1
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Almeida GDO, de Oliveira IS, Arantes EC, Sampaio SV. Snake venom disintegrins update: insights about new findings. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20230039. [PMID: 37818211 PMCID: PMC10561651 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom disintegrins are low molecular weight, non-enzymatic proteins rich in cysteine, present in the venom of snakes from the families Viperidae, Crotalidae, Atractaspididae, Elapidae, and Colubridae. This family of proteins originated in venom through the proteolytic processing of metalloproteinases (SVMPs), which, in turn, evolved from a gene encoding an A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) molecule. Disintegrins have a recognition motif for integrins in their structure, allowing interaction with these transmembrane adhesion receptors and preventing their binding to proteins in the extracellular matrix and other cells. This interaction gives disintegrins their wide range of biological functions, including inhibition of platelet aggregation and antitumor activity. As a result, many studies have been conducted in an attempt to use these natural compounds as a basis for developing therapies for the treatment of various diseases. Furthermore, the FDA has approved Tirofiban and Eptifibatide as antiplatelet compounds, and they are synthesized from the structure of echistatin and barbourin, respectively. In this review, we discuss some of the main functional and structural characteristics of this class of proteins and their potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Oliveira Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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2
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How snake venom disintegrins affect platelet aggregation and cancer proliferation. Toxicon 2022; 221:106982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Yang X, Chitalia SV, Matsuura S, Ravid K. Integrins and their role in megakaryocyte development and function. Exp Hematol 2022; 106:31-39. [PMID: 34910941 PMCID: PMC8795491 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mature megakaryocytes, the platelet precursors, originate from hematopoietic stem cell progenitors, which, once committed to this lineage, undergo endomitosis leading to polyploidization. The process entails repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division, yielding polyploid cells. Supporting the cell's developmental process and various cellular functions are integrin receptors, a conduit of communication between the extracellular environment and the cell actin cytoskeleton. Integrins are heterodimers of α and β subunits, where different combinations of the known 18 α and 8 β subunits confer specificity to the receptor. Integrin ligands range from extracellular matrices through soluble ligands, infectious agents, and counterreceptors, to cells. In this review, we describe the different integrins expressed on bone marrow megakaryocytes and their attributed roles in lineage development and cellular functions, including adhesion, spreading, proplatelet formation, and functional interaction with other cells. Pathologies associated with dysregulated megakaryocyte integrin expression are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Shlok V. Chitalia
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Shinobu Matsuura
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Katya Ravid, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St, W-6, Boston, MA 02118, Tel: (617)358-8042,
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4
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Vasconcelos AA, Estrada JC, David V, Wermelinger LS, Almeida FCL, Zingali RB. Structure-Function Relationship of the Disintegrin Family: Sequence Signature and Integrin Interaction. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:783301. [PMID: 34926583 PMCID: PMC8678471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.783301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disintegrins are small cysteine-rich proteins found in a variety of snake venom. These proteins selectively modulate integrin function, heterodimeric receptors involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction that are widely studied as therapeutic targets. Snake venom disintegrins emerged from the snake venom metalloproteinase and are classified according to the sequence size and number of disulfide bonds. Evolutive structure and function diversification of disintegrin family involves a stepwise decrease in the polypeptide chain, loss of cysteine residues, and selectivity. Since the structure elucidation of echistatin, the description of the structural properties of disintegrins has allowed the investigation of the mechanisms involved in integrin-cell-extracellular matrix interaction. This review provides an analysis of the structures of all family groups enabling the description of an expanded classification of the disintegrin family in seven groups. Each group presents a particular disulfide pattern and sequence signatures, facilitating the identification of new disintegrins. The classification was based on the disintegrin-like domain of the human metalloproteinase (ADAM-10). We also present the sequence and structural signatures important for disintegrin-integrin interaction, unveiling the relationship between the structure and function of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM) Leopoldo de Meis, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (CNRMN), Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Estrada
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM) Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor David
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM) Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Wermelinger
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio C L Almeida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM) Leopoldo de Meis, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (CNRMN), Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Russolina B Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM) Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Cañas CA, Castaño-Valencia S, Castro-Herrera F, Cañas F, Tobón GJ. Biomedical applications of snake venom: from basic science to autoimmunity and rheumatology. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100076. [PMID: 33385156 PMCID: PMC7772571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have components with diverse biological actions that are extensively studied to identify elements that may be useful in biomedical sciences. In the field of autoimmunity and rheumatology, various findings useful for the study of diseases and potential drug development have been reported. The study of disintegrins, proteins that block the action of integrins, has been useful for the development of antiplatelet agents and principles for the development of immunosuppressants and antineoplastics. Several proteins in snake venoms act on the coagulation cascade, activating factors that have allowed the development of tests for the study of coagulation, including Russell's viper venom time, which is useful in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Neurotoxins with either pre- or postsynaptic effects have been used to study neurogenic synapses and neuromuscular plaques and the development of analgesics, muscle relaxants and drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. Various components act by inhibiting cells and proteins of the immune system, which will allow the development of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. This review summarizes the usefulness of the components of snake venoms in the fields of autoimmunity and rheumatology, which can serve as a basis for diverse translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Cañas
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoimunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Fundación Valle Del Lili, Rheumatology Unit, Cra 98 No. 18 - 49, Cali, 760032, Colombia
| | - Santiago Castaño-Valencia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Castro-Herrera
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Felipe Cañas
- Department of Cardiology, Clínica Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoimunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Fundación Valle Del Lili, Rheumatology Unit, Cra 98 No. 18 - 49, Cali, 760032, Colombia
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6
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Disintegrins extracted from totonacan rattlesnake (Crotalus totonacus) venom and their anti-adhesive and anti-migration effects on MDA-MB-231 and HMEC-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Cesar PHS, Braga MA, Trento MVC, Menaldo DL, Marcussi S. Snake Venom Disintegrins: An Overview of their Interaction with Integrins. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:465-477. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181022154737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins are non-enzymatic proteins that interfere on cell–cell interactions and signal transduction, contributing to the toxicity of snake venoms and play an essential role in envenomations. Most of their pharmacological and toxic effects are the result of the interaction of these molecules with cell surface ligands, which has been widely described and studied. These proteins may act on platelets, leading to hemorrhage, and may also induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity, which highlights a high pharmacological potential for the development of thrombolytic and antitumor agents. Additionally, these molecules interfere with the functions of integrins by altering various cellular processes such as migration, adhesion and proliferation. This review gathers information on functional characteristics of disintegrins isolated from snake venoms, emphasizing a comprehensive view of the possibility of direct use of these molecules in the development of new drugs, or even indirectly as structural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Aparecida Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Cardoso Trento
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Danilo Luccas Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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8
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The Molecular Basis of Toxins' Interactions with Intracellular Signaling via Discrete Portals. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030107. [PMID: 28300784 PMCID: PMC5371862 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which microbial, plant or animal-secreted toxins exert their action provides the most important element for assessment of human health risks and opens new insights into therapies addressing a plethora of pathologies, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer, using toxinomimetic agents. Recently, molecular and cellular biology dissecting tools have provided a wealth of information on the action of these diverse toxins, yet, an integrated framework to explain their selective toxicity is still lacking. In this review, specific examples of different toxins are emphasized to illustrate the fundamental mechanisms of toxicity at different biochemical, molecular and cellular- levels with particular consideration for the nervous system. The target of primary action has been highlighted and operationally classified into 13 sub-categories. Selected examples of toxins were assigned to each target category, denominated as portal, and the modulation of the different portal’s signaling was featured. The first portal encompasses the plasma membrane lipid domains, which give rise to pores when challenged for example with pardaxin, a fish toxin, or is subject to degradation when enzymes of lipid metabolism such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2) or phospholipase C (PLC) act upon it. Several major portals consist of ion channels, pumps, transporters and ligand gated ionotropic receptors which many toxins act on, disturbing the intracellular ion homeostasis. Another group of portals consists of G-protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors that, upon interaction with discrete toxins, alter second messengers towards pathological levels. Lastly, subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, nucleus, protein- and RNA-synthesis machineries, cytoskeletal networks and exocytic vesicles are also portals targeted and deregulated by other diverse group of toxins. A fundamental concept can be drawn from these seemingly different toxins with respect to the site of action and the secondary messengers and signaling cascades they trigger in the host. While the interaction with the initial portal is largely determined by the chemical nature of the toxin, once inside the cell, several ubiquitous second messengers and protein kinases/ phosphatases pathways are impaired, to attain toxicity. Therefore, toxins represent one of the most promising natural molecules for developing novel therapeutics that selectively target the major cellular portals involved in human physiology and diseases.
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9
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Rodríguez-Acosta A, Lucena S, Alfonso A, Goins A, Walls R, Guerrero B, Suntravat M, Sánchez EE. Biological and biochemical characterization of venom from the broad-banded copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus): isolation of two new dimeric disintegrins. ANIM BIOL 2017; 66:173-187. [PMID: 28090197 DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins represent a family of effective cell-cell and cell-matrix inhibitors by binding to integrin receptors. Integrins are heterodimeric, transmembrane receptors that are the bridges for these cell interactions. Disintegrins have been shown to have many therapeutic implications for the treatment of strokes, heart attacks, and cancer. Two novel heterodimeric disintegrins were isolated from the venom of the broad-banded copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus). Crude venom separated by cation-exchange chromatography resulted in several fractions possessing hemorrhagic, fibrinolytic, gelatinase, and platelet activities. Venom fractions 2-3 and 17-19 showed fibrinolytic activity. Fractions 2-6, 8-11, and 16-21 had hemorrhagic activity. Gelatinase activity was found in fractions 3, 11, and 19. The isolation of laticinstatins 1 and 2 was accomplished by fractionating crude venom using reverse phase chromatography. Data from both SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing determined that laticinstatins 1 and 2 were heterodimeric disintegrins, and both were assayed for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in human whole blood. Future functional evaluation of snake venom disintegrins shows considerable promise for elucidating the biochemical mechanisms of integrin-ligand interactions that will allow the development of adequate medications for hemostatic pathologies such as thrombosis, stroke, and cerebral and cardiac accidents. In this study, we are presenting the first report of the purification, and partial characterization of two new dimeric disintegrins isolated from the venom of broad-banded copperhead snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ciudad Universitaria, Caracas 1041, Venezuela
| | - Sara Lucena
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Andrea Alfonso
- Biology Department, Del Mar College, 101 Baldwin Blvd., Corpus Christi, TX 78404, USA
| | - Amber Goins
- Biology Department, Del Mar College, 101 Baldwin Blvd., Corpus Christi, TX 78404, USA
| | - Robert Walls
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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Moura-da-Silva AM, Almeida MT, Portes-Junior JA, Nicolau CA, Gomes-Neto F, Valente RH. Processing of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: Generation of Toxin Diversity and Enzyme Inactivation. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060183. [PMID: 27294958 PMCID: PMC4926149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are abundant in the venoms of vipers and rattlesnakes, playing important roles for the snake adaptation to different environments, and are related to most of the pathological effects of these venoms in human victims. The effectiveness of SVMPs is greatly due to their functional diversity, targeting important physiological proteins or receptors in different tissues and in the coagulation system. Functional diversity is often related to the genetic diversification of the snake venom. In this review, we discuss some published evidence that posit that processing and post-translational modifications are great contributors for the generation of functional diversity and for maintaining latency or inactivation of enzymes belonging to this relevant family of venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Michelle T Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - José A Portes-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina A Nicolau
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Gomes-Neto
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
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11
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Ben-Mabrouk H, Zouari-Kessentini R, Montassar F, Koubaa ZA, Messaadi E, Guillonneau X, ElAyeb M, Srairi-Abid N, Luis J, Micheau O, Marrakchi N. CC5 and CC8, two homologous disintegrins from Cerastes cerastes venom, inhibit in vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:670-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Lucena S, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Grilli E, Alfonso A, Goins A, Ogbata I, Walls R, Suntravat M, Uzcátegui NL, Guerrero B, Sánchez EE. The characterization of trans-pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster) venom and isolation of two new dimeric disintegrins. Biologicals 2016; 44:191-197. [PMID: 27068364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast amounts of toxins within the venom of snakes, while known to cause medical emergencies, display various biological functions. Trans-pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster) crude venom separated by cation-exchange chromatography showed several fractions with fibrinolytic, hemorrhagic, gelatinase and platelet activities. Venom fractions 1, 2, 4, 5, and 12-17 contained fibrinolytic activity. Venom fractions 1, 2, 5 and 12-14 had hemorrhagic activity. Fractions 1, 2, 12, 13 and 17 contained gelatinase activity. Reverse-Phase C18 High Performance Liquid Chromatography was also used to purify and isolated disintegrins from this venom. Anti-platelet aggregation activity of the C18 fractions collected and performed on whole human blood showed that they inhibited platelet aggregation in presence of several agonists. Results from both SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing determined that pictistatin 1 obtained from the Trans-Pecos copperhead venom was a dimeric disintegrin, and pictistatin 2 was a heterodimeric disintegrin. The molecules with anti-platelet activity could be considered in the development of more effective drugs, for numerous blood-related diseases such as stroke, heart attacks, thrombosis, and other medical conditions. In this study, we are presenting the first report of the purification, isolation, and partial characterization of two new dimeric disintegrins isolated from the venom of trans-pecos copperhead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lucena
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041, Venezuela
| | - Elyse Grilli
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Andrea Alfonso
- Biology Department, Del Mar College, 101 Baldwin Blvd., Corpus Christi, TX 78404, USA
| | - Amber Goins
- Biology Department, Del Mar College, 101 Baldwin Blvd., Corpus Christi, TX 78404, USA
| | - Ifunanya Ogbata
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Robert Walls
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Montamas Suntravat
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Nestor L Uzcátegui
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041, Venezuela
| | - Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 161, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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13
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Zakraoui O, Marcinkiewicz C, Aloui Z, Othman H, Grépin R, Haoues M, Essafi M, Srairi-Abid N, Gasmi A, Karoui H, Pagès G, Essafi-Benkhadir K. Lebein, a snake venom disintegrin, suppresses human colon cancer cells proliferation and tumor-induced angiogenesis through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and inhibition of VEGF expression. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:18-35. [PMID: 26824338 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lebein, is an heterodimeric disintegrin isolated from Macrovipera lebetina snake venom that was previously characterized as an inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In this study, we investigated the effect of Lebein on the p53-dependent growth of human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. We found that Lebein significantly inhibited LS174 (p53wt), HCT116 (p53wt), and HT29 (p53mut) colon cancer cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest through the modulation of expression levels of the tumor suppression factor p53, cell cycle regulating proteins cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, retinoblastoma (Rb), CDK1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Interestingly, Lebein-induced apoptosis of colon cancer cells was dependent on their p53 status. Thus, in LS174 cells, cell death was associated with PARP cleavage and the activation of caspases 3 and 8 while in HCT116 cells, Lebein induced caspase-independent apoptosis through increased expression of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). In LS174 cells, Lebein triggers the activation of the MAPK ERK1/2 pathway through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also decreased cell adhesion and migration to fibronectin through down regulation of α5β1 integrin. Moreover, Lebein significantly reduced the expression of two angiogenesis stimulators, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Neuropilin 1 (NRP1). It inhibited the VEGF-induced neovascularization process in the quail embryonic CAM system and blocked the development of human colon adenocarcinoma in nude mice. Overall, our work indicates that Lebein may be useful to design a new therapy against colon cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Zakraoui
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT04 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zohra Aloui
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT04 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houcemeddine Othman
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT08 Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules thérapeutiques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Renaud Grépin
- Department of Biomedical, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Meriam Haoues
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02 Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Transmission, le Contrôle et l'Immunobiologie des Infections, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Makram Essafi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02 Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Transmission, le Contrôle et l'Immunobiologie des Infections, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT08 Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules thérapeutiques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Habib Karoui
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT04 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN) UMR/7284 U1081, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Khadija Essafi-Benkhadir
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT04 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée Aux Maladies Infectieuses, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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14
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Arruda Macêdo JK, Fox JW, de Souza Castro M. Disintegrins from snake venoms and their applications in cancer research and therapy. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 16:532-48. [PMID: 26031306 PMCID: PMC4997955 DOI: 10.2174/1389203716666150515125002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Integrins regulate diverse functions in cancer pathology and in tumor cell development and contribute to important processes such as cell shape, survival, proliferation, transcription, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. A number of snake venom proteins have the ability to interact with integrins. Among these are the disintegrins, a family of small, non-enzymatic, and cysteine-rich proteins found in the venom of numerous snake families. The venom proteins may have a potential role in terms of novel therapeutic leads for cancer treatment. Disintegrin can target specific integrins and as such it is conceivable that they could interfere in important processes involved in carcinogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and migration. Herein we present a survey of studies involving the use of snake venom disintegrins for cancer detection and treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship of integrins with cancer and to present examples as to how certain disintegrins can detect and affect biological processes related to cancer. This in turn will illustrate the great potential of these molecules for cancer research. Furthermore, we also outline several new approaches being created to address problems commonly associated with the clinical application of peptide-based drugs such as instability, immunogenicity, and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay W Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Applications of snake venom components to modulate integrin activities in cell-matrix interactions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1974-86. [PMID: 23811033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins are broadly investigated in the different areas of life science. Direct interaction of these compounds with cells may involve a variety of mechanisms that result in diverse cellular responses leading to the activation or blocking of physiological functions of the cell. In this review, the snake venom components interacting with integrins will be characterized in context of their effect on cellular response. Currently, two major families of snake venom proteins are considered as integrin-binding molecules. The most attention has been devoted to the disintegrin family, which binds certain types of integrins through specific motifs recognized as a tri-peptide structurally localized on an integrin-binding loop. Other snake venom integrin-binding proteins belong to the C-type lectin family. Snake venom molecules bind to the cellular integrins resulting in a modulation of cell signaling and in consequence, the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Therefore, snake venom research on the integrin-binding molecules may have significance in biomedicine and basic cell biology.
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16
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Abstract
Disintegrins, a family of polypeptides released in the venoms of viperid snakes (vipers and rattlesnakes) by the proteolytic processing of multidomain metalloproteinases, selectively block the function of β(1) and β(3) integrin receptors. Few of the proteins isolated and characterized from snake venoms have proven to be more structural and functional versatile than the disintegrins. Not surprisingly, 25 years after their discovery, our knowledge on the evolutionary history and the molecular determinants modulating the integrin inhibitory activity of disintegrins still remain fragmentary. This paper highlights some seminal contributions, including personal accounts of pioneer authors, related to basic and applied research on disintegrins. Investigators have evaluated disintegrin applications in therapies for a number of pathologies in which integrin receptors play relevant roles, particularly myocardial infarction and inappropriate tumor angiogenesis. Completing the continuing story of the disintegrin family by applying novel research approaches may hold the key to learn how to use deadly toxins as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Carey CM, Bueno R, Gutierrez DA, Petro C, Lucena SE, Sanchez EE, Soto JG. Recombinant rubistatin (r-Rub), an MVD disintegrin, inhibits cell migration and proliferation, and is a strong apoptotic inducer of the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28. Toxicon 2011; 59:241-8. [PMID: 22192732 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disintegrins are low molecular weight peptides isolated from viper venom. These peptides bind to integrin receptors using a conserved binding motif sequence containing an RGD or similar motif. As a consequence, disintegrins can inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit cell migration, proliferation, and initiate apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Rubistatin is a MVD disintegrin cloned from a Crotalus ruber ruber venom gland. The biological activity of MVD disintegrins is poorly understood. Recombinant rubistatin (r-Rub) was cloned into a pET32b plasmid and expressed in reductase-deficient Escherichia coli. Expression was induced with IPTG and the resulting fusion peptide was affinity purified, followed by thrombin cleavage, and removal of vector coded sequences. r-Rub peptide inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 54% ± 6.38 in whole blood. We assessed the ability of r-Rub to initiate apoptosis in three human cancer cell lines. Cultures of SK-Mel-28, HeLA, and T24 cells were grown for 24 h with 2.5 μM r-Rub followed by Hoechst staining. Chromatin fragmentation was observed in treated SK-Mel-28, but not in T24 or HeLA cells. A TUNEL assay revealed that 51.55% ± 5.28 of SK-Mel-28 cells were apoptotic after 18 h of treatment with 3.5 μM of r-Rub. Cell migration and proliferation assays were performed in order to further characterize the biological effects of r-Rub on SK-Mel-28 cells. At 3 μM, r-Rub inhibited cell migration by 44.4% ± 0.5, while at 3.5 μM it was able to inhibit cell proliferation by 83% ± 6.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Carey
- Biological Sciences Department, San José State University, One Washington Square, DH 254, San José, CA 95192-0100, USA
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18
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Abstract
This review focuses on the role of ADAM-17 in disease. Since its debut as the tumor necrosis factor converting enzyme (TACE), ADAM-17 has been reported to be an indispensible regulator of almost every cellular event from proliferation to migration. The central role of ADAM-17 in cell regulation is rooted in its diverse array of substrates: cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors as well as adhesion molecules are activated or inactivated by their cleavage with ADAM-17. It is therefore not surprising that ADAM-17 is implicated in numerous human diseases including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, and is a promising target for future treatments. The specific role of ADAM-17 in the pathophysiology of these diseases is very complex and depends on the cellular context. To exploit the therapeutic potential of ADAM-17, it is important to understand how its activity is regulated and how specific organs and cells can be targeted to inactivate or activate the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gooz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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19
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Structural requirements of KTS-disintegrins for inhibition of alpha(1)beta(1) integrin. Biochem J 2009; 417:95-101. [PMID: 18774946 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obtustatin and viperistatin represent the shortest known snake venom monomeric disintegrins. In the present study, we have produced recombinant full-length wild-type and site-directed mutants of obtustatin to assess the role of the K(21)TS(23) tripeptide and C-terminal residues for specific inhibition of the alpha(1)beta(1) integrin. Thr(22) appeared to be the most critical residue for disintegrin activity, whereas substitution of the flanking lysine or serine residues for alanine resulted in a less pronounced decrease in the anti-alpha(1)beta(1) integrin activity of the disintegrin. The triple mutant A(21)AA(23) was devoid of blocking activity towards alpha(1)beta(1) integrin-mediated cell adhesion. The potency of recombinant KTS-disintegrins also depended on the residue C-terminally adjacent to the active motif. Substitution of Leu(24) of wild-type obtustatin for an alanine residue slightly decreased the inhibitory activity of the mutant, whereas an arginine residue in this position enhanced the potency of the mutant over wild-type obtustatin by 6-fold. In addition, the replacements L38V and P40Q may account for a further 25-fold increase in alpha(1)beta(1) inhibitory potency of viperistatin over KTSR-obtustatin.
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20
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McLane MA, Zhang X, Tian J, Paquette-Straub C. MONOMERIC AND DIMERIC DISINTEGRINS: PLATELET ACTIVE AGENTS FROM VIPER VENOM. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540600567420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Brown MC, Staniszewska I, Del Valle L, Tuszynski GP, Marcinkiewicz C. Angiostatic activity of obtustatin as alpha1beta1 integrin inhibitor in experimental melanoma growth. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2195-203. [PMID: 18712720 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presented results show the effect of targeting of collagen receptor, alpha1beta1 integrin expressed on the endothelial cells on the development of experimental melanoma and pathological angiogenesis. Obtustatin, a snake venom KTS-disintegrin, was applied as a specific inhibitor of this integrin. This low molecular weight peptide revealed a potent therapeutic effect on melanoma progression in 2 animal systems, mouse and quail. Its oncostatic effect was related to the inhibition of angiogenesis. Obtustatin inhibited the neovascularization ratio on the CAM embryo of quail, which was pathologically induced by the developing tumor. The i.v. administration of obtustatin completely blocked cancer growth of MV3 human melanoma in nude mice. In B16F10 syngeneic mouse model treatment with the disintegrin revealed a lower effect, although the development of the tumor was significantly reduced for both dosages. The mechanism of obtustatin action is related to the blocking of microvascular endothelial cell proliferation, which undergoes apoptosis in caspase-dependent manner. Summarizing, we present studies of low molecular weight disintegrin, obtustatin as a potential therapeutic compound for treatment of melanoma that contain a high level of vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Ramos OHP, Terruggi CHB, Ribeiro JU, Cominetti MR, Figueiredo CC, Bérard M, Crepin M, Morandi V, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Modulation of in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis by alternagin-C, a disintegrin-like protein from Bothrops alternatus snake venom and by a peptide derived from its sequence. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 461:1-6. [PMID: 17428438 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein from the venom of the Brazilian snake Bothrops alternatus, induces human vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation by up-regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we show that ALT-C is also able to induce in vivo angiogenesis using the model of matrigel plug in nude mice. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) alone or supplemented with ALT-C was mixed with melted matrigel and subcutaneously injected in nude mice. After two weeks, the matrigel plugs were removed and analyzed to verify endothelial cell migration and new vessel formation. ALT-C (1 and 10 ng) strongly induced endothelial cell migration as well as the formation of new vessels. However, in higher concentrations, ALT-C strongly inhibited angiogenesis. In low concentrations (1 and 10nM), ALT-C also up-regulates the expression of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR) mostly after 48 h, but it did not affect VEGFR1 (Ftl-1) in HUVEC cells as demonstrated by real-time PCR analysis. However, in higher concentrations (100 nM) the expression of both receptors is down-regulated. A peptide derived from ALT-C primary structure also affects HUVEC proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time the in vivo angiogenesis induced by a disintegrin-like molecule and the modulation of VEGFRs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H P Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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23
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Cázares-Raga FE, González-Lázaro M, Montero-Solís C, González-Cerón L, Zamudio F, Martínez-Barnetche J, Torres-Monzón JA, Ovilla-Muñoz M, Aguilar-Fuentes J, Rodríguez MH, de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández F. GP35 ANOAL, an abundant acidic glycoprotein of female Anopheles albimanus saliva. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:187-98. [PMID: 17298558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Salivary glands of female mosquitoes produce proteins, not completely described yet, that participate in carbohydrate and blood feeding. Here, we report an acidic glycoprotein of 35 kDa (GP35 ANOAL) secreted in the saliva of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus. GP35 ANOAL is produced exclusively in the distal lateral lobes of adult female salivary glands, it has a pI of 4.45 and is negatively stained by regular silver stain. An 888 bp cDNA clone encoding a predicted product of 240 amino acids has a signal peptide, potential post-translational modification sites, and a disintegrin signature RGD. The GP35 ANOAL sequence depicts high similarities with the 30 kDa saliva allergen of Aedes aegypti, 30 kDa allergen-like hypothetical proteins, and GE-rich proteins present in several Anopheles species, as well as in Ae. albopictus and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The function of this protein family is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Cázares-Raga
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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24
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Bazaa A, Juárez P, Marrakchi N, Bel Lasfer Z, El Ayeb M, Harrison RA, Calvete JJ, Sanz L. Loss of introns along the evolutionary diversification pathway of snake venom disintegrins evidenced by sequence analysis of genomic DNA from Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea and Echis ocellatus. J Mol Evol 2006; 64:261-71. [PMID: 17177090 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-006-0161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of cDNAs from Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea (Mlt) and Echis ocellatus (Eo) venom gland libraries encoding disintegrins argued strongly for a common ancestry of the messengers of short disintegrins and those for precursors of dimeric disintegrin chains. We now report the sequence analysis of disintegrin-coding genes from these two vipers. Genomic DNAs for dimeric disintegrin subunits Ml_G1 and Ml_G2 (Mlt) and Eo_D3 (Eo) contain single 1-kb introns exhibiting the 5'-GTAAG (donor)/3'-AG (acceptor) consensus intron splicing signature. On the other hand, the short RTS-disintegrins Ml_G3 (Mlt) and Eo_RTS (Eo) and the short RGD-disintegrin ocellatusin (Eo) are transcribed from intronless genomic DNA sequences, indicating that the evolutionary pathway leading to the emergence of short disintegrins involved the removal of all intronic sequences. The insertion position of the intron within Ml_G1, Ml_G2, and Eo_D3 is conserved in the genes for vertebrate ADAM (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase) protein disintegrin-like domains and within the gene for the medium-size snake disintegrins halystatins 2 and 3. However, a comparative analysis of currently available disintegrin(-like) genes outlines the view that a minimization of both the gene organization and the protein structure underlies the evolution of the snake venom disintegrin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bazaa
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, B.P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
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25
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Sumathipala R, Xu C, Seago J, Mould AP, Humphries MJ, Craig SE, Patel Y, Wijelath ES, Sobel M, Rahman S. The “Linker” Region (Amino Acids 38-47) of the Disintegrin Elegantin Is a Novel Inhibitory Domain of Integrin α5β1-Dependent Cell Adhesion on Fibronectin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37686-96. [PMID: 16982624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603943200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disintegrins are a family of potent inhibitors of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. In this study we have identified a region of the disintegrin elegantin, termed the "linker domain" (amino acids 38-47), with inhibitory activity toward alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated cell adhesion on fibronectin (Fn). Using a chimeric structure-function approach in which sequences of the functionally distinct disintegrin kistrin were introduced into the elegantin template at targeted sites, a loss of inhibitory function toward alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated adhesion on Fn was observed when the elegantin linker domain was substituted. Subsequent analysis comparing the inhibitory efficacies of the panel of elegantin-kistrin chimeras toward CHO alpha(5) cell adhesion on recombinant Fn III(6-10) fragments showed that the loss of inhibitory activity associated with the disruption of the elegantin linker domain was dependent upon the presence of a functional Fn III(9) synergy site within the Fn III(6-10) substrate. This suggested that the elegantin linker domain inhibits primarily the activity of the Fn synergy domain in promoting alpha(5)beta(1) integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Construction of a cyclic peptide corresponding to the entire region of the elegantin linker domain showed that this domain has intrinsic alpha(5)beta(1) inhibitory activity comparable with the activity of the RGDS peptide. These data demonstrate a novel biological function for a disintegrin domain that antagonizes integrin-mediated cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika Sumathipala
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular Remodelling, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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26
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Ramos OHP, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Snake venom metalloproteases--structure and function of catalytic and disintegrin domains. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:328-346. [PMID: 16434235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are relevant sources of toxins that have evolved towards the engineering of highly active compounds. In the last years, research efforts have produced great advance in their understanding and uses. Metalloproteases with disintegrin domains are among the most abundant toxins in many Viperidae snake venoms. This review will focus on the structure, function and possible applications of the metalloprotease and disintegrin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H P Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - H S Selistre-de-Araujo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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27
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Lawson EC, Santulli RJ, Dyatkin AB, Ballentine SA, Abraham WM, Rudman S, Page CP, de Garavilla L, Damiano BP, Kinney WA, Maryanoff BE. Selection of a 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based alpha4beta1 integrin antagonist as an inhaled anti-asthmatic agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4208-16. [PMID: 16495061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha4beta1 integrin, expressed on eosinophils and neutrophils, induces inflammation in the lung by facilitating cellular infiltration and activation. From a number of potent alpha4beta1 antagonists that we evaluated for safety and efficacy, 1 was selected as a lead candidate for anti-asthma therapy by the inhalation route. We devised an optimized stereoselective synthesis to facilitate the preparation of a sufficiently large quantity of 1 for assessment in vivo. Administration of 1 to allergen-sensitive sheep by inhalation blocked the late-phase response of asthma and abolished airway hyper-responsiveness at 24h following the antigen challenge. Additionally, the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lungs was inhibited. Administration of 1 to ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs intraperitoneally blocked airway resistance and inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lawson
- Research & Early Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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28
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Calvete JJ, Marcinkiewicz C, Monleón D, Esteve V, Celda B, Juárez P, Sanz L. Snake venom disintegrins: evolution of structure and function. Toxicon 2005; 45:1063-74. [PMID: 15922775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins represent a family of polypeptides present in the venoms of various vipers that selectively block the function of integrin receptors. Here, we review our current view and hypothesis on the emergence and the structural and functional diversification of disintegrins by accelerated evolution and the selective loss of disulfide bonds of duplicated genes. Research on disintegrins is relevant for understanding the biology of viper venom toxins, but also provides information on new structural determinants involved in integrin recognition that may be useful in basic and clinical research. The role of the composition, conformation, and dynamics of the integrin inhibitory loop acting in concert with the C-terminal tail in determining the selective inhibition of integrin receptors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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29
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Fox NE, Kaushansky K. Engagement of integrin alpha4beta1 enhances thrombopoietin-induced megakaryopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:94-9. [PMID: 15661402 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in numerous adherent cell systems have indicated that engagement of integrins is required for cell survival and proliferation. Although not classically thought of as an adherent cell type, megakaryocytes in the marrow develop in juxtaposition to endothelial cells which display a number of integrin counter-receptors. Moreover, a number of other hematopoietic cell types, including stem cells and erythroid progenitors, have been shown to engage and be affected by integrin ligands. METHODS The role of beta1 integrins in thrombopoietin-mediated megakaryopoiesis was studied using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies. RESULTS We found that pan-blockade of integrins with a relatively nonspecific disintegrin blocked TPO-induced MK growth, but that an alpha5beta1 disintegrin, and a function-blocking monoclonal antibody, failed to affect megakaryopoiesis in vitro. In contrast, a neutralizing alpha4beta1 monoclonal antibody blocked TPO-induced MK growth, and an integrin alpha4beta1 ligand, the H296 fragment of fibronectin, enhanced MK growth at all concentrations of TPO. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important implications for thrombopoiesis in general, and potentially for the enhanced platelet production found in states of systemic inflammation and following the use of therapeutic strategies designed to block alpha4beta1 integrin engagement in states of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma E Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 92103-8811, USA
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30
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Aupérin TC, Bolduc GR, Baron MJ, Heroux A, Filman DJ, Madoff LC, Hogle JM. Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of the group B streptococcus alpha C protein. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18245-52. [PMID: 15753100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412391200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis among neonates and an important cause of morbidity among pregnant women and immunocompromised adults. Invasive diseases due to GBS are attributed to the ability of the pathogen to translocate across human epithelial surfaces. The alpha C protein (ACP) has been identified as an invasin that plays a role in internalization and translocation of GBS across epithelial cells. The soluble N-terminal domain of ACP (NtACP) blocks the internalization of GBS. We determined the 1.86-A resolution crystal structure of NtACP comprising residues Ser(52) through Leu(225) of the full-length ACP. NtACP has two domains, an N-terminal beta-sandwich and a C-terminal three-helix bundle. Structural and topological alignments reveal that the beta-sandwich shares structural elements with the type III fibronectin fold (FnIII), but includes structural elaborations that make it unique. We have identified a potential integrin-binding motif consisting of Lys-Thr-Asp(146), Arg(110), and Asp(118). A similar arrangement of charged residues has been described in other invasins. ACP shows a heparin binding activity that requires NtACP. We propose a possible heparin-binding site, including one surface of the three-helix bundle, and nearby portions of the sandwich and repeat domains. We have validated this prediction using assays of the heparin binding and cell-adhesion properties of engineered fragments of ACP. This is the first crystal structure of a member of the highly conserved Gram-positive surface alpha-like protein family, and it will enable the internalization mechanism of GBS to be dissected at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry C Aupérin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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31
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Kisiel DG, Calvete JJ, Katzhendler J, Fertala A, Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C. Structural determinants of the selectivity of KTS-disintegrins for the alpha1beta1 integrin. FEBS Lett 2005; 577:478-82. [PMID: 15556632 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
KTS-disintegrins are a subfamily of short monomeric disintegrins that are potent and selective inhibitors of alpha1beta1 integrin. The amino acid sequence of the new KTS-disintegrin, viperistatin, differs from previously characterized obtustatin in three residues at position 24 (within the integrin binding loop), 38 (hydrophobic core) and 40 (C-terminal region). Noteworthy, viperistatin is about 25-fold more potent than obtustatin inhibiting the binding of this integrin to collagen IV. Synthetic peptides representing the full-length of integrin-binding loops of these disintegrins showed that the Leu24/Arg substitution appears to be partly responsible for the increased inhibitory activity of viperistatin over obtustatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz G Kisiel
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, College of Science and Technology, 1900 N., 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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32
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Bilgrami S, Tomar S, Yadav S, Kaur P, Kumar J, Jabeen T, Sharma S, Singh TP. Crystal Structure of Schistatin, a Disintegrin Homodimer from Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) at 2.5Å Resolution. J Mol Biol 2004; 341:829-37. [PMID: 15317139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first structure of a biological homodimer of disintegrin. Disintegrins are a class of small (4-14 kDa) proteins that bind to transmembrane integrins selectively. The present molecule is the first homodimer that has been isolated from the venom of Echis carinatus. The monomeric chain contains 64 amino acid residues. The three-dimensional structure of schistatin has been determined by the multiple isomorphous replacement method. It has been refined to an R-factor of 0.190 using all the data to 2.5 A resolution. The two subunits of the disintegrin homodimer are related by a 2-fold crystallographic symmetry. Thus, the crystallographic asymmetric unit contains a monomer of disintegrin. The monomer folds into an up-down topology with three sets of antiparallel beta-strands. The structure is well ordered with four intramolecular disulfide bonds. the two monomers are firmly linked to each other through two intermolecular disulfide bridges at their N termini together with several other interactions. This structure has corrected the error in the disulfide bond pattern of the two intermolecular disulfide bridges that was reported earlier using chemical methods. Unique sequence and structural features of the schistatin monomers suggest that they have the ability to bind well with both alphaIIb beta3 and alphav beta3 integrins. The N termini anchored two chains of the dimer diverge away at their C termini exposing the Arg-Gly-Asp motif into opposite directions thus enhancing their binding efficiency to integrins. This is one of the unique features of the present disintegrin homodimer and seems to be responsible for the clustering of integrin molecules. The homodimer binds to integrins apparently with a higher affinity than the monomers and also plays a role in the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeta Bilgrami
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Services, Ansari Nagar, New Dehli, India
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33
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Tseng YL, Peng HC, Huang TF. Rhodostomin, a disintegrin, inhibits adhesion of neutrophils to fibrinogen and attenuates superoxide production. J Biomed Sci 2004; 11:683-91. [PMID: 15316144 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disintegrins are a group of Arg (or Lys)-Gly-Asp-containing snake venom proteins which inhibit platelet aggregation via the blockade of alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin. Here, we studied the effect of rhodostomin, a disintegrin purified from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma, on the functions of neutrophils. By flow cytometric analysis of whole blood, we found that rhodostomin interacted with leukocytes of the myeloid and monocytic lineage as well as with platelets. The binding of rhodostomin to neutrophils could reach saturation in a dose-dependent manner, and its binding was increased in neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe. EDTA did not inhibit the binding of rhodostomin. In addition, bound rhodostomin was not internalized. Soluble fibrinogen, a natural ligand of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, alpha(M)beta(2)), and the peptide, GRGDS, inhibited the binding of rhodostomin to PMA-activated neutrophils, while 7E3, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) raised against beta(3) integrin, or mAbs raised against alpha(M) and beta(2) integrin did not. Rhodostomin blocked the Mac-1-dependent adhesion of neutrophils to immobilized fibrinogen, in parallel with decreasing the production of superoxide from adherent neutrophils. Taken together, our results indicate that rhodostomin binds to activated neutrophils in an RGD-dependent manner, blocks the adhesion of activated neutrophils to fibrinogen and attenuates superoxide production, suggesting that rhodostomin may have anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lun Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Zhou XD, Jin Y, Chen RQ, Lu QM, Wu JB, Wang WY, Xiong YL. Purification, cloning and biological characterization of a novel disintegrin from Trimeresurus jerdonii venom. Toxicon 2004; 43:69-75. [PMID: 15037031 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel disintegrin, jerdonin, was purified from the Trimeresurus jerdonii venom by means of gel filtration and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Its coding cDNA was also isolated from the venom gland. The jerdonin coding cDNA is part of a precursor composed of proprotein, metalloproteinase, and disintegrin domains. From the deduced amino acid sequence, jerdonin is composed of 71 amino acid residues including 12 cysteines and the tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), a well-known characteristic of the disintegrin family. Molecular mass of jerdonin was determined to be 7483Da by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Jerdonin inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation with IC(50) of 220 and 240 nM, respectively. In vivo, jerdonin inhibited the growth of subcutaneously inoculated B16 solid tumor in C57BL/6 mice and improved the survival time of the tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ding Zhou
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223 Yunnan, China.
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35
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Monleon D, Moreno-Murciano MP, Kovacs H, Marcinkiewicz C, Calvete JJ, Celda B. Concerted motions of the integrin-binding loop and the C-terminal tail of the non-RGD disintegrin obtustatin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45570-6. [PMID: 12947085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtustatin is a potent and selective inhibitor of the alpha1beta1 integrin in vitro and of angiogenesis in vivo. It possesses an integrin recognition loop that harbors, in a lateral position, the inhibitory 21KTS23 motif. We report an analysis of the dynamics of the backbone and side-chain atoms of obtustatin by homonuclear NMR methods. Angular mobility has been calculated for 90 assigned cross-peaks from 22 off-resonance rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra recorded at three magnetic fields. Our results suggest that the integrin binding loop and the C-terminal tail display concerted motions, which can be interpreted by hinge effects. Among the integrin-binding motif, threonine 22 and serine 23 exhibit the lowest and the highest side-chain flexibility, respectively. It is noteworthy that the side chain of threonine 22 is not solvent-exposed, although based on synthetic peptides it appears to be the most critical residue for the inhibitory activity of obtustatin on the binding of integrin alpha1beta1 to collagen IV. Instead, the side chain of threonine 22 is oriented toward the loop center and hydrogen-bonded to residues Thr25 and Ser26. This network of interactions explains the restrained mobility of threonine 22 and suggests that its functional importance lies in maintaining the active conformation of the alpha1beta1 inhibitory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Monleon
- Departamento de Química Física and Servicio Central de Soporte a la Investigación Experimental, Universitat de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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36
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Fujii Y, Okuda D, Fujimoto Z, Horii K, Morita T, Mizuno H. Crystal Structure of Trimestatin, a Disintegrin Containing a Cell Adhesion Recognition Motif RGD. J Mol Biol 2003; 332:1115-22. [PMID: 14499613 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins are a family of small proteins containing an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence motif that binds specifically to integrin receptors. Since the integrin is known to serve as the final common pathway leading to aggregation via formation of platelet-platelet bridges, disintegrins act as fibrinogen receptor antagonists. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a disintegrin, trimestatin, found in snake venom. The structure of trimestatin at 1.7A resolution reveals that a number of turns and loops form a rigid core stabilized by six disulfide bonds. Electron densities of the RGD sequence are visible clearly at the tip of a hairpin loop, in such a manner that the Arg and Asp side-chains point in opposite directions. A docking model using the crystal structure of integrin alphaVbeta3 suggests that the Arg binds to the propeller domain, and Asp to the betaA domain. This model indicates that the C-terminal region is another potential binding site with integrin receptors. In addition to the RGD sequence, the structural evidence of a C-terminal region (Arg66, Trp67 and Asn68) important for disintegrin activity allows understanding of the high affinity and selectiveness of snake venom disintegrin for integrin receptors. The crystal structure of trimestatin should provide a useful framework for designing and developing more effective drugs for controlling platelet aggregation and anti-angiogenesis cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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37
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Sarray S, Srairi N, Hatmi M, Luis J, Louzir H, Regaya I, Slema H, Marvaldi J, El Ayeb M, Marrakchi N. Lebecetin, a potent antiplatelet C-type lectin from Macrovipera lebetina venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2003; 1651:30-40. [PMID: 14499586 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel C-type lectin protein (CLP), lebecetin, was purified to homogeneity from the venom of Macrovipera lebetina by gel filtration on a Sephadex G75 column and ion exchange chromatography on Mono S column. Lebecetin is a basic protein with a pHi=9.9 and migrates in SDS-PAGE as a single band or two distinct bands under nonreducing and reducing conditions, respectively. These results are further confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry that indicates a molecular mass of 29779 Da for native lebecetin and molecular masses of 15015 and 16296 Da for alpha and beta subunits, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of lebecetin subunits show a high degree of similarity with those of C-type lectin-like proteins. In addition, functional studies showed that lebecetin has a potent inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, no inhibitory effect is observed when platelets are exposed to thromboxane A2 (TxA2) mimetic (U46619) or arachidonic acid. Moreover, there was no effect either on blood coagulation or A, B and O washed human erythrocytes agglutination. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed that fluoro-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lebecetin bound to human formalin fixed platelets in a saturable and concentration manner and this binding was specifically prevented by anti-glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) mAb. These observations suggest that lebecetin is a C-type lectin-like protein that selectively binds to platelet GPIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Sarray
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 1002 Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.
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38
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Cominetti MR, Ribeiro JU, Fox JW, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. BaG, a new dimeric metalloproteinase/disintegrin from the Bothrops alternatus snake venom that interacts with alpha5beta1 integrin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416:171-9. [PMID: 12893294 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The alpha(5)beta(1) integrin is one of the major fibronectin receptors which plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to extracellular matrix. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel dimeric metalloproteinase/disintegrin, which is an inhibitor of fibronectin binding to the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin. This protein (BaG) was isolated from the venom of the South American snake Bothrops alternatus by gelatin-Sepharose affinity and anion exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of BaG was approximately 130 kDa under non-reducing conditions and 55 kDa under reducing conditions by SDS-PAGE. BaG shows proteolytic activity on casein that was inhibited by EDTA. 1,10-phenanthroline-treated BaG (BaG-I) inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation with an IC(50) of 190 nM. BaG-I inhibits fibronectin-mediated K562 cell adhesion with an IC(50) of 3.75 microM. K562 cells bind to BaG-I probably through interaction with alpha(5)beta(1) integrin, since anti-alpha(5)beta(1) antibodies inhibited K562 cell adhesion to BaG-I. In addition, BaG-I induces the detachment of K562 cells that were bound to fibronectin. In summary, we have purified a novel, dimeric snake venom metalloproteinase/disintegrin that binds to the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Cominetti
- Departamento de Ciĉncias Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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39
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Calvete JJ, Moreno-Murciano MP, Theakston RDG, Kisiel DG, Marcinkiewicz C. Snake venom disintegrins: novel dimeric disintegrins and structural diversification by disulphide bond engineering. Biochem J 2003; 372:725-34. [PMID: 12667142 PMCID: PMC1223455 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2002] [Revised: 03/11/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and amino acid sequences of six novel dimeric disintegrins from the venoms of Vipera lebetina obtusa (VLO), V. berus (VB), V. ammodytes (VA), Echis ocellatus (EO) and Echis multisquamatus (EMS). Disintegrins VLO4, VB7, VA6 and EO4 displayed the RGD motif and inhibited the adhesion of K562 cells, expressing the integrin alpha5beta1 to immobilized fibronectin. A second group of dimeric disintegrins (VLO5 and EO5) had MLD and VGD motifs in their subunits and blocked the adhesion of the alpha4beta1 integrin to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 with high selectivity. On the other hand, disintegrin EMS11 inhibited both alpha5beta1 and alpha4beta1 integrins with almost the same degree of specificity. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the dimeric disintegrins with those of other disintegrins by multiple-sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, in conjunction with current biochemical and genetic data, supports the view that the different disintegrin subfamilies evolved from a common ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-like) scaffold and that structural diversification occurred through disulphide bond engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Jaime Roig 11, Spain.
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40
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Paz Moreno-Murciano M, Monleón D, Marcinkiewicz C, Calvete JJ, Celda B. NMR solution structure of the non-RGD disintegrin obtustatin. J Mol Biol 2003; 329:135-45. [PMID: 12742023 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of obtustatin, a novel non-RGD disintegrin of 41 residues isolated from Vipera lebetina obtusa venom, and a potent and selective inhibitor of the adhesion of integrin alpha(1)beta(1) to collagen IV, has been determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Almost the whole set of chemical shifts for 1H, 13C and 15N were assigned at natural abundance from 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear 500 MHz, 600 MHz and 800 MHz spectra at pH 3.0 recorded at 298 K and 303 K. Final structural constraints consisted of 302 non-redundant NOE (95 long-range, 60 medium, 91 sequential and 56 intra-residue), four disulfide bond distances, five chi1 dihedral angles and four hydrogen bonds. The 20 conformers with lowest total energy had no NOE violations greater than 0.35A or dihedral angle violations greater than 12 degrees. The average root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) for backbone atoms of all residues among the 20 conformers was 1.1A and 0.6A for the 29 best-defined residues. Obtustatin lacks any secondary structure. Compared to all known disintegrin structures in which the RGD motif is located at the apex of an 11 residue hairpin loop, the active KTS tripeptide of obtustatin is oriented towards a side of its nine residue integrin-binding loop. The C-terminal tail is near to the active loop, and these two structural elements display the largest atomic displacements due to local conformational disorder. Double cross-peaks for W20, Y28 and H27 in the aromatic region of TOCSY spectra, local RMSD values for these residues, and positive cross-peaks in a ROESY spectrum (600 MHz, 100 ms mixing time), suggest that these residues act as a hinge allowing for the overall flexibility of the entire integrin-binding loop. These distinct structural features, along with its different electrostatic surface potential in relation to other known disintegrins, may confer to obtustatin its reported alpha(1)beta(1) integrin inhibitory selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Moreno-Murciano
- Departamento de Qui;mica Fi;sica, Universitat de València, c/Dr Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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41
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Moreno-Murciano MP, Monleón D, Calvete JJ, Celda B, Marcinkiewicz C. Amino acid sequence and homology modeling of obtustatin, a novel non-RGD-containing short disintegrin isolated from the venom of Vipera lebetina obtusa. Protein Sci 2003; 12:366-71. [PMID: 12538900 PMCID: PMC2312415 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0230203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disintegrins represent a group of cysteine-rich peptides occurring in Crotalidae and Viperidae snake venoms, and are potent antagonists of several integrin receptors. A novel disintegrin, obtustatin, was isolated from the venom of the Vipera lebetina obtusa viper, and represents the first potent and selective inhibitor of the binding of integrin alpha(1)beta(1) to collagen IV. The primary structure of obtustatin contains 41 amino acids and is the shortest disintegrin described to date. Obtustatin shares the pattern of cysteines of other short disintegrins. However, in contrast to known short disintegrins, the integrin-binding loop of obtustatin is two residues shorter and does not express the classical RGD sequence. Using synthetic peptides, a KTS motif was identified as the integrin-binding sequence. A three-dimensional model of obtustatin, built by homology-modeling structure calculations using different templates and alignments, strongly indicates that the novel KTS motif may reside at the tip of a flexible loop.
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42
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Ritter MR, Zhou Q, Markland FS. Contortrostatin, a homodimeric disintegrin, actively disrupts focal adhesion and cytoskeletal structure and inhibits cell motility through a novel mechanism. CELL COMMUNICATION & ADHESION 2002; 8:71-86. [PMID: 11771727 DOI: 10.3109/15419060109080708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrins play a major role in the regulation of cell motility. They physically link the extracellular environment to the cytoskeleton and participate in large protein complexes known as focal adhesions. In this report, it is demonstrated that treatment of tumor cells with the homodimeric disintegrin contortrostatin induces integrin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation events and causes severe disruptions in the actin cytoskeleton and disassembly of focal adhesion structures without affecting cellular adhesion to a reconstituted basement membrane. Included in this disruption is the tyrosine phosphorylation and altered subcellular localization of FAK. Through use of transfected 293 cells with specific integrin expression profiles and anti-alphavbeta3 mAbs, we demonstrate that these events are mediated exclusively by the alphavbeta3 integrin and are likely the result of contortrostatin-mediated crosslinking of this receptor at the cell surface, since monovalent disintegrins, flavoridin or echistatin do not induce such effects. Further, it is shown that contortrostatin potently inhibits motility in cells expressing the alphavbeta33 integrin. The results of this study describe a novel integrin-mediated mechanism by which cell motility can be inhibited and suggest an alternative approach to therapeutic intervention for cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ritter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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43
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Smith JB, Theakston RDG, Coelho ALJ, Barja-Fidalgo C, Calvete JJ, Marcinkiewicz C. Characterization of a monomeric disintegrin, ocellatusin, present in the venom of the Nigerian carpet viper, Echis ocellatus. FEBS Lett 2002; 512:111-5. [PMID: 11852062 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocellatusin is a new RGD-containing short monomeric disintegrin. It is a better inhibitor of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin and a more potent inducer of the expression of a ligand-induced binding site epitope on beta(1) integrin subunit than echistatin. In further contrast to echistatin, ocellatusin has a direct chemotactic stimulus on human neutrophils in vitro. The distinct effects of these two close evolutionarily related disintegrins might be explained by the presence of methionine-22 and histidine-29 in the RGD loop of ocellatusin, which are arginine and aspartic acid, respectively, in echistatin. These mutations may modulate the conformation and/or recognition properties of the integrin-binding loop of ocellatusin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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44
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Souza DH, Iemma MR, Ferreira LL, Faria JP, Oliva ML, Zingali RB, Niewiarowski S, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. The disintegrin-like domain of the snake venom metalloprotease alternagin inhibits alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 384:341-50. [PMID: 11368322 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2beta1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix. Here we describe the isolation of a novel metalloproteinase/disintegrin, which is a potent inhibitor of the collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin. This 55-kDa protein (alternagin) and its disintegrin domain (alternagin-C) were isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Amino acid sequencing of alternagin-C revealed the disintegrin structure. Alternagin and alternagin-C inhibit collagen I-mediated adhesion of K562-alpha2beta1-transfected cells. The IC50 was 134 and 100 nM for alternagin and alternagin-C, respectively. Neither protein interfered with the adhesion of cells expressing alphaIIbeta3, alpha1beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha4beta1 alphavbeta3, and alpha9beta1 integrins to other ligands such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, and collagen IV. Alternagin and alternagin-C also mediated the adhesion of the K562-alpha2beta1-transfected cells. Our results show that the disintegrin-like domain of alternagin is responsible for its ability to inhibit collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Souza
- Department of Ciências Fisiológicas Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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45
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Gasmi A, Srairi N, Guermazi S, Dekhil H, Dkhil H, Karoui H, El Ayeb M. Amino acid structure and characterization of a heterodimeric disintegrin from Vipera lebetina venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:51-6. [PMID: 11343790 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A heterodimeric disintegrin designed as lebein was isolated from crude Vipera lebetina venom using gel filtration, anion and cation exchange chromatographies on FPLC. The amino acid sequence of each subunit determined by Edman degradation contains 64 residues with ten half-cystines and an RGD site at the C-terminal part of the molecule. The molecular mass of native lebein determined by mass spectrometry was found to be 14083.4 Da and those of alpha and beta subunits were 6992.05 and 7117.62, respectively. These value are in good agreement with those calculated from the sequences. This protein strongly inhibits ADP induced platelet aggregation on human platelet rich plasma with IC(50)=160 nM. Sequences of this protein subunits displayed significant sequence similarities with many other monomeric and dimeric disintegrins reported from snake venoms. We identified an amino acid residue (N) in the hairpin loop of both subunits (CNRARGDDMNDYC) which is different from all other reported motifs of disintegrins and this subtle difference may contribute to the distinct affinities and selectivities of this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gasmi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia.
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Davenpeck KL, Marcinkiewicz C, Wang D, Niculescu R, Shi Y, Martin JL, Zalewski A. Regional differences in integrin expression: role of alpha(5)beta(1) in regulating smooth muscle cell functions. Circ Res 2001; 88:352-8. [PMID: 11179205 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) differ from noncoronary SMCs. As integrin adhesion molecules regulate many SMC functions, we hypothesized that differences in integrin expression on coronary and noncoronary SMCs may account for cellular differences. Analysis of integrin expression on freshly isolated porcine coronary and noncoronary SMCs revealed that coronary SMCs express significantly less alpha(5)beta(1) than noncoronary SMCs, whereas the expression of total beta(1) and that of alpha(v)beta(3) are similar. Consistent with these findings, coronary SMCs demonstrated significantly less adhesion to fibronectin, compared with carotid artery SMCs. As alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated signaling has been associated with cellular proliferation, the effects of differential alpha(5)beta(1) expression on cell proliferation were examined by comparing primary coronary and carotid artery SMC proliferation. Coronary SMC growth was significantly lower than that of carotid artery SMCs when plated on fibronectin or type I collagen. Blocking alpha(5)beta(1) function on carotid artery SMCs produced a significant decrease in cellular proliferation, resulting in growth similar to that of coronary SMCs. Furthermore, blocking alpha(5)beta(1), but not alpha(v)beta(3), inhibited loss of alpha-smooth muscle actin in proliferating SMCs. Proliferating coronary SMCs were found to upregulate alpha(5)beta(1) expression, further indicating a role for alpha(5)beta(1) in SMC growth. These results suggest that dissimilar alpha(5)beta(1) integrin expression may mediate regional differences in phenotype of vascular SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davenpeck
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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47
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Marcinkiewicz C, Taooka Y, Yokosaki Y, Calvete JJ, Marcinkiewicz MM, Lobb RR, Niewiarowski S, Sheppard D. Inhibitory effects of MLDG-containing heterodimeric disintegrins reveal distinct structural requirements for interaction of the integrin alpha 9beta 1 with VCAM-1, tenascin-C, and osteopontin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:31930-7. [PMID: 10926928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003209200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin alpha9beta1 is expressed on epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle, and neutrophils and recognizes at least three distinct ligands: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), tenascin-C, and osteopontin. The alpha9 subunit is structurally similar to the integrin alpha4 subunit, and alpha9beta1 and alpha4beta1 both recognize VCAM-1 as a ligand. We therefore examined whether the disintegrin EC3, which we have recently shown specifically inhibits the binding of alpha4 integrins to ligands, would also be a functional inhibitor of alpha9beta1. EC3 and a novel heterodimeric disintegrin that we identified, EC6, both were potent inhibitors of alpha9beta1-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1 and of neutrophil migration across tumor necrosis factor-activated endothelial cells. A peptide containing a novel MLDG motif shared by both of these disintegrins also inhibited alpha9beta1- and alpha4beta1-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1. Surprisingly though, concentrations of EC3 that completely inhibited adhesion of alpha9-transfected cells to VCAM-1 had little or no effect on adhesion to either of the other alpha9beta1 ligands, osteopontin and tenascin-C. Furthermore, peptides AEIDGIEL and SVVYGLR, which we have previously shown inhibit binding of alpha9beta1-expressing cells to tenascin-C and osteopontin, respectively, had no effect on adhesion to VCAM-1. These data suggest that there are structurally distinct requirements for interactions of the alpha9beta1 integrin with VCAM-1 and the extracellular matrix ligands osteopontin and tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marcinkiewicz
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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48
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Ritter MR, Markland FS. Contortrostatin activates ERK2 and tyrosine phosphorylation events via distinct pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274:142-8. [PMID: 10903909 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report that cells adhering to contortrostatin show transient increases in activation of Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase 2 (ERK2). The kinetics and degree of activation are similar to cells adhering to fibronectin or vitronectin. We have recently shown that contortrostatin induces tyrosine phosphorylation in tumor cells. Contortrostatin is shown here to stimulate activation of ERK2 in suspended cells, but this activation follows a different dose-response pattern than contortrostatin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Since contortrostatin induces tyrosine phosphorylation via alphavbeta3, we explored the effects of an alphavbeta3-blocking antibody, 7E3, on contortrostatin-stimulated ERK2 activation. While 7E3 completely blocks the effect of contortrostatin on tyrosine phosphorylation, this antibody had no effect on activation of ERK2. In cells lacking expression of alphavbeta3, tyrosine phosphorylation was unaffected by contortrostatin treatment, but ERK2 was activated. This is strong evidence that contortrostatin is regulating tyrosine phosphorylation events and ERK2 activation via separate pathways and through different integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ritter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Calvete JJ, Moreno-Murciano MP, Sanz L, Jürgens M, Schrader M, Raida M, Benjamin DC, Fox JW. The disulfide bond pattern of catrocollastatin C, a disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich protein isolated from Crotalus atrox venom. Protein Sci 2000; 9:1365-73. [PMID: 10933502 PMCID: PMC2144675 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.7.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide bond pattern of catrocollastatin-C was determined by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. The N-terminal disintegrin-like domain is a compact structure including eight disulfide bonds, seven of them in the same pattern as the disintegrin bitistatin. The protein has two extra cysteine residues (XIII and XVI) that form an additional disulfide bond that is characteristically found in the disintegrin-like domains of cellular metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and PIII snake venom Zn-metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of catrocollastatin-C contains five disulfide bonds between nearest-neighbor cysteines and a long range disulfide bridge between CysV and CysX. These results provide structural evidence for a redefinition of the disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domain boundaries. An evolutionary pathway for ADAMs, PIII, and PII SVMPs based on disulfide bond engineering is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina, C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain.
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50
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Nikai T, Taniguchi K, Komori Y, Masuda K, Fox JW, Sugihara H. Primary structure and functional characterization of bilitoxin-1, a novel dimeric P-II snake venom metalloproteinase from Agkistrodon bilineatus venom. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 378:6-15. [PMID: 10871038 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the hemorrhagic toxin, bilitoxin-1, isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon bilineatus was determined by the Edman sequencing procedure of peptides derived from digests utilizing cyanogen bromide, clostripain, lysyl endopeptidase, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. A molecular mass of 80,000 Da was observed in the nonreduced state and 48,000 Da was observed in the reduced state, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each subunit consists of 291 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular mass of 32,276 Da. The toxin contains fucose, galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, mannose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid and three N-linked glycosylation consensus sites. Hydrazinolysis and ESI mass spectrometry revealed that asparagine was the carboxyl-terminal amino acid. The disintegrin-like domain of bilitoxin-1 lacks the RGD cell-binding sequence, which is substituted by the MGD sequence. Under certain conditions, the disintegrin domain is autoproteolytically processed from the native protein. Studies with the bilitoxin disintegrin demonstrated that it lacks platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, probably reflecting the substitution of RGD by MGD. The hemorrhagic activity of the asialobilitoxin-1 was only 25% of bilitoxin-1, while proteolytic activity was unaffected. The three-dimensional structure of this toxin was modeled and was shown to likely possess a structure similar to that of adamalysin II (Gomis-Rüth et al., EMBO J. 12, 151-157 (1993)) and the disintegrin kistrin (Adler et al., Biochemistry 32, 282-289 (1993)). In summary, here we report the first primary structure of a dimeric, P-II snake venom metalloproteinase and the biological role of bilitoxin-1 glycosylation and the disintegrin domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nikai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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