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Lin Z, Qiu X, Cai Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Lin X, Zhang J, Hu X, Bai H. High internal phase emulsions gel ink for direct-ink-writing 3D printing of liquid metal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4806. [PMID: 38839743 PMCID: PMC11153652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
3D printing of liquid metal remains a big challenge due to its low viscosity and large surface tension. In this study, we use Carbopol hydrogel and liquid gallium-indium alloy to prepare a liquid metal high internal phase emulsion gel ink, which can be used for direct-ink-writing 3D printing. The high volume fraction (up to 82.5%) of the liquid metal dispersed phase gives the ink excellent elastic properties, while the Carbopol hydrogel, as the continuous phase, provides lubrication for the liquid metal droplets, ensuring smooth flow of the ink during shear extrusion. These enable high-resolution and shape-stable 3D printing of three-dimensional structures. Moreover, the liquid metal droplets exhibit an electrocapillary phenomenon in the Carbopol hydrogel, which allows for demulsification by an electric field and enables electrical connectivity between droplets. We have also achieved the printing of ink on flexible, non-planar structures, and demonstrated the potential for alternating printing with various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Qiu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Zhouqishuo Cai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xinping Lin
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Jinmeng Zhang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China.
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2
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Tian H, Liu C, Hao H, Wang X, Chen H, Ruan Y, Huang J. Recent advances in wearable flexible electronic skin: types, power supply methods, and development prospects. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:1455-1492. [PMID: 38569070 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2334974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable e-skin has emerged as a prominent technology with a wide range of applications in healthcare, health surveillance, human-machine interface, and virtual reality. Inspired by the properties of human skin, arrayed wearable e-skin is a novel technology that offers multifunctional sensing capabilities. It can detect and quantify various stimuli, mimicking the human somatosensory system, and record a wide range of physical and physiological parameters in real time. By combining flexible electronic device units with a data acquisition system, specific functional sensors can be distributed in targeted areas to achieve high sensitivity, resolution, adjustable sensing range, and large-area expandability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in wearable e-skin technology, including its development status, types of applications, power supply methods, and prospects for future development. The emphasis of current research is on enhancing the sensitivity and stability of sensors, improving the comfort and reliability of wearable devices, and developing intelligent data processing and application algorithms. This review aims to serve as a scientific reference for the intelligent development of wearable e-skin technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Tian
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Huimin Hao
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
| | - Yilei Ruan
- Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiahai Huang
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, China
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3
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yang X, Chen W, Fan Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Lai F, Liu H. Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring Systems: Properties, Functions, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402542. [PMID: 38754914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), a skin-like wearable electronic device, holds great promise in the fields of telemedicine and personalized healthcare because of its good flexibility, biocompatibility, skin conformability, and sensing performance. E-skin can monitor various health indicators of the human body in real time and over the long term, including physical indicators (exercise, respiration, blood pressure, etc.) and chemical indicators (saliva, sweat, urine, etc.). In recent years, the development of various materials, analysis, and manufacturing technologies has promoted significant development of e-skin, laying the foundation for the application of next-generation wearable medical technologies and devices. Herein, the properties required for e-skin health monitoring devices to achieve long-term and precise monitoring and summarize several detectable indicators in the health monitoring field are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of integrated e-skin health monitoring systems are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future development directions in this field are discussed. This review is expected to generate great interest and inspiration for the development and improvement of e-skin and health monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Qunfu Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Feili Lai
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Dee-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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5
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Wang Z, Li N, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Cui X. Thermogalvanic hydrogel-based e-skin for self-powered on-body dual-modal temperature and strain sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38680522 PMCID: PMC11055913 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sensing of both temperature and strain is crucial for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Here, we present a novel hydrogel-based electronic skin (e-skin) capable of dual-mode sensing of temperature and strain. The thermocouple ion selected for this study is the iodine/triiodide (I-/I3-) redox couple, which is a common component in everyday disinfectants. By leveraging the thermoelectric conversion in conjunction with the inherent piezoresistive effect of a gel electrolyte, self-powered sensing is achieved by utilizing the temperature difference between the human body and the external environment. The composite hydrogels synthesized from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) monomers using a simple freeze‒thaw method exhibit remarkable flexibility, extensibility, and adaptability to human tissue. The incorporation of zwitterions further augments the resistance of the hydrogel to dehydration and low temperatures, allowing maintenance of more than 90% of its weight after 48 h in the air. Given its robust thermal current response, the hydrogel was encapsulated and then integrated onto various areas of the human body, including the cheeks, fingers, and elbows. Furthermore, the detection of the head-down state and the monitoring of foot movements demonstrate the promising application of the hydrogel in supervising the neck posture of sedentary office workers and the activity status. The successful demonstration of self-powered on-body temperature and strain sensing opens up new possibilities for wearable intelligent electronics and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosu Wang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Xinru Yang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Xiaojing Cui
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031 China
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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7
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Qi J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Wang S, Rao Q, Jiang X. Liquid Metal-Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2081-2137. [PMID: 38393351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) exhibits exceptional properties such as high conductivity and biocompatibility, rendering it highly valuable for the development of conformal bioelectronics. When combined with polymers, liquid metal-polymer conductors (MPC) offer a versatile platform for fabricating conformal cyborg devices, enabling functions such as sensing, restoration, and augmentation within the human body. This review focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and application of MPC-based cyborg devices. The synthesis of functional materials based on LM and the fabrication techniques for MPC-based devices are elucidated. The review provides a comprehensive overview of MPC-based cyborg devices, encompassing their applications in sensing diverse signals, therapeutic interventions, and augmentation. The objective of this review is to serve as a valuable resource that bridges the gap between the fabrication of MPC-based conformal devices and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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8
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Xia M, Liu J, Kim BJ, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Cao D, Zhao S, Li Y, Ahn J. Kirigami-Structured, Low-Impedance, and Skin-Conformal Electronics for Long-Term Biopotential Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304871. [PMID: 37984876 PMCID: PMC10767437 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal dry electrodes with high skin-compliant stretchability, low bioelectric interfacial impedance, and long-term reliability are crucial for biopotential signal recording and human-machine interaction. However, incorporating these essential characteristics into dry electrodes remains a challenge. Here, a skin-conformal dry electrode is developed by encapsulating kirigami-structured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silver nanowires (Ag NWs) film with ultrathin polyurethane (PU) tape. This Kirigami-structured PEDOT:PSS/PVA/Ag NWs/PU epidermal electrode exhibits a low sheet resistance (≈3.9 Ω sq-1 ), large skin-compliant stretchability (>100%), low interfacial impedance (≈27.41 kΩ at 100 Hz and ≈59.76 kΩ at 10 Hz), and sufficient mechanoelectrical stability. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of ionic/electronic current from PEDOT:PSS/Ag NWs dual conductive network, Kirigami structure, and unique encapsulation. Compared with the existing dry electrodes or standard gel electrodes, the as-prepared electrodes possess lower interfacial impedance and noise in various conditions (e.g., sweat, wet, and movement), indicating superior water/motion-interference resistance. Moreover, they can acquire high-quality biopotential signals even after water rinsing and ultrasonic cleaning. These outstanding advantages enable the Kirigami-structured PEDOT:PSS/PVA/Ag NWs/PU electrodes to effectively monitor human motions in real-time and record epidermal biopotential signals, such as electrocardiogram, electromyogram, and electrooculogram under various conditions, and control external electronics, thereby facilitating human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Xia
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Gao
- Shandong Zhongke Advanced Technology Co., LtdJinan250000China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Duxia Cao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinan250022China
- School of MicroelectronicsShandong UniversityJinan250101China
| | - Jong‐Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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10
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Chang Y, Qi X, Wang L, Li C, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Flexible Multifunctional Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2116. [PMID: 38004973 PMCID: PMC10673541 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics have received extensive attention in human-machine interactions, robotics, and health monitoring. The use of multifunctional sensors that are capable of measuring a variety of mechanical or environmental stimuli can provide new functionalities for wearable electronics. Advancements in material science and system integration technologies have contributed to the development of high-performance flexible multifunctional sensors. This review presents the main approaches, based on functional materials and device structures, to improve sensing parameters, including linearity, detection range, and sensitivity to various stimuli. The details of electrical, biocompatible, and mechanical properties of self-powered sensors and wearable wireless systems are systematically elaborated. Finally, the current challenges and future developmental directions are discussed to offer a guide to fabricate advanced multifunctional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangyu Qi
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linglu Wang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuanbo Li
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Hu H, Zhang C, Ding Y, Chen F, Huang Q, Zheng Z. A Review of Structure Engineering of Strain-Tolerant Architectures for Stretchable Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300671. [PMID: 37661591 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics possess significant advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts and boost game-changing applications such as bioelectronics, flexible displays, wearable health monitors, etc. It is, nevertheless, a formidable task to impart stretchability to brittle electronic materials such as silicon. This review provides a concise but critical discussion of the prevailing structural engineering strategies for achieving strain-tolerant electronic devices. Not only the more commonly discussed lateral designs of structures such as island-bridge, wavy structures, fractals, and kirigami, but also the less discussed vertical architectures such as strain isolation and elastoplastic principle are reviewed. Future opportunities are envisaged at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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12
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Han S, Zhi X, Xia Y, Guo W, Li Q, Chen D, Liu K, Wang X. All Resistive Pressure-Temperature Bimodal Sensing E-Skin for Object Classification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301593. [PMID: 37259272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (E-skin) with multimodal sensing ability demonstrates huge prospects in object classification by intelligent robots. However, realizing the object classification capability of E-skin faces severe challenges in multiple types of output signals. Herein, a hierarchical pressure-temperature bimodal sensing E-skin based on all resistive output signals is developed for accurate object classification, which consists of laser-induced graphene/silicone rubber (LIG/SR) pressure sensing layer and NiO temperature sensing layer. The highly conductive LIG is employed as pressure-sensitive material as well as the interdigital electrode. Benefiting from high conductivity of LIG, pressure perception exhibits an excellent sensitivity of -34.15 kPa-1 . Meanwhile, a high temperature coefficient of resistance of -3.84%°C-1 is obtained in the range of 24-40 °C. More importantly, based on only electrical resistance as the output signal, the bimodal sensing E-skin with negligible crosstalk can simultaneously achieve pressure and temperature perception. Furthermore, a smart glove based on this E-skin enables classifying various objects with different shapes, sizes, and surface temperatures, which achieves over 92% accuracy under assistance of deep learning. Consequently, the hierarchical pressure-temperature bimodal sensing E-skin demonstrates potential application in human-machine interfaces, intelligent robots, and smart prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Xia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Delu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Kangting Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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13
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Das SP, Bhuyan R, Baro B, Das U, Sharma R, Bayan S. Flexible triboelectric nanogenerators of Au-g-C 3N 4/ZnO hierarchical nanostructures for machine learning enabled body movement detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:445501. [PMID: 37531943 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acec7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the development of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self-powered human motion detector with chemically developed Au-g-C3N4/ZnO based nanocomposite on common cellulose paper platform. Compared to bare g-C3N4, the nanocomposite in the form of hierarchical morphology is found to exhibit higher output voltage owing to the contribution of Au and ZnO in increasing the dielectric constant and surface roughness. While generating power ∼3.5μW cm-2and sensitivity ∼3.3 V N-1, the flexible TENG, is also functional under common biomechanical stimuli to operate as human body movement sensor. When attached to human body, the flexible TENG is found to be sensitive towards body movement as well as the frequency of movement. Finally upon attaching multiple TENG devices to human body, the nature of body movement has been traced precisely using machine learning (ML) techniques. The execution of the learning algorithms like artificial neural network and random forest classifier on the data generated from these multiple sensors can yield an accuracy of 99% and 100% respectively to predict body movement with great deal of precision. The exhibition of superior sensitivity and ML based biomechanical motion recognition accuracy by the hierarchical structure based flexible TENG sensor are the prime novelties of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Pratim Das
- Department of Physics, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
| | - Rimlee Bhuyan
- Department of Physics, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
| | - Bikash Baro
- Department of Physics, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
| | - Upamanyu Das
- Department of Physics, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
| | - Rupam Sharma
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
| | - Sayan Bayan
- Department of Physics, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh 791112, India
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14
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Wang S, Liu C, Liu J, Li S, Xu F, Xu D, Zhang W, Wu Y, Shang J, Liu Y, Li RW. Highly Stable Liquid Metal Conductors with Superior Electrical Stability and Tough Interface Bonding for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22291-22300. [PMID: 37127569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ga-based liquid metal stretchable conductors have recently gained interest in flexible electronic devices such as electrodes, antennas, and sensors. It is essential to maintain electrical stability under strain or cyclic strain for reliable data acquisition and exhibit tough interfacial bonding between liquid metal and polymers to prevent performance loss and device failure. Herein, a highly stable conductor with superior electrical stability and tough interface bonding is introduced by casting curable polymers and a peeling-activated process from liquid metal particles. Based on the compensating effect of liquid metal, similar to the recharge relationship of water between rivers and lakes in nature, the conductor is not only strain-insensitive (ΔR/R0 < 10% for 100% strain) but also immune to cyclic deformation (ΔR/R0 < 7% with 5000 stretching cycles at 50% strain). Embedding liquid metal within the elastomer to create stretchable conductors effectively improves interfacial adhesion properties (the fluid-solid interfacial adhesion force increases from 0.48 to 0.62 mN/mm2). The constructed tough interface could even withstand sonication treatment. Finally, by combining strategies in material design and fabrication, an integrated array composed of vertical interconnect access and robust electrodes is fabricated, which simultaneously holds tough interfacial bonding with the upper and lower layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengding Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Wu J, Sang M, Zhang J, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Pang H, Luo T, Pan S, Xuan S, Gong X. Ultra-Stretchable Spiral Hybrid Conductive Fiber with 500%-Strain Electric Stability and Deformation-Independent Linear Temperature Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207454. [PMID: 36808686 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable configuration occupies priority in devising flexible conductors used in intelligent electronics and implantable sensors. While most conductive configurations cannot suppress electrical variations against extreme deformation and ignore inherent material characteristics. Herein, a spiral hybrid conductive fiber (SHCF) composed of aramid polymeric matrix and silver nanowires (AgNWs) coating is fabricated through shaping and dipping processes. The homochiral coiled configuration mimicked by plant tendrils not only enables its high elongation (958%), but also generates a superior deformation-insensitive effect to existing stretchable conductors. The resistance of SHCF maintains remarkable stability against extreme strain (500%), impact damage, air exposure (90 days), and cyclic bending (150 000 times). Moreover, the thermal-induced densification of AgNWs on SHCF achieves precise and linear temperature response toward a broad range (-20 to 100 °C). Its sensitivity further manifests high independence to tensile strain (0%-500%), allowing for flexible temperature monitoring of curved objects. Such unique strain-tolerant electrical stability and thermosensation hold broad prospects for SHCF in lossless power transferring and expeditious thermal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Min Sang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Junshuo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Haoming Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Shaoshan Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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16
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Wang Y, Li J, Sun L, Chen H, Ye F, Zhao Y, Shang L. Liquid Metal Droplets-Based Elastomers from Electric Toothbrush-Inspired Revolving Microfluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211731. [PMID: 36881673 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based elastomers have a demonstrated value in flexible electronics. Attempts in this area include the development of multifunctional LM-based elastomers with controllable morphology, superior mechanical performances, and great stability. Herein, inspired by the working principle of electric toothbrushes, a revolving microfluidic system is presented for the generation of LM droplets and construction of desired elastomers. The system involves revolving modules assembled by a needles array and 3D microfluidic channels. LM droplets can be generated with controllable size in a high-throughput manner due to the revolving motion-derived drag force. It is demonstrated that by employing a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix as the collection phase, the generated LM droplets can act as conductive fillers for the construction of flexible electronics directly. The resultant LM droplets-based elastomers exhibit high mechanical strength, stable electrical performance, as well as superior self-healing property benefiting from the dynamic exchangeable urea bond of the polymer matrix. Notably, due to the flexible programmable feature of the LM droplets embedded within the elastomers, various patterned LM droplets-based elastomers can be easily achieved. These results indicate that the proposed microfluidic LM droplets-based elastomers have a great potential for promoting the development of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hanxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Li Q, Zhi X, Xia Y, Han S, Guo W, Li M, Wang X. Ultrastretchable High-Conductivity MXene-Based Organohydrogels for Human Health Monitoring and Machine-Learning-Assisted Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19435-19446. [PMID: 37035900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels as promising candidates of wearable electronics have attracted considerable interest in health monitoring, multifunctional electronic skins, and human-machine interfaces. However, to simultaneously achieve excellent electrical properties, superior stretchability, and a low detection threshold of conductive hydrogels remains an extreme challenge. Herein, an ultrastretchable high-conductivity MXene-based organohydrogel (M-OH) is developed for human health monitoring and machine-learning-assisted object recognition, which is fabricated based on a Ti3C2Tx MXene/lithium salt (LS)/poly(acrylamide) (PAM)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel through a facile immersion strategy in a glycerol/water binary solvent. The fabricated M-OH demonstrates remarkable stretchability (2000%) and high conductivity (4.5 S/m) due to the strong interaction between MXene and the dual-network PVA/PAM hydrogel matrix and the incorporation between MXene and LS, respectively. Meanwhile, M-OH as a wearable sensor enables human health monitoring with high sensitivity and a low detection limit (12 Pa). Furthermore, based on pressure mapping image recognition technology, an 8 × 8 pixelated M-OH-based sensing array can accurately identify different objects with a high accuracy of 97.54% under the assistance of a deep learning neural network (DNN). This work demonstrates excellent comprehensive performances of the ultrastretchable high-conductive M-OH in health monitoring and object recognition, which would further explore extensive potential application prospects in personal healthcare, human-machine interfaces, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Zhi
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Xia
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Han
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan Key Lab for Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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18
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Deng Z, Guo L, Chen X, Wu W. Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052479. [PMID: 36904682 PMCID: PMC10007426 DOI: 10.3390/s23052479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and system integration, and the number of high-performance wearable systems has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, there are still many challenges in these fields, such as balancing the trade-off between flexibility/stretchability, sensing performance, and the robustness of systems. For this reason, more evolution is required to promote the development of wearable health-monitoring systems. In this regard, this review summarizes some representative achievements and recent progress of wearable systems for health monitoring. Meanwhile, a strategy overview is presented about selecting materials, integrating systems, and monitoring biosignals. The next generation of wearable systems for accurate, portable, continuous, and long-term health monitoring will offer more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Deng
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Huayang, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| | - Ximeng Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
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19
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Ping B, Zhou G, Zhang Z, Guo R. Liquid metal enabled conformal electronics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1118812. [PMID: 36815876 PMCID: PMC9935617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1118812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of three-dimensional common electronics that can be directly pasted on arbitrary surfaces in the fields of human health monitoring, intelligent robots and wearable electronic devices has aroused people's interest, especially in achieving stable adhesion of electronic devices on biological dynamic three-dimensional interfaces and high-quality signal acquisition. In recent years, liquid metal (LM) materials have been widely used in the manufacture of flexible sensors and wearable electronic devices because of their excellent tensile properties and electrical conductivity at room temperature. In addition, LM has good biocompatibility and can be used in a variety of biomedical applications. Here, the recent development of LM flexible electronic printing methods for the fabrication of three-dimensional conformal electronic devices on the surface of human tissue is discussed. These printing methods attach LM to the deformable substrate in the form of bulk or micro-nano particles, so that electronic devices can adapt to the deformation of human tissue and other three-dimensional surfaces, and maintain stable electrical properties. Representative examples of applications such as self-healing devices, degradable devices, flexible hybrid electronic devices, variable stiffness devices and multi-layer large area circuits are reviewed. The current challenges and prospects for further development are also discussed.
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20
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Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
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21
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Chen S, Huang W. A review related to MXene preparation and its sensor arrays of electronic skins. Analyst 2023; 148:435-453. [PMID: 36468668 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MXenes have been flourishing over the last decade as a high-performance 2D material, which combines the advantages of high electrical conductivity, photothermal conversion, and easy dispersion. They have been used to create soft, highly conductive, self-healing, and tactile-simulating electronic skins (E-skins). However, these E-skins remain generally limited to one or two functions with a complex preparation process. Next-generation E-skins necessitate not only large-scale fabrication using simple and fast methods but also the integration of multiple sensing functions and signal analysis components in order to provide functionality that was not unattainable in the past. Starting with the synthesis of pure MXenes, we walk through the steps of designing MXene sensors, integrating electronic skin arrays, and determining the function of MXene-based electronic skins. We also summarise the problems with existing MXene-based E-skins and possible futuristic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- Chengdu Techman Software Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Wu Huang
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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22
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Appamato I, Bunriw W, Harnchana V, Siriwong C, Mongkolthanaruk W, Thongbai P, Chanthad C, Chompoosor A, Ruangchai S, Prada T, Amornkitbamrung V. Engineering Triboelectric Charge in Natural Rubber-Ag Nanocomposite for Enhancing Electrical Output of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:973-983. [PMID: 36567465 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is fabricated from a natural rubber (NR)-Ag nanocomposite for harvesting mechanical energy from human motions. Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with two different capping agents are added to NR polymer for improving dielectric constant that contributes to the enhancement of TENG performance. Dielectric constant is modulated via interfacial polarization between AgNPs and NR matrix. The effects of AgNP concentration, particle size and dispersion in NR composite, and type of capping agents on dielectric properties and electrical output of the NR composite TENG are elucidated. It is found that, apart from AgNPs content in the NR-Ag nanocomposite, cations of CTAB capping agent play important roles not only on the dispersion of AgNPs in NR matrix but also on intensifying tribopositive charges in the NR composite. In addition, the application of the NR-Ag TENG as a shoe insole is also demonstrated to convert human footsteps into electricity to power small electronic devices. Furthermore, with the presence of Ag nanoparticles, the fabricated shoe insole also exhibits antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus that causes foot odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intuorn Appamato
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Bunriw
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002Thailand
| | - Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Prasit Thongbai
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Chalathorn Chanthad
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), NSTDA, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok10240, Thailand
| | - Sukhum Ruangchai
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Prada
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Vittaya Amornkitbamrung
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
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23
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Duan S, Shi Q, Hong J, Zhu D, Lin Y, Li Y, Lei W, Lee C, Wu J. Water-Modulated Biomimetic Hyper-Attribute-Gel Electronic Skin for Robotics and Skin-Attachable Wearables. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1355-1371. [PMID: 36629247 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), mimicking the physical-chemical and sensory properties of human skin, is promising to be applied as robotic skins and skin-attachable wearables with multisensory functionalities. To date, most e-skins are dedicated to sensory function development to mimic human skins in one or several aspects, yet advanced e-skin covering all the hyper-attributes (including both the sensory and physical-chemical properties) of human skins is seldom reported. Herein, a water-modulated biomimetic hyper-attribute-gel (Hygel) e-skin with reversible gel-solid transition is proposed, which exhibits all the desired skin-like physical-chemical properties (stretchability, self-healing, biocompatibility, biodegradability, weak acidity, antibacterial activities, flame retardance, and temperature adaptivity), sensory properties (pressure, temperature, humidity, strain, and contact), function reconfigurability, and evolvability. Then the Hygel e-skin is applied as an on-robot e-skin and skin-attached wearable to demonstrate its highly skin-like attributes in capturing multiple sensory information, reconfiguring desired functions, and excellent skin compatibility for real-time gesture recognition via deep learning. This Hygel e-skin may find more applications in advanced robotics and even skin-replaceable artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshun Duan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jianlong Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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24
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Cao J, Li X, Liu Y, Zhu G, Li RW. Liquid Metal-Based Electronics for On-Skin Healthcare. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010084. [PMID: 36671919 PMCID: PMC9856137 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices are receiving growing interest in modern technologies for realizing multiple on-skin purposes, including flexible display, flexible e-textiles, and, most importantly, flexible epidermal healthcare. A 'BEER' requirement, i.e., biocompatibility, electrical elasticity, and robustness, is first proposed here for all the on-skin healthcare electronics for epidermal applications. This requirement would guide the designing of the next-generation on-skin healthcare electronics. For conventional stretchable electronics, the rigid conductive materials, e.g., gold nanoparticles and silver nanofibers, would suffer from an easy-to-fail interface with elastic substrates due to a Young's modulus mismatch. Liquid metal (LM) with high conductivity and stretchability has emerged as a promising solution for robust stretchable epidermal electronics. In addition, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties of LM are illustrated. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of LM are outlined for pure LM, LM composites, and LM circuits based on the surface tension control. Five dominant epidermal healthcare applications of LM are illustrated, including electrodes, interconnectors, mechanical sensors, thermal management, and biomedical and sustainable applications. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of LM are identified for the future research vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Guang Zhu
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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25
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Yang B, Yang Z, Tang L. Recent progress in fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1178995. [PMID: 37187888 PMCID: PMC10175636 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1178995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft electronics can seamlessly integrate with the human skin which will greatly improve the quality of life in the fields of healthcare monitoring, disease treatment, virtual reality, and human-machine interfaces. Currently, the stretchability of most soft electronics is achieved by incorporating stretchable conductors with elastic substrates. Among stretchable conductors, liquid metals stand out for their metal-grade conductivity, liquid-grade deformability, and relatively low cost. However, the elastic substrates usually composed of silicone rubber, polyurethane, and hydrogels have poor air permeability, and long-term exposure can cause skin redness and irritation. The substrates composed of fibers usually have excellent air permeability due to their high porosity, making them ideal substrates for soft electronics in long-term applications. Fibers can be woven directly into various shapes, or formed into various shapes on the mold by spinning techniques such as electrospinning. Here, we provide an overview of fiber-based soft electronics enabled by liquid metals. An introduction to the spinning technology is provided. Typical applications and patterning strategies of liquid metal are presented. We review the latest progress in the design and fabrication of representative liquid metal fibers and their application in soft electronics such as conductors, sensors, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss the challenges of fiber-based soft electronics and provide an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
| | - Lixue Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zihan Yang, ; Lixue Tang,
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26
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Xu H, Feng J, Yu F, Huang J, Zhou T. Laser-Induced Selective Metallization on Polymers for Both NIR and UV Lasers: Preparing 2D and 3D Circuits. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Feifan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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27
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Transparent, intrinsically stretchable cellulose nanofiber-mediated conductive hydrogel for strain and humidity sensing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Zhao L, Qiao J, Li F, Yuan D, Huang J, Wang M, Xu S. Laser-Patterned Hierarchical Aligned Micro-/Nanowire Network for Highly Sensitive Multidimensional Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48276-48284. [PMID: 36228148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible multidirectional strain sensors capable of simultaneously detecting strain amplitudes and directions have attracted tremendous interest. Herein, we propose a flexible multidirectional strain sensor based on a newly designed single-layer hierarchical aligned micro-/nanowire (HAMN) network. The HAMN network is efficiently fabricated using a one-step femtosecond laser patterning technology based on a modulated line-shaped beam. The anisotropic performance is attributed to the significantly different morphological changes caused by an inhomogeneous strain redistribution among the HAMN network. The fabricated strain sensor exhibits high sensitivity (gauge factor of 65 under 2.5% strain and 462 under larger strains), low response/recovery time (140 and 322 ms), and good stability (over 1000 cycles). Moreover, this single-layer strain sensor with high selectivity (gauge factor differences of ∼73 between orthogonal strains) is capable of distinguishing multidimensional strains and exhibits decoupled responses under low strains (<1%). Therefore, the strain sensors enable the precise monitoring of subtle movements, including radial pulses and wrist bending, and the rectification of pen-holding posture. Benefitting from these remarkable performances, the HAMN-based strain sensors show potential applications, including healthcare and complex human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jingyu Qiao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Fangmei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jiaxu Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shaolin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
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29
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Hanani Z, Izanzar I, Merselmiz S, Amjoud M, Mezzane D, Ghanbaja J, Saadoune I, Lahcini M, Spreitzer M, Vengust D, El Marssi M, Kutnjak Z, Luk'yanchuk IA, Gouné M. The benefits of combining 1D and 3D nanofillers in a piezocomposite nanogenerator for biomechanical energy harvesting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4658-4668. [PMID: 36341296 PMCID: PMC9595181 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical energy harvesting using piezoelectric nanogenerators (PNGs) offers an attractive solution for driving low-power portable devices and self-powered electronic systems. Here, we designed an eco-friendly and flexible piezocomposite nanogenerator (c-PNG) based on H2(Zr0.1Ti0.9)3O7 nanowires (HZTO-nw) and Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.10Ti0.90O3 multipods (BCZT-mp) as fillers and polylactic acid (PLA) as a biodegradable polymer matrix. The effects of the applied stress amplitude, frequency and pressing duration on the electric outputs in the piezocomposite nanogenerator (c-PNG) device were investigated by simultaneous recording of the mechanical input and the electrical outputs. The fabricated c-PNG shows a maximum output voltage, current and volumetric power density of 11.5 V, 0.6 μA and 9.2 mW cm-3, respectively, under cyclic finger imparting. A high-pressure sensitivity of 0.86 V kPa-1 (equivalent to 3.6 V N-1) and fast response time of 45 ms were obtained in the dynamic pressure sensing. Besides this, the c-PNG demonstrates high-stability and durability of the electrical outputs for around three months, and can drive commercial electronics (charging capacitor, glowing light-emitting diodes and powering a calculator). Multi-physics simulations indicate that the presence of BCZT-mp is crucial in enhancing the piezoelectric response of the c-PNG. Accordingly, this work reveals that combining 1D and 3D fillers in a polymer composite-based PNG could be beneficial in improving the mechanical energy harvesting performances in flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators for application in electronic skin and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhair Hanani
- IMED-Lab, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakesh 40000 Morocco
- ICMCB, University of Bordeaux Pessac 33600 France
- Jozef Stefan Institute Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - Daoud Mezzane
- IMED-Lab, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakesh 40000 Morocco
- LPMC, University of Picardy Jules Verne Amiens 80039 France
| | | | - Ismael Saadoune
- IMED-Lab, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakesh 40000 Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Ben Guerir 43150 Morocco
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- IMED-Lab, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakesh 40000 Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Ben Guerir 43150 Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor A Luk'yanchuk
- LPMC, University of Picardy Jules Verne Amiens 80039 France
- Department of Building Materials, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Kyiv Ukraine
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30
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Zhao X, Xuan J, Li Q, Gao F, Xun X, Liao Q, Zhang Y. Roles of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Pursuing Human-Machine-Thing Natural Interaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2207437. [PMID: 36284476 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of low-dimensional nanomaterials with excellent properties can meet almost all the requirements of functional materials for information sensing, processing, and feedback devices. Low-dimensional nanomaterials are becoming the star of hope on the road to pursuing human-machine-thing natural interactions, benefiting from the breakthroughs in precise preparation, performance regulation, structural design, and device construction in recent years. This review summarizes several types of low-dimensional nanomaterials commonly used in human-machine-thing natural interactions and outlines the differences in properties and application areas of different materials. According to the sequence of information flow in the human-machine-thing interaction process, the representative research progress of low-dimensional nanomaterials-based information sensing, processing, and feedback devices is reviewed and the key roles played by low-dimensional nanomaterials are discussed. Finally, the development trends and existing challenges of low-dimensional nanomaterials in the field of human-machine-thing natural interaction technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jingyue Xuan
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Xun
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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31
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Bioinspired Strategies for Stretchable Conductors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Duque M, Murillo G. Tapping-Actuated Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Surface Charge Density Optimization for Human Motion Energy Harvesting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3271. [PMID: 36234398 PMCID: PMC9565772 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, triboelectric effect has been used to harvest mechanical energy from human motion and convert it into electrical energy. To do so, different ways of optimizing the energy generated have been studied through the correct selection of materials, the design of new spacers to improve the contact surface area, and charge injection by high-voltage corona charging to increase the charge density of dielectric materials. Finally, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been manufactured, which is capable of collecting the mechanical energy of the force applied by hand tapping and using it to power miniaturized electronic sensors in a self-sufficient and sustainable way. This work shows the theoretical concept and simulations of the proposed TENG device, as well as the experimental work carried out.
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33
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Wang L, Lai R, Zhang L, Zeng M, Fu L. Emerging Liquid Metal Biomaterials: From Design to Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201956. [PMID: 35545821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) as emerging biomaterials possess unique advantages including their favorable biosafety, high fluidity, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, thus providing a unique platform for a wide range of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, tumor therapy, and bioimaging to biosensors. The structural design and functionalization of LMs endow them with enhanced functions such as enhanced targeting ability and stimuli responsiveness, enabling them to achieve better and even multifunctional synergistic therapeutic effects. Herein, the advantages of LMs in biomedicine are presented. The design of LM-based biomaterials with different scales ranging from micro-/nanoscale to macroscale and various components is explored in-depth to promote the understanding of structure-property relationships, guiding their performance optimization and applications. Furthermore, the related advanced progress in the development of LM-based biomaterials in biomedicine is summarized. Current challenges and prospects of LMs in the biomedical field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Runze Lai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 410013, China
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34
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Yang Y, Cui T, Li D, Ji S, Chen Z, Shao W, Liu H, Ren TL. Breathable Electronic Skins for Daily Physiological Signal Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 35943631 PMCID: PMC9362661 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of society and the increase in people's concern for personal health, long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand. In recent years, electronic skin (e-skin) for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations. Among them, the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life. In this review, the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed. By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes, breathable e-skin sensors, and breathable e-skin systems, we sort out their design ideas, manufacturing processes, performances, and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life. In addition, the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wancheng Shao
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Houfang Liu
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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3D Multiple Triangular Prisms for Highly Sensitive Non-Contact Mode Triboelectric Bending Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091499. [PMID: 35564208 PMCID: PMC9102195 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, a highly sensitive triboelectric bending sensor in non-contact mode operation, less sensitive to strain, is demonstrated by designing multiple triangular prisms at both sides of the polydimethylsiloxane film. The sensor can detect bending in a strained condition (up to 20%) as well as bending direction with quite high linear sensitivity (~0.12/degree) up to 120°, due to the electrostatic induction effect between Al and poly (glycerol sebacate) methacrylate. Further increase of the bending angle to 135° significantly increases the sensitivity to 0.16/degree, due to the contact electrification between them. The sensors are attached on the top and bottom side of the proximal interphalangeal and wrist, demonstrating a directional bending sensor with an enhanced sensitivity.
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