1
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00273. [PMID: 38530359 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent.Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI.
Background
The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown.
Methods
To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein.
Results
Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N-terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI.
Conclusions
PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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2
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Li Y, Wu Y, Yang Z, Shi R, Zhang L, Feng Z, Wei G, Chou M. The Rpf107 gene, a homolog of LOR, is required for the symbiotic nodulation of Robinia pseudoacacia. Planta 2023; 259:6. [PMID: 38001306 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Rpf107 is involved in the infection process of rhizobia and the maintenance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in black locust root nodules. The LURP-one related (LOR) protein family plays a pivotal role in mediating plant defense responses against both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, our understanding of its function in the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia remains limited. Here, Rpf107, a homolog of LOR, was identified in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust). The subcellular localization of Rpf107 was analyzed, and its function was investigated using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression techniques. The subcellular localization assay revealed that Rpf107 was mainly distributed in the plasma membrane and nucleus. Rpf107 silencing prevented rhizobial infection and hampered plant growth. The number of infected cells in the nitrogen fixation zone of the Rpf107-RNAi nodules was also noticeably lower than that in the control nodules. Notably, Rpf107 silencing resulted in bacteroid degradation and the premature aging of nodules. In contrast, the overexpression of Rpf107 delayed the senescence of nodules and prolonged the nitrogen-fixing ability of nodules. These results demonstrate that Rpf107 was involved in the infection of rhizobia and the maintenance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in black locust root nodules. The findings reveal that a member of the LOR protein family plays a role in leguminous root nodule symbiosis, which is helpful to clarify the functions of plant LOR protein family and fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Xiangyang Public Inspection and Testing Center, No.69, Taiziwan Road, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxia Chou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Barth LAG, Nebe M, Kalwa H, Velluva A, Kehr S, Kolbig F, Prabutzki P, Kiess W, Le Duc D, Garten A, Kirstein AS. Phospholipid Scramblase 4 (PLSCR4) Regulates Adipocyte Differentiation via PIP3-Mediated AKT Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179787. [PMID: 36077184 PMCID: PMC9456373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 4 (PLSCR4) is a member of a conserved enzyme family with high relevance for the remodeling of phospholipid distribution in the plasma membrane and the regulation of cellular signaling. While PLSCR1 and -3 are involved in the regulation of adipose-tissue expansion, the role of PLSCR4 is so far unknown. PLSCR4 is significantly downregulated in an adipose-progenitor-cell model of deficiency for phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). PTEN acts as a tumor suppressor and antagonist of the growth and survival signaling phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascade by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). Patients with PTEN germline deletion frequently develop lipomas. The underlying mechanism for this aberrant adipose-tissue growth is incompletely understood. PLSCR4 is most highly expressed in human adipose tissue, compared with other phospholipid scramblases, suggesting a specific role of PLSCR4 in adipose-tissue biology. In cell and mouse models of lipid accumulation, we found PLSCR4 to be downregulated. We observed increased adipogenesis in PLSCR4-knockdown adipose progenitor cells, while PLSCR4 overexpression attenuated lipid accumulation. PLSCR4 knockdown was associated with increased PIP3 levels and the activation of AKT. Our results indicated that PLSCR4 is a regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling and adipogenesis and may play a role in PTEN-associated adipose-tissue overgrowth and lipoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. G. Barth
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michèle Nebe
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akhil Velluva
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kehr
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florentien Kolbig
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna S. Kirstein
- University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-972-6504
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4
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Dal Col J, Lamberti MJ, Nigro A, Casolaro V, Fratta E, Steffan A, Montico B. Phospholipid scramblase 1: a protein with multiple functions via multiple molecular interactors. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:78. [PMID: 35650588 PMCID: PMC9158361 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is the most studied protein of the scramblase family. Originally, it was identified as a membrane protein involved in maintaining plasma membrane asymmetry. However, studies conducted over the past few years have shown the involvement of PLSCR1 in several other cellular pathways. Indeed, PLSCR1 is not only embedded in the plasma membrane but is also expressed in several intracellular compartments where it interacts with a diverse repertoire of effectors, mediators, and regulators contributing to distinct cellular processes. Although most PLSCR1 interactors are thought to be cell-type specific, PLSCR1 often exerts its regulatory functions through shared mechanisms, including the trafficking of different molecules within intracellular vesicles such as endosomes, liposomes, and phagosomes. Intriguingly, besides endogenous proteins, PLSCR1 was also reported to interact with exogenous viral proteins, thereby regulating viral uptake and spread. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the multiple roles of PLSCR1 in distinct cellular pathways. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dal Col
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Marìa Julia Lamberti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,INBIAS, CONICET-UNRC, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Annunziata Nigro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Montico
- Division of Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.
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5
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Koyiloth M, Gummadi SN. Interaction of human phospholipid scramblase 1 with cholesterol via CRAC motif is essential for functional regulation and subcellular localization. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:850-7. [PMID: 35439477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) possesses a putative cholesterol binding CRAC (cholesterol interaction/recognition amino acid consensus) motif at the C-terminal. The CRAC motif of hPLSCR1 interacts with cholesterol with an energy of interaction -64.39 KJ mol-1. Since palmitoylated hPLSCR1 localizes to the cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, the interaction between hPLSCR1 and raft cholesterol is highly likely. The present study investigated the hPLSCR1-cholesterol interaction in plasma membrane via putative CRAC motif. hPLSCR1 remains at cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as long as they interact. This interaction is inhibited by mutations in the CRAC motif or cholesterol depletion. Thus, CRAC mutants I300D hPLSCR1 and ΔCRAC hPLSCR1 diffused to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Cholesterol depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) dose-dependently reduced cell viability in A549 cells. However, cholesterol depletion released 1.74 ± 0.12 times Ca2+ to the cytosol in A549 cells. Similarly, cholesterol depletion increased intracellular Ca2+ release by 1.81 ± 0.13 and 4.11 ± 0.19 times in RAJI cells expressing hPLSCR1 and ΔCRAC hPLSCR1, respectively. Moreover, the expression of hPLSCR1 and ΔCRAC hPLSCR1 increased apoptosis in RAJI cells by 21 ± 1.5% and 53.50 ± 4.40%, respectively. It was further increased to 43 ± 2.5% and 71.4 ± 1.4% upon cholesterol depletion. The current work links hPLSCR1 expression with cholesterol depletion, intracellular Ca2+ release, and induction of apoptosis.
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6
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Liao WC, Lin TJ, Liu YC, Wei YS, Chen GY, Feng HP, Chang YF, Chang HT, Wang CL, Chi HC, Wang CI, Lin KH, Ou Yang WT, Yu CJ. Nuclear accumulation of KPNA2 impacts radioresistance through positive regulation of the PLSCR1-STAT1 loop in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:205-220. [PMID: 34773335 PMCID: PMC8748229 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is the predominant histological type of lung cancer, and radiotherapy is one of the current therapeutic strategies for lung cancer treatment. Unfortunately, biological complexity and cancer heterogeneity contribute to radioresistance development. Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) is a member of the importin α family that mediates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of cargo proteins. KPNA2 overexpression is observed across cancer tissues of diverse origins. However, the role of KPNA2 in lung cancer radioresistance is unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that high expression of KPNA2 is positively correlated with radioresistance and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in lung ADC cells. Radioresistant cells exhibited nuclear accumulation of KPNA2 and its cargos (OCT4 and c‐MYC). Additionally, KPNA2 knockdown regulated CSC‐related gene expression in radioresistant cells. Next‐generation sequencing and bioinformatic analysis revealed that STAT1 activation and nuclear phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) are involved in KPNA2‐mediated radioresistance. Endogenous PLSCR1 interacting with KPNA2 and PLSCR1 knockdown suppressed the radioresistance induced by KPNA2 expression. Both STAT1 and PLSCR1 were found to be positively correlated with dysregulated KPNA2 in radioresistant cells and ADC tissues. We further demonstrated a potential positive feedback loop between PLSCR1 and STAT1 in radioresistant cells, and this PLSCR1‐STAT1 loop modulates CSC characteristics. In addition, AKT1 knockdown attenuated the nuclear accumulation of KPNA2 in radioresistant lung cancer cells. Our results collectively support a mechanistic understanding of a novel role for KPNA2 in promoting radioresistance in lung ADC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Liao
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ying Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Pu Feng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tzu Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Liang Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsinag-Cheng Chi
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Ou Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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7
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Haase S, Condron M, Miller D, Cherkaoui D, Jordan S, Gulbis JM, Baum J. Identification and characterisation of a phospholipid scramblase in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 243:111374. [PMID: 33974939 PMCID: PMC8202325 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the emerging role of lipids as important messengers in malaria parasite biology. In an attempt to identify interacting proteins and regulators of these dynamic and versatile molecules, we hypothesised the involvement of phospholipid translocases and their substrates in the infection of the host erythrocyte by the malaria parasite Plasmodium spp. Here, using a data base searching approach of the Plasmodium Genomics Resources (www.plasmodb.org), we have identified a putative phospholipid (PL) scramblase in P. falciparum (PfPLSCR) that is conserved across the genus and in closely related unicellular algae. By reconstituting recombinant PfPLSCR into liposomes, we demonstrate metal ion dependent PL translocase activity and substrate preference, confirming PfPLSCR as a bona fide scramblase. We show that PfPLSCR is expressed during asexual and sexual parasite development, localising to different membranous compartments of the parasite throughout the intra-erythrocytic life cycle. Two different gene knockout approaches, however, suggest that PfPLSCR is not essential for erythrocyte invasion and asexual parasite development, pointing towards a possible role in other stages of the parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Haase
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK.
| | - Melanie Condron
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Miller
- Division of Structural Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dounia Cherkaoui
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Sarah Jordan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Gulbis
- Division of Structural Biology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK.
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8
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Guo J, Li J, Xia L, Wang Y, Zhu J, Du J, Lu Y, Liu G, Yao X, Shen B. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 5-Scramblase Signaling Complex Mediates Neuronal Phosphatidylserine Externalization and Apoptosis. Cells 2020; 9:E547. [PMID: 32110987 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), a lipid-binding and Ca2+-sensitive protein located on plasma membranes, is critically involved in phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, an important process in cell apoptosis. Transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5), is a nonselective Ca2+ channel in neurons that interacts with many downstream molecules, participating in diverse physiological functions including temperature or mechanical sensation. The interaction between TRPC5 and PLSCR1 has never been reported. Here, we showed that PLSCR1 interacts with TRPC5 through their C-termini in HEK293 cells and mouse cortical neurons. Formation of TRPC5-PLSCR1 complex stimulates PS externalization and promotes cell apoptosis in HEK293 cells and mouse cerebral neurons. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that PS externalization in cortical neurons induced by artificial cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was reduced in TRPC5 knockout mice compared to wild-type mice, and that the percentage of apoptotic neurons was also lower in TRPC5 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. Collectively, the present study suggested that TRPC5-PLSCR1 is a signaling complex mediating PS externalization and apoptosis in neurons and that TRPC5 plays a pathological role in cerebral-ischemia reperfusion injury.
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9
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Frączyk T, Bonna A, Stefaniak E, Wezynfeld NE, Bal W. Peptide Bond Cleavage by Ni(II) Ions within the Nuclear Localization Signal Sequence. Chem Biodivers 2019; 17:e1900652. [PMID: 31869504 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nickel is harmful to humans, being both carcinogenic and allergenic. However, the mechanisms of this toxicity are still unresolved. We propose that Ni(II) ions disintegrate proteins by hydrolysis of peptide bonds preceding the Ser/Thr-Xaa-His sequences. Such sequences occur in nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of human phospholipid scramblase 1, Sam68-like mammalian protein 2, and CLK3 kinase. We performed spectroscopic experiments showing that model nonapeptides derived from these NLSs bind Ni(II) at physiological pH. We also proved that these sequences are prone to Ni(II) hydrolysis. Thus, the aforementioned NLSs may be targets for nickel toxicity. This implies that Ni(II) ions disrupt the transport of some proteins from cytoplasm to cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Frączyk
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewelina Stefaniak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nina E Wezynfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Hagemann PM, Nsiah-Dosu S, Hundt JE, Hartmann K, Orinska Z. Modulation of Mast Cell Reactivity by Lipids: The Neglected Side of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1174. [PMID: 31191542 PMCID: PMC6549522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have long been mainly regarded as effector cells in IgE-associated allergic disorders with potential immunoregulatory roles. Located close to the allergen entry sites in the skin and mucosa, MCs can capture foreign substances such as allergens, toxins, or noxious substances and are exposed to the danger signals produced by epithelial cells. MC reactivity shaped by tissue-specific factors is crucial for allergic responses ranging from local skin reactions to anaphylactic shock. Development of Th2 response leading to allergen-specific IgE production is a prerequisite for MC sensitization and induction of FcεRI-mediated MC degranulation. Up to now, IgE production has been mainly associated with proteins, whereas lipids present in plant pollen grains, mite fecal particles, insect venoms, or food have been largely overlooked regarding their immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies, however, have now demonstrated that lipids affect the sensitization process by modulating innate immune responses of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and NK-T cells and thus crucially contribute to the outcome of sensitization. Whether and how lipids affect also MC effector functions in allergic reactions has not yet been fully clarified. Here, we discuss how lipids can affect MC responses in the context of allergic inflammation. Direct effects of immunomodulatory lipids on MC degranulation, changes in local lipid composition induced by allergens themselves and changes in lipid transport affecting MC reactivity are possible mechanisms by which the function of MC might be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Hagemann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zane Orinska
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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11
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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12
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Venken T, Schillinger A, Fuglebakk E, Reuter N. Interactions stabilizing the C-terminal helix of human phospholipid scramblase 1 in lipid bilayers: A computational study. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2017; 1859:1200-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Han Y, Li A, Gao L, Wu W, Deng H, Hu W, Li N, Sun S, Zhang X, Zhao B, Liu B, Pang Q. Identification and characterization of a phospholipid scramblase encoded by planarian Dugesia japonica. Gene 2017; 602:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Tufail Y, Cook D, Fourgeaud L, Powers CJ, Merten K, Clark CL, Hoffman E, Ngo A, Sekiguchi KJ, O'Shea CC, Lemke G, Nimmerjahn A. Phosphatidylserine Exposure Controls Viral Innate Immune Responses by Microglia. Neuron 2017; 93:574-586.e8. [PMID: 28111081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the intrinsic immune sentinels of the central nervous system. Their activation restricts tissue injury and pathogen spread, but in some settings, including viral infection, this response can contribute to cell death and disease. Identifying mechanisms that control microglial responses is therefore an important objective. Using replication-incompetent adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-based vectors as a model, we investigated the mechanisms through which microglia recognize and respond to viral uptake. Transgenic, immunohistochemical, molecular-genetic, and fluorescence imaging approaches revealed that phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure on the outer leaflet of transduced cells triggers their engulfment by microglia through TAM receptor-dependent mechanisms. We show that inhibition of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) activity reduces intracellular calcium dysregulation, prevents PtdSer externalization, and enables months-long protection of vector-transduced, transgene-expressing cells from microglial phagocytosis. Our study identifies PLSCR1 as a potent target through which the innate immune response to viral vectors, and potentially other stimuli, may be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Tufail
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Cook
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence Fourgeaud
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin J Powers
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katharina Merten
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles L Clark
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hoffman
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Ngo
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kohei J Sekiguchi
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clodagh C O'Shea
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Sivagnanam U, Narayana Murthy S, Gummadi SN. Identification and characterization of the novel nuclease activity of human phospholipid scramblase 1. BMC Biochem 2016; 17:10. [PMID: 27206388 PMCID: PMC4875679 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) was initially identified as a Ca2+ dependent phospholipid translocator involved in disrupting membrane asymmetry. Recent reports revealed that hPLSCR1 acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule rather than functioning as scramblase. hPLSCR1 is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells and is known to interact with a number of protein molecules implying diverse functions. Results In this study, the nuclease activity of recombinant hPLSCR1 and its biochemical properties have been determined. Point mutations were generated to identify the critical region responsible for the nuclease activity. Recombinant hPLSCR1 exhibits Mg2+ dependent nuclease activity with an optimum pH and temperature of 8.5 and 37 °C respectively. Experiments with amino acid modifying reagents revealed that histidine, cysteine and arginine residues were crucial for its function. hPLSCR1 has five histidine residues and point mutations of histidine residues to alanine in hPLSCR1 resulted in 60 % loss in nuclease activity. Thus histidine residues could play a critical role in the nuclease activity of hPLSCR1. Conclusions This is the first report on the novel nuclease activity of the multi-functional hPLSCR1. hPLSCR1 shows a metal dependent nuclease activity which could play a role in key cellular processes that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Shweta Narayana Murthy
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- From the Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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16
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Abstract
The distribution of phospholipid types between the two leaflets of a membrane bilayer is a controlled feature of membrane structure. One of the two membrane catalytic activities governing this distribution randomizes the composition of the two leaflets-the phospholipid scramblases. Two proteins (Xkr8 and TMEM16F) required for the activation of these activities have been identified. One of these proteins (TMEM16F) is quite clearly a scramblase itself and provides insight into the mechanism by which transbilayer phospholipid movement is facilitated.
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17
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Rysavy NM, Shimoda LMN, Dixon AM, Speck M, Stokes AJ, Turner H, Umemoto EY. Beyond apoptosis: the mechanism and function of phosphatidylserine asymmetry in the membrane of activating mast cells. Bioarchitecture 2015; 4:127-37. [PMID: 25759911 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2014.995516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss of plasma membrane asymmetry is a hallmark of apoptosis, but lipid bilayer asymmetry and loss of asymmetry can contribute to numerous cellular functions and responses that are independent of programmed cell death. Exofacial exposure of phosphatidylserine occurs in lymphocytes and mast cells after antigenic stimulation and in the absence of apoptosis, suggesting that there is a functional requirement for phosphatidylserine exposure in immunocytes. In this review we examine current ideas as to the nature of this functional role in mast cell activation. Mechanistically, there is controversy as to the candidate proteins responsible for phosphatidylserine translocation from the internal to external leaflet, and here we review the candidacies of mast cell PLSCR1 and TMEM16F. Finally we examine the potential relationship between functionally important mast cell membrane perturbations and phosphatidylserine exposure during activation.
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Key Words
- ABCA, ABC binding cassette family A
- CRAC, calcium release activated channel
- GPMV, giant plasma membrane vesicle
- ITIM, immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motif
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PLSCR, phospholipid scramblase
- PMA, phorbol 12,13-myristate acetate
- RBL, rat basophilic leukemia
- RFU, relative fluorescence units
- ROI, region of interest
- TMEM, transmembrane protein
- TMEM16F
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- mast cells
- membrane lipids
- phosphatidylserine
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel M Rysavy
- a Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction ; Department of Biology; Chaminade University ; Honolulu , Hawai'i USA
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18
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Posada IMD, Fantini J, Contreras FX, Barrantes F, Alonso A, Goñi FM. A cholesterol recognition motif in human phospholipid scramblase 1. Biophys J 2015; 107:1383-92. [PMID: 25229146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) catalyzes phospholipid transmembrane (flip-flop) motion. This protein is assumed to bind the membrane hydrophobic core through a transmembrane domain (TMD) as well as via covalently bound palmitoyl residues. Here, we explore the possible interaction of the SCR TMD with cholesterol by using a variety of experimental and computational biophysical approaches. Our findings indicate that SCR contains an amino acid segment at the C-terminal region that shows a remarkable affinity for cholesterol, although it lacks the CRAC sequence. Other 3-OH sterols, but not steroids lacking the 3-OH group, also bind this region of the protein. The newly identified cholesterol-binding region is located partly at the C-terminal portion of the TMD and partly in the first amino acid residues in the SCR C-terminal extracellular coil. This finding could be related to the previously described affinity of SCR for cholesterol-rich domains in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar M D Posada
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jacques Fantini
- Interactions Moléculaires et Systèmes Membranaires, EA-4674, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Xabier Contreras
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) UCA-CONICET, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Bilbao, Spain.
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19
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Kodigepalli KM, Bowers K, Sharp A, Nanjundan M. Roles and regulation of phospholipid scramblases. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:3-14. [PMID: 25479087 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase activity is involved in the collapse of phospholipid (PL) asymmetry at the plasma membrane leading to externalization of phosphatidylserine. This activity is crucial for initiation of the blood coagulation cascade and for recognition/elimination of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Efforts to identify gene products associated with this activity led to the characterization of PL scramblase (PLSCR) and XKR family members which contribute to phosphatidylserine exposure in response to apoptotic stimuli. Meanwhile, TMEM16 family members were identified to externalize phosphatidylserine in response to elevated calcium in Scott syndrome platelets, which is critical for activation of the coagulation cascade. Herein, we report their mechanisms of gene regulation, molecular functions independent of their scrambling activity, and their potential roles in pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik M Kodigepalli
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Kiah Bowers
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Arielle Sharp
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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20
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Yuan Y, Tian C, Gong Q, Shang L, Zhang Y, Jin C, He F, Wang J. Interactome map reveals phospholipid scramblase 1 as a novel regulator of hepatitis B virus x protein. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:154-63. [PMID: 25365352 DOI: 10.1021/pr500943x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HBV X protein plays crucial roles during viral infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development through interaction with various host factors. Here, we mapped the interactome of HBx using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Nine human proteins were identified as novel interacting partners of HBx, one of which is phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1). PLSCR1 is an interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. However, the molecular mechanisms of PLSCR1 activity against HBV remain unclear. Here, we reported that PLSCR1 promotes HBx degradation by a proteasome- and ubiquitin-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we found that PLSCR1 inhibits HBx-mediated cell proliferation. After HBV infection, the protein level of PLSCR1 in plasma is elevated, and chronic hepatitis B patients with low plasma levels of PLSCR1 have a high risk of developing HCC. These results suggest that the nuclear trafficking of PLSCR1 mediates the antiviral activity and anticarcinogenesis against HBV by regulating HBx stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 102206, China
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21
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Kassas A, Moura IC, Yamashita Y, Scheffel J, Guérin-Marchand C, Blank U, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Monteiro RC, Rivera J, Charles N, Benhamou M. Regulation of the tyrosine phosphorylation of Phospholipid Scramblase 1 in mast cells that are stimulated through the high-affinity IgE receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109800. [PMID: 25289695 PMCID: PMC4188579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Engagement of high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptors (FcεRI) activates two signaling pathways in mast cells. The Lyn pathway leads to recruitment of Syk and to calcium mobilization whereas the Fyn pathway leads to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase recruitment. Mapping the connections between both pathways remains an important task to be completed. We previously reported that Phospholipid Scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is phosphorylated on tyrosine after cross-linking FcεRI on RBL-2H3 rat mast cells, amplifies mast cell degranulation, and is associated with both Lyn and Syk tyrosine kinases. Here, analysis of the pathway leading to PLSCR1 tyrosine phosphorylation reveals that it depends on the FcRγ chain. FcεRI aggregation in Fyn-deficient mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) induced a more robust increase in FcεRI-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLSCR1 compared to wild-type cells, whereas PLSCR1 phosphorylation was abolished in Lyn-deficient BMMC. Lyn association with PLSCR1 was not altered in Fyn-deficient BMMC. PLSCR1 phosphorylation was also dependent on the kinase Syk and significantly, but partially, dependent on detectable calcium mobilization. Thus, the Lyn/Syk/calcium axis promotes PLSCR1 phosphorylation in multiple ways. Conversely, the Fyn-dependent pathway negatively regulates it. This study reveals a complex regulation for PLSCR1 tyrosine phosphorylation in FcεRI-activated mast cells and that PLSCR1 sits at a crossroads between Lyn and Fyn pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kassas
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Ivan C. Moura
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Yumi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jorg Scheffel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudine Guérin-Marchand
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Peter J. Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Therese Wiedmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Renato C. Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Juan Rivera
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMSD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NC); (MB)
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NC); (MB)
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22
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Slone EA, Fleming SD. Membrane lipid interactions in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced Injury. Clin Immunol 2014; 153:228-40. [PMID: 24814240 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia, lack of blood flow, and reperfusion, return of blood flow, are a common phenomenon affecting millions of Americans each year. Roughly 30,000 Americans per year experience intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR), which is associated with a high mortality rate. Previous studies of the intestine established a role for neutrophils, eicosanoids, the complement system and naturally occurring antibodies in IR-induced pathology. Furthermore, data indicate involvement of a lipid or lipid-like moiety in mediating IR-induced damage. It has been proposed that antibodies recognize exposure of neo-antigens, triggering action of the complement cascade. While it is evident that the pathophysiology of IR-induced injury is complex and multi-factorial, we focus this review on the involvement of eicosanoids, phospholipids and neo-antigens in the early pathogenesis. Lipid changes occurring in response to IR, neo-antigens exposed and the role of a phospholipid transporter, phospholipid scramblase 1 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Archer Slone
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Posada IM, Sánchez-Magraner L, Hervás JH, Alonso A, Monaco HL, Goñi FM. Membrane binding of human phospholipid scramblase 1 cytoplasmic domain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1838:1785-92. [PMID: 24680654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) consists of a large cytoplasmic domain and a small presumed transmembrane domain near the C-terminal end of the protein. Previous studies with the SCRΔ mutant lacking the C-terminal portion (last 28 aa) revealed the importance of this C-terminal moiety for protein function and calcium-binding affinity. The present contribution is intended to elucidate the effect of the transmembrane domain suppression on SCRΔ binding to model membranes (lipid monolayers and bilayers) and on SCRΔ reconstitution in proteoliposomes. In all cases the protein cytoplasmic domain showed a great affinity for lipid membranes, and behaved in most aspects as an intrinsic membrane protein. Assays have been performed in the presence of phosphatidylserine, presumably important for the SCR cytoplasmic domain to be electrostatically anchored to the plasma membrane inner surface. The fusion protein maltose binding protein-SCR has also been studied as an intermediate case of a molecule that can insert into the bilayer hydrophobic core, yet it is stable in detergent-free buffers. Although the intracellular location of SCR has been the object of debate, the present data support the view of SCR as an integral membrane protein, in which not only the transmembrane domain but also the cytoplasmic moiety play a role in membrane docking of the protein.
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Sánchez-Magraner L, Posada IM, Andraka N, Contreras FX, Viguera AR, Guérin DM, Arrondo JL, Monaco HL, Goñi FM. The C-terminal transmembrane domain of human phospholipid scramblase 1 is essential for the protein flip-flop activity and Ca²⁺-binding. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:155-65. [PMID: 24343571 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) is a 318 amino acid protein that was originally described as catalyzing phospholipid transbilayer (flip-flop) motion in plasma membranes in a Ca²⁺-dependent, ATP-independent way. Further studies have suggested an intranuclear role for this protein in addition. A putative transmembrane domain located at the C terminus (aa 291-309) has been related to the flip-flop catalysis. In order to clarify the role of the C-terminal region of SCR, a mutant was produced (SCRΔ) in which the last 28 amino acid residues were lacking, including the α-helix. SCRΔ had lost the scramblase activity and its affinity for Ca²⁺ was decreased by one order of magnitude. Fluorescence and IR spectroscopic studies revealed that the C-terminal region of SCR was essential for the proper folding of the protein. Moreover, it was found that Ca²⁺ exerted an overall destabilizing effect on SCR, which might facilitate its binding to membranes.
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Posada IM, Busto JV, Goñi FM, Alonso A. Membrane binding and insertion of the predicted transmembrane domain of human scramblase 1. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1838:388-97. [PMID: 24099740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (SCR) was originally described as an intrinsic membrane protein catalyzing transbilayer phospholipid transfer in the absence of ATP. More recently, a role as a nuclear transcription factor has been proposed for SCR, either in addition or alternatively to its capacity to facilitate phospholipid flip-flop. Uncertainties exist as well from the structural point of view. A predicted α-helix (aa residues 288-306) located near the C-terminus has been alternatively proposed as a transmembrane domain, or as a protein core structural element. This paper explores the possibilities of the above helical segment as a transmembrane domain. To this aim two peptides were synthesized, one corresponding to the 19 α-helical residues, and one containing both the helix and the subsequent 12-residues constituting the C-end of the protein. The interaction of these peptides with lipid monolayers and bilayers was tested with Langmuir balance surface pressure measurements, proteoliposome reconstitution and analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, tests of bilayer permeability, and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Bilayers of 28 different lipid compositions were examined in which lipid electric charge, bilayer fluidity and lateral heterogeneity (domain formation) were varied. All the results concur in supporting the idea that the 288-306 peptide of SCR becomes membrane inserted in the presence of lipid bilayers. Thus, the data are in agreement with the possibility of SCR as an integral membrane protein, without rejecting alternative cell locations.
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Key Words
- 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol
- 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indodicarbocyanine
- 8-aminonaphtalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid sodium salt
- ANTS
- DID
- DPX
- GUVs
- HFIP
- LUVs
- Lipid phases
- MLVs
- PC
- PE
- PG
- PI
- PLSCR1
- PS
- SCR
- SCR 288–306 peptide
- SCR 288–318 peptide
- Scramblase
- TM
- TM19
- TM31C
- Transbilayer
- Transmembrane helix
- giant unilamellar vesicles
- human phospholipid scramblase 1, or hPLSCR1
- large unilamellar vesicles
- multilamellar vesicles
- p-xylene-bis(pyridinium) bromide
- pSM
- palmitoyl sphingomyelin
- phosphatidylcholine
- phosphatidylethanolamine
- phosphatidylglycerol
- phosphatidylinositol
- phosphatidylserine
- transmembrane
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Chen Y, Hui H, Yang H, Zhao K, Qin Y, Gu C, Wang X, Lu N, Guo Q. Wogonoside induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation by affecting expression and subcellular localization of PLSCR1 in AML cells. Blood 2013; 121:3682-91. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-466219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Wogonoside induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation. Wogonoside acts by changing PLSCR1 expression and subcellular localization in the nucleus and by PLSCR1-related molecular events.
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Kusano S, Eizuru Y. Human phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with and regulates transactivation of HTLV-1 Tax. Virology 2012; 432:343-52. [PMID: 22789739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) 1 expression is strongly activated in response to interferon (IFN) treatment and viral infection, and PLSCR1 is necessary for the IFN-dependent induction of gene expression and antiviral activity. We show here that PLSCR1 directly interacts with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Tax in vitro and in vivo. This interaction reduced the cytoplasmic distribution of Tax. PLSCR1 efficiently repressed the Tax-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat and the NF-κB binding site reporter constructs in an interaction-dependent manner in COS-1 and Tax-producing HTLV-1-infected T cell lines. Furthermore, we show that PLSCR1 repressed the homodimerization of Tax in vitro. These data reveal for the first time that PLSCR1 specifically interacts with HTLV-1 Tax and negatively regulates its transactivation activity by altering the subcellular distribution and the homodimerization of Tax. PLSCR1 may play an important role in the IFN-mediated repression of Tax-dependent transactivation during HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kusano
- Division of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Kirov A, Al-Hashimi H, Solomon P, Mazur C, Thorpe PE, Sims PJ, Tarantini F, Kumar TKS, Prudovsky I. Phosphatidylserine externalization and membrane blebbing are involved in the nonclassical export of FGF1. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:956-66. [PMID: 22034063 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of nonclassical export of signal peptide-less proteins remain insufficiently understood. Here, we demonstrate that stress-induced unconventional export of FGF1, a potent and ubiquitously expressed mitogenic and proangiogenic protein, is associated with and dependent on the formation of membrane blebs and localized cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). In addition, we found that the differentiation of promonocytic cells results in massive FGF1 release, which also correlates with membrane blebbing and exposure of PS. These findings indicate that the externalization of acidic phospholipids could be used as a pharmacological target to regulate the availability of FGF1 in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kirov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine Medical Center, ME 04074, USA
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Qin Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Hui H, Sun Y, Yang H, Lu N, Guo Q. III-10, a newly synthesized flavonoid, induced differentiation of human U937 leukemia cells via PKCδ activation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:648-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang J, Zhu X, Liu J, Ding X, Han M, Hu W, Wang X, Zhou Z, Wang S. Inhibition of Hepatitis B virus replication by phospholipid scramblase 1 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:9-17. [PMID: 22342889 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is an α/β interferon-inducible protein that mediates antiviral activity against RNA viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of PLSCR1 protein against HBV (Hepatitis B virus). Firstly, PLSCR1 mRNA and protein expression was found to be downregulated in HepG2 cells after HBV infection. Then by performing co-transient-transfection experiments in cells and hydrodynamics-based transfection experiments in mice using a HBV expression plasmid and a PLSCR1 expression plasmid, we found that PLSCR1 inhibited HBV replication in vitro and in vivo through a significant reduction in the synthesis of viral proteins, DNA replicative intermediates and HBV RNAs. We also demonstrated that the antiviral action of PLSCR1 against HBV occurs, partly at least, by activating the Jak/Stat pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that the expression of PLSCR1 is involved in HBV replication and that PLSCR1 has antiviral activity against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, PR China
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31
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Lott K, Bhardwaj A, Sims PJ, Cingolani G. A minimal nuclear localization signal (NLS) in human phospholipid scramblase 4 that binds only the minor NLS-binding site of importin alpha1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28160-9. [PMID: 21690087 PMCID: PMC3151061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Importin α1 can bind classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in two NLS-binding sites, known as "major" and "minor." The major site is located between ARM repeats 2-4, whereas the minor site spans ARM 7-8. In this study, we have characterized the cellular localization of human phospholipid scramblase 4 (hPLSCR4), a member of the phospholipid scramblase protein family. We identified a minimal NLS in hPLSCR4 ((273)GSIIRKWN(280)) that contains only two basic amino acids. This NLS is both necessary for nuclear localization of hPLSCR4 in transfected HeLa cells and sufficient for nuclear import of a non-diffusible cargo in permeabilized cells. Mutation of only one of the two basic residues, Arg(277), correlates with loss of nuclear localization, suggesting this amino acid plays a key role in nuclear transport. Crystallographic analysis of mammalian importin α1 in complex with the hPLSCR4-NLS reveals this minimal NLS binds specifically and exclusively to the minor binding site of importin α. These data provide the first structural and functional evidence of a novel NLS-binding mode in importin α1 that uses only the minor groove as the exclusive site for nuclear import of nonclassical cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylen Lott
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Peter J. Sims
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642-8626
| | - Gino Cingolani
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Chen CW, Sowden M, Zhao Q, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Nuclear phospholipid scramblase 1 prolongs the mitotic expansion of granulocyte precursors during G-CSF-induced granulopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:221-33. [PMID: 21447647 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PLSCR1-/- mice exhibit normal, steady-state hematologic parameters but impaired emergency granulopoiesis upon in vivo administration of G-CSF. The mechanism by which PLSCR1 contributes to G-CSF-induced neutrophil production is largely unknown. We now report that the expansion of bone marrow myelocytes upon in vivo G-CSF treatment is reduced in PLSCR1-/- mice relative to WT. Using SCF-ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid progenitors to examine the progression of G-CSF-driven granulocytic differentiation in vitro, we found that PLSCR1 prolongs the period of mitotic expansion of proliferative granulocyte precursors, thereby giving rise to increased neutrophil production from their progenitors. This effect of PLSCR1 is blocked by a ΔNLS-PLSCR1, which prevents its nuclear import. By contrast, mutation that prevents the membrane association of PLSCR1 has minimal impact on the role of PLSCR1 in G-CSF-induced granulopoiesis. These data imply that the capacity of PLSCR1 to augment G-CSF-dependent production of mature neutrophils from myeloid progenitors is unrelated to its reported activities at the endofacial surface of the plasma membrane but does require entry of the protein into the nucleus, suggesting that this response is mediated through the observed effects of PLSCR1 on gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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33
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Contreras F, Sánchez-magraner L, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Transbilayer ( flip-flop ) lipid motion and lipid scrambling in membranes. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1779-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
A common feature of all eukaryotic membranes is the non-random distribution of different lipid species in the lipid bilayer (lipid asymmetry). Lipid asymmetry provides the two sides of the plasma membrane with different biophysical properties and influences numerous cellular functions. Alteration of lipid asymmetry plays a prominent role during cell fusion, activation of the coagulation cascade, and recognition and removal of apoptotic cell corpses by macrophages (programmed cell clearance). Here we discuss the origin and maintenance of phospholipid asymmetry, based on recent studies in mammalian systems as well as in Caenhorhabditis elegans and other model organisms, along with emerging evidence for a conserved role of mitochondria in the loss of lipid asymmetry during apoptosis. The functional significance of lipid asymmetry and its disruption during health and disease is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bateman A, Finn RD, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Biegert A, Söding J. Phospholipid scramblases and Tubby-like proteins belong to a new superfamily of membrane tethered transcription factors. Bioinformatics 2008; 25:159-62. [PMID: 19010806 PMCID: PMC2639001 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Phospholipid scramblases (PLSCRs) constitute a family of cytoplasmic membrane-associated proteins that were identified based upon their capacity to mediate a Ca2+-dependent bidirectional movement of phospholipids across membrane bilayers, thereby collapsing the normally asymmetric distribution of such lipids in cell membranes. The exact function and mechanism(s) of these proteins nevertheless remains obscure: data from several laboratories now suggest that in addition to their putative role in mediating transbilayer flip/flop of membrane lipids, the PLSCRs may also function to regulate diverse processes including signaling, apoptosis, cell proliferation and transcription. A major impediment to deducing the molecular details underlying the seemingly disparate biology of these proteins is the current absence of any representative molecular structures to provide guidance to the experimental investigation of their function. Results: Here, we show that the enigmatic PLSCR family of proteins is directly related to another family of cellular proteins with a known structure. The Arabidopsis protein At5g01750 from the DUF567 family was solved by X-ray crystallography and provides the first structural model for this family. This model identifies that the presumed C-terminal transmembrane helix is buried within the core of the PLSCR structure, suggesting that palmitoylation may represent the principal membrane anchorage for these proteins. The fold of the PLSCR family is also shared by Tubby-like proteins. A search of the PDB with the HHpred server suggests a common evolutionary ancestry. Common functional features also suggest that tubby and PLSCR share a functional origin as membrane tethered transcription factors with capacity to modulate phosphoinositide-based signaling. Contact:agb@sanger.ac.uk
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bateman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
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Amir-Moazami O, Alexia C, Charles N, Launay P, Monteiro RC, Benhamou M. Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Modulates a Selected Set of IgE Receptor-mediated Mast Cell Responses through LAT-dependent Pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25514-25523. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Zhang K, Guo QL, You QD, Yang Y, Zhang HW, Yang L, Gu HY, Qi Q, Tan Z, Wang X. Wogonin induces the granulocytic differentiation of human NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells and up-regulates phospholipid scramblase 1 gene expression. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:689-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
The family of interferon (IFN) proteins has now more than reached the potential envisioned by early discovering virologists: IFNs are not only antivirals with a spectrum of clinical effectiveness against both RNA and DNA viruses, but are also the prototypic biological response modifiers for oncology, and show effectiveness in suppressing manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Studies of IFNs have resulted in fundamental insights into cellular signalling mechanisms, gene transcription and innate and acquired immunity. Further elucidation of the multitude of IFN-induced genes, as well as drug development strategies targeting IFN production via the activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), will almost certainly lead to newer and more efficacious therapeutics. Our goal is to offer a molecular and clinical perspective that will enable IFNs or their TLR agonist inducers to reach their full clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C. Borden
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Gilles Uze
- CNRS UMR 5235, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier, Cedex 5 FR34095 France
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| | - Graham R. Foster
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 4AT UK
| | - George R. Stark
- Taussig Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, and Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerase (topo) II modulates DNA topology and is essential for cell division. There are two isoforms of topo II (α and β) that have limited functional redundancy, although their catalytic mechanisms appear the same. Using their COOH-terminal domains (CTDs) in yeast two-hybrid analysis, we have identified phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) as a binding partner of both topo II α and β. Although predominantly a plasma membrane protein involved in phosphatidylserine externalization, PLSCR1 can also be imported into the nucleus where it may have a tumour suppressor function. The interactions of PLSCR1 and topo II were confirmed by pull-down assays with topo II α and β CTD fusion proteins and endogenous PLSCR1, and by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous PLSCR1 and topo II α and β from HeLa cell nuclear extracts. PLSCR1 also increased the decatenation activity of human topo IIα. A conserved basic sequence in the CTD of topo IIα was identified as being essential for binding to PLSCR1 and binding of the two proteins could be inhibited by a synthetic peptide corresponding to topo IIα amino acids 1430-1441. These studies reveal for the first time a physical and functional interaction between topo II and PLSCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan P.C. Cole
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +1 613 533 2636+1 613 533 6830
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Mutch DM, O'Maille G, Wikoff WR, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ, Siuzdak G. Mobilization of pro-inflammatory lipids in obese Plscr3-deficient mice. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R38. [PMID: 17355638 PMCID: PMC1868938 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-3-r38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of mice deficient in phospholipid scramblase 3 reveals a possible molecular link between obesity and inflammation. Background The obesity epidemic has prompted the search for candidate genes capable of influencing adipose function. One such candidate, that encoding phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), was recently identified, as genetic deletion of it led to lipid accumulation in abdominal fat pads and changes characteristic of metabolic syndrome. Because adipose tissue is increasingly recognized as an endocrine organ, capable of releasing small molecules that modulate disparate physiological processes, we examined the plasma from wild-type, Plscr1-/-, Plscr3-/- and Plscr1&3-/- mice. Using an untargeted comprehensive metabolite profiling approach coupled with targeted gene expression analyses, the perturbed biochemistry and functional redundancy of PLSCR proteins was assessed. Results Nineteen metabolites were differentially and similarly regulated in both Plscr3-/- and Plscr1&3-/- animals, of which five were characterized from accurate mass, tandem mass spectrometry data and their correlation to the Metlin database as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species enriched with C16:1, C18:1, C20:3, C20:5 and C22:5 fatty acids. No significant changes in the plasma metabolome were detected upon elimination of PLSCR1, indicating that increases in pro-inflammatory lipids are specifically associated with the obese state of Plscr3-deficient animals. Correspondingly, increases in white adipose lipogenic gene expression confirm a role for PLSCR3 in adipose lipid metabolism. Conclusion The untargeted profiling of circulating metabolites suggests no detectable functional redundancies between PLSCR proteins; however, this approach simultaneously identified previously unrecognized lipid metabolites that suggest a novel molecular link between obesity, inflammation and the downstream consequences associated with PLSCR3-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mutch
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current address: INSERM U755 Nutriomique, Paris, F-75004 France; Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6 University, Faculty of Medicine, Les Cordeliers, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Grace O'Maille
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and the Center for Mass Spectrometry, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Wikoff
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and the Center for Mass Spectrometry, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Therese Wiedmer
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter J Sims
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Current address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and the Center for Mass Spectrometry, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Sahu SK, Gummadi SN, Manoj N, Aradhyam GK. Phospholipid scramblases: An overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:103-14. [PMID: 17481571 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases are a group of homologous proteins that are conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. They are believed to be involved in destroying plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry at critical cellular events like cell activation, injury and apoptosis. However, a detailed mechanism of phospholipid scrambling still awaits a proper understanding. The most studied member of this family, phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) (a 37kDa protein), is involved in rapid Ca2+ dependent transbilayer redistribution of plasma membrane phospholipids. Recently the function of PLSCR1 as a phospholipids translocator has been challenged and evidences suggest that PLSCR1 acts as signaling molecule. It has been shown to be involved in protein phosphorylation and as a potential activator of genes in response to interferon and other cytokines. Interferon induced rapid biosynthesis of PLSCR1 targets some of the protein into the nucleus, where it binds to the promoter region of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor type 1 (IP3R1) gene and induces its expression. Palmitoylation of PLSCR1 acts as a switch, controlling its localization either to the PM or inside the nucleus. In the present review, we discuss the current understanding of PLSCR1 in relation to its trafficking, localization and signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Lu B, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Moser AH, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Expression of the phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) gene family during the acute phase response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1177-85. [PMID: 17590392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a member of PLSCR gene family that has been implicated in multiple cellular processes including movement of phospholipids, gene regulation, immuno-activation, and cell proliferation/apoptosis. In the present study, we identified PLSCR1 as a positive intracellular acute phase protein that is upregulated by LPS in liver, heart, and adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle. LPS administration resulted in a marked increase in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels in the liver. This stimulation occurred rapidly (within 2 h), and was very sensitive to LPS (half-maximal response at 0.1 microg/mouse). Moreover, two other APR-inducers, zymosan and turpentine, also produced significant increases in PLSCR1 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that PLSCR1 was stimulated in a number of models of the APR. To determine signaling pathways by which LPS stimulated PLSCR1, we examined the effect of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 all stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured Hep B3 hepatocytes, whereas only TNFalpha stimulated PLSCR1 in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting cell type-specific effects of cytokines. Furthermore, the LPS-stimulated increase in liver PLSCR1 mRNA was greatly attenuated by 80% in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, PLSCR1 levels in adipose tissue were induced to a similar extent in TNFalpha and IL-1beta receptor null mice and controls. These results indicate that maximal stimulation of PLSCR1 by LPS in liver required TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta, whereas the stimulation of PLSCR1 in adipose tissue is not dependent on TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta. These data provide evidence that PLSCR1 is a positive intracellular acute phase protein with a tissue-specific mechanism for up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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43
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Li Y, Rogulski K, Zhou Q, Sims PJ, Prochownik EV. The negative c-Myc target onzin affects proliferation and apoptosis via its obligate interaction with phospholipid scramblase 1. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3401-13. [PMID: 16611984 PMCID: PMC1447419 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.9.3401-3413.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Onzin, the product of a negatively c-Myc-regulated target gene, is highly expressed in myeloid cells. As a result of its interaction with and activation of Akt1 and Mdm2, onzin down-regulates p53. The apoptotic sensitivity of several cell lines is thus directly related to onzin levels. We have conducted a search for additional onzin-interacting proteins and identified phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), an endofacial membrane protein, which is proposed to mediate the bidirectional movement of plasma membrane phospholipids during proliferation and apoptosis. PLSCR1 interacts with the same cysteine-rich domain of onzin as do Akt1 and Mdm2, whereas the onzin-interacting domain of PLSCR1 centers around, but does not require, a previously identified palmitoylation signal. Depletion of endogenous PLSCR1 in myeloid cells leads to a phenotype that mimics that of onzin overexpression, providing evidence that PLSCR1 is a physiologic regulator of onzin. In contrast, PLSCR1 overexpression in fibroblasts, which normally do not express onzin, affects neither growth nor apoptosis unless onzin is coexpressed, in which case PLSCR1 completely abrogates onzin's positive effects on proliferation and survival. These findings demonstrate a functional interdependence between onzin and PLSCR1. They further suggest a contiguous link between the earliest events mediated by c-Myc and the latest ones, which culminate at the cell surface and lead to phospholipid reshuffling and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Room 8124, Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Huang Y, Zhao Q, Zhou CX, Gu ZM, Li D, Xu HZ, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ, Zhao KW, Chen GQ. Antileukemic roles of human phospholipid scramblase 1 gene, evidence from inducible PLSCR1-expressing leukemic cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:6618-27. [PMID: 16702944 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a multiply palmitoylated protein which is localized in either the cell membrane or nucleus depending on its palmitoylated state. The increasing evidence showed the biological roles of PLSCR1 in cell signaling, maturation and apoptosis. To investigate the functions of PLSCR1 in leukemic cells, we generated an inducible PLSCR1-expressing cell line using myeloid leukemic U937 cells. In this cell line, PLSCR1 was tightly regulated and induced upon tetracycline withdrawal. Our results showed that inducible PLSCR1 expression arrested the proliferation of U937 cells at G1 phase. Meanwhile, PLSCR1-overexpressing U937 cells also underwent granulocyte-like differentiation with increased sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we also found that PLSCR1 induction increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) proteins, together with downregulation of S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), an F-box subunit of the ubiquitin-ligase complex that targets proteins for degradation. Additionally, PLSCR1 induction significantly decreased c-Myc protein and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Although the exact mechanism by which PLSCR1 regulates these cellular events and gene expression remains unresolved, our results suggest that PLSCR1 plays the antagonistic role regarding leukemia development. These data will shed new insights into understanding the biochemical and biological functions of PLSCR1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM, formerly Shanghai Second Medical University), Shanghai, China
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45
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Damek-Poprawa M, Golub E, Otis L, Harrison G, Phillips C, Boesze-Battaglia K. Chondrocytes utilize a cholesterol-dependent lipid translocator to externalize phosphatidylserine. Biochemistry 2006; 45:3325-36. [PMID: 16519527 PMCID: PMC4732727 DOI: 10.1021/bi0515927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, growth plate chondrocytes release plasma membrane (PM) derived matrix vesicles (MV), which are the site of initial hydroxyapatite crystal formation. MV constituents which facilitate the mineralization process include the integral membrane ectoenzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) and nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (NPP1/PC-1), along with a phosphatidylserine- (PS-) rich membrane surface that binds annexins and calcium, resulting in enhanced calcium entry into MV. In this study, we determined that chick growth plate MV were highly enriched in membrane raft microdomains containing high levels of cholesterol, glycophosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) anchored ALPase, and phosphatidylserine (PS) localized to the external leaflet of the bilayer. To determine how such membrane microdomains arise during chondrocyte maturation, we explored the role of PM cholesterol-dependent lipid assemblies in regulating the activities of lipid translocators involved in the externalization of PS. We first isolated and determined the composition of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) from chondrocyte PM. DRMs isolated from chondrocyte PM were enhanced in ganglioside 1 (GM1) and cholesterol as well as GPI-anchored ALPase. Furthermore, these membrane domains were enriched in PS (localized to the external leaflet of the bilayer) and had significantly higher ALPase activity than non-cholesterol-enriched domains. To understand the role of cholesterol-dependent lipid assemblies in the externalization of PS, we measured the activities of two lipid transporters involved in PS externalization, aminophospholipid translocase (APLT) and phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR1), during maturation of a murine chondrocytic cell line, N1511. In this report, we provide the first evidence that maturing chondrocytes express PLSCR1 and have scramblase activity. We propose that redistribution of PS is dependent on an increase in phospholipid scramblase activity and a decrease in APLT activity. Lastly, we show that translocator activity is most likely to be modulated by membrane cholesterol levels through a membrane raft microdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Damek-Poprawa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ellis Golub
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Linda Otis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Gerald Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christine Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Address correspondence to this author. Phone: 215-898-9167. Fax: 215-898-3695.
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Zhao KW, Li D, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Silverman RH, Sims PJ, Chen GQ. Interferon-α-induced Expression of Phospholipid Scramblase 1 through STAT1 Requires the Sequential Activation of Protein Kinase Cδ and JNK. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42707-14. [PMID: 16260419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506178200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), a calcium-binding protein that either inserts into the plasma membrane or binds to genomic DNA in the nucleus, has been shown to contribute to the cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis as well as antiviral activity of interferon (IFN). The expression of PLSCR1 protein is also known to be markedly increased in response to IFN and to some differentiation inducing agents such as all-trans retinoic acid, but the precise mechanisms of this response remain to be investigated. In this study, we show that the protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta)-specific inhibitor rottlerin and the dominant negative mutant of PKCdelta significantly antagonized IFN-induced PLSCR1 expression. The influence of PKCdelta on IFN-mediated induction of PLSCR1 was dependent upon the phosphorylation of STAT1 at Ser-727. Furthermore, PKCdelta-mediated activation of STAT1 required the activation of JNK, as the inhibition of JNK activity by its specific inhibitor or transfection of its dominant negative mutant suppressed both serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and PLSCR1 expression but not the activation of PKCdelta. In conclusion, our results suggest that the induction of PLSCR1 transcription through STAT1 depends upon sequential activation of PKCdelta and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (formerly Shanghai Second Medical University), Shanghai 200025, China
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He Y, Liu J, Durrant D, Yang HS, Sweatman T, Lothstein L, Lee RM. N-Benzyladriamycin-14-Valerate (AD198) Induces Apoptosis through Protein Kinase C-δ–Induced Phosphorylation of Phospholipid Scramblase 3. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10016-23. [PMID: 16267027 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in mitochondrial morphology, functions, and apoptotic response. During apoptosis, activated protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta) translocates to mitochondria and phosphorylates PLS3. Here, we utilize an extranuclear-targeted anthracycline N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD198), a PKC-delta activator, to investigate the mechanism of PLS3 phosphorylation by PKC-delta. Overexpression of PLS3 enhanced, whereas down-regulation of PLS3 by small interfering RNA decreased, the sensitivity of AD198-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of PKC-delta, but not the kinase-defective PKC-delta, and AD198 treatment enhanced threonine phosphorylation of PLS3. The phosphorylated threonine was mapped to Thr21 of PLS3. Mutation of Thr21 to alanine did not affect mitochondrial localization of PLS3 but abolished threonine phosphorylation by PKC-delta in vitro and AD198-induced PLS3 phosphorylation in vivo. Expression of PLS3(T21A) in cells could not enhance AD198-induced apoptosis compared with expression of the wild-type PLS3. Using benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe) fluoromethyl ketone and cyclosporine A, we also showed that AD198-induced PLS3 phosphorylation occurs upstream of caspase activation and independent of mitochondrial permeability transition. These studies establish that AD198-activated PKC-delta induces phosphorylation of mitochondrial PLS3 at Thr21 and that PLS3 is a critical downstream effector of PKC-delta in AD198-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen He
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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48
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Zhou Q, Ben-Efraim I, Bigcas JL, Junqueira D, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ. Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Binds to the Promoter Region of the Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate Receptor Type 1 Gene to Enhance Its Expression. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:35062-8. [PMID: 16091359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a multiply palmitoylated, endofacial membrane protein originally identified based on its capacity to promote accelerated transbilayer phospholipid movement in response to Ca(2+). Recent evidence suggests that this protein also participates in cell response to various growth factors and cytokines, influencing myeloid differentiation, tumor growth, and the antiviral activity of interferon. Whereas plasma membrane PLSCR1 was shown to be required for normal recruitment and activation of Src kinase by stimulated cell surface growth factor receptors, PLSCR1 was also found to traffic into the nucleus and to tightly bind to genomic DNA, suggesting a possible additional nuclear function. We now report evidence that PLSCR1 directly binds to the 5'-promoter region of the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 gene (IP3R1) to enhance expression of the receptor. Probing a CpG island genomic library with PLSCR1 as bait identified four clones with avidity for PLSCR1, including a 191-bp fragment of the IP3R1 promoter. Using electrophoretic mobility shift and transcription reporter assays, the PLSCR1-binding site in IP3R1 was mapped to residues (-101)GTAACCATGTGGA(-89), and the segment spanning Met(86)-Glu(118) in PLSCR1 was identified to mediate its transcriptional activity. The significance of this interaction between PLSCR1 and IP3R1 in situ was confirmed by comparing levels of IP3R1 mRNA and protein in matched cells that either expressed or were deficient in PLSCR1. These data suggest that in addition to its role at the plasma membrane, effects of PLSCR1 on cell proliferative and maturational responses may also relate to alterations in expression of cellular IP3 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/genetics
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- CpG Islands
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/metabolism
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansheng Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Flavonoids represent one of the oldest, largest, and most diverse families of plant secondary metabolites. These compounds serve a wide range of functions in plants, from pigmentation and UV protection to the regulation of hormone transport. Flavonoids also have interesting pharmacological activities in animals that are increasingly being characterized in terms of effects on specific proteins or other macromolecules. Although flavonoids are found in many different locations both inside and outside the cell, biosynthesis has long been believed to take place exclusively in the cytoplasm. Recent reports from a number of different plant species have documented the presence of flavonoids in nuclei, raising the possibility of novel mechanisms of action for these compounds. Here we present evidence that not only flavonoids, but also at least two of the biosynthetic enzymes, are located in the nucleus in several cell types in Arabidopsis. This is the first indication that differential targeting of the biosynthetic machinery may be used to regulate the deposition of plant secondary products at diverse sites of action within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Saslowsky
- Department of Biology and Fralin Center for Biotechnology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Chen MH, Ben-Efraim I, Mitrousis G, Walker-Kopp N, Sims PJ, Cingolani G. Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Contains a Nonclassical Nuclear Localization Signal with Unique Binding Site in Importin α. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10599-606. [PMID: 15611084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413194200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear import of proteins containing a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) is an energy-dependent process that requires the heterodimer importin alpha/beta. Three to six basic contiguous arginine/lysine residues characterize a classical NLS and are thought to form a basic patch on the surface of the import cargo. In this study, we have characterized the NLS of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), a lipid-binding protein that enters the nucleus via the nonclassical NLS (257)GKISKHWTGI(266). This import sequence lacks a contiguous stretch of positively charged residues, and it is enriched in hydrophobic residues. We have determined the 2.2 A crystal structure of a complex between the PLSCR1 NLS and the armadillo repeat core of vertebrate importin alpha. Our crystallographic analysis reveals that PLSCR1 NLS binds to armadillo repeats 1-4 of importin alpha, but its interaction partially overlaps the classical NLS binding site. Two PLSCR1 lysines occupy the canonical positions indicated as P2 and P5. Moreover, we present in vivo evidence that the critical lysine at position P2, which is essential in other known NLS sequences, is dispensable in PLSCR1 NLS. Taken together, these data provide insight into a novel nuclear localization signal that presents a distinct motif for binding to importin alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750, E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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