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Hao Y, Ji F, Li T, Tian M, Han X, Chai F. Portable smartphone platform utilizing AIE-featured carbon dots for multivariate visual detection for Cu 2+, Hg 2+ and BSA in real samples. Food Chem 2024; 446:138843. [PMID: 38422643 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals cause serious toxic threats to both environment and human health. The multivariate, instrument-free, portable, and rapid detection strategy is crucial for determination of heavy metals. Herein, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) featured carbon dots (SN-CDs) were fabricated hydrothermally by optimizing co-doping precursors. With bright yellow emission at 560 nm, the SN-CDs were utilized for multivariate sensing Cu2+, Hg2+ and bovine serum albumin (BSA) based on AIE behavior and static quenching effect, with detection limits of 0.46 μmol·L-1, 25.8 nmol·L-1 and 1.52 μmol·L-1. A portable smartphone platform was constructed to enable portable, prompt, and sensitive analysis for Cu2+, Hg2+, and BSA via different strategies in real water and food samples with satisfied recovery. Moreover, a logic gate circuit was designed to provide the possibilities for utilization of intelligent facility. The proposed AIE SN-CDs possessing great contribution in preferable sensing performance, present promising prospects in real-time monitoring of environment and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fangyan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xu Han
- College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Fang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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2
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Boti V, Martinaiou P, Gkountouras D, Albanis T. Target and suspect screening approaches for the identification of emerging and other contaminants in fish feeds using high resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118739. [PMID: 38503377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Fish feed is essential in aquaculture fish production because, along with beneficial nutrients and components, many suspected compounds can be transferred to fish and ultimately to humans. In this context, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to monitor various pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds in aquaculture fish feed through target analysis and many other groups of chemicals via suspect screening approaches. In this study, the QuEChERS extraction method was optimized, validated, and applied to fifty-four fish feed samples collected from different production batches. This was followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-IT/Orbitrap-MS) for targeted and suspect screening purposes. In general, pesticides provided satisfactory recoveries (70-105.5 %), with quantification limits lower than 5 ng g-1, whereas pharmaceuticals displayed recoveries ranging from 70.5 to 120.2 %, with quantification limits below 25 ng g-1. In addition, the matrix effects and measurement uncertainty were assessed to provide more accurate and high-confidence results. Pirimiphos-methyl was detected and quantified in 20 of 54 fish feed samples (37 %) at concentrations <77 ng g-1. Finally, suspect screening revealed the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (e.g., citrinin, aflatoxin G2, zearalenone, and alternariol), two pesticides excluding the target pesticides (tebuconazole and fenazaquin), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in almost 2 % of the samples, and ethoxyquin (antioxidant), with 12 of its Transformation Products (TPs). Finally, suspect analysis incorporated in routine analyses have proven to have great potential for complete monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| | | | | | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, 45110, Greece
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Ingwani T, Chaukura N, Mamba BB, Nkambule TTI, Gilmore AM. An optimised and validated surrogate analyte A-TEEM-PARAFAC-PLS technique for detecting and quantifying the biological oxygen demand in surface water. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00605-8. [PMID: 38822950 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
A 5-day test duration makes BOD5 measurement unsatisfactory and hinders the development of a quick technique. Protein-like fluorescence peaks show a strong correlation between the BOD characteristics and the fluorescence intensities. For identifying and measuring BOD in surface water, a simultaneous absorbance-transmittance and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (A-TEEM) method combined with PARAFAC (parallel factor) and PLS (partial least squares) analyses was developed using a tyrosine and tryptophan (tyr-trpt) mix as a surrogate analyte for BOD. The use of a surrogate analyte was decided upon due to lack of fluorescent BOD standards. Tyr-trpt mix standard solutions were added to surface water samples to prepare calibration and validation samples. PARAFAC analysis of excitation-emission matrices detected the tyr-trpt mix in surface water. PLS modelling demonstrated significant linearity (R2 = 0.991) between the predicted and measured tyr-trypt mix concentrations, and accuracy and robustness were all acceptable per the ICH Q2 (R2) and ASTM multivariate calibration/validation procedures guidelines. Based on a suitable and workable surrogate analyte method, these results imply that BOD can be detected and quantified using the A-TEEM-PARAFAC-PLS method. Very positive comparability between tyr-trypt mix concentrations was found, suggesting that tyr-trypt mix might eventually take the place of a BOD-based sampling protocol. Overall, this approach offers a novel tool that can be quickly applied in water treatment plant settings and is a step in supporting the trend toward rapid BOD determination in waters. Further studies should demonstrate the wide application of the method using real wastewater samples from various water treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ingwani
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa.
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam M Gilmore
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Horiba Instruments Incorporated, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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4
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Kaleta M, Oklestkova J, Klíčová K, Kvasnica M, Koníčková D, Menšíková K, Strnad M, Novák O. Simultaneous Determination of Selected Steroids with Neuroactive Effects in Human Serum by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1990-2005. [PMID: 38655788 PMCID: PMC11099924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are a group of steroid molecules that are involved in the regulation of functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is not only the site of their action, but their biosynthesis can also occur there. Neuroactive steroid levels depend not only on the physiological state of an individual (person's sex, age, diurnal variation, etc.), but they are also affected by various pathological processes in the nervous system (some neurological and psychiatric diseases or injuries), and new knowledge can be gained by monitoring these processes. The aim of our research was to develop and validate a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of selected steroids with neuroactive effects in human serum. The developed method enables high throughput and a sensitive quantitative analysis of nine neuroactive steroid substances (pregnenolone, progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, allopregnanolone, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and epiandrosterone) in 150 μL of human serum by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The correlation coefficients above 0.999 indicated that the developed analytical procedure was linear in the range of 0.90 nmol/L to 28.46 μmol/L in human serum. The accuracy and precision of the method for all analytes ranged from 83 to 118% and from 0.9 to 14.1%, respectively. This described method could contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases. Similarly, it can also be helpful in the search for new biomarkers and diagnostic options or therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Koníčková
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Menšíková
- Department
of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory
of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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Keivani N, Piccolo V, Marzocchi A, Maisto M, Tenore GC, Summa V. Optimization and Validation of Procyanidins Extraction and Phytochemical Profiling of Seven Herbal Matrices of Nutraceutical Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:586. [PMID: 38790691 PMCID: PMC11117784 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Several medicinal herbal plants are extensively used as sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on human health. This study assessed the procyanidin and polyphenol profiles together with the antioxidant potential of seven herbal medical matrices. To achieve this aim, procyanidin extraction from grape pomace was optimized and validated by monitoring monomeric-trimeric procyanidins. The proposed quantification method was applied to the seven medical herbs, and it proved to be a very efficient protocol for procyanidin-rich extracts analysis. In addition, the Paullinia cupana Kunth. seed was identified as a very rich source of procyanidins (about 5 mg/g dry matrix of each dimeric and about 3 mg/g dry matrix trimeric) with high antioxidant properties. The polyphenolic profile was assessed by HPLC-HESI-MS/MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay to explore the antioxidant properties of the extracts, which were substantially higher in Peumus boldus Molina leaves extracts (935.23 ± 169 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g of dry weight) concerning the other matrices. Moreover, a high Pearson coefficient value was observed between the total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH in comparison with the total polyphenol content (TPC) and DPPH, indicating flavonoids as the principal bioactive with antioxidant activity in the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (N.K.); (V.P.); (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.C.T.)
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Chi ZH, Liu L, Zheng J, Tian L, Chevrier J, Bornman R, Obida M, Goodyer CG, Hales BF, Bayen S. Biomonitoring of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in human milk from South Africa and Canada using a modified QuEChERS extraction method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123730. [PMID: 38458524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
A sensitive modified QuEChERS extraction method was developed to assess the levels of free and conjugated bisphenols (BPs) in human milk collected between 2018 and 2019 from two regions of South Africa (the Limpopo Province Vhembe district, n = 194; Pretoria, n = 193) and Canada (Montreal, n = 207). Total BPA (free and conjugated) and BPS were the predominant bisphenols detected in samples from Vhembe and Pretoria, whereas total BPS was the predominant bisphenol detected in Montreal samples. The levels of total BPA in samples from Vhembe and Pretoria ranged between < MDL-18.61 and
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hao Chi
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jingyun Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Ma T, Wang Q, Song M, Zhao Q, Zhang N, Guo J, Wang Y, Hou Z, Lu Z. Dissipation and Risk Assessment of Propaquizafop in Ginseng under Field Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6613-6624. [PMID: 38501445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Propaquizafop is a highly efficient aryloxy phenoxy propionate chiral herbicide. However, the use of propaquizafop, including its safe use methods, residue patterns, dietary risk assessment, and maximum residue limits, for ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has not been studied. An analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of propaquizafop and its four metabolites in ginseng soil, fresh ginseng, ginseng plant, and dried ginseng using HPLC-MS/MS. This approach showed good linearity (R2 ranging from 0.9827 to 0.9999) and limit of quantification ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg. The intra- and interday recovery rates of this method ranged from 71.6 to 107.1% with relative standard deviation ranging from 1.3 to 23.2%. The method was applied to detect residual samples in the field, and it was found that the degradation of propaquizafop in ginseng plants and soil followed a first-order kinetic equation. R2 was between 0.8913 and 0.9666, and the half-life (t1/2) ranged from 5.04 to 8.05 days, indicating that it was an easily degradable pesticide (T1/2 < 30 days). The final propaquizafop residues in ginseng soil, plants, fresh ginseng, and dried ginseng ranged from 0.017 to 0.691 mg/kg. A dietary risk assessment was conducted on the final propaquizafop residue in fresh and dried ginseng. The results showed that the chronic exposure risk quotient values were less than 100% for fresh and dried ginseng (1.15% for fresh ginseng and 1.13% for dried ginseng). This illustrates that the dietary risk associated with the use of 10% propaquizafop emulsifiable concentrate in ginseng is very low. Thus, applying 750 mL/ha of propaquizafop on ginseng could not pose an unacceptable risk to public health. The results of the present study support the registration of propaquizafop in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tengda Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingxia Song
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qinghui Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jingbo Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yahe Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Cheng Z, Gao H, Xiong Y, Wei L, Ma T, Wang L, Gao S, Jiang X, Li J, Wang Y, Hou Z, Lu Z. Dissipation behaviours, residues, and health risk of six herbicides in sugar beets under field conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116199. [PMID: 38492485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This study established a residue detection method based on the QuEChERS pre-treatment method and combined it with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to test six herbicides (metamitron, clopyralid, desmedipham, phenmedipham, ethofumesate, and haloxyfop-p-methyl) in sugar beet plants, soil, and roots. The degradation dynamics and terminal residues of each herbicide in sugar beets were analysed. Finally, the dietary risks of various herbicides in sugar beets were evaluated based on the dietary structure of Chinese people, and the risk quotient values were below 100%. Using this detection method, all reagents exhibited good linearity (0.9724 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9998), The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/L, the matrix effect ranged from -1.2% to -50%, the addition recovery rate ranged from 77.00% to 103.48%, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 1.61% to 16.17%; therefore, all indicators of this method met the residue detection standards. Under field conditions, the half-lives (t1/2) ranged about 0.65 ∼ 2.96 d and 0.38 ∼ 27.59 d in sugar beet plants and soil, respectively. All herbicides were easily degraded in sugar beet plants and soil (t1/2 < 30 d). The terminal residue amounts in the beet plants, soil, and roots ranged from < LOQ to 0.243 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment of each pesticide was conducted based on the residual median of the terminal residues and the highest residual values on the edible part of the beetroot. The chronic exposure risk quotient (RQc) and acute exposure risk quotient (RQa) values were < 100%, indicating that the residue of each pesticide in beetroot posed low risks to consumers in China at the recommended dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hemin Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Liping Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tengda Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Liran Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xilong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yahe Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Rosenberg E, Krska R. Analytical chemistry in front of the curtain! Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1787-1795. [PMID: 38263493 PMCID: PMC10901924 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This feature article discusses the enabling role of analytical chemistry in important fields of research and development such as life science, material sciences and environmental sciences. It comments on the often limited visibility of analytical sciences in the public perception and suggests ways to overcome this shortcoming and to create bigger impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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Malvandi AM, Halilaj E, Faraldi M, Mangiavini L, Cristoni S, Leoni V, Lombardi G. Enhanced molecular release from elderly bone samples using collagenase I: insights into fatty acid metabolism alterations. J Transl Med 2024; 22:143. [PMID: 38336738 PMCID: PMC10858523 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a metabolically active tissue containing different cell types acting as endocrine targets and effectors. Further, bone is a dynamic depot for calcium, phosphorous and other essential minerals. The tissue matrix is subjected to a constant turnover in response to mechanical/endocrine stimuli. Bone turnover demands high energy levels, making fatty acids a crucial source for the bone cells. However, the current understanding of bone cell metabolism is poor. This is partly due to bone matrix complexity and difficulty in small molecules extraction from bone samples. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of metabolite sequestering from a protein-dominated matrix to increase the quality and amount of metabolomics data in discovering small molecule patterns in pathological conditions. METHODS Human bone samples were collected from 65 to 85 years old (the elderly age span) patients who underwent hip replacement surgery. Separated cortical and trabecular bone powders were treated with decalcifying, enzymatic (collagenase I and proteinase K) and solvent-based metabolite extraction protocols. The extracted mixtures were analyzed with the high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Data analysis was performed with XCMS and MetaboAnalystR packages. RESULTS Fast enzymatic treatment of bone samples before solvent addition led to a significantly higher yield of metabolite extraction. Collagenase I and proteinase K rapid digestion showed more effectiveness in cortical and trabecular bone samples, with a significantly higher rate (2.2 folds) for collagenase I. Further analysis showed significant enrichment in pathways like de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, glycosphingolipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation-peroxisome. CONCLUSION This work presents a novel approach for bone sample preparation for HRMS metabolomics. The disruption of bone matrix conformation at the molecular level helps the molecular release into the extracting solvent and, therefore, can lead to higher quality results and trustable biomarker discovery. Our results showed β-oxidation alteration in the aged bone sample. Future work covering more patients is worthy to identify the effective therapeutics to achieve healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Esra Halilaj
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Martina Faraldi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Della Brianza, ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Cristina Belgioioso 173, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Piccolo V, Pastore A, Maisto M, Keivani N, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Summa V. Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Foods 2024; 13:331. [PMID: 38275698 PMCID: PMC10815480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes represent an agri-food waste resulting from industrial by-processing products of tomatoes, yielding products with a high content of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical properties. The food-matrix biological properties are attributed to the high steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content. Among them, α-tomatine is the main SGA reported in unripe green tomatoes. This review provides an overview of the main chemical and pharmacological features of α-tomatine and green tomato extracts. The extraction processes and methods employed in SGA identification and the quantification are discussed. Special attention was given to the methods used in α-tomatine qualitative and quantitative analyses, including the extraction procedures and the clean-up methods applied in the analysis of Solanum lycopersicum L. extracts. Finally, the health-beneficial properties and the pharmacokinetics and toxicological aspects of SGAs and α-tomatine-containing extracts are considered in depth. In particular, the relevant results of the main in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the therapeutic properties and the mechanisms of action were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (N.K.); (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
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12
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Soylak M, Uzcan F, Goktas O, Gumus ZP. Fe 3O 4-SiO 2-MIL-53 (Fe) nanocomposite for magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of cadmium (II) at trace levels prior to HR-CS-FAAS detection. Food Chem 2023; 429:136855. [PMID: 37478612 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic metal-organic framework Fe3O4-SiO2-MIL-53 (Fe) nanocomposite was synthesized for magnetic dispersion micro-solid phase extraction (M-d-µSPE) of cadmium in water, spice, chocolate, tea, and tobacco samples prior to the detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Fe3O4-SiO2-MIL-53 (Fe) nanocomposite fabricated using the solvothermal technique was characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The extraction efficiency of the method was improved by optimizing the experimental factors. After optimization, the linearity range for Cd (II) was 4.3-500 µgL-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.3 and 4.3 µgL-1, respectively. The presented magnetic dispersion-micro solid phase extraction method was applied to Cd (II) analysis in food and some environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Furkan Uzcan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Goktas
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Ege University, Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), İzmir, Turkey
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13
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Williams ML, Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Godage NH, Gionfriddo E. Matrix effects demystified: Strategies for resolving challenges in analytical separations of complex samples. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300571. [PMID: 37897324 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects can significantly impede the accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability of separation techniques presenting a formidable challenge to the analytical process. It is crucial to address matrix effects to achieve accurate and precise measurements in complex matrices. The multifaceted nature of matrix effects which can be influenced by factors such as target analyte, sample preparation protocol, composition, and choice of instrument necessitates a pragmatic approach when analyzing complex matrices. This review aims to highlight common challenges associated with matrix effects throughout the entire analytical process with emphasis on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and sample preparation techniques. These techniques are susceptible to matrix effects that could lead to ion suppression/enhancement or impact the analyte signal at various stages of the analytical workflow. The assessment, quantification, and mitigation of matrix effects are necessary in developing any analytical method. Strategies can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the matrix effect by changing the type of ionization, improving extraction and clean-up methods, optimization of chromatography conditions, and corrective calibration methods. While development of an effective strategy to completely mitigate matrix effects remains elusive, an integrated approach that combines sample preparation, analytical extraction, and effective instrumental analysis remains the most promising avenue for identifying and resolving matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Aghogho Abigail Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Nipunika H Godage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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14
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Phungsiangdee Y, Chaothong P, Karnpanit W, Tanaviyutpakdee P. Validation of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Determining Steviol Glycoside and Its Derivatives in Foods and Beverages. Foods 2023; 12:3941. [PMID: 37959060 PMCID: PMC10647612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a method for determining nine types of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in food and beverage products, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC ESI MS/MS). The performance characteristics of the analysis method were determined along with their suitability for the intended use. Coefficient of determination (R2) calibration curves from 0.2 to 1.0 mg L-1 were in the ranges of 0.9911-0.9990, 0.9939-1.0000 and 0.9973-0.9999 for a beverage, yogurt and snack, respectively. Intra-day precisions in terms of percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) of concentration, at 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, for the beverage, yogurt and snack were lower than 15% (1.1-9.3%). At all concentrations, percentage recoveries were in the accepted range of 70-120%. For the matrix effect study, matrix-matched calibration was used for all compounds, obtaining a linear concentration range from 0.2 mg L-1 to 1.0 mg L-1. Almost all matrix-matched results presented as percentage recoveries were within the accepted range of 80-120%. The limit of detection (LOD) for steviol glycosides ranged from 0.003 to 0.078 μg g-1, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.011 to 0.261 μg g-1. These results indicate that the modified test method can be applied to determine the presence of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in a wide range of sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yollada Phungsiangdee
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Pimpuk Chaothong
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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15
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Bernardo RA, de Oliveira Júnior CI, Roque JV, Costa NDL, Roriz VM, Sorgi CA, Janfelt C, Vaz BG, Chaves AR. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lipid Evaluation in Gingiva Tissue Stored in TRIzol via Shotgun Lipidomics and MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37830917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the prevalent type of oral cavity cancer, requiring precise, accurate, and affordable diagnosis to identify the disease in early stages, Comprehending the differences in lipid profiles between healthy and cancerous tissues encompasses great relevance in identifying biomarker candidates and enhancing the odds of successful cancer treatment. Therefore, the present study evaluates the analytical performance of simultaneous mRNA and lipid extraction in gingiva tissue from healthy patients and patients diagnosed with OSCC preserved in TRIzol reagent. The data was analyzed by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). The lipid extraction in TRIzol solution was linear in a range from 330 to 2000 ng mL-1, r2 > 0.99, intra and interday precision and accuracy <15%, and absolute recovery values ranging from 90 to 110%. The most important lipids for tumor classification were evaluated by MALDI-MSI, revealing that the lipids responsible for distinguishing the OSCC group are more prevalent in the cancerous tissue in contrast to the healthy group. The results exhibit the possibilities to do transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses in the same sample and point out important candidates related to the presence of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Ivo de Oliveira Júnior
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Jataí, 75801-615 Jataí, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jussara Valente Roque
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nádia do Lago Costa
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-020 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Virgílio Moreira Roriz
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74605-020 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arterio Sorgi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14015-130 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Andréa Rodrigues Chaves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Jataí, 75801-615 Jataí, Goiás, Brazil
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16
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Ingwani T, Chaukura N, Mamba BB, Nkambule TTI, Gilmore AM. Detection and Quantification of Bisphenol A in Surface Water Using Absorbance-Transmittance and Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrices (A-TEEM) Coupled with Multiway Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:7048. [PMID: 37894527 PMCID: PMC10609475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present protocol, we determined the presence and concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) spiked in surface water samples using EEM fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with modelling using partial least squares (PLS) and parallel factor (PARAFAC). PARAFAC modelling of the EEM fluorescence data obtained from surface water samples contaminated with BPA unraveled four fluorophores including BPA. The best outcomes were obtained for BPA concentration (R2 = 0.996; standard deviation to prediction error's root mean square ratio (RPD) = 3.41; and a Pearson's r value of 0.998). With these values of R2 and Pearson's r, the PLS model showed a strong correlation between the predicted and measured BPA concentrations. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 3.512 and 11.708 micro molar (µM), respectively. In conclusion, BPA can be precisely detected and its concentration in surface water predicted using the PARAFAC and PLS models developed in this study and fluorescence EEM data collected from BPA-contaminated water. It is necessary to spatially relate surface water contamination data with other datasets in order to connect drinking water quality issues with health, environmental restoration, and environmental justice concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ingwani
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; (T.I.); (B.B.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Bhekie B. Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; (T.I.); (B.B.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Thabo T. I. Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; (T.I.); (B.B.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Adam M. Gilmore
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; (T.I.); (B.B.M.); (A.M.G.)
- Horiba Instruments Incorporated Inc., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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17
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, He Q, Elliott C. Comparative Performance of Rapid Diagnostics for the Detection of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Oats. Molecules 2023; 28:6657. [PMID: 37764433 PMCID: PMC10537295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oat crops by trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 is an ongoing threat to our food safety. Within the industry, there are increasing concerns about the continued and growing presence of these mycotoxins occurring in oat crops due to climate change, farming practices and the handling of crops post-harvest. To safeguard human health, monitoring these mycotoxins in foodstuffs is paramount to ensure human exposure is limited. To achieve this, effective testing regimes must be established within the industry, consisting not only of rapid, reliable, and accurate analytical methods but also efficient sampling strategies. Four commercial rapid diagnostic kits were assessed against liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and included three lateral flow devices and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One-way ANOVA showed a p-value of 0.45 indicating no significant difference between the methods assessed. Qualitative analysis revealed test kits 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed false negative/false positive rates of 1.1/2.2, 7.6/0, 2.2/0, and 6.5/0 percent, respectively. Test Kit 1, the Neogen Reveal® Q+ MAX for T-2/HT-2 Kit provided the most reliable, accurate and cost-effective results. Furthermore, its ease of use and no requirement for technical skill makes it applicable for on-site testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Qiqi He
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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18
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Seo HJ, Na TW, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Hong S, Cho H. Target and non-target analytical method for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair using liquid- and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464170. [PMID: 37390765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Extraction using acetonitrile and water and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC and GC-QTOF/MS) techniques were used to screen for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair. In addition, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques were used for verification of the analytical method and quantitative analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins and antioxidants in hair. Optimized sample preparation involves extracting 0.05 g of sample with 0.6 mL of ACN and 0.4 mL of distilled water. In addition, the two layers were separated by adding 0.1 g of NaCl. Then, both the ACN and water layers were analyzed by LC-TOF/MS, and the ACN layer was analyzed by GC-TOF/MS. Most of the matrix effects of livestock and pet hair were less than 50%, but some matrices and components showed high results, so matrix matching correction was applied for more precise quantification. Method validation was performed for 394 constituents (293 pesticides, 93 veterinary drugs, 6 mycotoxins and 2 preservatives) in dog, cat, cow and pig hair and chicken and duck feathers. All components showed good linearity (r2 ≥0.98) in the developed assay. The quantification limit of all compounds was set at 0.02 mg/kg, which is the lowest level that satisfies the recovery rate standard. The recovery experiment was repeated 8 times at 3 concentrations. Most of the components were extracted with the ACN layer, and the recovery rate was 63.35-119.98%. In order to confirm the efficiency of extracting harmful substances from actual samples, 30 hairs of livestock and pets were screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Seo
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Tae Woong Na
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Seung Hwa Lee
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Sunghie Hong
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
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19
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Díaz MA, O’Connell DP, Jordan S, O’Connor C, Martin P, Jones JC, Garvey J. Analysis of Pesticide Levels in Honey and Pollen from Irish Honey Bee Colonies Using a Modified Dutch Mini-Luke Method with Gas and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12657-12667. [PMID: 37584230 PMCID: PMC10472503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining the levels of agrochemicals, such as pesticides, that honey bees are exposed to is critical for understanding what stress factors may be contributing to colony declines. Although several pesticide detection methods are available for honey, limited work has been conducted to adapt these methods for pollen. Here, we address this gap by modifying the Dutch mini-Luke extraction method (NL method) for pesticide analysis in honey and pollen from throughout the island of Ireland. The NL method was modified to enable detection in small-sized samples and validated for both pollen and honey matrices. The modified NL method combined with liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry gave consistent results in terms of accuracy and precision measured by recovery experiments and was successfully applied in the analysis of a range of pesticide residues. The modified NL method developed here provides a key tool for detecting pesticides in honey bee colony resources and the environment more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A. Díaz
- School
of Biology and Environmental Science, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Darren P. O’Connell
- School
of Biology and Environmental Science, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Seana Jordan
- Food
Chemistry Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine, Celbridge W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Catriona O’Connor
- Food
Chemistry Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine, Celbridge W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Paul Martin
- Food
Chemistry Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine, Celbridge W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Julia C. Jones
- School
of Biology and Environmental Science, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Jim Garvey
- Food
Chemistry Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and The Marine, Celbridge W23 X3PH, Ireland
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20
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Tanveer ZI, Ahmad K, Dong Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu T. Evaluation of reduced graphene oxide-based nanomaterial as dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent for isolation and purification of aflatoxins from poultry feed, combined with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1035-1048. [PMID: 37459595 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feed comprises cereals and their by-products and is vulnerable to aflatoxins contamination. This study utilised reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (rGO-TiO2) nanomaterial as a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) adsorbent to extract, enrich and purify aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2). The synthesis of rGO-TiO2 nanomaterials through hydrothermal process and characterisation by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction reveals that the nanomaterials have a single-layer structure embedded with TiO2 nanoparticles. The matrix-spiked technique was employed for the extraction process, optimisation of d-SPE, and analytical method validation. The most appropriate extraction solvent was acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v), with 30 min of extraction time assisted by ultra-sonication. The optimised d-SPE parameters were: 50 mg of rGO-TiO2 as sorbent amount, 2% methanol as the sample loading solvent, 30 min as adsorption time, and absolute ethanol as the washing reagent. The d-SPE method exhibited good desorption efficiency with 3 mL of acetonitrile/formic acid (99/1, v/v) and 20 min desorption time. After validation, the UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method has an acceptable range of specificity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), sensitivity (LOQ 0.04-0.1 µg kg-1), recoveries (74-105% at three matrix-spiked levels) and precision (RSD 1.5-9.6%). Poultry feed samples (n = 12) were pretreated by this method to extract, enrich and analyse aflatoxins, which were detected in all poultry feed samples. The contamination levels were within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Tanveer
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Chongqing Taiji Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tenfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Dhara A, Das P. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack in South Kolkata, West Bengal, India: spatial and temporal variations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5761-5781. [PMID: 36823386 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attempts have been made in the present study for ascertaining the concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using passive biosamplers in preference to conventional air sampling methods. Mechanical stirring, sonication, Soxhlet technique and microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction (MASE) were employed to extract PAHs from an evergreen plant (Murraya paniculata) leaves (having long life-span) sampled from polluted places of South Kolkata, India, with dense population and heavy traffic. Effects of extraction methods and operational parameters (solvent and time) on the recovery levels of PAHs were also investigated. Purified extracts, acquired through adsorption chromatography, were subjected to GC-MS and HPLC-UV analyses for qualitative and quantitative assessment of PAHs. Spatio-temporal distribution of accumulated PAHs across the sampling sites was monitored over premonsoon, postmonsoon and winter supported by pollutant source characterization. The results displayed that the extraction yields of Soxhlet (272.07 ± 26.15 μg g-1) and MASE (280.17 ± 15.46 μg g-1) were the highest among the four techniques. Conditions of extraction with toluene for 6 h were found to be most favorable for PAHs. In spatio-temporal analysis, total concentrations of PAHs in the foliar samples varied from 200.98 ± 2.72 to 550.79 ± 10.11 μg g-1 dry weight, and the highest values being recorded in the samples of Exide More because of daylong inexorable traffic flow/crowding increasing the burden of ambient PAHs. Widespread changes in meteorology exerted influence on seasonal concentrations of PAHs in plant leaves, and extent of leaf contamination by PAHs was observed extreme in winter followed by postmonsoon and then, premonsoon. Foliar accretion of PAHs differed in the study sites with diverse sources of emission from motor vehicles, fossil fuel and biomass burning along with other human interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Aparna Dhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Rohman A, Irnawati, Windarsih A, Riswanto FDO, Indrayanto G, Fadzillah NA, Riyanto S, Bakar NKA. Application of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic-Based Methods for Analysis of Omega-3 (ω-3 FAs) and Omega-6 (ω-6 FAs) Fatty Acids in Marine Natural Products. Molecules 2023; 28:5524. [PMID: 37513396 PMCID: PMC10383577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids v(ω-3 FAs) such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6 FAs) such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are important fatty acids responsible for positive effects on human health. The main sources of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs are marine-based products, especially fish oils. Some food, supplements, and pharmaceutical products would include fish oils as a source of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs; therefore, the quality assurance of these products is highly required. Some analytical methods mainly based on spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques have been reported. Molecular spectroscopy such as Infrared and Raman parallel to chemometrics has been successfully applied for quantitative analysis of individual and total ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs. This spectroscopic technique is typically applied as the alternative method to official methods applying chromatographic methods. Due to the capability to provide the separation of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs from other components in the products, gas and liquid chromatography along with sophisticated detectors such as mass spectrometers are ideal analytical methods offering sensitive and specific results that are suitable for routine quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rohman
- Halal Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Irnawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | - Anjar Windarsih
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Nurrulhidayah A Fadzillah
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia
| | - Sugeng Riyanto
- Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta 16451, Indonesia
| | - Nor Kartini Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Gurrani S, Prakasham K, Huang PC, Wu MT, Wu CF, Lin YC, Tsai B, Krishnan A, Tsai PC, Ponnusamy VK. Simultaneous biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds' metabolites in human urine samples using a novel in-syringe based fast urinary metabolites extraction (FaUMEx) technique coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138667. [PMID: 37059207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the impact of human exposure to environmental toxicants is often crucial to biomonitoring the exposed dose. In this work, we report a novel fast urinary metabolites extraction (FaUMEx) technique coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis for the highly sensitive and simultaneous biomonitoring of the five major urinary metabolites (thiodiglycolic acid, s-phenylmercapturic acid, t,t-muconic acid, mandelic acid, and phenyl glyoxylic acid) of common volatile organic compounds' (VOCs) exposure (vinyl chloride, benzene, styrene, and ethylbenzene) in human. FaUMEx technique comprises of two-steps, liquid-liquid microextraction was performed first in an extraction syringe using 1 mL of methanol (pH 3) as an extraction solvent and then, the extractant was passed through a clean-up syringe (pre-packed-with various sorbents including 500 mg anhydrous MgSO4, 50 mg C18, and 50 mg SiO2) to obtain the high order of matrice clean-up and preconcentration efficiency. The developed method displayed excellent linearity, and the correlation coefficients were >0.998 for all the target metabolites with detection and quantification limits of 0.02-0.24 ng mL-1 and 0.05-0.72 ng mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the matrix effects were < ±5%, and inter and intra-day precision were <9%. Moreover, the presented method was applied and validated to real sample analysis for biomonitoring of VOC's exposure levels. The results showed that the developed FaUMEx-UHPLC-MS/MS method is fast, simple, low-cost, low-solvent consumption, high sensitivity with good accuracy and precision for five targeted urinary VOCs' metabolites. Therefore, the presented dual-syringe mode FaUMEx strategy with UHPLC-MS/MS technique can be applied to biomonitoring of various urinary metabolites to assess human exposure to environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Gurrani
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Karthikeyan Prakasham
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, College of Engineering and Science, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Lin
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Bongee Tsai
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation, No.392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District., Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Anbarasu Krishnan
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
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24
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Cui D, Cox J, Mejias E, Ng B, Gardinali P, Bagner DM, Quinete N. Evaluating non-targeted analysis methods for chemical characterization of organic contaminants in different matrices to estimate children's exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00547-9. [PMID: 37120701 PMCID: PMC10148696 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are vulnerable to environmental exposure of contaminants due to their small size, lack of judgement skills, as well as their proximity to dust, soil, and other environmental sources. A better understanding about the types of contaminants that children are exposed to or how their bodies retain or process these compounds is needed. OBJECTIVE In this study, we have implemented and optimized a methodology based on non-targeted analysis (NTA) to characterize chemicals in dust, soil, urine, and in the diet (food and drinking water) of infant populations. METHODS To evaluate potential toxicological concerns associated with chemical exposure, families with children between 6 months and 6 years of age from underrepresented groups were recruited in the greater Miami area. Samples of soil, indoor dust, food, water, and urine were provided by the caregivers, prepared by different techniques (involving online SPE, ASE, USE, QuEChERs), and analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Data post-processing was performed using the small molecule structure identification software, Compound Discoverer (CD) 3.3, and identified features were plotted using Kendrick mass defect plot and Van Krevelen diagrams to show unique patterns in different samples and regions of anthropogenic compound classifications. RESULTS The performance of the NTA workflow was evaluated using quality control standards in terms of accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity, with an average of 98.2%, 20.3%, 98.4% and 71.1%, respectively. Sample preparation was successfully optimized for soil, dust, water, food, and urine. A total of 30, 78, 103, 20 and 265 annotated features were frequently identified (detection frequency >80%) in the food, dust, soil, water, and urine samples, respectively. Common features detected in each matrix were prioritized and classified, providing insight on children's exposure to organic contaminants of concern and their potential toxicities. IMPACT STATEMENT Current methods to assess the ingestion of chemicals by children have limitations and are generally restricted by specific classes of targeted organic contaminants of interest. This study offers an innovative approach using non-targeted analysis for the comprehensive screening of organic contaminants that children are exposed to through dust, soil, and diet (drinking water and food).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Cui
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Cox
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Mejias
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian Ng
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel M Bagner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
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25
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The enantioselective separation and quantitation of the hydroxy-metabolites of arachidonic acid by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 165:106701. [PMID: 36528330 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with a structure of 20:4(ω-6). Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) metabolize AA to several regioisomers and enantiomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). The hydroxy-metabolites (HETEs) exist as enantiomers in the biological system. The chiral assays developed for HETEs are so far limited to a few assays reported for midchain HETEs. The developed method is capable of quantitative analysis for midchain, subterminal HETE enantiomers, and terminal HETEs in microsomes. The peak area or height ratios were linear over concentrations ranging (0.01 -0.6 µg/ml) with r2 > 0.99. The intra-run percent error and coefficient of variation (CV) were ≤ ± 12 %. The inter-run percent error and coefficient of variation (CV)were ≤ ± 13 %, and ≤ 15 %, respectively. The matrix effect for the assay was also within the acceptable limit (≤ ± 15 %). The recovery of HETE metabolites ranged from 70 % to 115 %. The method showed a reliable and robust performance for chiral analysis of cytochrome P450-mediated HETE metabolites.
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26
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Yamada Y, Murase M, Goto Y, Mizoshita N. Perfluoroalkyl Group-Covered Organosilica Films for the Sensitive Detection of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5006-5015. [PMID: 36896812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple and rapid screening of agrochemicals greatly contributes to food and environmental safety. Matrix-free laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) is an effective tool for high-throughput analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds. In this study, we report a UV-laser-absorbing organosilica film for the sensitive detection of various sulfonylurea herbicides using LDI-MS. Organosilica films with fluoroalkyl groups on the organic part are fabricated, followed by additional modification of the silica moiety with a fluoroalkyl coupling agent to cover the film surface with hydrophobic fluoroalkyl groups. Nanoimprinting is conducted to impart nanostructures on the film surface to enhance the LDI performance. The fabricated nanostructured organosilica films accomplish sensitive detection of cyclosulfamuron and azimsulfuron at concentrations as low as 1 fmol μL-1. The applicability of the nanostructured organosilica films is confirmed by the recovery of cyclosulfamuron and ethametsulfuron-methyl from pea sprouts (Pisum sativum) hydroponically grown in herbicide-spiked water at concentrations of 0.5 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yamada
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Murase
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Goto
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Norihiro Mizoshita
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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27
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Daud N, Currie V, Duncan G, Filipe JAN, Yoshinari T, Stoddart G, Roberts D, Gratz SW. Free and Modified Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Oats (Avena sativa L.) Grown in Scotland. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040247. [PMID: 37104186 PMCID: PMC10146303 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small grain cereals are frequently infected with mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi. Oats have a particularly high risk of contamination with type A trichothecene mycotoxins; their glucoside conjugates have also been reported. Agronomy practices, cereal variety and weather conditions have been suggested to play a role in Fusarium infection in oats. The current study investigates concentrations of free and conjugated Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional oats grown in Scotland. In 2019, 33 milling oat samples (12 organic, 21 conventional) were collected from farmers across Scotland, together with sample questionnaires. Samples were analysed for 12 mycotoxins (type A trichothecenes T-2-toxin, HT-2-toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol; type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, nivalenol; zearalenone and their respective glucosides) using LC-MS/MS. The prevalence of type A trichothecenes T-2/HT-2 was very high (100% of conventional oats, 83% of organic oats), whereas type B trichothecenes were less prevalent, and zearalenone was rarely found. T-2-glucoside and deoxynivalenol-glucoside were the most prevalent conjugated mycotoxins (36 and 33%), and co-occurrence between type A and B trichothecenes were frequently observed (66% of samples). Organic oats were contaminated at significantly lower average concentrations than conventional oats, whereas the effect of weather parameters were not statistically significant. Our results clearly indicate that free and conjugated T-2- and HT-2-toxins pose a major risk to Scottish oat production and that organic production and crop rotation offer potential mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Daud
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Valerie Currie
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gary Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Joao A. N. Filipe
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gary Stoddart
- Scottish Organic Producers Association (SOPA), Perth PH2 8BX, UK
| | - Deborah Roberts
- Scottish Organic Producers Association (SOPA), Perth PH2 8BX, UK
| | - Silvia W. Gratz
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Correspondence:
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28
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Prakasham K, Gurrani S, Shiea J, Wu MT, Wu CF, Lin YC, Tsai B, Huang PC, Andaluri G, Ponnusamy VK. Ultra-sensitive determination of Ochratoxin A in coffee and tea samples using a novel semi-automated in-syringe based coagulant-assisted fast mycotoxin extraction (FaMEx) technique coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2023; 417:135951. [PMID: 36934712 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated a novel semi-automated in-syringe-based coagulant-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (IS-CGA-LLME) as fast mycotoxin extraction (FaMEx) technique coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography connected with a tandem-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the quantification of mycotoxin (Ochratoxin A, OT-A) in coffee and tea samples. IS-CGA-LLME is a three-step extraction process that includes extraction of OT-A from sample matrix using low-volume solvent extraction, then the extractant was cleaned-up using a coagulation process, and finally, the decolorized/matrix removed sample solution was processed for LLME for target analyte's pre-concentration. The final extractant was analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS for OT-A quantification. Under the optimized experimental conditions, highly sensitive detection and quantification limits were obtained at 0.001 and 0.003 ng g-1 for OT-A with excellent extraction recovery (93-111%) and precision <10%. These results proved that the developed method is a simple, highly sensitive, semi-automated, low-matrix effect and efficient procedure for the determination of mycotoxins in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Prakasham
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine (College of Medicine), & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Swapnil Gurrani
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine (College of Medicine), & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine (College of Medicine), & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Lin
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation Ltd., No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City 813 Taiwan
| | - Bongee Tsai
- Research and Development Division, Great Engineering Technology (GETECH) Corporation Ltd., No. 392, Yucheng Rd., Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City 813 Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Gangadhar Andaluri
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine (College of Medicine), & Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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Zhang S, He Z, Zeng M, Chen J. Impact of Matrix Species and Mass Spectrometry on Matrix Effects in Multi-Residue Pesticide Analysis Based on QuEChERS-LC-MS. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061226. [PMID: 36981154 PMCID: PMC10048110 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the popularity of multi-residue pesticide analysis based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) cleanup and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), matching optimal matrix-matched calibration protocols and LC-MS conditions to reduce matrix effects (MEs) has become a crucial task for analysts in their routines. However, dozens to hundreds of pesticide analytes in a single run generate increasingly multi-dimensional ME data, requiring appropriate tools to handle these data sets. Therefore, we established an ME analysis strategy by drawing on analytical thinking and tools from metabolomics analysis. Using this, matrix species-induced and mass spectrometry-induced systematic ME variations were distinguished, and pesticides contributed to the variations were scanned out. A simultaneous weakening of MEs on 24 pesticides in 32 different matrices was achieved using the time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) scan under the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), compared to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Bay leaf, ginger, rosemary, Amomum tsao-ko, Sichuan pepper, cilantro, Houttuynia cordata, and garlic sprout showed enhanced signal suppression in the MRM scan for 105 differential MRM transitions for 42 pesticides and in IDA mode for 33 pesticides, respectively. This study revealed the interference of matrix species and mass spectrometry on MEs and provided a novel strategy for ME analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Joint Laboratory of Omics Technologies for Special Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-6176-1357
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30
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Vortex-assisted solid phase extraction on MIL-101(Cr) of parabens in waters and cosmetics by HPLC–DAD. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-023-02763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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31
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Rimayi C, Park JH. Adjustment of Matrix Effects in Analysis of 36 Secondary Metabolites of Microbial and Plant Origin in Indoor Floor Dust Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. BUILDINGS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:10.3390/buildings13051112. [PMID: 38650616 PMCID: PMC11034732 DOI: 10.3390/buildings13051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to microbial agents in water-damaged buildings is a major public health concern. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become a primary tool for testing environmental samples for microbial secondary metabolites (SMs); however, matrix effects can lead to inaccurate results in exposure assessment. Applying a universal internal standard (ISTD) and a matrix-matched calibration can adjust for matrix effects, as shown by our previous study. However, there are only few isotope-labeled internal standards for SMs available on the market. In this study, we determined the best-performing ISTDs among ten candidates (nine 13C-labeled isotopes and one unlabeled analogue) for each of 36 SMs. We analyzed school floor dust spiked with the 36 SMs to identify the best-performing ISTDs (initial experiment) and examined reproducibility with the selected ISTDs and the same spiked dust (validation 1). We also tested applicability for the selected ISTDs using spiked dust collected from different schools (validation 2). The three experiments showed that 26, 17, and 19 SMs had recoveries within the range 100 ± 40%. 13C-ochratoxin A and 13C-citrinin were most frequently selected as the best ISTDs for the 36 SMs, followed by deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 13C-sterigmatocystin, and 13C-deoxynivalenol. Our study shows that using the identified, best-performing analogous ISTDs for those metabolites may improve testing accuracy for indoor dust and help better estimate exposure effects on potential health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ju-Hyeong Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Qiu X, Li Y, Hua Y, Liu D, Zhou K, Wang Y, Guo H. A molecularly imprinted gel photonic crystal sensor for recognition of chiral amino acids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121719. [PMID: 35952590 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new type of photonic crystal gel molecularly imprinted sensor (MIPHs) was synthesized for the visible chiral recognition of amino acids. The color of MIPHs was changed from green to red when it exposured to various l-pyroglutamic acid concentration (0.05-1.0mmoL/L). Thanks to sensitive reflectance of photonic crystal and high selectivity of MIPs, the constructed MIPHs exhibited good performance towards l-pyroglutamic acid in terms of fast response time (3 min) and low detection limit (LOD) (2.4 μmol/L). Besides, MIPHs was found to have good selectivity toward l-pyroglutamic acid in the presence of interference group with similar structures such as d-pyroglutamic acid, l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine, and l-proline. In light of these findings, the MIPHs can be used for highly selective recognition of l-pyroglutamic acid. It is expected that our work is able to provide a new roadmap for the chiral identification and separation of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yangyang Li
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongbiao Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University,222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dongmei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China
| | - Kailian Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China
| | - Huishi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, Guangdong, China.
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Zheng K, Lin R, Liu X, Wu X, Chen R, Yang M. Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis in Tea Using GC-MS/MS to Determine 12 Pesticide Residues (GB 2763-2021). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238419. [PMID: 36500512 PMCID: PMC9735578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used on tea plants, and pesticide residues are of significant concern to consumers. The National Food Safety Standard Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food (GB 2763-2021) was recently amended. However, detection methods for pesticides newly added to the list of residues in beverages have not yet been established. For that reason, this study developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method for determining the residues of 12 pesticides, including four newly added, in black and green tea. Sample preparation processes (sample extraction, SPE clean-up, elution solvent, and elution volume) were optimized to monitor these residues reliably. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for GC-MS/MS electron impact (EI) mode determination. Finally, satisfactory recoveries (70.7-113.0% for green tea and 72.0-99.1% for black tea) were achieved at three concentrations (10 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg). The LOQs were 0.04-8.69 μg/kg, and the LODs were 0.01-3.14 μg/kg. This study provides a reliable and sensitive workflow for determining 12 pesticide residues in tea, filling a gap in the newly revised National Standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zheng
- Fujian CCIC-Fairreach Food Safety Testing Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Rongmei Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xuezhi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Fujian CCIC-Fairreach Food Safety Testing Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, Beijing 102308, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mengquan Yang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (M.Y.)
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Tsiasioti A, Tzanavaras PD. Simple and Reliable Determination of the Histamine Content of Selected Greek Vegetables and Related Products in the Frame of “Low Histamine Diet”. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601828 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of histamine in Greek foods that should potentially be avoided during a “low histamine diet” is reported herein. Cation exchange chromatography combined to selective post column derivatization proved to be an excellent tool for this type of analysis as well, offering accurate results following minimal sample preparation. Tomato-, eggplant- and spinach-related products have been successfully analyzed and were all found to contain histamine. Higher amounts were quantified in eggplants, eggplant salads and spinach in the range of 15.4–34.2 mg kg−1 and lower in fresh tomatoes and related products (0.8–10.6 mg kg−1). The method is capable of determining as low as 0.5 mg kg−1 histamine without matrix effects, with percent recoveries ranging between 87 and 112% (tomatoes and related products), 95 and 119% (eggplants and related products) and 90 and 106% (fresh and frozen spinach).
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35
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Evaluation of matrix effects for pesticide residue analysis by QuEChERs coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS in complex herbal matrix. Food Chem 2022; 405:134755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Analysis of persistent contaminants and personal care products by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using hydrophobic magnetic deep eutectic solvents. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gupta S, Garg NK, Shekhawat K. Regulation of Paraquat for wheat crop contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70909-70920. [PMID: 35595893 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is a highly toxic and persistent pesticide in soil but is still used for wheat crops in many countries. Paraquat can pose potential health hazards if it is translocated from soil into wheat grains, but no study is available for its possible translocation causing wheat grain contamination. The present study aimed at finding out Paraquat residue in wheat grains under field conditions for two crop seasons to explore the sustainability of this pesticide. The experiments were conducted scientifically under field conditions at agricultural fields Pusa, Delhi, India. The soil texture was classified as sandy loam. Paraquat dichloride 24% SL (herbicide) was applied on five fields except for control field. Paraquat in wheat grains was analyzed using HPLC equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. The method of analysis was validated for the pesticide residue recovery. The results showed that there was an alarming concentration of Paraquat in wheat grains ranging between 21.6 and 49.02 mg kg-1 against maximum residue level of 0.1 mg kg-1. Paraquat was also found in control crop (3.1 mg kg-1) due to background residue in soil even when no Paraquat was applied. Furthermore, wheat flour samples from market also gave alarming Paraquat residue (20.39, 25.88, and 27.68 mg kg-1). Paraquat residue was primarily dependent on % clay in field soils. More the % clay lesser was Paraquat residue in wheat grain. Thus, Paraquat was translocated from soil into wheat grains and resulted in worrying concentration of Paraquat residue in wheat grains. Consequently, use of Paraquat for wheat crops needs to be regulated as it contaminated the soil and resulted in the wheat grain contamination posing severe health hazards for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Navneet Kumar Garg
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Kapila Shekhawat
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Na TW, Seo HJ, Jang SN, Kim H, Yun H, Kim H, Ahn J, Cho H, Hong SH, Kim HJ, Lee SH. Multi-residue analytical method for detecting pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins in feed using liquid- and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sarah Evers M, Alexandre H, Morge C, Sparrow C, Gobert A, Roullier-Gall C. Exploring the unexplored: a characterization of vitamins and vitamers in white grape musts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Food Chem 2022; 398:133860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Liu W, Chen Y, Yin X, Liu F, Li W, Yu J, Jing G, Li W. A Rapid and on-Site detection of Pesticide Residue from Fruit Samples based on Surface Swab-Electrospray Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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41
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An Interlaboratory Comparison Study of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: Challenges and Future Directions of Routine Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis including Emerging Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060405. [PMID: 35737066 PMCID: PMC9229327 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present interlaboratory comparison study involved nine laboratories located throughout the world that tested for 24 regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins by applying their in-house LC-MS/MS multi-toxin method to 10 individual lots of 4 matrix commodities, including complex chicken and swine feed, soy and corn gluten. In total, more than 6000 data points were collected and analyzed statistically by calculating a consensus value in combination with a target standard deviation following a modified Horwitz equation. The performance of each participant was evaluated by a z-score assessment with a satisfying range of ±2, leading to an overall success rate of 70% for all tested compounds. Equal performance for both regulated and emerging mycotoxins indicates that participating routine laboratories have successfully expanded their analytical portfolio in view of potentially new regulations. In addition, the study design proved to be fit for the purpose of providing future certified reference materials, which surpass current analyte matrix combinations and exceed the typical scope of the regulatory framework.
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42
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Contamination status and health risk assessment of 31 mycotoxins in six edible and medicinal plants using a novel green defatting and depigmenting pretreatment coupled with LC-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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43
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Gu Z, Chen X, Rao J, Chen B. Statistical evaluation to validate matrix-matched calibration for standardized beany odor compound quantitation in yellow pea flour using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Food Funct 2022; 13:3968-3981. [PMID: 35293919 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and precise quantitation of beany odor compounds is important in developing yellow pea (Pisum sativum L., YP) flour-based foods. Aiming at establishing standardized external calibration using an internal standard (ECIS) quantitation method, the effect of solvent extraction on matrix deodorization and systematic statistical analysis on quantitation was evaluated. Initially, accelerated dichloromethane extraction on YP flour and starch produced two clearest deodorized matrix-matched matrices. Secondly, due to the heteroskedasticity, weighted least squares regression (WLSR) was introduced to build calibration curves. The curve linearity and regression parameters were further confirmed via a t-test. Lastly, methodology indicators including LOD/LOQ, accuracy and precision, and the matrix effect (ME) were assessed. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the quantity of beany odor compounds interpolated from two deodorized matrices. This study demonstrated for the first time that despite the unignorable ME, deodorized starch is a feasible and affordable alternative to deodorized YP flour in the quantitation of beany odor compounds to achieve a reliable result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Gu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA.
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44
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Kameda M, Kanaly RA, Harada M, Aoki S, Tukada H, Kutsuna S. Quantification of cyanobacterial cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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45
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Parmar KD, Kalasariya RL, Litoriya NS, Chawla S, Vaghela KM, Shah PG. Development, validation and evaluation of matrix effect of a QuEChERS-based multiresidue method with low temperature dispersive clean-up for analysis of 104 pesticides in cumin (Cuminum cyminum) by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1782-1811. [PMID: 34458989 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until now, there is no method available for analysis of pesticide residues in complex matrices like spices. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop and validate a QuEChERS-based method for the estimation of 104 pesticides in cumin seed. RESULTS Samples were spiked for 109 pesticides at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg-1 . Of these 104 pesticides were recovered. At 0.1, 0.5 and 0.1 mg kg-1 , recoveries ranged from 71% to 108% when compared with matrix matched standards. Seventeen pesticides showed higher or lower recoveries than acceptable range (70-120%) when quantified using solvent standards showing significant matrix effect (ME) (≥ ±20%) even after 20× dilution. However, for the other pesticides ME was significantly eliminated on dilution. The recovery percentage improved for all pesticides on quantitation with matrix matched standards when compared with solvent standards. For pesticides with lower European Union (EU) maximum residue limits (MRLs), an experiment at lower spiking concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1 with lower dilutions (8×) reveals that almost all pesticides with lower EU MRLs (0.02 and 0.05 mg kg-1 ) showed recoveries in the range 74-124% and relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 20%. CONCLUSION Theoretical limit of quantitation (LOQ) is proposed which ranged from 0.01 to 0.18 mg kg-1 for matrix matched standards. An LOQ of 0.01 mg kg-1 was easily achieved for the pesticides with lower EU MRLs with lower dilutions (8×) with exception of fipronil for which this can be achieved without dilution provided matrix matched standards are used. The method can be extended to other spices. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik D Parmar
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Ravi L Kalasariya
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Nitesh S Litoriya
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Suchi Chawla
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Kiran M Vaghela
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
| | - Paresh G Shah
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, AINP on Pesticide Residues, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
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46
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Lindemann V, Schmidt J, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Detection of Mycotoxins in Highly Matrix-Loaded House-Dust Samples by QTOF-HRMS, IM-QTOF-HRMS, and TQMS: Advantages and Disadvantages. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4209-4217. [PMID: 35231175 PMCID: PMC8928151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The analysis of (trace)
contaminants in environmental samples represents
an important tool for exposure assessment and for the evaluation of
potential risks to human health. Currently, mass spectrometric detection
using triple quadrupole (TQMS) systems is the established method of
choice. However, screening methods using high resolution mass spectrometry
(HRMS) find increasing application as they provide advantages such
as enhanced selectivity. A complex composition of environmental samples
is known to have enormous effects on mass analyzers. The present work
therefore compares the impact of a highly matrix-loaded sample material
like house-dust on the performance of mass spectrometric detection
of the emerging indoor contaminant group of mycotoxins by quadrupole
time-of-flight (QTOF) and TQMS after ultrahigh-performance liquid
chromatographic separation. Furthermore, the role of ionization efficiencies
of different ion sources in instrument sensitivity was compared using
an electrospray ionization source and a newly developed heated electrospray
ion source (Bruker VIP-HESI) during QTOF experiments. Finally, it
was evaluated whether an additional dimension of separation enables
increased sensitivity in QTOF-HRMS detection by applying mycotoxins
in house-dust to an (trapped) ion mobility spectrometry instrument.
The sensitivity of the QTOF detection was positively influenced by
the application of the VIP-HESI ion source, and overall HRMS instruments
provided enhanced selectivity resulting in simplified data evaluation
compared to the TQMS. However, all performed experiments revealed
strong signal suppression due to matrix components. QTOF results showed
more severe effects, enabling a more sensitive detection of mycotoxins
in house-dust by applying TQMS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Lindemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Cappiello A, Termopoli V, Palma P, Famiglini G, Saeed M, Perry S, Navarro P. Liquid Chromatography-Electron Capture Negative Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of Pesticides in a Commercial Formulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:141-148. [PMID: 34898195 PMCID: PMC8739837 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Negative chemical ionization (NCI) and electron-capture negative ionization (ECNI) are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques that generate negative ions in the gas phase for compounds containing electronegative atoms or functional groups. In ECNI, gas-phase thermal electrons can be transferred to electrophilic substances to produce M-• ions and scarce fragmentation. As a result of the electrophilicity requirements, ECNI is characterized by high-specificity and low background noise, generally lower than EI, offering lower detection limits. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of extending typical advantages of ECNI to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC is combined with the novel liquid-EI (LEI) LC-EIMS interface, the eluent is vaporized and transferred inside a CI source, where it is mixed with methane as a buffer gas. As proof of concept, dicamba and tefluthrin, agrochemicals with herbicidal and insecticidal activity, respectively, were chosen as model compounds and detected together in a commercial formulation. The pesticides have different chemical properties, but both are suitable analytes for ECNI due to the presence of electronegative atoms in the molecules. The influence of the mobile phase and other LC- and MS-operative parameters were methodically evaluated. Part-per-trillion (ppt) detection limits were obtained. Ion abundances were found to be stable with quantitative linear detection, reliable, and reproducible, with no influence from coeluting interfering compounds from the sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- University
of Urbino, Department of Pure
and Applied Sciences, LC−MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mansoor Saeed
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Simon Perry
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
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48
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Harmoko H, Kartasasmita RE, Munawar H, Rakhmawati A, Budiawan B. Determination of histamine in different compositions of commercially canned fish in Indonesia by modified QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mackay N, Marley E, Leeman D, Poplawski C, Donnelly C. OUP accepted manuscript. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1330-1340. [PMID: 35258598 PMCID: PMC9446684 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Regulations limiting aflatoxin levels in animal feed and guidance values for maximum levels for fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), HT-2, and T-2 toxins are in place both to protect animal health and to minimize potential transfer to animal products for human consumption. A multi-mycotoxin method which can handle complex feed matrices such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is essential for analysis and accurate quantification without the need to revert to separately analyze individual mycotoxins. Objective The objective of this study is to generate single laboratory validation data for a method employing a multi-antibody immunoaffinity column (IAC) capable of providing cleanup for eleven mycotoxins, followed by LC–MS/MS quantification without the need for isotopic labelled and matrix-matched standards. The applicability of method is to be demonstrated for corn feed, pig feed, and DDGS by fortification and naturally occurring mycotoxins covering the range of regulated limits. Methods Feed sample (1 kg) ground by milling to approximately 1–2 mm particle size and sub-sample (5 g) extracted with acetonitrile–water–formic acid, passing through a multi-mycotoxin IAC, washing, and eluting prior to LC–MS/MS analysis monitoring selected ion transitions. Results Recoveries were in the range 74 to 117% (excluding five outliers) for aflatoxins, FB1, FB2, DON, OTA, ZON, HT-2, and T2- toxins spiked into three commercial animal feed matrixes (n = 84) and within-day RSDs averaged 1.7 to 10.3% (n = 99). Conclusion Single laboratory validation of a multi-antibody IAC method coupled with LC–MS/MS has shown the method to be suitable for accurate quantification of eleven regulated mycotoxins in DDGS, pig feed, and poultry feed. Highlights IAC method capable of accurately quantifying eleven regulated mycotoxins in complex feed matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Marley
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Dave Leeman
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Cezary Poplawski
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
| | - Carol Donnelly
- R-Biopharm Rhone Ltd, Block 10, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Rd, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK
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Kasperkiewicz A, Lendor S, Pawliszyn J. Impact of pesticide formulation excipients and employed analytical approach on relative matrix effects of pesticide determination in strawberries. Talanta 2022; 236:122825. [PMID: 34635215 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Relative matrix effects between an ambient mass spectrometric technique known as coated blade spray (CBS) and liquid chromatographic separation approach when applied to multiresidue pesticide analysis in strawberry samples are explored. Acceptable slope relative standard deviations (RSD <15 %) were observed for the 9 compounds under study for both CBS-MS/MS (2.2-12.6 %) and LC-MS/MS (2.8-12.9 %) approaches. The findings signify both the elimination of relative matrix effects with the sample preparation and matrix match calibration with internal standard correction methods employed along with no matrix effect compromise made when using the direct-to-MS approach. Similarly, slopes of pesticides spiked from commercially available formulations (containing one or two pesticides) were found to not differ significantly from slopes generated with multiresidue pesticide standards (containing 24 additional pesticides besides the target 9 analytes) with either technique, highlighting the resistance of the employed methods to the excipients present in pesticide formulations in large amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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