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Nejabat S, Haghshenas MR, Farjadian S. Allergenome profiling of Vespa orientalis venom by serum IgE in patients with anaphylactic reaction to this hornet sting. Toxicon 2022; 214:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Wangorsch A, Scheurer S, Blanca M, Blanca-Lopez N, Somoza ML, Martín-Pedraza L. Allergenic Properties and Molecular Characteristics of PR-1 Proteins. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:824717. [PMID: 35386656 PMCID: PMC8974740 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.824717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small fraction of proteins in plants and animals are classified as allergens. The allergenic properties are frequently attributed to certain functional characteristics of the proteins, such as a role in the plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress, to achieve the systematic acquired resistance. In line with this, eight members out of 17 functional pathogenesis-related (PR) protein families have been characterized as allergens. The present review summarizes the molecular features and allergenic significance of allergens of the PR-1 family. Not many allergens have been identified as belonging to this protein family, with most of them having a pollen origin, like mugwort or Bermuda grass. Molecular and structural features of allergenic PR-1 proteins are discussed and attributed to their IgE-reactive properties, clinical manifestation, and cross-reactivity among different foods and inhalants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Blanca
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Martín-Pedraza
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Laura Martín-Pedraza
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Gaikwad AS, Hu J, Chapple DG, O'Bryan MK. The functions of CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility and disease. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:689-723. [PMID: 32378701 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPS), antigen 5 (Ag5) and pathogenesis-related 1 (Pr-1) (CAP) superfamily of proteins are found across the bacterial, fungal, plant and animal kingdoms. Although many CAP superfamily proteins remain poorly characterized, over the past decade evidence has accumulated, which provides insights into the functional roles of these proteins in various processes, including fertilization, immune defence and subversion, pathogen virulence, venom toxicology and cancer biology. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility, organismal homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. SEARCH METHODS The scientific literature search was undertaken via PubMed database on all articles published prior to November 2019. Search terms were based on following keywords: 'CAP superfamily', 'CRISP', 'Cysteine-rich secretory proteins', 'Antigen 5', 'Pathogenesis-related 1', 'male fertility', 'CAP and CTL domain containing', 'CRISPLD1', 'CRISPLD2', 'bacterial SCP', 'ion channel regulator', 'CatSper', 'PI15', 'PI16', 'CLEC', 'PRY proteins', 'ASP proteins', 'spermatogenesis', 'epididymal maturation', 'capacitation' and 'snake CRISP'. In addition to that, reference lists of primary and review article were reviewed for additional relevant publications. OUTCOMES In this review, we discuss the breadth of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins with regards to their protein structure, biological functions and emerging significance in reproduction, health and disease. We discuss the evolution of CAP superfamily proteins from their otherwise unembellished prokaryotic predecessors into the multi-domain and neofunctionalized members found in eukaryotic organisms today. At least in part because of the rapid evolution of these proteins, many inconsistencies in nomenclature exist within the literature. As such, and in part through the use of a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate CRISP subfamily, we have attempted to clarify this confusion, thus allowing for a comparison of orthologous protein function between species. This framework also allows the prediction of functional relevance between species based on sequence and structural conservation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review generates a picture of critical roles for CAP proteins in ion channel regulation, sterol and lipid binding and protease inhibition, and as ligands involved in the induction of multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Gaikwad
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jinghua Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Blank S, Bazon ML, Grosch J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Brochetto-Braga MR, Bilò MB, Jakob T. Antigen 5 Allergens of Hymenoptera Venoms and Their Role in Diagnosis and Therapy of Venom Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:58. [PMID: 32647993 PMCID: PMC7347709 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stings of Hymenoptera of the superfamily Vespoidea such as yellow jackets, paper wasps or stinging ants are common triggers for severe and even fatal allergic reactions. Antigen 5 allergens are potent allergens in the majority of these venoms with major importance for diagnosis and therapy. Reviewed here are the characteristics of antigen 5 allergens, their role in component-resolved diagnostics as well as current limitations of the available diagnostics for proper therapeutic decisions. RECENT FINDINGS Antigens 5 are proteins of unknown function in Hymenoptera venoms with high allergenic potency. They represent key elements in component-resolved diagnosis to discriminate between honeybee and vespid venom allergy. However, due to their pronounced cross-reactivity, there are remaining diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that have to be addressed. Antigens 5 are highly relevant venom allergens of the Vespoidea superfamily. Although their use in component-resolved diagnosis facilitates dissection of cross-reactivity and primary allergy in double sensitization to honeybee and vespid venom, new diagnostic concepts are needed to discriminate between allergies to different vespid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blank
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany.
| | - Murilo Luiz Bazon
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johannes Grosch
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Technical University of Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilò
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Ancona and Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ancona, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
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Purification and Characterization of a New CRISP-Related Protein from Scapharca broughtonii and Its Immunomodulatory Activity. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060299. [PMID: 32512803 PMCID: PMC7344751 DOI: 10.3390/md18060299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more attention has been paid to bioactive compounds isolated from marine organisms or microorganisms in recent years. At the present study, a new protein coded as HPCG2, was purified from Scapharca broughtonii by stepwise chromatography methods. The molecular weight of HPCG2 was determined to be 30.71 kDa by MALDI-TOF-MS. The complete amino acid sequence of HPCG2 was obtained by tandem mass spectrometry combined with transcriptome database analysis, and its secondary structure was analyzed using circular dichroism. HPCG2 comprised 251 amino acids and contained 28.4% α-helix, 26% β-sheet, 18.6% β-turn, and 29.9% random coil. HPCG2 was predicted to be a cysteine-rich secretory protein-related (CRISP-related) protein by domain prediction. Moreover, HPCG2 was proved to possess the immunomodulatory effect on the murine immune cells. MTT assay showed that HPCG2 promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity of NK cells against YAC-1 cells. Flow cytometry test revealed that HPCG2 enhanced the phagocytic function of macrophages and polarized them into M1 type in RAW264.7 cells. In particular, Western blot analysis indicated that the immunomodulatory mechanism of HPCG2 was associated with the regulation on TLR4/JNK/ERK and STAT3 signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that HPCG2 might be developed as a potential immunomodulatory agent or new functional product from marine organisms.
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Ferreira F, Hubinger G, Spangfort MD. Legends of Allergy and Immunology: From a curious mind to a world class scientist-A brief biography of Professor T.P. King. Allergy 2019; 74:2014-2015. [PMID: 31125433 DOI: 10.1111/all.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Tracy JM, Golden DBK. Hymenoptera Venom Extracts in Clinical Practice. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 6:1856-1862. [PMID: 30179742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venom immunotherapy is the only treatment for the prevention of anaphylaxis and remains the prototypical model for its diagnosis and management. Unlike other causes of anaphylaxis, such as foods and drugs, preventative treatment using venom immunotherapy is highly effective with well-established protocols, and is widely available. Hymenoptera venoms are also unique in that the primary allergens are directly measurable in terms of micrograms, rather than labeled on the basis of potency. As such, venoms were the first truly standardized extracts. However, Hymenoptera venom presents unique challenges in collection, processing, and stabilization of the venom extract product. Historically, there have been minor variations in insect composition in venom extract content. These differences were in part based on variation in insect availability and venom collection and have created minor challenges. However, it is a recognized need that venom extracts contain an optimal and complete repertoire of relevant venoms so as to be assured of appropriate diagnosis and treatment. As such, insect availability and collection, as well as storage, stability, and sterility of venom extracts, have remained critical components to appropriate diagnosis and prevention of venom-induced anaphylaxis. In recent years there has been concerns about adequate supplies of venom for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of venom allergy, but these concerns seem to have stabilized, with the movement to a single venom supplier. This movement to a single supplier may provide its own challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Tracy
- Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Associates, P.C., Omaha, Neb.
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Bazon ML, Silveira LH, Simioni PU, Brochetto-Braga MR. Current Advances in Immunological Studies on the Vespidae Venom Antigen 5: Therapeutic and Prophylaxis to Hypersensitivity Responses. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E305. [PMID: 30042313 PMCID: PMC6115769 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although systemic reactions caused by allergenic proteins present in venoms affect a small part of the world population, Hymenoptera stings are among the main causes of immediate hypersensitivity responses, with risk of anaphylactic shock. In the attempt to obtain therapeutic treatments and prophylaxis to hypersensitivity responses, interest in the molecular characterization of these allergens has grown in the scientific community due to the promising results obtained in immunological and clinical studies. The present review provides an update on the knowledge regarding the immune response and the therapeutic potential of Antigen 5 derived from Hymenoptera venom. The results confirm that the identification and topology of epitopes, associated with molecular regions that interact with antibodies, are crucial to the improvement of hypersensitivity diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Luiz Bazon
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lais Helena Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Ucelli Simioni
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Americana, FAM, Av. Joaquim Bôer, 733 Jardim Luciane, Americana 13477-360, SP, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Regina Brochetto-Braga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes-LBMA-IB-RC-UNESP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Av. 24-A, n_ 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil.
- Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos-CEVAP (Univ Estadual Paulista), Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu 18610-307, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Oppenheimer J, Golden DBK. Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: Past, present, and future. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:276-277. [PMID: 29909053 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Oppenheimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Pulmonary and Allergy Associates, Morristown, New Jersey.
| | - David B K Golden
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Albanesi M, Nico A, Sinisi A, Giliberti L, Rossi MP, Rossini M, Kourtis G, Rucco AS, Loconte F, Muolo L, Zurlo M, Di Bona D, Caiaffa MF, Macchia L. A 13-year real-life study on efficacy, safety and biological effects of Vespula venom immunotherapy. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16:2. [PMID: 29375272 PMCID: PMC5774115 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-017-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy (VIT) is a clinically effective treatment. However, little is known about its long-term clinical efficacy and biological effects. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for VIT efficacy, including reduction of specific IgE and induction of allergen-specific IgG4, but the overall picture remains elusive. We investigated Vespula VIT clinical efficacy up to 8 years after discontinuation and the kinetics of Vespula-specific IgE and IgG4. Out of 686 consecutive patients we retrospectively selected and analysed a series of 23 patients with Vespula allergy that underwent a 5-year IT course, followed by a prolonged follow-up. Methods Clinical efficacy of VIT was assessed as number and severity of reactions to Vespula re-stinging events. The presence of Vespula-specific IgE and IgG4 was also monitored over time. Results During the VIT treatment, patients were protected, reporting no reactions or mild reactions in occasion of re-stinging events. This protection was entirely maintained during the follow-up, up to 8 years. Skin reactivity (reflecting mast cell-bound Vespula-specific IgE) and circulating Vespula-specific IgE levels declined substantially during VIT. Notably, this reduction was maintained over time during the follow-up. Moreover, all the patients were analysed for IgG4. A robust induction of Vespula-specific IgG4 was observed during the VIT course, with a substantial decline during the follow-up. Conclusions We conclude that Vespula VIT is a clinically effective treatment, which induces long-term protection after discontinuation. The reduction of specific IgE, assessed by skin tests and RAST, closely matches the VIT- induced protection, while the IgG4 induction seems not to be associated with VIT clinical efficacy in the long term. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12948-017-0079-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Albanesi
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Nico
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sinisi
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Giliberti
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rossi
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Margherita Rossini
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Policlinico di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Georgios Kourtis
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Simona Rucco
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Loconte
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Muolo
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Zurlo
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Danilo Di Bona
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Filomena Caiaffa
- 3School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto 1, 70100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Macchia
- 1School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari-Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 13, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Hernández-Vargas MJ, Gil J, Lozano L, Pedraza-Escalona M, Ortiz E, Encarnación-Guevara S, Alagón A, Corzo G. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of saliva components from the hematophagous reduviid Triatoma pallidipennis. J Proteomics 2017; 162:30-39. [PMID: 28442446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the Triatominae subfamily are commonly associated with Chagas disease, as they are potential vectors of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, their saliva contains a cocktail of diverse anti-hemostatic proteins that prevent blood coagulation, vasodilation and platelet aggregation of blood; components with indisputable therapeutic potential. We performed a transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of salivary glands and protein spots from 2DE gels of milked saliva, respectively, from the Mexican Triatoma pallidipennis. Massive sequencing techniques were used to reveal this protein diversity. A total of 78 out of 233 transcripts were identified as proteins in the saliva, divided among 43 of 55 spots from 2DE gels of saliva, identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Some of the annotated transcripts putatively code for anti-hemostatic proteins, which share sequence similarities with proteins previously described for South American triatomines. The most abundant as well as diverse transcripts and proteins in the saliva were the anti-hemostatic triabins. For the first time, a transcriptomic analysis uncovered other unrelated but relevant components in triatomines, including antimicrobial and thrombolytic polypeptides. Likewise, unique proteins such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme were identified not just in the salivary gland transcriptome but also at saliva proteome of this North American bloodsucking insect. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript is the first report of the correlation between proteome and transcriptome of Triatoma pallidipennis, which shows for the first time the presence of proteins in this insect that have not been characterized in other species of this family. This information contributes to a better understanding of the multiple host defense mechanisms that are being affected at the moment of blood ingestion by the insect. Furthermore, this report gives a repertoire of possible therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Hernández-Vargas
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas - UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Lozano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas - UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Martha Pedraza-Escalona
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico.
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Luna-Ramírez K, Quintero-Hernández V, Juárez-González VR, Possani LD. Whole Transcriptome of the Venom Gland from Urodacus yaschenkoi Scorpion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127883. [PMID: 26020943 PMCID: PMC4447460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian scorpion venoms have been poorly studied, probably because they do not pose an evident threat to humans. In addition, the continent has other medically important venomous animals capable of causing serious health problems. Urodacus yaschenkoi belongs to the most widely distributed family of Australian scorpions (Urodacidae) and it is found all over the continent, making it a useful model system for studying venom composition and evolution. This communication reports the whole set of mRNA transcripts produced by the venom gland. U. yaschenkoi venom is as complex as its overseas counterparts. These transcripts certainly code for several components similar to known scorpion venom components, such as: alpha-KTxs, beta-KTxs, calcins, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, sodium-channel toxins, toxin-like peptides, allergens, La1-like, hyaluronidases, ribosomal proteins, proteasome components and proteins related to cellular processes. A comparison with the venom gland transcriptome of Centruroides noxius (Buthidae) showed that these two scorpions have similar components related to biological processes, although important differences occur among the venom toxins. In contrast, a comparison with sequences reported for Urodacus manicatus revealed that these two Urodacidae species possess the same subfamily of scorpion toxins. A comparison with sequences of an U. yaschenkoi cDNA library previously reported by our group showed that both techniques are reliable for the description of the venom components, but the whole transcriptome generated with Next Generation Sequencing platform provides sequences of all transcripts expressed. Several of which were identified in the proteome, but many more transcripts were identified including uncommon transcripts. The information reported here constitutes a reference for non-Buthidae scorpion venoms, providing a comprehensive view of genes that are involved in venom production. Further, this work identifies new putative bioactive compounds that could be used to seed research into new pharmacological compounds and increase our understanding of the function of different ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Luna-Ramírez
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Verónica Quintero-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Víctor Rivelino Juárez-González
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lourival D. Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Suedmeyer WK, Trupkiewicz JG. Fatal Envenomation of a Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) From Eastern Yellow Jacket Wasps (Vespula maculifrons). J Avian Med Surg 2015; 28:330-5. [PMID: 25843472 DOI: 10.1647/2013-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 37-year-old, female Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) presented with severe facial angioedema, bilateral corneal and palpebral edema, nictitating membrane paralysis, bradycardia, bradypnea, hypothermia, and numerous stingers and remnants of eastern yellow jacket wasps (Vespula maculifrons) attached to the feathers of the head, palpebrae, and conjunctiva. Evaluation of 2 complete blood cell counts and results of plasma chemical analysis and serum protein electrophoresis revealed severe increases in creatinine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, electrolyte disturbances, and moderate increases in levels of α1, α2, β1, and γ immunoglobulins when compared with reference interval values and conspecifics. Despite intensive treatment, the bird died 19 hours after presentation. Results of histologic evaluation of tissues were compatible with envenomation. Response to envenomation in avian species is not documented but should be considered in birds presenting with angioedema.
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Vergara I, Pedraza-Escalona M, Paniagua D, Restano-Cassulini R, Zamudio F, Batista CVF, Possani LD, Alagón A. Eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius venom toxicity in mice is mainly determined by neurotoxic phospholipases A2. J Proteomics 2014; 105:295-306. [PMID: 24613619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Here we show for the first time that the venom from an elapid (Micrurus fulvius) contains three finger toxin (3FTxs) peptides with low toxicity but high content of lethal phospholipases A2 (PLA2). The intravenous venom LD50 in mice was 0.3μg/g. Fractionation on a C18 column yielded 22 fractions; in terms of abundance, 58.3% of them were components of 13-14kDa and 24.9% were molecules of 6-7kDa. Two fractions with PLA2 activity represented 33.4% of the whole venom and were the most lethal fractions. Fractions with low molecular mass (<7000Da) partially and reversibly blocked the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), with the exception of one that blocked it completely. The fraction that blocked 100% contained two protein species whose dose-response was determined; the IC50s were 13±1 and 9.5±0.3nM. Despite the apparent effect on nAChR none of the low molecular mass fractions were lethal in mice, at concentrations of 1μg/g. From 2D-PAGE and LC-MS/MS, we identified fourteen species of PLA2, four protein species of C-type lectin, three zinc metalloproteinases, one phosphodiesterase and one 3FTx. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of fractions with biological interest was obtained. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In contrast with coral snake venoms from South America, M. fulvius has minor amounts of low molecular mass components, but high content of PLA2, which is responsible for the venom lethality of this species. The results reported here contribute to better understanding of envenomation development and to improve antivenom design and production. These findings break from the paradigm that neurotoxicity caused by Micrurus venoms is mainly attributable to 3FTx neurotoxins and encourage future studies on Micrurus evolution and venom specialization. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vergara
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Martha Pedraza-Escalona
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Dayanira Paniagua
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Rita Restano-Cassulini
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Cesar V F Batista
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México.
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dos Santos-Pinto JRA, dos Santos LD, Andrade Arcuri H, Castro FM, Kalil JE, Palma MS. Using Proteomic Strategies for Sequencing and Post-Translational Modifications Assignment of Antigen-5, a Major Allergen from the Venom of the Social Wasp Polybia paulista. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:855-65. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4008927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Aparecido dos Santos-Pinto
- Institute
of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Department of Biology, Center of the
Study of Social Insects, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro,
SP, Brazil
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari dos Santos
- Center
for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helen Andrade Arcuri
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline
of Allergy and Immunology (HC/Incor/FMUSP), SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Morato Castro
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline
of Allergy and Immunology (HC/Incor/FMUSP), SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Elias Kalil
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
- Discipline
of Allergy and Immunology (HC/Incor/FMUSP), SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Institute
of Biosciences of Rio Claro, Department of Biology, Center of the
Study of Social Insects, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro,
SP, Brazil
- INCT-iii, São Paulo, Brazil
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ZHAN B, SANTIAGO H, KEEGAN B, GILLESPIE P, XUE J, BETHONY J, De OLIVEIRA LM, JIANG D, DIEMERT D, XIAO SH, JONES K, FENG X, HOTEZ PJ, BOTTAZZI ME. Fusion of Na-ASP-2 with human immunoglobulin Fcγ abrogates histamine release from basophils sensitized with anti-Na-ASP-2 IgE. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:404-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Monsalve RI, Vega A, Marqués L, Miranda A, Fernández J, Soriano V, Cruz S, Domínguez-Noche C, Sánchez-Morillas L, Armisen-Gil M, Guspí R, Barber D. Component-resolved diagnosis of vespid venom-allergic individuals: phospholipases and antigen 5s are necessary to identify Vespula or Polistes sensitization. Allergy 2012; 67:528-36. [PMID: 22229815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-reactivity between hymenoptera species varies according to the different allergenic components of the venom. The true source of sensitization must therefore be established to ensure the efficacy of venom immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE In the Mediterranean region, Polistes dominulus and Vespula spp. are clinically relevant cohabitating wasps. A panel of major vespid venom allergens was used to investigate whether serum-specific IgE (sIgE) could be used to distinguish sensitization to either vespid. METHODS Fifty-nine individuals with allergic reactions to vespid stings and positive ImmunoCAP and/or intradermal tests to vespid venoms were studied. sIgE against recombinant and natural venom components from each wasp species was determined using the ADVIA Centaur(®) system. RESULTS sIgE against recombinant antigen 5s sensitization to be detected in 52% of the patients tested (13/25). The sensitivity increased to 80% (20/25), when using natural antigen 5s, and to 100% with the complete panel of purified natural components, because the sIgE was positive to either the antigen 5s (Pol d 5/Ves v 5) or to the phospholipases (Pol d 1/Ves v 1) of the two vespids, or to both components at the same time. In 69% of cases, it was possible to define the most probable sensitizing insect, and in the rest, possible double sensitization could not be excluded. Vespula hyaluronidase was shown to have no additional value as regards the specificity of the assay. CONCLUSIONS The major allergens of P. dominulus' and Vespula vulgaris' venom, namely phoshpholipases and antigen 5s, are required to discriminate the probable sensitizing species in vespid-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Vega
- Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara; Guadalajara; Spain
| | - L. Marqués
- Hospital Santa Maria - Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Lleida; Spain
| | | | - J. Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Alicante; Spain
| | - V. Soriano
- Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Alicante; Spain
| | - S. Cruz
- Hospital Torrecardenas; Almería; Spain
| | | | | | - M. Armisen-Gil
- Hospital Provincial de Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - R. Guspí
- Hospital de Tortosa; Verge de la Cinta; Institut de Investigació Sanitaria Pere i Virgili (IISPV); Tortosa; Spain
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18
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Vinzón SE, Pirpignani ML, Nowicki C, Biscoglio de Jiménez Bonino M. Molecular cloning and expression in Pichia pastoris of a hypoallergenic antigen 5. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 73:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Jin C, Focke M, Léonard R, Jarisch R, Altmann F, Hemmer W. Reassessing the role of hyaluronidase in yellow jacket venom allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:184-90.e1. [PMID: 19910026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow jacket hyaluronidase (YJ-HYA) is considered a major allergen in yellow jacket allergy. It shows 50% homology with the hyaluronidase from honeybee venom, Api m 2. Recently, IgE binding to YJ-HYA and cross-reactivity with Api m 2 has been shown to be due to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify the importance of YJ-HYA in yellow jacket allergy and the cross-reactivity with Api m 2 by discriminating between carbohydrate and peptide epitopes. METHODS IgE binding to Vespula species venom was studied by means of Western blotting in 136 patients with yellow jacket allergy (31 in vitro single positive to yellow jacket venom and 105 in vitro double-positive to yellow jacket-honeybee). Inhibition studies were carried out with MUXF-BSA (isolated bromelain glycopeptides linked to bovine serum albumin) and purified Api m 2. RESULTS Among yellow jacket single-positive sera, only 1 of 31 bound with YJ-HYA, whereas this was the case in 87% of 105 double-positive sera. Of 83 patients in whom inhibitions were performed, 65% reacted with hyaluronidase through CCDs alone, 27% reacted with both CCDs and peptide epitopes, and 8% reacted only with the hyaluronidase peptide. The protein-specific reactivity with YJ-HYA was cross-inhibited by Api m 2 in 48% (14/29). Antigen 5 and phospholipase A(1) were each recognized by around 90% of sera from both groups, together identifying 97% of patients. CONCLUSION Hyaluronidase is a minor yellow jacket venom allergen, and only 10% to 15% of patients with yellow jacket allergy are estimated to have IgE against the hyaluronidase protein. Peptide-specific cross-reactivity with Api m 2 occurs in half of these sera. Component-resolved diagnosis with antigen 5 and phospholipase would detect virtually all patients with yellow jacket venom allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Seppälä U, Selby D, Monsalve R, King TP, Ebner C, Roepstorff P, Bohle B. Structural and immunological characterization of the N-glycans from the major yellow jacket allergen Ves v 2: The N-glycan structures are needed for the human antibody recognition. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2014-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Reddy T, Gibbs GM, Merriner DJ, Kerr JB, O'Bryan MK. Cysteine-rich secretory proteins are not exclusively expressed in the male reproductive tract. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3313-23. [PMID: 18924239 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cysteine-RIch Secretory Proteins (CRISPs) are abundantly produced in the male reproductive tract of mammals and within the venom of reptiles and have been shown to regulate ion channel activity. CRISPs, along with the Antigen-5 proteins and the Pathogenesis related-1 (Pr-1) proteins, form the CAP superfamily of proteins. Analyses of EST expression databases are increasingly suggesting that mammalian CRISPs are expressed more widely than in the reproductive tract. We, therefore, conducted a reverse transcription PCR expression profile and immunohistochemical analyses of 16 mouse tissues to define the sites of production of each of the four murine CRISPs. These data showed that each of the CRISPs have distinct and sometimes overlapping expression profiles, typically associated with the male and female reproductive tract, the secretory epithelia of exocrine glands, and immune tissues including the spleen and thymus. These investigations raise the potential for a role for CRISPs in general mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasimala Reddy
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Gibbs GM, Roelants K, O'Bryan MK. The CAP superfamily: cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins--roles in reproduction, cancer, and immune defense. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:865-97. [PMID: 18824526 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily members are found in a remarkable range of organisms spanning each of the animal kingdoms. Within humans and mice, there are 31 and 33 individual family members, respectively, and although many are poorly characterized, the majority show a notable expression bias to the reproductive tract and immune tissues or are deregulated in cancers. CAP superfamily proteins are most often secreted and have an extracellular endocrine or paracrine function and are involved in processes including the regulation of extracellular matrix and branching morphogenesis, potentially as either proteases or protease inhibitors; in ion channel regulation in fertility; as tumor suppressor or prooncogenic genes in tissues including the prostate; and in cell-cell adhesion during fertilization. This review describes mammalian CAP superfamily gene expression profiles, phylogenetic relationships, protein structural properties, and biological functions, and it draws into focus their potential role in health and disease. The nine subfamilies of the mammalian CAP superfamily include: the human glioma pathogenesis-related 1 (GLIPR1), Golgi associated pathogenesis related-1 (GAPR1) proteins, peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15), peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), CRISP LCCL domain containing 1 (CRISPLD1), CRISP LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2), mannose receptor like and the R3H domain containing like proteins. We conclude that overall protein structural conservation within the CAP superfamily results in fundamentally similar functions for the CAP domain in all members, yet the diversity outside of this core region dramatically alters target specificity and, therefore, the biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Gibbs
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton 3168, Australia.
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23
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24
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Einarsson R, Karlsson R. Isotachophoretic Analysis of Yellow Jacket Vespula Species Venom. Identification of Separated Components by Zymography, Electrophoresis and Immunological Analysis. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718508066136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Hoffman DR. Hymenoptera venom allergens. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006; 30:109-28. [PMID: 16645223 DOI: 10.1385/criai:30:2:109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hymenoptera venoms each contain a variety of protein allergens. The major components have all been characterized, and most of the amino acid sequences are known. This article concentrates on the use of contemporary techniques including cloning, mass spectrometry and genomics in the characterization of venom allergens, and newer separation techniques for protein isolation. Examples of the use of these techniques with venom proteins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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26
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Kischnick S, Weber B, Verdino P, Keller W, Sanders EA, Anspach FB, Fiebig H, Cromwell O, Suck R. Bacterial fermentation of recombinant major wasp allergen Antigen 5 using oxygen limiting growth conditions improves yield and quality of inclusion bodies. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:621-8. [PMID: 16495080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A process for bacterial expression and purification of the recombinant major wasp allergen Antigen 5 (Ves v 5) was developed to produce protein for diagnostic and therapeutic applications for type 1 allergic diseases. Special attention was focused on medium selection, fermentation conditions, and efficient refolding procedures. A soy based medium was used for fermentation to avoid peptone from animal origin. Animal-derived peptone required the use of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for the induction of expression. In the case of soy peptone, a constitutive expression was observed, suggesting the presence of a component that mimics IPTG. Batch cultivation at reduced stirrer speed caused a reduced biomass due to oxygen limitation. However, subsequent purification and processing of inclusion bodies yielded significantly higher amount of product. Furthermore, the protein composition of the inclusion bodies differed. Inclusion bodies were denatured and subjected to diafiltration. Detailed monitoring of diafiltration enabled the determination of the transition point. Final purification was conducted using cation-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Purified recombinant Ves v 5 was analyzed by RP-HPLC, CD-spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, and quantification ELISA. Up to 15 mg highly purified Ves v 5 per litre bioreactor volume were obtained, with endotoxin concentrations less than 20 EU mg(-1) protein and high comparability to the natural counterpart. Analytical results confirm the suitability of the recombinant protein for diagnostic and clinical applications. The results clearly demonstrate that not only biomass, but especially growth conditions play a key role in the production of recombinant Ves v 5. This has an influence on inclusion body formation, which in turn influences the renaturation rate and absolute product yield. This might also be true for other recombinant proteins that accumulate as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli.
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27
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de Paula L, Santos WF, Malheiro A, Carlos D, Faccioli LH. Differential modulation of cell recruitment and acute edema in a model of Polybia paulista venom-induced inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:182-9. [PMID: 16399622 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hymenoptera stings are quite common and can cause inflammatory reactions (in nonallergic individuals) or serious reactions (in allergic individuals). Hymenoptera venom contains histamine, vasoactive kinins, serotonin, phospholipase A, phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, antigen 5 and mastoparans. Some of these substances are responsible for local pain, as well as for activation of complement and endothelial cells. Polybia paulista is a wasp typically found in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the present study, we evaluated inflammatory reactions in the peritoneal cavities of rats injected with P. paulista venom (PPV). We evaluated leukocyte recruitment and edema formation at the site of inflammation. After i.p. inoculation with PPV, there was dose-dependent and time-dependent recruitment of neutrophils, eosinophils and mononuclear cells. At 4 to 48 h after stimulus, administration of MK 886, a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, completely abolished granulocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, leukotrienes seem to be the primary mediators of PPV-induced neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment. Inoculation with PPV also induced protein extravasation into the peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon was not inhibited by treatment with MK 886 or indomethacin (a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor), demonstrating that neither leukotrienes nor prostaglandins are involved in this inflammatory reaction. However, edema formation was significantly inhibited by treatment with pyrilamine, indicating that the histamine H1 receptor plays a critical role in PPV-induced formation of acute edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia de Paula
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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28
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Gibbs GM, Scanlon MJ, Swarbrick J, Curtis S, Gallant E, Dulhunty AF, O'Bryan MK. The cysteine-rich secretory protein domain of Tpx-1 is related to ion channel toxins and regulates ryanodine receptor Ca2+ signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4156-63. [PMID: 16339766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506849200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine-rich secretory proteins (Crisp) are predominantly found in the mammalian male reproductive tract as well as in the venom of reptiles. Crisps are two domain proteins with a structurally similar yet evolutionary diverse N-terminal domain and a characteristic cysteine-rich C-terminal domain, which we refer to as the Crisp domain. We presented the NMR solution structure of the Crisp domain of mouse Tpx-1, and we showed that it contains two subdomains, one of which has a similar fold to the ion channel regulators BgK and ShK. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that the ion channel regulatory activity of Crisp proteins is attributed to the Crisp domain. Specifically, the Tpx-1 Crisp domain inhibited cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR) 2 with an IC(50) between 0.5 and 1.0 microM and activated the skeletal RyR1 with an AC(50) between 1 and 10 microM when added to the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. This activity was nonvoltage-dependent and weakly voltage-dependent, respectively. Furthermore, the Tpx-1 Crisp domain activated both RyR forms at negative bilayer potentials and showed no effect at positive bilayer potentials when added to the luminal domain of the receptor. These data show that the Tpx-1 Crisp domain on its own can regulate ion channel activity and provide compelling evidence for a role for Tpx-1 in the regulation of Ca(2+) fluxes observed during sperm capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Gibbs
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Moreau SJM, Guillot S. Advances and prospects on biosynthesis, structures and functions of venom proteins from parasitic wasps. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1209-23. [PMID: 16203203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and biochemical properties of parasitoid Hymenoptera's venom proteins are currently receiving an increasing interest. In this review, we will highlight the progress that has been made over the past 10 years in fundamental research on this field. Main knowledge acquired on the structural features of parasitoid venom peptides, proteins and enzymes will be summarized and discussed and several examples showing the diversity of their biological functions will be given with respect to future prospects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6035, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
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30
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Moawad TI, Hoffman DR, Zalat S. Isolation, cloning and characterization of Polistes dominulus venom phospholipase A1 and its isoforms. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2005; 56:261-74. [PMID: 16196201 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.56.2005.3-4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polistes dominulus is known to be an allergenically important social wasp. Its venom has four major allergens (ziv. phospholipase A1, hyaluronidase, antigen 5 and a serine-protease). Amino acid sequences of its serine-protease and Antigen 5 have been published. In this paper, the partial amino acid sequence of its venom phospholipase native protein is reported. Also, we give an account to the complete nucleotide sequence of Polistes dominulus venom phospholipase A1 gene, its isoforms and their complete deduced amino acid sequences. Their similarity to the other phospholipases A1 of the family: Vespidae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Moawad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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31
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Guo M, Teng M, Niu L, Liu Q, Huang Q, Hao Q. Crystal structure of the cysteine-rich secretory protein stecrisp reveals that the cysteine-rich domain has a K+ channel inhibitor-like fold. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:12405-12. [PMID: 15596436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413566200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stecrisp from Trimeresurus stejnegeri snake venom belongs to a family of cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) that have various functions related to sperm-egg fusion, innate host defense, and the blockage of ion channels. Here we present the crystal structure of stecrisp refined to 1.6-angstrom resolution. It shows that stecrisp contains three regions, namely a PR-1 (pathogenesis-related proteins of group1) domain, a hinge, and a cysteine-rich domain (CRD). A conformation of solvent-exposed and -conserved residues (His60, Glu75, Glu96, and His115) in the PR-1 domain similar to that of their counterparts in homologous structures suggests they may share some molecular mechanism. Three flexible loops of hypervariable sequence surrounding the possible substrate binding site in the PR-1 domain show an evident difference in homologous structures, implying that a great diversity of species- and substrate-specific interactions may be involved in recognition and catalysis. The hinge is fixed by two crossed disulfide bonds formed by four of ten characteristic cysteines in the carboxyl-terminal region and is important for stabilizing the N-terminal PR-1 domain. Spatially separated from the PR-1 domain, CRD possesses a similar fold with two K+ channel inhibitors (Bgk and Shk). Several candidates for the possible functional sites of ion channel blocking are located in a solvent-exposed loop in the CRD. The structure of stecrisp will provide a prototypic architecture for a structural and functional exploration of the diverse members of the CRISP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, China
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Pantera B, Hoffman DR, Carresi L, Cappugi G, Turillazzi S, Manao G, Severino M, Spadolini I, Orsomando G, Moneti G, Pazzagli L. Characterization of the major allergens purified from the venom of the paper wasp Polistes gallicus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2003; 1623:72-81. [PMID: 14572904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic reactions to vespid stings are one of the major causes of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Vespa and Vespula venoms are closely related; Polistes venom is more distantly related and its allergens are less well studied. There is limited cross-reactivity between Polistes and the other vespid venoms because of differences in the epitopes on the allergen molecules. In this study, the major allergens of Polistes gallicus are isolated and characterized. P. gallicus venom contains four major allergens: phospholipase, antigen 5 (Ag5), hyaluronidase and protease that were characterized by mass spectrometry and specific binding to IgE. The complete amino acid sequence of Ag5 and the sequence of the N-terminal region of phospholipase were also determined. The alignment of Ag5 from P. gallicus (European species) and Polistes annularis (American species) shows an 85% identity that increases to 98% within the same subgenus. This could suggest the presence of specific epitopes on Ag5 molecule being the variations on the superficial loops. The features of the P. gallicus allergens could explain the partial cross-reactivity found between the American and European Polistes venoms, and suggest that the use of European Polistes venoms would improve the diagnostic specificity and the therapy of European patients and of North American patients sensitized by European Polistes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pantera
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
Many species of arthropods are the sources of potent allergens that sensitize and induce IgE-mediated allergic reactions in humans. Most of these arthropod allergens are proteins, and the allergic response mechanism to these allergens is the same as it is for allergens from other sources such as plant pollens, molds, and foods. Aside from ingestion of crustaceans (shrimp, lobster), among arthropods, humans have the greatest contact with insects and mites, and as a result allergies to these two groups of arthropods have been the most frequently reported. Because of the large number of people affected by allergic reactions to stinging insects, cockroaches, and dust mites, many allergens of these organisms have been extensively studied, purified, and immunobiochemically characterized and for some recombinant allergens, produced. Cocktails of these recombinant allergens have the potential for use in diagnosis and immunotherapy. In this chapter, we review the insects and mites that induce allergic reactions. Where the information exists, the immunobiochemical characterization of the allergens and the frequency of sensitivity or clinical reactivity in the human population are also reviewed. As background, the beginning of this review includes sections that define allergens, explain the allergic reaction mechanism, and describe the methods for naming allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
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Henriksen A, King TP, Mirza O, Monsalve RI, Meno K, Ipsen H, Larsen JN, Gajhede M, Spangfort MD. Major venom allergen of yellow jackets, Ves v 5: structural characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein superfamily. Proteins 2001; 45:438-48. [PMID: 11746691 DOI: 10.1002/prot.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ves v 5 is one of three major allergens found in yellow-jacket venom: phospholipase A(1) (Ves v 1), hyaluronidase (Ves v 2), and antigen 5 (Ves v 5). Ves v 5 is related by high amino acid sequence identity to pathogenesis-related proteins including proteins from mammals, reptiles, insects, fungi, and plants. The crystal structure of Ves v 5 has been solved and refined to a resolution of 1.9 A. The majority of residues conserved between the pathogenesis-related proteins can be rationalized in terms of hydrogen bonding patterns and hydrophobic interactions defining an alpha-beta-alpha sandwich core structure. A small number of consensus residues are solvent exposed (including two adjacent histidines) and located in an elongated cavity that forms a putative active site. The site has no structural resemblance to previously characterized enzymes. Homologous antigen 5's from a large number of different yellow jackets, hornets, and paper wasps are known and patients show varying extents of cross-reactivity to the related antigen 5's. The structure of Ves v 5 allows a detailed analysis of the epitopes that may participate in antigenic cross-reactivity, findings that are useful for the development of a vaccine for treatment of insect allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henriksen
- Protein Structure Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Zollner TM, Spengler K, Podda M, Ergezinger K, Kaufmann R, Boehncke WH. The Western blot is a highly sensitive and efficient technique in diagnosing allergy to wasp venom. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1754-61. [PMID: 11696052 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of allergy to wasp venom and decision to perform immunotherapy are based on the patient's history, along with skin and in vitro tests. OBJECTIVE Given the high prevalence of specific IgE also in non-allergic individuals, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Western blots as a possible alternative to serum analyses of venom-specific IgE. METHODS Skin prick and/or intracutaneous tests were performed in 30 patients with allergy to wasp venom (generalized reaction following sting) along with serum analysis of venom-specific IgE (AlaSTAT microplate) and Western blots. Western blots were subsequently scanned and evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively by means of densitometry. Bands were scored 'positive' in cases of signal intensities beyond the mean plus 3 standard deviations of control sera. Twenty newborns (age 2-7 days) and 30 adults without systemic or increased local reactions to hymenoptera stings served as controls. RESULTS Western blot sensitivity reached 100% in the samples studied and was thus superior to the sensitivities of serum analysis of venom-specific IgE using AlaSTAT microplate assay (90%) and skin tests (87%). The sensitivity of detection of a phospholipase A1 and antigen 5-specific band was higher compared with a hyaluronidase-specific band (97%, 97% and 86%, respectively). Twenty-four out of twenty-nine (83%) patients exhibited specific IgE antibodies against at least three distinct allergens. With regard to the specificities, skin tests as well as AlaSTAT microplate assays were comparable (90% and 93%, respectively), whereas the specificity of the Western blots was 70% if the appearance of any single band was regarded as a positive result. However, when analysing the appearance of a specific band for antigen 5 or hyaluronidase the specificity and overall diagnostic value increased markedly, making it the most efficient test (specificity 97% and 100%, efficiency 96.8% and 93.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION As allergy to wasp venom is a severe and potentially life threatening disease, false-negative test results need to be minimized. Therefore, the superiority of the Western blot with regard to sensitivity, specificity and overall efficiency makes this technique a valuable tool for its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Zollner
- Department of Dermatology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany.
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36
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Huecas S, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Ole e 9, a Major Olive Pollen Allergen Is a 1,3-β-Glucanase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:27959-66. [PMID: 11373288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive pollen allergy is a clinical disorder affecting the human population of Mediterranean areas. A novel major allergen, Ole e 9, has been isolated from olive pollen by gel permeation, hydrophobic affinity, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographies. It is involved in the allergic responses of 65% of patients suffering olive pollinosis. Ole e 9 (molecular mass of 46.4 kDa) displays 1,3-beta-endoglucanase activity (38.9 +/- 5.6 mg of glucose released/min x micromol of protein at pH 4.5-6.0 using laminarin as substrate). It is the first 1,3-beta-glucanase, a member of the "pathogenesis-related" protein family, detected in pollen tissue. Seven tryptic peptides of the allergen were sequenced by Edman degradation and used for designing primers to clone the cDNA codifying the protein. Specific cDNA for Ole e 9 was synthesized from total RNA and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. The allergen sequence showed an open reading frame of 460 amino acids comprising a putative signal peptide of 26 residues. It shows 39, 33, and 32% sequence identity including the catalytic residues when compared with 1,3-beta-glucanases from wheat, willow, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that Ole e 9 transcript is specifically expressed in the pollen tissue, and highly conserved counterparts were only detected in taxonomically related pollens.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/chemistry
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Plant
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Plant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plants/metabolism
- Pollen/chemistry
- Pollen/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Binding
- Protein Sorting Signals
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin/metabolism
- beta-Glucosidase/biosynthesis
- beta-Glucosidase/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huecas
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular I, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Mirza O, Henriksen A, Ipsen H, Larsen JN, Wissenbach M, Spangfort MD, Gajhede M. Dominant epitopes and allergic cross-reactivity: complex formation between a Fab fragment of a monoclonal murine IgG antibody and the major allergen from birch pollen Bet v 1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:331-8. [PMID: 10861069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The symptoms characteristic of allergic hypersensitivity are caused by the release of mediators, i.e., histamine, from effector cells such as basophils and mast cells. Allergens with more than one B cell epitope cross-link IgE Abs bound to high affinity FcepsilonRI receptors on mast cell surfaces leading to aggregation and subsequent mediator release. Thus, allergen-Ab complexes play a crucial role in the cascade leading to the allergic response. We here report the structure of a 1:1 complex between the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and the Fab fragment from a murine monoclonal IgG1 Ab, BV16, that has been solved to 2.9 A resolution by x-ray diffraction. The mAb is shown to inhibit the binding of allergic patients' IgE to Bet v 1, and the allergen-IgG complex may therefore serve as a model for the study of allergen-IgE interactions relevant in allergy. The size of the BV16 epitope is 931 A2 as defined by the Bet v 1 Ab interaction surface. Molecular interactions predicted to occur in the interface are likewise in agreement with earlier observations on Ag-Ab complexes. The epitope is formed by amino acids that are conserved among major allergens from related species within the Fagales order. In combination with a surprisingly high inhibitory capacity of BV16 with respect to allergic patients' serum IgE binding to Bet v 1, these observations provide experimental support for the proposal of dominant IgE epitopes located in the conserved surface areas. This model will facilitate the development of new and safer vaccines for allergen immunotherapy in the form of mutated allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mirza
- Protein Structure Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Ho CL, Lin YL, Li SF. Three toxins with phospholipase activity isolated from the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa verutina) venom. Toxicon 1999; 37:1015-24. [PMID: 10484737 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa verutina, is widely distributed in both the mountain area and the suburbs of Taiwan and possesses highly toxic venom (LD50=0.02 microl/g mouse). By gel filtration on Fractogel (TSK HW 50f) followed by cation-exchange chromatography on Mono S column, three toxins designated as verutoxin 1, 2a and 2b (VT-1, VT-2a and VT-2b) were isolated from the venom. The toxin VT-1 had a molecular mass of 34,982 Da and an LD50 value of 3.61 microg/g mouse. Toxin VT-2a and 2b were more basic and more toxic than VT-1. VT-2a and 2b were isotoxins with molecular masses differing in only 14 Da (33,360 and 33,374 Da, respectively) and had a similar toxicity in mice (LD50=0.87 microg/g mouse). All three toxins were capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of emulsified phospholipids and lysophosphatide, but not sphingomyelin. Analysis of the hydrolyzed products (fatty acid and lyso-compound) by a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer revealed that the toxins liberates fatty acid mainly from the 1-position of the synthetic phospholipid. This result indicates that verutoxins possess phospholipase A1 activity. Toxin VT-1 showed higher phospholipase activity than VT-2a and 2b. However, the latter toxins exhibited much higher direct hemolytic activity toward the mouse red blood cells. Vespid phospholipases are known as one of the three major venom allergens in many species of wasps. Our studies indicate that vespid phospholipases A1, in addition to acting as allergens, possess direct toxic actions that may also cause death in animals. Toxin VT-2a and 2b which possess potent hemolytic activity and high lethality in mice may act as the lethal factor of V. verutina venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Natzir R, Teranishi H, Kitagawa M, Kasuya M. A novel venom protein of the Asian bee (Apis cerana indica) with an affinity to human α1-microglobulin. Allergol Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.1999.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Kovalick GE, Schreiber MC, Dickason AK, Cunningham RA. Structure and expression of the antigen 5-related gene of Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 28:491-500. [PMID: 9718681 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Agr gene of Drosophila melanogaster was localized to the X chromosome 12F region between the Netrin B and rutabaga genes. A P1 clone containing this area was identified, and restriction sites within this clone were mapped. The entire Agr gene and some flanking region were sequenced, and the transcription start site was determined. The gene was 938 bp in length and included a 108 bp intron, dividing the coding region into a 140 bp 5' exon and a 690 bp 3' exon. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) was 23 bp in length and the 3' UTR 36 bp. Gene expression was initiated during late embryogenesis and was also observed during the larval, prepupal, and adult stages. Expression was found only in the outer layer of the proventriculus, a structure located at the fore- and midgut junction. Deletion of the Agr gene had no effect on proventricular morphogenesis in embryos. The Agr expression pattern within the proventriculus suggests that it encodes a component of the peritrophic matrix, a tubular envelope produced by the proventriculus and which lines the midgut. Sequences similar to the Agr coding region were detected in other dipteran species. suggesting that the function of the Agr gene product is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Kovalick
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Norman
- The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21224, USA
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42
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Ho CL, Lin YL, Chen WC, Rocchi R, Piek T. Comparison of the immunogenicity of wasp venom peptides with or without carbohydrate moieties. Toxicon 1998; 36:217-21. [PMID: 9604295 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three synthetic vespulakinin analogues either with or without carbohydrate moieties and mastoparan B isolated from Vespa basalis venom were investigated for their immunogenic activity and solution conformation. Mice immunized with these wasp venom peptides, with the exception of (Gal alpha)Thr3, (Gal alpha)Thr4-vespulakinin 1, showed positive antibody responses. However, the response elicited by mastoparan B was much higher than those induced by vespulakinin analogues. The class of antibody induced by these peptides was identified as an IgG1 isotype with kappa-light chain, suggesting stimulation of a T-cell-dependent immune response by these peptides. According to the circular dichroism spectra of these peptides, the structures of the vespulakinin analogues in solution were largely unordered, while mastoparan B exhibited a conformation rich in alpha-helices. The presence of carbohydrate moieties and the rather random structure in vespulakinins may interfere with T-cell recognition of the peptides, leading to lower immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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43
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Michils A, Ledent C, Mairesse M, Gossart B, Duchateau J. Wasp venom immunotherapy changes IgG antibody specificity. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:1036-42. [PMID: 9678835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the IgG response during venom immunotherapy (VIT) has been previously investigated in terms of antibody titres and subclasses. OBJECTIVES The present work studied the evolution of IgG antibody fine specificity in wasp allergic patients treated with rush VIT. METHODS Antibody specificity was evaluated in 51 wasp allergic patients in competitive ELISA using streptavidin biotin technology. Patients were tested before and during specific rush immunotherapy (at 15 days, 6 months, 12 months) and compared with 44 patients treated by venom injections for at least 2 years. RESULTS The capacity of sera to prevent the antigen binding of pooled IgG from allergic patients changed rapidly with mean percentage inhibitions (+/-SD) falling from 70+/-11-51+/-18% after 15 days of treatment (P<0.001 by one way ANOVA). Similarly, the antigen binding capacity of pooled IgG from VIT patients was differently prevented by sera with mean percentage inhibitions increasing from 37+/-12-65+/-8 after 15 days of treatment (P< 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS The immunodominance pattern of IgG epitopes recognized on wasp venom antigens by sera from wasp allergic patients changes soon after initiating rush VIT. Further studies will indicate whether, instead of measuring IgG titres, this marked change could be used as the basis of a new test for monitoring the outcome of VIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michils
- Chest Department, CUB Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Schreiber MC, Karlo JC, Kovalick GE. A novel cDNA from Drosophila encoding a protein with similarity to mammalian cysteine-rich secretory proteins, wasp venom antigen 5, and plant group 1 pathogenesis-related proteins. Gene 1997; 191:135-41. [PMID: 9218711 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The CAP protein family is made up of a group of secreted proteins that share sequence similarity. Members of this family are found in animals, plants, and fungi, and their shared sequence similarity suggests that members share a common, but as yet unknown, molecular function. As a first step in defining the function of CAP family proteins, an 878 bp partial cDNA encoding a novel member of the CAP family was cloned by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from total RNA of adult Drosophila. The cDNA contained the complete coding sequence for a protein 256 amino acids in length, as well as the complete 3' untranslated region (UTR) and a portion of the 5' UTR. The protein, named Antigen 5-related (Agr), was most similar in sequence to antigen 5 (Ag5), a CAP family member found in social wasps and ants. The corresponding Agr RNA is about 1 kb in length and is present at all stages of development, with highest levels observed in adults. Agr RNA is transcribed from a single gene that is located within region 12F of the X chromosome. The identification of Agr in Drosophila expands the number of known CAP family members to well over four dozen. Further studies of Agr and the gene which encodes this protein using the Drosophila model system may help provide important insight into the molecular functioning of this little known, but increasingly significant protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Schreiber
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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45
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Abstract
Several major venom allergens from different insects of the Hymenoptera order have been cloned and sequenced by different laboratories. These insects include fire ants, honey bees, hornets, yellowjackets and wasps. These venom allergens have different biochemical functions, but have one feature in common, their varying extents of sequence identity with other proteins in our environment. Our studies in mice suggest that recombinant fragments containing regions of sequence identity of venom allergen(s) and host protein(s) show antigenic cross-reactivity. These studies lead to the hypothesis that cross-reactivity of venom allergens with host proteins promotes the immunogenicity of venom allergens in susceptible people.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P King
- Rockefeller University, New York 10021, USA
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46
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Abstract
Hookworms cause severe anemia and malnutrition in developing countries of the tropics, with an estimated one billion people infected worldwide. An in vitro system that models the early events of infection has provided new information about the linkage between the infectious process and the parasite's developmental biology. The cloning and expression of Ancylostoma secreted protein, ASP 1 - a secreted molecule associated with these developmental processes - is an example of how this system allows us to dissect the infectious process at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hawdon
- Medical Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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47
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Hawdon JM, Jones BF, Hoffman DR, Hotez PJ. Cloning and characterization of Ancylostoma-secreted protein. A novel protein associated with the transition to parasitism by infective hookworm larvae. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6672-8. [PMID: 8636085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmentally arrested third stage infective larva of hookworms resumes development upon entry into the definitive host. This transition to parasitism can be modeled in vitro by stimulating infective larvae with a low molecular weight ultrafiltrate of host serum together with methylated glutathione analogues. When stimulated to resume development in vitro, activated larvae of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum released a 42-kDa protein, termed Ancylostoma-secreted protein (ASP). ASP was the major protein released by activated hookworm larvae. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers, based on a partial internal amino acid sequence of the protein, were used together with flanking vector sequence primers to amplify a fragment from a third stage larval cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction. The fragment was used as a probe to isolate a longer clone from the larval cDNA library. The full-length ASP cDNA was found to encode a 424-amino acid protein with homology to the antigen 5/antigen 3 family of proteins from hymenopteran venoms and a family of cysteine-rich secretory proteins. ASP was expressed in bacterial cells, and a polyclonal antiserum against purified recombinant ASP was produced. The antiserum, which was demonstrated to be specific for ASP, was used as a probe to measure the kinetics of ASP release by hookworm larvae. ASP is released within 30 min of stimulation, with the majority released by 4 h. Low levels of ASP were released continuously following activation, but only if the stimuli were present in the incubation medium. The compound 4,7-phenanthroline, previously shown to inhibit larval activation, also inhibited release of ASP. The specific, rapid release of ASP by activated infective larvae suggests that this molecule occupies a critical and central role in the transition from the external environment to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hawdon
- Medical Helminthology Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA
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49
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Ho CL, Lin YL, Chen WC, Yu HM, Wang KT, Hwang LL, Chen CT. Immunogenicity of mastoparan B, a cationic tetradecapeptide isolated from the hornet (Vespa basalis) venom, and its structural requirements. Toxicon 1995; 33:1443-51. [PMID: 8744984 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mastoparan B (MP-B) is a cationic tetradecapeptide (LKLKSIVSWAKKVL-CONH2, mol. wt 1611) isolated from the black-bellied hornet (Vespa basalis) venom. The small peptide itself was capable of inducing antibodies without prior conjugation to a protein carrier in rabbits and mice. The mouse antibody was found to be of IgG1 isotype with kappa-type light chain. The peptide antigen was able to form insoluble complexes with the specific antibody, suggesting that MP-B possessed more than one epitope in its molecule. The finding that MP-B was able to bind with both mouse and rabbit antibodies in sandwich ELISA supports this contention. Synthetic MP-B analogues in which lysine at position 2, 4, 11 or 12 was replaced by neutral amino acids such as asparagine or leucine showed a significant decrease in their antibody-binding activities. Substitution of lysine at position 4 (Lys4) caused the most marked inhibition in its binding activity. However, replacing tryptophan at position 9 by tyrosine caused a relatively small reduction in its binding activity. Replacing both Lys2,4 by asparagine or removing Lys-containing segments at amino or carboxyl terminus in MP-B sequence caused a remarkable decrease in the antibody-binding and immunogenic activities of the peptide. The Lys residues located at amino and carboxyl terminal segments of MP-B, especially Lys4, appear to play a critical role in the binding interaction and the immunogenicity of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Cascone O, Amaral V, Ferrara P, Vita N, Guillemot JC, Díaz LE. Purification and characterization of two forms of antigen 5 from polybia scutellaris venom. Toxicon 1995; 33:659-65. [PMID: 7660370 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two polypeptides from the venom of Polybia scutellaris were purified to homogeneity by RP-HPLC. They differ very slightly in mol. wt (both are about 23,000) and hydrophobicity, and have isoelectric points greater than 9. Amino acid analyzes show close similarity between them and with antigen 5 of vespids from different species. The two polypeptides have an identical N-terminal sequence (18 amino acids) which shows a high degree of homology with those of other vespids. Owing to the fact that the venom of this species is non-allergenic, the data for the mol. wt, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence allow us to identify the isolated polypeptides as two forms of antigen 5. Amino acids at positions 5 and 11 in P. scutellaris antigen 5 differ from those of the previously known sequences for antigen 5, suggesting that one or other might be responsible for the lack of allergenicity of the P. scutellaris venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cascone
- Cátedras de Microbiologiá Industrial y Biotechnologiá Química Analítica Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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