), little is known about their levels, composition profiles, human exposure, or environmental emissions. In this study, the occurrence of SPAs was evaluated in 15 categories of 214 PCPs collected in Toronto, Canada. Nine SPAs were detected in the PCPs, of which only 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, < method quantification limit (MQL)-827 900 ng/g, mean: 35 602 ng/g, median: 249 ng/g) was observed with a detection frequency of >50%. When the 214 PCPs were separated into products labeled as containing BHT and those labeled as not containing BHT, the BHT-labeled PCPs (mean: 369 253 ng//g, median: 382 560 ng/g) contained significantly higher concentrations of BHT than the BHT-unlabeled PCPs (mean: 4960 ng/g, median: 199 ng/g) did (p < 0.01). Five transformation products (TPs) of BHT were also detected in the PCPs at low concentrations (∑TPs: < MQL to 19 014 ng/g, mean: 730 ng/g, median: < MQL) and detection frequencies (12.6-37.4%). Preliminary calculations found that dermal absorption via PCP use may be an important exposure pathway for BHT (mean: 565 879 ng/day median: 2988 ng/day), although this is a negligible exposure pathway for other SPAs. In addition, the estimated discharges of BHT (mean: 7852 g/day, median: 88 g/day) via greywater after PCP use were calculated, which represents a nonignorable source of BHT loading into wastewater treatment plants in Toronto (contributing 10%). To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of human exposure to and discharge of SPAs via PCP use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD. Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4132. [PMID: 31731614 PMCID: PMC6891691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, great interest has been focused on using natural antioxidants in food products, due to studies indicating possible adverse effects that may be related to the consumption of synthetic antioxidants. A variety of plant materials are known to be natural sources of antioxidants, such as herbs, spices, seeds, fruits and vegetables. The interest in these natural components is not only due to their biological value, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from food by-products and under-exploited plant species. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on natural antioxidants: their sources, extraction methods and stabilization processes. In addition, recent studies on their applications in the food industry are also addressed; namely, as preservatives in different food products and in active films for packaging purposes and edible coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vítor D. Alves
- LEAF, Linking, Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.L.); (M.M.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sun Z, Yang X, Liu QS, Li C, Zhou Q, Fiedler H, Liao C, Zhang J, Jiang G. Butylated hydroxyanisole isomers induce distinct adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120794. [PMID: 31238218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) isomers, as the widely used anthropogenic antioxidants in food, have been revealed to induce endocrine disrupting effects, while the mechanism how BHA isomers regulate the lipogenic differentiation remains to be elucidated. Using 3T3-L1 differentiation model, the effects of BHA isomers, including 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) and their mixture (BHA), on adipogenesis were tested. The results showed that 3-BHA and BHA promoted adipocyte differentiation and enhanced the cellular lipid accumulation through the regulation of the transcriptional and protein levels of the adipogenetic biomarkers, while 2-BHA had no effect. The effective window for 3-BHA induced lipogenesis was the first four days during 3T3-L1 differentiation. BHA isomers showed no binding affinities for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Instead, the upstream of PPARγ signaling pathway, i.e. the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), upregulation of CAAT/enhancer-binding proteins β (C/EBPβ) and elevated cell proliferation during postconfluent mitosis stage were induced by 3-BHA exposure. Altogether, this study revealed the adipogenic effect of 3-BHA through interference with the upstream events of the PPARγ signaling pathway. The authorized usage of BHA as food additives and its occurrence in human sera can potentially contribute to the incidence of obesity, which is of high concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; UN Environment (UNEP), Chemicals Branch, CH-1219 Châtelaine GE, Switzerland
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Unexpectedly high concentrations of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol in human urine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1423-1428. [PMID: 31265952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have received increasing attention due to the reports of toxicity and environmental contamination. Nevertheless, limited information was available on human burdens of these SPAs, with the exception of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In our study, BHT as well as six other SPAs were analyzed in human urine samples from United States donors. Three SPA congeners were detected in human urine: BHT, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP), and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA). BHT, which is the congener received most concerns, was detected at low concentrations [geometric mean (GM): 0.06 ng/mL], whereas four of its metabolites were detected at relatively high concentrations (GM: 1.68 ng/mL). Surprisingly, DBP was detected at extremely high concentrations (GM: 18.3 ng/mL). The concentrations of DBP (GM: 25.8 ng/mL), BHT (0.853 ng/mL), and metabolites (GM: 10.5 ng/mL) increased significantly after the urine samples were hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase (p < 0.01), indicating the prevalence of the conjugated forms of SPAs and their metabolites in human urine. DBP, which has previously received little attention, was the predominant congener, contributing 88.2% and 63.6% to total target concentrations in the urine samples before and after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, respectively. Thus, previous studies have vastly underestimated the burdens of SPAs to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the presence of DBP in human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Maceira A, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Occurrence of plastic additives in outdoor air particulate matters from two industrial parks of Tarragona, Spain: Human inhalation intake risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:649-659. [PMID: 30954867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastic additives include several kinds of chemicals that are added to the polymer matrix to improve the final product quality and prevent deterioration effects. They are used in a large quantity of materials, so their presence in the environment is expected. This study has developed and validated a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after pressurised liquid extraction to determine sixteen plastic additives including UV-stabilizers, aromatic and phenolic antioxidants and some of their degradation products in particulate matter (PM10) from outdoor air. Apparent recoveries were above 85% for most of compounds and low detection limits (pg m-3) were achieved. This is the first study to determine these types of contaminant in the PM10 of outdoor air from two locations surrounded by different industries. Various compounds were found in almost all samples; BHT, BHT-Q, 2,4-DTBP, BHT-CHO, UV320, UV328, Irgafos168 and Iragonx1076, with concentrations ranging from < MQL to 2860 pg m-3. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via ambient inhalation were calculated for each polymer additive and for different subpopulation groups classified by age. Two possible exposure scenarios (low, based on geometric mean, and high, 95th percentile) were simulated, and 0.51 ng kgbw-1 day-1 was the EDI in the worst case scenario for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Maceira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain; EURECAT-CTQ, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang W, Kannan K. Quantitative identification of and exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants, including butylated hydroxytoluene, in urine. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 128:24-29. [PMID: 31029976 PMCID: PMC6526070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT), are used in a wide variety of consumer products, including certain foodstuffs (e.g. fats and oils) and cosmetics. Although BHT is considered generally safe as a food preservative when used at approved concentrations, there is debate whether BHT exposure is linked to cancer, asthma, and behavioral issues in children. Little is known with regard to human exposure to SPAs and the methods to measure these chemicals in urine. In this study, six SPAs and the metabolites were analyzed in 145 urine samples collected from four Asian countries (China, India, Japan, and Saudi Arabia) and the United States. BHT was found in 88% of the urine samples at median and maximum concentrations of 1.26 and 15 ng/mL, respectively. BHT metabolites and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were found in 39% to 89% of the urine samples at a concentration range of
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and transformation products in dust from different indoor environments in Toronto, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:23-29. [PMID: 30954820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a class of anthropogenic antioxidants that are widely used in a large variety of commercial products. Although several SPAs have been listed as targets for risk assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada, little data are available on the occurrence of SPAs in the Canadian environment. In this study, eighty-three indoor dust samples were collected from offices and homes in Toronto. Eight SPAs were detected at concentrations ranging from 67.2 to 1.55e4 ng/g, with a geometric mean (GM) concentration of 1.49e3 ng/g, among which 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was the primary congener and had a GM concentration of 658 ng/g. Four BHT transformation products (TPs) were also detected in the indoor dust samples, with concentrations ranging from 40.4 to 1.27e4 ng/g and a GM concentration of 883 ng/g. No significant concentration difference was observed between the office and home dust samples for either the summed target SPA or TP concentrations (p > 0.05). The calculated estimated daily intakes of these chemical contaminants (0.004-10.0 ng/kg BW/day) suggest that they pose no immediate health risk to the Canadian population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of these chemical contaminants and their transformation products in Canadian indoor environments, and furthermore the first detection of 4-tert-butyl-phenol in an environmental sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|