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Ye J, Liu M, Chen L, Jing L, Qi H, Wu B, Wang W, Zheng H, Zhang ZF, Huang J, Shi J, Chen X, Xiao W, Wang S, Li YF, Cai M. Air-sea exchange of PAHs in the Taiwan Strait: Seasonal dynamics and regulation mechanisms revealed by machine learning approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134792. [PMID: 38838523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, to understand the seasonal dynamics of air-sea exchange and its regulation mechanisms, we investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the air-sea interface in the western Taiwan Strait in combination with measurements and machine learning (ML) predictions. For 3-ring PAHs and most of 4- to 6-ring, volatilization and deposition fluxes were observed, respectively. Seasonal variations in air-sea exchange flux suggest the influence of monsoon transitions. Results of interpretable ML approach (XGBoost) indicated that volatilization of 3-ring PAHs was significantly controlled by dissolved PAH concentrations (contributed 24.0 %), and the gaseous deposition of 4- to 6-ring PAHs was related to more contaminated air masses originating from North China during the northeast monsoon. Henry's law constant emerged as a secondary factor, influencing the intensity of air-sea exchange, particularly for low molecular weight PAHs. Among environmental parameters, notably high wind speed emerges as the primary factor and biological pump's depletion of PAHs in surface seawater amplifies the gaseous deposition process. The distinct dynamics of exchanges at the air-water interface for PAHs in the western TWS can be attributed to variations in primary emission intensities, biological activity, and the inconsistent pathways of long-range atmospheric transport, particularly within the context of the monsoon transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingkun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huaiyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bizhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jiajin Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingwen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Liu M, Zheng H, Cai M, Leung KMY, Li Y, Yan M, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Chen M, Ke H. Ocean Stratification Impacts on Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): From Global Observation to Deep Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18339-18349. [PMID: 37651694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Ocean stratification plays a crucial role in many biogeochemical processes of dissolved matter, but our understanding of its impact on widespread organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), remains limited. By analyzing dissolved PAHs collected from global oceans and marginal seas, we found different patterns in vertical distributions of PAHs in relation to ocean primary productivity and stratification index. Notably, a significant positive logarithmic relationship (R2 = 0.50, p < 0.05) was observed between the stratification index and the PAH stock. To further investigate the impact of ocean stratification on PAHs, we developed a deep learning neural network model. This model incorporated input variables determining the state of the seawater or the stock of PAHs. The modeled PAH stocks displayed substantial agreement with the observed values (R2 ≥ 0.92), suggesting that intensified stratification could prompt the accumulation of PAHs in the water column. Given the amplified effect of global warming, it is imperative to give more attention to increased ocean stratification and its impact on the environmental fate of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
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Takai Y, Tominaga A, Uchida Y, Honda M, Qiu X, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Size effect of polystyrene microplastics on the accumulation of anthracene for Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139543. [PMID: 37474033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by microplastics in aquatic ecosystems is a worldwide problem, and the role of microplastics as vectors of pollutants has been a concern. Although small microplastics are thought to have a greater effect than large microplastics as vectors of pollutants, the impact of the size of microplastics on their ability to serve as vectors of pollutants has not been quantified. In this study, we conducted the 14-day experiment (7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration) with polystyrene microplastics (2-μm or 10-μm diameter) and anthracene. On the last day of the exposure period, the concentration of anthracene in the muscle of Java medaka exposed to both anthracene and 2-μm polystyrene microplastics was the highest (47.4 ± 15.2 μg/g-muscle) of any group, followed by the group exposed to both anthracene and 10-μm polystyrene microplastics (23.0 ± 4.2 μg/g-muscle) and the group exposed to only anthracene (11.2 ± 2.2 μg/g-muscle). These results demonstrated that the size of microplastics was a critical determinant of their ability to serve as vectors of anthracene. The concentrations of anthracene and fine microplastics in the environment are sufficiently low that the effect of microplastics as vectors of anthracene may be observed only under experimental conditions that are unlikely to occur in the present environment. However, because pollution by plastics is expected to become more serious in the future, careful thought and proactive action will be needed to ensure that the impact of microplastics as vectors of pollutants does not become demonstrable under future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takai
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tominaga
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukiya Uchida
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Takai Y, Tominaga A, Honda M, Qiu X, Shimasaki Y, Kang IJ, Oshima Y. Combined effect of anthracene and polyethylene microplastics on swimming speed and cytochrome P4501A monooxygenase expression of Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:948-957. [PMID: 37735317 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been detected in a variety of aquatic ecosystems, and the combined effect of microplastics and chemical pollutants has become a matter of increasing concern. We conducted a 12-d co-exposure test of anthracene and spherical or fragmented polyethylene microplastics (size 200 µm) on Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus). The accumulation of anthracene in Java medaka muscle reached a plateau on day 5 in all anthracene exposure groups, and no significant differences were detected among the groups (ANT, 20.4 ± 5.5; ANT + SPPE-MP, 24.7 ± 2.7; ANT + FRPE-MP, 24.6 ± 4.7 µg/g). However, co-exposure to anthracene and spherical or fragmented polyethylene microplastics increased the duration of slow swimming in a swimming behavior test (control, 4.1 ± 1.4; ANT, 5.2 ± 2.8; ANT + SPPE-MP, 12.4 ± 3.7; ANT + FRPE-MP, 17.4 ± 5.1 min/30 min), and co-exposure to anthracene and fragmented polyethylene microplastics induced higher cytochrome P4501A monooxygenase (CYP1A) expression in Java medaka livers than the other anthracene exposure groups (ANT, 189 ± 74; ANT + SPPE-MP, 203 ± 75; ANT + FRPE-MP 272 ± 36% of control). Polyethylene microplastics appear to be weak vectors of anthracene at the size tested (200 µm), and the effect of shape (spherical or fragmented) on the vector effect was small. However, the presence of polyethylene microplastics could affect the swimming behavior and CYP1A expression in Java medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takai
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tominaga
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ik Joon Kang
- School of Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Guigue C, Tesán-Onrubia JA, Guyomarc'h L, Bănaru D, Carlotti F, Pagano M, Chifflet S, Malengros D, Chouba L, Tronczynski J, Tedetti M. Hydrocarbons in size-fractionated plankton of the Mediterranean Sea (MERITE-HIPPOCAMPE campaign). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115386. [PMID: 37591021 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs and PAHs, respectively) were analyzed in the dissolved fraction (<0.7 μm) of surface water and in various particulate/planktonic size fractions (0.7-60, 60-200, 200-500 and 500-1000 μm) collected at the deep chlorophyll maximum, along a North-South transect in the Mediterranean Sea in spring 2019 (MERITE-HIPPOCAMPE campaign). Suspended particulate matter, biomass, total chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon, C and N isotopic ratios, and lipid biomarkers were also determined to help characterizing the size-fractionated plankton and highlight the potential link with the content in AHs and PAHs in these size fractions. Ʃ28AH concentrations ranged 18-489 ng L-1 for water, 3.9-72 μg g-1 dry weight (dw) for the size fraction 0.7-60 μm, and 3.4-55 μg g-1 dw for the fractions 60-200, 200-500 and 500-1000 μm. AH molecular profiles revealed that they were mainly of biogenic origin. Ʃ14PAH concentrations were 0.9-16 ng L-1 for water, and Ʃ27PAH concentrations were 53-220 ng g-1 dw for the fraction 0.7-60 μm and 35-255 ng g-1 dw for the three higher fractions, phenanthrene being the most abundant compound in planktonic compartment. Two processes were evidenced concerning the PAH patterns, the bioreduction, i.e., the decrease in concentrations from the small size fractions (0.7-60 and 60-200 μm) to the higher ones (200-500 μm and 500-1000 μm), and the biodilution, i.e., the decrease in concentrations in plankton at higher suspended matter or biomass, especially for the 0.7-60 and 60-200-μm size fractions. We estimated the biological pump fluxes of Ʃ27PAHs below 100-m depth in the Western Mediterranean Sea at 15 ± 10 ng m-2 day-1, which is comparable to those previously reported in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Léa Guyomarc'h
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Daniela Bănaru
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - François Carlotti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Pagano
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Chifflet
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Deny Malengros
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Lassaad Chouba
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM), 28, rue 2 mars 1934, Salammbô 2025, Tunisia
| | - Jacek Tronczynski
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
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Zheng H, Liu M, Lohmann R, Li D, Vojta S, Katz S, Wang W, Ke H, Wang C, Cai M. Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the South China Sea: Implications for atmospheric transport under monsoon influences. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114982. [PMID: 37121185 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal monsoon variations have significant impact on the atmospheric transport of semi-volatile organic pollutants over the South China Sea (SCS). We analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over the basin and island areas (Yongxing Island and Yongshu Island) in 2017. Gaseous PAHs (0.17-1.4 ng m-3) showed spatio-temporal distinctions in their composition and sources among the basin and island areas. Mixed combustion sources of PAHs were identified over the SCS, including a petroleum source near the island areas. The transport routes of PAHs were inferred by the air mass back trajectories and potential source contribution factor analysis, identifying strong biomass burning signals from the Indochina Peninsula and other Southeast Asian countries. Emissions from approximately 90 % of the combustion sources were transported to basin areas by monsoons, whereas the island areas were dominated by local emissions. This study emphasizes the main potential terrestrial source of PAHs over the SCS under monsoon influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Daning Li
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Simon Vojta
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Samuel Katz
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Al-Shamary N, Hassan H, Leitão A, Hutchinson SM, Mondal D, Bayen S. Baseline distribution of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the marine environment around the coastline of Qatar. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114655. [PMID: 36764146 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Levels of organic contaminants (TPHs, PAHs) were simultaneously determined in both abiotic (sediments, seawater) and biotic (Pinctada radiata oysters) samples at four sites along the coastline of Qatar (Arabian Gulf) in 2017-2018. TPHs and PAHs were more frequently detected in oyster tissues than sediment and seawater samples collected from the same areas. While levels of TPHs and PAHs in seawater and sediments were lower than previous local studies and worldwide studies, PAHs levels observed in pearl oyster tissue (25.9-2240 μg/kg) were relatively higher than in previous studies in Qatar. In general, eight PAHs compounds were detected in oyster tissue, with benzo(a)pyrene displaying the highest concentration. The coast of Qatar could be affected by seasonal patterns of pollutants, where TPHs and PAHs levels increased in winter compared to summer. These results provide key information on the use of the pearl oyster as a bioindicator species and Qatar's marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Al-Shamary
- Environnemental Science Center, Qatar University, Qatar; School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, UK
| | - Hassan Hassan
- Environnemental Science Center, Qatar University, Qatar
| | | | - Simon M Hutchinson
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, UK
| | - Debapriya Mondal
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada.
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8
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Passive water sampling and air-water diffusive exchange of long-range transported semi-volatile organic pollutants in high-mountain lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160509. [PMID: 36436648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of legacy and currently emitted organic pollutants were determined in the freely dissolved phase of water from six high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m) by passive water sampling. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) sheets were exposed for three consecutive periods lasting each one year between 2017 and 2020 for the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organochlorine compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, HCB). HCB concentrations (1.0-14 pg L-1) remained essentially the same as those measured with pumping systems over two decades ago in the same area. ƩPAHs (35-920 pg L-1) were around half of those observed in the past, which agrees with reductions in European atmospheric emissions. ƩPCB concentrations (1.2-2.2 pg L-1) were substantially lower, although unexpectedly large differences could be due to comparing yearly averages from the present study to seasonally variable (i.e., affected by snowmelt, stratification, and colloidal organic matter) episodic pumping measurements from previous studies. ƩOPEs (139-2849 pg L-1) were measured for the first time in this area and were found at high concentrations in some sites. Concentrations of most compounds obtained with LDPE and SR samplers agreed with each other by ratios generally lower than three or four times, except for a few PAHs and OPEs. Diffusive exchange flux calculations between the atmospheric gas phase and the freely dissolved water phase revealed net deposition of pollutants from air to water, except for some OPEs and PCBs presenting equilibrium conditions, and HCB with volatilization fluxes. Atmospheric degradation fluxes of PAHs and OPEs pointed at competing removal mechanisms that support the air-to-water direction of their diffusive exchange, while PCBs and organochlorines were not affected by photodegradation. In their current state, these remote lakes accumulate many emerging and legacy pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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9
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Iriarte J, Dachs J, Casas G, Martínez-Varela A, Berrojalbiz N, Vila-Costa M. Snow-Dependent Biogeochemical Cycling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1625-1636. [PMID: 36655903 PMCID: PMC9893724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The temporal trend of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal waters with highly dynamic sources and sinks is largely unknown, especially for polar regions. Here, we show the concurrent measurements of 73 individual PAHs and environmental data, including the composition of the bacterial community, during three austral summers at coastal Livingston (2015 and 2018) and Deception (2017) islands (Antarctica). The Livingston 2015 campaign was characterized by a larger snow melting input of PAHs and nutrients. The assessment of PAH diagnostic ratios, such as parent to alkyl-PAHs or LMW to HMW PAHs, showed that there was a larger biodegradation during the Livingston 2015 campaign than in the Deception 2017 and Livingston 2018 campaigns. The biogeochemical cycling, including microbial degradation, was thus yearly dependent on snow-derived inputs of matter, including PAHs, consistent with the microbial community significantly different between the different campaigns. The bivariate correlations between bacterial taxa and PAH concentrations showed that a decrease in PAH concentrations was concurrent with the higher abundance of some bacterial taxa, specifically the order Pseudomonadales in the class Gammaproteobacteria, known facultative hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria previously reported in degradation studies of oil spills. The work shows the potential for elucidation of biogeochemical processes by intensive field-derived time series, even in the harsh and highly variable Antarctic environment.
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Ben Othman H, Pick FR, Sakka Hlaili A, Leboulanger C. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on marine and freshwater microalgae - A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129869. [PMID: 36063709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first synthetic review of the PAHs effects on microalgae in experimental studies and aquatic ecosystems is provided. Phytoplankton and phytobenthos from marine and freshwaters show a wide range of sensitivities to PAHs, and can accumulate, transfer and degrade PAHs. Different toxicological endpoints including growth, chlorophyll a, in vivo fluorescence yield, membrane integrity, lipid content, anti-oxidant responses and gene expression are reported for both freshwater and marine microalgal species exposed to PAHs in culture and in natural assemblages. Photosynthesis, the key process carried out by microalgae appears to be the most impacted by PAH exposure. The effect of PAHs is both dose- and species-dependent and influenced by environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature, and salinity. Under natural conditions, PAHs are typically present in mixtures and the toxic effects induced by single PAHs are not necessarily extrapolated to mixtures. Natural microalgal communities appear more sensitive to PAH contamination than microalgae in monospecific culture. To further refine the ecological risks linked to PAH exposure, species-sensitivity distributions (SSD) were analyzed based on published EC50s (half-maximal effective concentrations during exposure). HC5 (harmful concentration for 5% of the species assessed) was derived from SSD to provide a toxicity ranking for each of nine PAHs. The most water-soluble PAHs naphthalene (HC5 = 650 µg/L), acenaphthene (HC5 = 274 µg/L), and fluorene (HC5 = 76.8 µg/L) are the least toxic to microalgae, whereas benzo[a]pyrene (HC5 = 0.834 µg/L) appeared as the more toxic. No relationship between EC50 and cell biovolume was established, which does not support assumptions that larger microalgal cells are less sensitive to PAHs, and calls for further experimental evidence. The global PAHs HC5 for marine species was on average higher than for freshwater species (26.3 and 1.09 µg/L, respectively), suggesting a greater tolerance of marine phytoplankton towards PAHs. Nevertheless, an important number of experimental exposure concentrations and reported toxicity thresholds are above known PAHs solubility in water. The precise and accurate assessment of PAHs toxicity to microalgae will continue to benefit from more rigorously designed experimental studies, including control of exposure duration and biometric data on test microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ben Othman
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, Sète, France
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, 7021 Bizerte, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR18ES41 Sciences de l'Environnement, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, Tunis, Tunisia
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11
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Fu J, Zhang H, Li R, Shi T, Gao H, Jin S, Wang Q, Zong H, Na G. Occurrence, spatial patterns, air-seawater exchange, and atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Northwest Pacific to Arctic Ocean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105793. [PMID: 36371950 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Arctic; however, their behavior in different environments has not been studied at a large scale. To investigate the occurrence, spatial trends, air-seawater exchange and atmospheric deposition of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), this study takes sample from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. to the Arctic Ocean.The concentrations of 16 PAHs in air and seawater ranged from 27 to 5658 pg/m3 and 34-338 ng/L, respectively. The air-seawater exchange flux of the region was calculated with a Whitman two-film model to be -82681-24613 ng/m2/day. Meanwhile, low-ring PAHs were transported from seawater to the air, while high-ring PAHs were transported from air to seawater. A correlation analysis between multiple environmental factors and particle phase ratio suggested that temperature might be the major driving factor for PAHs in the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) process. Moreover, the dry atmospheric deposition fluxes in the region were analyzed by considering environmental factors and the physicochemical properties of each PAHs monomer, these fluxes ranged from 0.001 to 696 ng/m2/day and were greater inshore than offshore and at higher latitudes. This study highlights that PAHs are affected by LRAT during their transport from Asia to Northwest Pacific and further to the Arctic Ocean, while emphasizing that air-seawater exchange plays an important role in air-sea interactions in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-environment Process and Carbon Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
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12
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Lin Y, Cai M, Chen M, Huang P, Lei R, Chen M, Gui D, Ke H. Evidence for the growing importance of Eurasian local source to PAHs in the Arctic central basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158373. [PMID: 36041604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are traditionally considered to enter the Arctic Ocean through long-range transport. Arctic warming, especially sea ice retreat, will certainly increase the contribution from local source (such as river input and ice melting). However, this hypothesis remains poorly constrained for lack of quantitative evidence. Here PAHs in surface seawater (67°N-89°N, 152°E-177°E) and sea ice (82°N-89°N) were collected in the western Arctic in 2010. Dissolved concentrations of 15 PAHs (Σ15PAHs) in surface layer ice (26.2 to 49.8 ng/L) were one order of magnitude higher than the underlying seawater. The content of dissolved Σ15PAHs was significantly higher in the marginal ice zone than those in the Chukchi Sea shelf, and the dissolved Σ15PAHs concentration differed by nearly an order of magnitude in two closely adjacent sections in the basin area, which both showed high fraction of river water and sea ice meltwater. This pattern could be explained by the different local inputs from Eurasia and North America. This scenario was further visualized by ice back trajectories capturing significantly higher PAH signals from the Eurasian margin than those from North America and stable oxygen isotopic data finding a positive correlation of PAH levels with the fractions of river runoff and ice-melting water coming from the Eurasia. The PAHs budget of the Arctic Ocean was also dominated by local sources (river and ice melting) as inputs (76 %) and volatilization as outputs (47 %). This study reveals the importance of Eurasian local inputs in supplying PAHs to the central Arctic Ocean. Those processes, which have not been well recognized for PAHs previously, are expected to increase and will undermine global efforts to reduce exposure by remobilizing PAHs stored in permafrost and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361002, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Min Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China; College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruibo Lei
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dawei Gui
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
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Martínez-López A, Marrero Á, Martín-Cruz Y, González MM. Environmental assessment model for scrubbers versus alternative mitigation systems for feeder vessels in liner shipping. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115954. [PMID: 35987055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of the Global Sulphur Cap (GSC), in January 2020, boosted scrubber installation in vessels to fulfill the new air emission limitations. This increase in scrubbers' use has intensified concern about its environmental performance. Even though achievement of GSC requirements through this mitigation system has been widely proven, the impact of wash water discharge on the marine environment remains under discussion. In this paper, an assessment environmental model is introduced to quantify in monetary terms the performance of feeder vessels that operate with several mitigation systems. This model attempts to improve traditional air emission evaluations by including the impact of scrubbers' discharges on the marine environmental. In this way, the analysis not only allows different mitigations systems to be ranked by considering their capacity to reduce air emissions, but also provides further information about the marine eutrophication and ecotoxicity impact from scrubbers' discharge. Through the model's application to a regular shipping line between the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula, it was found that, the scrubber, regardless of its operation mode (open- or closed loop), is the most efficient mitigation option after the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuel shift. The impact of scrubbers' discharge was not as significant as expected on the feeder vessel's total pollution since this provides similar relative weight to the methane emissions from a dual-engine option by operating with LNG. The results also show the need to more closely research the marine eutrophication impact of closed-loop scrubbers. Finally, this paper warns about a significant dispersion on the monetary values of marine ecotoxicity and eutrophication, due to a high dependence of the results on the frameworks' localization. Consequently, further research is needed on the homogenization of pollution monetization in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martínez-López
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - África Marrero
- Department of Naval and Industrial Engineering, University of A Coruña, Spain; Center for Innovation in Transport (CENIT), CIMNE-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yumara Martín-Cruz
- Department of Process Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Minkina T, Fedorenko A, Nevidomskaya D, Fedorenko G, Pol'shina T, Sushkova S, Chaplygin V, Beschetnikov V, Dudnikova T, Chernikova N, Lychagin M, Rajput VD. Uptake of potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the hydromorphic soil and their cellular effects on the Phragmites australis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119727. [PMID: 35820573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study provides an information on the combined effect of pollution with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in hydromorphic soils on the accumulation, growth, functional and morphological-anatomical changes of macrophyte plant, i.e., Phragmites australis Cav., as well as information about their bioindication status on the example of small rivers of the Azov basin. The territory of the lower reaches of the Kagalnik River is one of the small rivers of the Eastern Azov region was examined with different levels of PTEs contamination in soils, where the excess of the lithosphere clarkes and maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd were found. The features of the 16 priority PAHs quantitative and qualitative composition in hydromorphic soils and P. australis were revealed. The influence of soil pollution on accumulation in P. australis, as well as changes in the morphological parameters were shown. It has been observed that morphometric changes in P. australis at sites experiencing the сontamination and salinity are reflected with the changes in the ultrastructure of plastids, mitochondria, and EPR elements of plant cells. PTEs accumulated in inactive organs and damaged cell structures. At the same time, PAHs penetrated through the biomembranes and violated their integrity, increased permeability, resulted cell disorganization, meristem, and conductive tissues of roots. The nature and extent of the structural alterations found are dependent on the type and extent of pollution in the examined regions and can be utilized as bioindicators for evaluating the degree of soil phytotoxicity characterized by the accumulation of PTE and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grigoriy Fedorenko
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Pol'shina
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir Beschetnikov
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Liu M, Zheng H, Chen M, Liang J, Duan M, Du H, Chen M, Ke H, Zhang K, Cai M. Dissolved PAHs impacted by air-sea interactions: Net volatilization and strong surface current transport in the Eastern Indian Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128603. [PMID: 35255333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the Indian Ocean, the marine fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is impacted by the unique air-sea interactions with great monsoon characters. By collecting water-column samples during the monsoon transition period, we found PAHs (∑8PAH: 1.1-27 ng L-1) showed significantly different distributions from the Bay of Bengal, Equatorial Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea (p < 0.001). Their vertical profiles showed natural logarithm relationships with depth in the Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean. PAHs were mainly from wood/coal combustion and vehicle emission. The estimation of PAHs' air-seawater exchange flux revealed net volatilizations from seawater except in the Eastern Indian Ocean. The Wyrtki Jet, a surface current driven by the westerly wind, was observed in the equatorial area. This swift current could transport PAHs eastward efficiently with a mass flux of 636 ± 188 g s-1. The subsurface current, Equatorial Undercurrent, played a less crucial role in PAHs' lateral transport with a flux of 115 ± 31.3 g s-1. This study preliminarily revealed the role of air-sea interactions on PAHs' transport and fate in the open ocean. The coupled air-sea interactions with biogeochemical processes should be considered in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junhua Liang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengshan Duan
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huihong Du
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mian Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Zhu FJ, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Atmosphere from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: Spatial Variability, Gas/Particle Partitioning, and Source Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6253-6261. [PMID: 35476391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the marine atmosphere contributes to the understanding of the global sources, fate, and impact of this contaminant. Few studies conducted to measure PAHs in the oceanic atmosphere have covered a large scale, especially in the Southern Ocean. In this study, high-volume air samples were taken along a cross-section from China to Antarctica and analyzed for gaseous and particulate PAHs. The data revealed the spatial distribution, gas-particle partitioning, and source contributions of PAHs in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans. The median concentration (gaseous + particulate) of ∑24PAHs was 3900 pg/m3 in the Pacific Ocean, 2000 pg/m3 in the Indian Ocean, and 1200 pg/m3 in the Southern Ocean. A clear latitudinal gradient was observed for airborne PAHs from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean. Back trajectories (BTs) analysis showed that air masses predominantly originated from populated land had significantly higher concentrations of PAHs than those from the oceans or Antarctic continents/islands. The air mass origins and temperature have significant influences on the gas-particle partitioning of PAHs. Source analysis by positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that the highest contribution to PAHs was from coal combustion emissions (52%), followed by engine combustion emissions (27%) and wood combustion emissions (21%). A higher contribution of PAHs from wood combustion was found in the eastern coastal region of Australia. In contrast, engine combustion emissions primarily influenced the sites in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
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Zhang L, Sun D, Zhang L, Zhou S. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Philippine Sea, Western Pacific and the impact factors analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113083. [PMID: 34710674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution properties in ocean is highly needed to protect the open sea. In July to August of 2020, twenty surface water samples were obtained from the East China Sea to the Philippine Sea. The ranges of Σ15PAHs concentrations were 3.188-5.29 ng L-1 in dissolved phase, 0.455-1.305 ng L-1 in particulate phase in the Philippine Sea. 3, 4-Ring PAHs were the most abundant PAHs. Their spatial differences in dissolved phase were mainly caused by human activities, the summer monsoon from the Philippine Islands and the Northern Equatorial Current, and the Kuroshio Current and Subtropical Countercurrent. The source analysis showed that PAHs in surface water in the Philippine Sea may come from coal combustion. It is the first time to analyze the occurrence and distribution of PAHs in the Philippine Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Shaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Yang PF, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Northwestern Pacific to the Southern Ocean: Surface seawater distribution, source apportionment, and air-seawater exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117780. [PMID: 34731661 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a group of toxic and carcinogenic compounds are large scale globally emitted anthropogenic pollutants mainly emitted into the atmosphere. However, atmospheric transport cannot fully explain the spatial variability of PAHs in the marine atmosphere and seawater. It is hypothesized that PAHs accumulated in seawater and ocean circulation can also influence PAHs observed in air above the ocean. In order to investigate PAHs in seawater as a potential secondary source to air, we collected paired air and seawater samples during a research cruise from China to the Antarctic in 2018-2019, covering the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Summed concentrations of 28 analyzed PAHs in seawater were highest in the Pacific Ocean (4000 ± 1400 pg/L), followed by the Indian Ocean (2700 ± 1000 pg/L), and the Southern Ocean (2300 ± 520 pg/L). Three-ringed PAHs dominated the composition profile. We found that PAH levels in the Pacific and Indian Oceans were strong inversely correlated with salinity and distance to the coastline. This suggests that riverine inputs and continental discharges are important sources of PAHs to the marine environment. Derived air-seawater fugacity ratios suggest that net fluxes of PAHs were from seawater to the air in the Pacific and Indian Oceans at 9.0-8100 (median: 1600) ng/m2/d and 290-2000 (median: 1300) ng/m2/d, respectively. In the Southern Ocean, the net flow of PAHs was from air to seawater with a flux of -1000-450 (median: -82) ng/m2/d. Source apportionment from two different models suggested that the largest contribution to total PAHs was from petrogenic sources (44-57%), followed by coal/wood combustion (30-31%), fossil fuel combustion (15%), and engine combustion emissions (2.8-9.5%). Higher contributions from petrogenic sources were found at sites close to coastal regions. Both coal/wood combustion and petrogenic sources are responsible for the PAH concentrations detected in the Indian and Southern Oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
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19
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Müller MN, Yogui GT, Gálvez AO, Gustavo de Sales Jannuzzi L, Fidelis de Souza Filho J, de Jesus Flores Montes M, Mendes de Castro Melo PA, Neumann-Leitão S, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Cellular accumulation of crude oil compounds reduces the competitive fitness of the coral symbiont Symbiodinium glynnii. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117938. [PMID: 34391045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill events in the marine environment can have a deleterious impact on the affected ecosystems, such as coral reefs, with direct consequences for their socioeconomic value. The mutualistic relationship between tropical corals and their dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) provide structural and nutritional basis for a high local biodiversity in oligotrophic waters. Here, we investigated effects of crude oil water-accommodated fraction on the competitive fitness of the model zooxanthellae species Symbiodinium glynnii. Results of laboratory essays demonstrate that crude oil carbon is incorporated into the cellular biomass with a concomitant change of δ13C isotopic value. Carcinogenic/mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified in the culture media and were responsible for a linear reduction in population growth of S. glynnii, presumably related to energy relocation for DNA repair. Additionally, the experiments revealed that physiological effects induced by crude oil compounds are genetically inherited by the following generations under non-contaminated growth conditions, and induce a reduction in the competitive fitness to cope with other environmental parameters, such as low salinity. We suggest that the effects of crude oil contamination represent an imparing factor for S. glynnii coping with anthropogenic drivers (e.g. warming and acidification) and interfere with the delicate symbiont-host relationship of tropical corals. This is especially relevant in the coastal areas of northeastern Brazil where an oil spill event deposited crude oil on shallow water sediments with the potential to be resuspended to the water column by physical and/or biological activity, enhancing the risk of future coral bleaching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Nils Müller
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Olivera Gálvez
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sigrid Neumann-Leitão
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
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20
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Vodopivez C, Curtosi A, Pelletier E, Saint-Louis R, Spairani LU, Hernández EA, Zakrajsek A, Genez A, Mac Cormack WP. Low levels of PAHs and organotin compounds in surface sediment samples from a broad marine area of 25 de Mayo (King George) Island, South Shetland Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147206. [PMID: 33957587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Northern region of the Antarctic Peninsula constitutes the area with the highest human presence in West Antarctica. The human presence, with all the activities associated such as logistic, scientific and tourism operations, represents a potential risk of chemical pollution with both, organic and inorganic contaminants. Under these conditions knowledge about the presence and levels of the main persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is essential to evaluate the environmental status of this ecologically relevant and sensitive area. In this work, which complements our previous study regarding trace elements, we performed the first regional-scale monitoring of 24 PAHs (16 of them included in EPA list of primary pollutant), and organotin compounds (OTCs:TBT, DBT and MBT) in surface sediment from 68 sites comprising six different areas in Maxwell Bay, southeast coast of 25 de Mayo (King George) Island. POPs were quantified in surface sediment samples (20-30 m depth) obtained during two summer Antarctic expeditions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The two most anthropized areas (South Fildes and Potter Cove) showed moderated evidence of pollution for PAHs and OTC. In some sampling sites the concentration of total PAHs was higher than 100 ng/g dw, while TBT was detected in only five samples, two of them located in Potter Cove (ranged between 14 and 18 ng/g dw), and three, located in South Fildes area (ranged between 118 and 416 ng/g dw). Although POPs contamination was evidenced in some samples close to scientific stations, a pollution pattern was not clearly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vodopivez
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Curtosi
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Pelletier
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - R Saint-Louis
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - L U Spairani
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E A Hernández
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto NANOBIOTEC UBA-CONICET, Junín 956 6to piso, CABA, Argentina
| | - A Zakrajsek
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Genez
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W P Mac Cormack
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, San Martín B1650HMK, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto NANOBIOTEC UBA-CONICET, Junín 956 6to piso, CABA, Argentina..
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21
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Fernandez P, van Drooge BL, Arellano L, Grimalt JO. Atmospheric deposition of semivolatile organic pollutants in European high mountains: Sources, settling and chemical degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147099. [PMID: 33895512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bulk atmospheric deposition samples, including wet and dry deposition, were collected during 2004-2006 in four high mountain European lakes: Skalnate Pleso (Tatra mountains, Slovakia), Gossenköllesee (Alps, Austria), Redon (Pyrenees, Spain), and Lochnagar (Grampian Mountains, Scotland). Samples were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), endosulfans, and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The deposition of PCBs, HCHs, and low brominated BDEs reflected baseline contributions from long range atmospheric transport. This was also the case for PAHs in Redon and Gossenköllesee, endosulfans in Lochnagar and Gossenköllesee and HCB in these three lakes. However, Skalnate received PAHs, endosulfans, and HCB from regional sources as it was the case for endosulfans in Redon. The distinct origin of these pollutants was reflected in the relative composition of some metabolites such as the proportion of endosulfan sulfate vs α- and β-endosulfans or the relative composition of BDE47 and BDE99. Wet deposition was the main process for atmospheric removal of PAHs, HCHs, and HCB. In addition, warm season revolatilization from soils and melting snow with subsequent condensation at low temperature were significant for volatile PAHs, HCB, low chlorinated PCBs, and endosulfans. Reaction with OH radicals was not a significant loss process of HCHs and HCB in remote areas, dominated by wet deposition, whereas PCBs and PAHs were significantly removed by both wet deposition and OH radical oxidation, the latter dominating in the highest altitude sites. Photolysis was the main atmospheric removal process of PBDEs, dominating over atmospheric deposition and OH depletion in all sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Arellano
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18. 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Sobotka J, Lammel G, Slobodník J, Schink A, Prokeš R, Vrana B. Dynamic passive sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds in surface seawater along the South Atlantic Ocean east-to-west transect and across the Black Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112375. [PMID: 33895394 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mapping of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in surface seawater on an east-to-west transect of the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) and across the Black Sea (BS) in 2016 was performed by a dynamic passive sampling device containing silicone-based passive samplers. In SAO as well as in BS the measurements confirmed freely dissolved concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, chlorobenzenes, cyclodiene pesticides, and brominated flame retardants in the range of units to low hundreds of pg per litre. The findings indicate that the spatial distribution of HOCs and emerging pollutants in the SAO and the BS is influenced by riverine inputs, ocean currents and atmospheric deposition from continental plumes. Observed concentration gradients indicate that eastern SAO receives DDT from sources in South Africa, whereas the emissions of endosulfan originate in South America. Elevated HOC concentrations in the northwestern BS are related to their discharge by rivers from the European continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Sobotka
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Anne Schink
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Martinez-Varela A, Cerro-Gálvez E, Auladell A, Sharma S, Moran MA, Kiene RP, Piña B, Dachs J, Vila-Costa M. Bacterial responses to background organic pollutants in the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4532-4546. [PMID: 34169620 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of man-made synthetic chemicals are released to oceans and compose the anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (ADOC). Little is known about the effects of this chronic pollution on marine microbiome activities. In this study, we measured the pollution level at three sites in the Northeast Subarctic Pacific Ocean (NESAP) and investigated how mixtures of three model families of ADOC at different environmentally relevant concentrations affected naturally occurring marine bacterioplankton communities' structure and metabolic functioning. The offshore northernmost site (North) had the lowest concentrations of hydrocarbons, as well as organophosphate ester plasticizers, contrasting with the two other continental shelf sites, the southern coastal site (South) being the most contaminated. At North, ADOC stimulated bacterial growth and promoted an increase in the contribution of some Gammaproteobacteria groups (e.g. Alteromonadales) to the 16 rRNA pool. These groups are described as fast responders after oil spills. In contrast, minor changes in South microbiome activities were observed. Gene expression profiles at Central showed the coexistence of ADOC degradation and stress-response strategies to cope with ADOC toxicities. These results show that marine microbial communities at three distinct domains in NESAP are influenced by background concentrations of ADOC, expanding previous assessments for polar and temperate waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alícia Martinez-Varela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Elena Cerro-Gálvez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Adrià Auladell
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Marine Science Institute, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Shalabh Sharma
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Marine Sciences Building, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Marine Sciences Building, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ronald P Kiene
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Benjamí Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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24
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Zhang R, Han M, Yu K, Kang Y, Wang Y, Huang X, Li J, Yang Y. Distribution, fate and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and surface water of multiple coral reef regions from the South China Sea: A case study in spring-summer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125214. [PMID: 33529835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed PAHs' wide occurrence in corals from multiple coral reef regions (CRRs) in the South China Sea. However, little is known about their occurrence, distribution, fate, and sources in the ambient environment of these CRRs. This study aimed to resolve these research gaps. The results showed ∑15PAHs (total concentrations of 15 US EPA priority controlled PAHs exclude naphthalene) in the atmosphere (gas-phase: 0.31-49.6 ng m-3; particle-phase: 2.6-649 pg m-3) were mainly influenced by air mass origins. Southwesterly wind caused higher ∑15PAHs than the southeasterly wind. The ∑15PAHs in seawater from the nearshore (462 ± 244 ng L-1) was higher than that from offshore Zhongsha Islands (80.5 ± 72.1 ng L-1) because of the effect of terrigenous pollution and ocean current. Source apportionment indicated that the mixed sources of spilled oil and combustion from neighboring countries were the main contributors to PAHs in these CRRs. The total deposition fluxes showed that PAHs tended to migrate from the atmosphere to seawater. Global warming may inhibit this process, but PAHs still have a migration pattern of atmosphere-ocean-corals, which will further increase the environmental pressure on coral reef ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Yaru Kang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Sushkova S, Minkina T, Tarigholizadeh S, Rajput V, Fedorenko A, Antonenko E, Dudnikova T, Chernikova N, Yadav BK, Batukaev A. Soil PAHs contamination effect on the cellular and subcellular organelle changes of Phragmites australis Cav. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2407-2421. [PMID: 33025349 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of ∑16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for soils, roots, and above-ground parts of reed (Phragmites australis Cav.) were determined on different monitoring plots located near the city of Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, southern Russia, where historically received industrial sewage and sludge. The total PAHs concentration in monitoring soil plots was significantly higher than those in the background site which situated at the distance of 2 km from the contamination source. Accordingly, the maximum accumulation was found for phenanthrene and chrysene among the 16 priority PAHs in most of the plant samples collected in the impact zone. The effects of PAHs' pollution on changes of Phragmites australis Cav. cellular and subcellular organelles in the studied monitoring sites were also determined using optical and electron microscopy, respectively. The obtained data showed that increasing of PAHs contamination negatively affected the ultrastructural changes of the studied plants. Phragmites australis Cav. showed a high level of adaptation to the effect of stressors by using tissue and cell levels. In general, the detected alterations under the PAHs effect were possibly connected to changes in biochemical and histochemical parameters as a response for reactive oxygen species and as a protective response against oxidative stress. The obtained results introduce innovative findings of cellular and subcellular changes in plants exposed to ∑16 priority PAHs as very persistent and toxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090.
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
| | | | - Vishnu Rajput
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
| | - Alexey Fedorenko
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chehova st, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Elena Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
| | - Natalia Chernikova
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki Prospect, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344090
| | - Brijesh Kumar Yadav
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Haridwar Highway, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Abdulmalik Batukaev
- Chechen State University, 17 Blvd. Dudaeva, Grozny, Russian Federation, 366007
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26
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Zheng H, Cai M, Zhao W, Khairy M, Chen M, Deng H, Lohmann R. Net volatilization of PAHs from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean observed by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116728. [PMID: 33611202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North Pacific-Arctic Oceans are important compartments for semi-volatile organic compounds' (SVOCs) global marine inventory, but whether they act as a "source" or "sink" remains controversial. To study the air-sea exchange and fate of SVOCs during their poleward long-range transport, low-altitude atmosphere and surface seawater were measured for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by passive sampling from July to September in 2014. Gaseous PAH concentrations (0.67-13 ng m-3) were dominated by phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu), which displayed an inverse correlation with latitude, as well as a significant linear relationship with partial pressure and inverse temperature. Concentrations of PAHs in seawater (1.8-16 ng L-1) showed regional characteristics, with higher levels near the East Asia and lower values in the Bering Strait. The potential impact from the East Asian monsoon was suggested for gaseous PAHs, which - similar to PAHs in surface seawater - were derived from combustion sources. In addition, the data implied net volatilization of PAHs from seawater into the air along the entire cruise; fluxes displayed a similar pattern to regional and monthly distribution of PAHs in seawater. Our results further emphasized that air-sea exchange is an important process for PAHs in the open marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hengxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States.
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27
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Lao JY, Li TY, Wu R, Ruan Y, Zeng EY, Wu J, Lam PKS. Tracing human footprint and the fate of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Pearl River Estuary, China: Importance of particle size. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144267. [PMID: 33429282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focus on size-segregated particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the oceanic atmosphere. To better understand the impacts of anthropogenic activities on atmospheric PAHs, a heavily human-impacted estuary, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), was chosen as a case study. We collected gaseous and size-segregated particulate samples of ambient air at two sites in the PRE, as well as from the exhaust emissions of the cruise ship used in the sampling campaign. In addition, surface seawater samples were collected. Size distribution patterns of high molecular-weight (HMW) particulate PAHs were bimodal at one site and unimodal at the other, suggesting PAHs at the former site were derived not only from long-range atmospheric transport but also from local sources. Gas-particle partition coefficients of HMW PAHs in size-segregated particles varied with particle sizes, mostly higher in fine particles (<1.8 μm). Dry deposition flux of Σ23PAHs (defined as the sum of 23 PAHs) was contributed mainly from coarse particles (>1.8 μm), and HMW PAHs with lower dry deposition velocities could be transported farther away. With respect to air-water exchange, lower MW PAHs tended to have net volatilization, whereas higher MW PAHs were likely to have net deposition. This study sheds new lights on the origins and fate of atmospheric PAHs over the PRE, and suggests the emissions of maritime traffics should be regulated. Collected near the metropolitan regions, atmospheric PAHs over the PRE were highly affected by anthropogenic activities, especially for HMW PAHs, which could pose a long-lasting impact to the oceanic atmosphere and marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Wu Y, Salamova A, Venier M. Using diagnostic ratios to characterize sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143240. [PMID: 33243501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the Great Lakes atmosphere using nine PAH diagnostic ratios (DRs). The samples were collected from six sites in the Great Lakes basin during 1996-2018 within the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). In general, pyrogenic sources, including coal combustion and vehicular emissions, were the most important contributors to atmospheric profiles, in particular at the urban sites. Diesel emissions accounted for a larger portion of the traffic-originated PAHs than gasoline emissions at all sites, but this compositional pattern was less obvious at the urban sites. Temporal analyses for DRs revealed that the relative contribution of petrogenic sources and volatilization from surfaces has been increasing gradually, and that the gaps in PAH emissions between diesel- and gasoline-engines appeared to be further amplified in recent years. Coal combustion and non-pyrogenic emissions were the main PAH sources for winter and summer air, respectively, but none of the DRs responded to these changes. DRs were generally different between vapor and particle phases. Our findings shed light on spatial and temporal trends of PAH DRs and PAH source characterization in the Great Lakes basin. Additionally, this study confirmed the usefulness of DRs, especially when combined with the PMF analysis, while also highlighting the limitation of multiple DRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Liu M, Hu J, Lin Y, Ke H, Lian J, Xu Y, Chen K, Zheng H, Chen M, Cai M. Full-depth profiles of PAHs in the Western South China Sea: Influence of Upwelling and Mesoscale Eddy. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127933. [PMID: 32822935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic processes such as coastal upwelling and mesoscale eddy, could influence the spatial distribution and environmental behaviors of semi-volatile organic pollutants in the marine environment. Seawater samples were collected from the full-depth water columns from the South China Sea (SCS), and PAH concentrations (∑14PAH) in the continental shelf and the open basin areas were 16-110 and 10-93 ng/L respectively. Results of isomeric ratios and principal component analysis illustrated PAHs' mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrogenic). PAH inventory of the SCS seawater was estimated as 100 ± 58 thousand tons, and the majority of them was stored in the intermediate and deep water masses. Generally, full-depth profiles of dissolved PAHs showed an "enrichment in surface and exhaustion in the deep" pattern, and this might be influenced by the oceanic processes such as coastal upwelling or eddy diffusion. In the cross-shelf area, upwelling could enhance the scavenging efficiency of PAHs on the upper layer, and increase the pollutant concentration in the medium and deep water. While in the open-basin area, PAHs were more likely influenced by the halocline stratification and eddy diffusion, and their vertical fluxes due to eddy diffusion was estimated to be 1.2 × 10-6 g s-1. This study highlighted the influences of oceanic processes in transport PAHs in the marginal sea, further study is needed to investigate their seasonal variations related to the monsoon characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiongjie Lian
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mian Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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30
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater from the Hornsund fjord (SW Svalbard). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111917. [PMID: 33321304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of contaminant distribution is important, particularly in the vulnerable first results about the occurrence of seventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and twelve dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic fjord seawater are reported. The contaminants were measured in 10 samples of suspended particulate matter collected in Hornsund (Svalbard). The ∑PCDD/F and ∑dl-PCB concentrations ranged from 0.066 to 231.47 pg/L and from 2.43 to 46.43 pg/L respectively. In terms of total PCDD/Fs, in general highly chlorinated PCDFs constituted the most significant fraction. Among dl-PCB compounds, PCB118 was the dominant congener. The toxicity equivalent for the samples ranged from 0.0008 to 1.90 pg I-TEQ/L for ∑PCDD/Fs, while for ∑dl-PCB it ranged from 0.0002 to 0.024 pg WHO05-TEQ/L. High concentrations of dioxins and dl-PCBs in some samples indicated that those contaminants could pose a threat to marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Chen A, Wu X, Simonich SLM, Kang H, Xie Z. Volatilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over the North Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean: The impact of offshore oil drilling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115963. [PMID: 33162218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air and seawater samples were collected in 2016 over the North Pacific Ocean (NPO) and adjacent Arctic Ocean (AO), and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in them. Atmospheric concentrations of ∑15 PAHs (gas + particle phase) were 0.44-7.0 ng m-3 (mean = 2.3 ng m-3), and concentrations of aqueous ∑15 PAHs (dissolved phase) were 0.82-3.7 ng L-1 (mean = 1.9 ng L-1). Decreasing latitudinal trends were observed for atmospheric and aqueous PAHs. Results of diagnostic ratios suggested that gaseous and aqueous PAHs were most likely to be related to the pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, respectively. Three sources, volatilization, coal and fuel oil combustion, and biomass burning, were determined by the PMF model for gaseous PAHs, with percent contributions of 10%, 44%, and 46%, respectively. The 4- ring PAHs underwent net deposition during the cruise, while some 3- ring PAHs were strongly dominated by net volatilization, even in the high latitude Arctic region. Offshore oil/gas production activities might result in the sustained input of low molecular weight 3- ring PAHs to the survey region, and further lead to the volatilization of them. Compared to the gaseous exchange fluxes, fluxes of atmospheric dry deposition and gaseous degradation were negligible. According to the extrapolated results, the gaseous exchange of semivolatile aromatic-like compounds (SALCs) may have a significant influence on the carbon cycling in the low latitude oceans, but not for the high latitude oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeng Chen
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hui Kang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
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Li R, Gao H, Ji Z, Jin S, Ge L, Zong H, Jiao L, Zhang Z, Na G. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column of Kongsfjorden, Arctic. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:186-193. [PMID: 32933734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kongsfjorden is known for its characteristic multi-layer water mass formed by the convergence of freshwaters from nearby glaciers and rivers and saline water from the Atlantic and Arctic. The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water column of Kongsfjorden was investigated and their potential sources were analyzed. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the surface seawater and river water were in the range of 33.4-79.8 ng/L (mean 48.5 ng/L) and 2.3-201.4 ng/L (mean 126.1 ng/L), respectively. Horizontally, PAHs were mainly concentrated around river estuaries and the glacier front in the dissolved phase. Vertically, the PAHs in the particulate phase followed surface-enrichment and depth-depletion patterns in most stations, with the maximum concentration found at 50 m depth in the central area of Kongsfjorden. The compositions of PAHs in seawater and rivers were similar, with two-ring and tricyclic PAHs comprising the majority of the dissolved and particulate phases. PAHs found in Kongsfjorden waters appeared to be derived from multiple sources such as petroleum and coal combustion. PAHs in the bay mouth of Kongsfjorden were mainly introduced by the West Spitsbergen Current and the Arctic waters, while in the inner bay, atmospheric deposition and local sources were the major contributors. The distribution of PAHs was mainly attributed to the suspended particulate distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linke Ge
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean-Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, China.
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Li D, Liu T, Pan L, Hu F, Jin Q. Bioaccumulation and oxidative damage of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110558. [PMID: 32304925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation and oxidative damage of Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, exposed to four selected mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), benzo (a) anthracene (BaA), benzo (b) fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (Chr) in equal proportion. For this purpose, clams were exposed to PAHs (BaP:BbF:BaA:Chr = 1:1:1:1) at different concentrations (0.05, 0.5, and 5 μg/L) for 21 days, followed by a 15-day depuration period. All four PAHs accumulated in the gill, digestive gland, adductor muscle, and soft tissue of Manila clams, and all PAH treatment groups showed clear time and dose dependence. The decreasing order of bioaccumulation for the four PAHs in the exposure experiment was Chr > BaA > BaP > BbF. Moreover, the order of PAH bioaccumulation for the four tissues during the whole experiment was digestive gland > gill > soft tissues > adductor muscles. Although the initial concentrations of the four PAHs were the same, the final accumulated contents were different. Therefore, we also determined the detoxification processes of the four PAH mixtures in gills and digestive glands. The bioaccumulation of Chr was higher than the other three PAHs, probably because clams have a lower metabolic capacity for Chr than for BaP, BbF, and BaA. Exposure to PAH mixtures can result in oxidative damage, as indicated by the fact that DNA strand breaks, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonyl (PC) were induced significantly (P < 0.05), except in the low-dose groups of PAHs, and different trends were detected with time of exposure. According to the correlation analysis, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, glutathione s-transferase, superoxide dismutase, DNA strand break, PC, and LPO in both the gill and digestive gland are potential early indicators of PAH mixtures. We investigated the accumulation rules of R. philippinarum exposed to the selected PAHs and screened the potential biomarkers. The results of our study provide important scientific information for the purpose of monitoring marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Qian Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Meng X, Zhang C, Zhuang J, Zheng G, Zhou L. Assessment of schwertmannite, jarosite and goethite as adsorbents for efficient adsorption of phenanthrene in water and the regeneration of spent adsorbents by heterogeneous fenton-like reaction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125523. [PMID: 31812054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schwertmannite, jarosite or goethite are commonly used to remove metals and/or metalloids from contaminated water via adsorption processes, but it is still unclear whether they can be used as adsorbents to remove hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), from groundwater or wastewater. Here, the feasibility of using these iron (oxyhydr) oxide minerals as adsorbents for phenanthrene (a model PAH) adsorption and regenerating the spent adsorbents via heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction was investigated. Results showed that they exhibited rapid adsorption rates and considerable adsorption capacities for phenanthrene. The maximum Langmuir capacities (Qmax) for phenanthrene adsorption at 28 °C were in an ascending order of goethite (567 μg·g-1) < schwertmannite (727 μg·g-1) < jarosite (2088 μg·g-1). The adsorption process was a spontaneous and exothermic process along with the decrease of randomness at the solid/liquid interfaces, which was influenced by temperature, adsorbent dosage, and the coexistence of inorganic anions. Both schwertmannite and jarosite were superior to goethite in light of their easy separation from the bulk solution after the adsorption processes. A multi-cycle experiment demonstrated that the regeneration efficiency of schwertmannite (97.9-99.7%) was much higher than that of jarosite (80.1-87.2%), and the mineral structure, morphology and functional groups of schwertmannite were not changed during the successive adsorption-regeneration processes. Therefore, among the investigated three iron (oxyhydr) oxide minerals, schwertmannite was an attractive and regenerable adsorbent for the removal of phenanthrene from water owing to its high adsorption capacity, good separation ability, and excellent reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Meng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
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35
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Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.
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Stern J, Kaiser D, Przibilla A, Schulz-Bull DE, Waniek JJ. Trace metals and persistent organic pollutants fingerprint on the particle flux in the deep subtropical NE Atlantic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:508-516. [PMID: 31590818 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle flux material collected in 2000 m depth in the Northeast Atlantic at 33°N and 22°W was analyzed for trace metals and persistent organic pollutants. Element enrichment factors relative to lithogenic Al were elevated indicating possible anthropogenic contributions for all trace metals except V. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and the pesticide DDT exhibited median fluxes of 10.40 μg m-2d-1,0.29 μg m-2 d-1, and 0.90 μg m-2 d-1, respectively. Flux composition reflected long range transport, with low molecular weight and low-chlorinated compounds dominating ∑15PAH and ∑23PCB. PAH isomer ratios identified fossil fuel combustion as the main ∑15PAH source. The composition of ∑4DDT suggested inputs of the fresh technical pesticide during high dust intensity periods. Pollutant fluxes showed seasonality linked to export production in the region, as well as a dependence on annual and sub-annual dust input events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stern
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock
| | - D Kaiser
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock
| | - A Przibilla
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock
| | - D E Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock
| | - J J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock.
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Carvalho FIM, Dantas Filho HA, Dantas KDGF. Simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater by GC-FID after solid-phase extraction. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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38
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Kim HS, Lee DS. Proximity to chemical equilibria among air, water, soil, and sediment as varied with partition coefficients: A case study of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:760-769. [PMID: 30921709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To capture the pollutant distribution status among environmental media and to understand how the distribution varies with the pollutants' properties, we assessed a total of 225 fugacity ratios (FRs) of 45 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) for five medium pairs (air-water, air-soil, water-sediment, soil-water, and soil-sediment) using the nationwide multimedia monitoring data. For many of the pollutants, fugacity was greatest in air (PCDFs and 6 heavy PAHs) and in sediment (PBDEs and 9 light PAHs) while lowest in soil for most of the pollutants. PAHs and phthalates appeared to be farther away from equilibrium than PCDDs/Fs and PBDEs. The ratios of "equilibrium improbable" FRs to all the FRs in each chemical group were 2%, 0%, 33.3%, and 28.9% for PCDDs/Fs, PBDEs, phthalates, and PAHs, respectively. FRwater/air of PAHs, FRsoil/air, and FRsediment/water of the pollutant groups (except for PBDEs) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with the partition coefficients, 1/Kair/water (1/Kaw), Koctanol/air (Koa), and Koctanol/water (Kow), respectively, even in the field conditions. The findings on FRs values provide valuable clues to identifying the media that would act as sink or source for certain chemicals and to using a more appropriate choice in the coherence test of environmental quality objectives, which should be important considerations in the management of chemical contamination in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seok Kim
- Department of Environmental Planning & Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Planning & Environmental Planning Institute, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Perilli M, Esposito G, Cecinato A. Organic molecular markers in marine aerosols over the Western Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:145-158. [PMID: 30784833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A scientific campaign was undertaken along the Western sector of the Mediterranean Sea in the summer 2015 (26th Jun to 13th Jul), with the goal of gathering information about organic contaminants affecting marine aerosol over the Italian seas and with a special focus on changes in composition due to sources. 24 PM10 atmospheric samples in total were chemically characterized, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) and phthalate esters. Contemporarily, regulated gaseous toxicants (i.e. ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide) and meteorological parameters were recorded. Samplings were carried out inshore in front of harbors (N = 7) and along the cruise, both during the vessel shipping (N = 11, transects) and at its stops offshore (N = 6). Total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 1.94 ng/m3 and raised close to harbors and coastal sites, confirming that continental sources were responsible for the strong increase of pollution levels there compared to offshore. The percent composition and diagnostic ratio rates of PAHs were different for harbors, while transects were in agreement with offshore stops, possibly due to the different impact of pollution sources. n-Alkanes (C21C38) and the corresponding carbon preference index rates (CPI) were assessed; their values ranged 8.7-90 ng/m3 and 1.1-2.9 respectively, which suggested that fossil fuel combustion was the dominant source, though biogenic emission could contribute. Alkyl phthalates revealed wide variability in concentrations among aerosol samples. Moreover, long-range atmospheric transport and particle ageing effect induced by photo-oxidants were important factors controlling the composition of organic aerosols in the Mediterranean Sea air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 - P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo RM, Italy.
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 - P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 - P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo RM, Italy
| | - Giulio Esposito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 - P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 - P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo RM, Italy
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Casal P, Cabrerizo A, Vila-Costa M, Pizarro M, Jiménez B, Dachs J. Pivotal Role of Snow Deposition and Melting Driving Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12327-12337. [PMID: 30277758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere-land-ocean dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds in polar regions is poorly understood, also for the abundant and ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We report the concentrations and fluxes of PAHs in a polar coastal ecosystem (Livingston Island, Antarctica). From late spring (December 2014) to late summer (February 2015), we sampled air, snow, coastal seawater, plankton, and the fugacity in soils and snow. The concentrations of PAHs in seawater were low but increased during the austral summer. The PAH concentrations in snow were significantly higher than in coastal seawater. Soil-air fugacity ratios showed a net volatilization of PAH when soils were covered with lichens, and close to air-soil equilibrium for bare soils. Concentrations in surface snow were also close to equilibrium with atmospheric PAHs. Conversely, there was a net diffusive deposition of PAHs to coastal seawater during late spring, but a net volatilization from seawater during late summer. Volatilization fluxes were correlated with seawater temperature and salinity, consistent with a key role of snowmelt to the fluxes and dissolved phase concentrations during the austral summer. The comprehensive assessment provided here shows that the fugacity amplification in snow is transferred to soils and coastal seawater supporting PAH concentrations and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18-26 , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
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Ben Othman H, Lanouguère É, Got P, Sakka Hlaili A, Leboulanger C. Structural and functional responses of coastal marine phytoplankton communities to PAH mixtures. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:908-919. [PMID: 30114740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixtures was evaluated on natural phytoplankton communities sampled from lagoons of Bizerte (South-western Mediterranean Sea) and Thau (North-western Mediterranean Sea). PAHs induced short-term dose and ecosystem-dependant decreases in photosynthetic potential. Chlorophyll a was negatively affected by increasing PAHs concentrations, together with dramatic changes in phytoplankton community composition. Size classes were strongly affected in the Bizerte compare to the Thau lagoon, with a decrease in nano- and microphytoplankton densities compare to picophytoplankton. In both locations, the diatom Entomoneis paludosa appeared favoured under PAH exposure as evidenced by increase in cell density, whereas autotrophic flagellates and dinophytes were strongly reduced. Smaller cells were more tolerant to exposure to highest PAHs concentrations, with persistent picophytoplankton carbon biomass at the end of the incubations. Apparent recovery of photosynthetic potential, accompanied with a regrowth of chlorophyll a under the lowest PAH doses, coincided with a significantly altered community composition in both lagoons. Furthermore, sensitivity to PAHs was not related to the phytoplankton cell size, and toxicity-induced modification of top-down control by grazers during the experiment cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ben Othman
- LMI COSYS-MED, UMR 248 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS- Université Montpellier-Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, F-34200 Sète, France; LMI COSYS-MED, Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Élodie Lanouguère
- LMI COSYS-MED, UMR 248 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS- Université Montpellier-Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, F-34200 Sète, France
| | - Patrice Got
- LMI COSYS-MED, UMR 248 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS- Université Montpellier-Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, F-34200 Sète, France
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- LMI COSYS-MED, Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Leboulanger
- LMI COSYS-MED, UMR 248 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS- Université Montpellier-Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, F-34200 Sète, France
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Paulik LB, Hobbie KA, Rohlman D, Smith BW, Scott RP, Kincl L, Haynes EN, Anderson KA. Environmental and individual PAH exposures near rural natural gas extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:397-405. [PMID: 29857308 PMCID: PMC7169985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas extraction (NGE) has expanded rapidly in the United States in recent years. Despite concerns, there is little information about the effects of NGE on air quality or personal exposures of people living or working nearby. Recent research suggests NGE emits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into air. This study used low-density polyethylene passive samplers to measure concentrations of PAHs in air near active (n = 3) and proposed (n = 2) NGE sites. At each site, two concentric rings of air samplers were placed around the active or proposed well pad location. Silicone wristbands were used to assess personal PAH exposures of participants (n = 19) living or working near the sampling sites. All samples were analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS, and point sources were estimated using the fluoranthene/pyrene isomer ratio. ∑PAH was significantly higher in air at active NGE sites (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.01). PAHs in air were also more petrogenic (petroleum-derived) at active NGE sites. This suggests that PAH mixtures at active NGE sites may have been affected by direct emissions from petroleum sources at these sites. ∑PAH was also significantly higher in wristbands from participants who had active NGE wells on their properties than from participants who did not (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between ∑PAH in participants' wristbands and ∑PAH in air measured closest to participants' homes or workplaces (simple linear regression, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that living or working near an active NGE well may increase personal PAH exposure. This work also supports the utility of the silicone wristband to assess personal PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blair Paulik
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Kevin A Hobbie
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Brian W Smith
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Richard P Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Laurel Kincl
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Erin N Haynes
- College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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Kottuparambil S, Agusti S. PAHs sensitivity of picophytoplankton populations in the Red Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:607-616. [PMID: 29704673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the in situ responses of Red Sea picophytoplankton, the dominant phytoplankton group in the oligotrophic ocean, to two toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenanthrene and pyrene. The experiments were conducted across a latitudinal gradient of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, an area sensitive to oil pollution. We observed significant adverse effects on the growth and abundance of the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes, at all stations sampled. Prochlorococcus, which was abundant only at one of the stations, also appeared to be affected. Pyrene was found to be more toxic to phytoplankton at all stations. In general, picoeukaryotes exhibited higher sensitivity to PAHs than Synechococcus. Populations in the highly oligotrophic Northern region of the Red Sea were more tolerant to PAHs, presumably influenced by the natural selection of more resistant strains of phytoplankton due to the prolonged exposure to PAHs. Toxicity threshold values estimated here are higher than those reported for picophytoplankton from other oligotrophic marine waters and exceed by far the natural levels of PAHs in many oceans. Our findings reveal a possible adaptation of picophytoplankton populations to oil-related contaminants, which may clearly influence their spatial distribution patterns in the Red Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Kottuparambil
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Susana Agusti
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Ya M, Xu L, Wu Y, Li Y, Zhao S, Wang X. Fossil Fuel-Derived Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Taiwan Strait, China, and Fluxes across the Air-Water Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7307-7316. [PMID: 29856922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the application of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) and air-water exchange models, the contributions of fossil fuel and biomass burning derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as their air-water transport were elucidated. The results showed that fossil fuel-derived PAHs (an average contribution of 89%) presented the net volatilization process at the air-water interface of the Taiwan Strait in summer. Net volatile fluxes of the dominant fluorene and phenanthrene (>58% of the total PAHs) were 27 ± 2.8 μg m-2 day-1, significantly higher than the dry deposition fluxes (average 0.43 μg m-2 day-1). The Δ14C contents of selected PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene plus anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) determined by CSRA in the dissolved seawater ranged from -997 ± 4‰ to -873 ± 6‰, indicating that 89-100% (95 ± 4%) of PAHs were supplied by fossil fuels. The South China Sea warm current originating from the southwest China in summer (98%) and the Min-Zhe coastal current originating from the north China in winter (97%) input more fossil fuel PAHs than the Jiulong River estuary (90%) and Xiamen harbor water (93%). The more radioactive decayed 14C of fluoranthene (a 4-ring PAH) than that of phenanthrene and anthracene (3-ring PAHs) represented a greater fossil fuel contribution to the former in dissolved seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361102 , China
- National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Li Xu
- National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361102 , China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361102 , China
| | - Songhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361102 , China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361102 , China
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Egardt J, Mørk Larsen M, Lassen P, Dahllöf I. Release of PAHs and heavy metals in coastal environments linked to leisure boats. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:664-671. [PMID: 29475709 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leisure boats are responsible for elevated levels of heavy metals and PAHs in sediments in- and near marinas and natural harbours. As these compounds are released directly into the water column they also pose a threat to organisms in the pelagic environment. Passive samplers were deployed during peak and post tourist season in the water column of natural harbours, leisure boat waterways and small marinas to measure the dissolved fraction of PAHs and metal ions. Differences between seasons indicative of leisure boat activities were found as PAH composition differed between peak and post season for natural harbours and waterways, where heavier PAHs increased during peak season. During peak season, metal samplers were covered by biofouling, which likely affected the uptake. Post season metal concentrations differ between locations, with concentrations exceeding quality standards at near mainland locations where boats are maintained, compared to the sites in the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Egardt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, 413 19 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Martin Mørk Larsen
- Department of Bioscience - Marine Diversity and Experimental Ecology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pia Lassen
- Department of Environmental Science - Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ingela Dahllöf
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, 413 19 Göteborg, Sweden
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Fourati R, Tedetti M, Guigue C, Goutx M, Zaghden H, Sayadi S, Elleuch B. Natural and anthropogenic particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2476-2494. [PMID: 29127633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs and PAHs) were investigated in the surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea). Samples were collected off the Sfax and Gabès-Ghannouch coasts. Concentrations in total resolved n-alkanes ranged from 0.03 to 3.2 μg L-1, and concentrations in total parents + alkylated PAHs ranged from bdl to 108.6 ng L-1. The highest concentrations were recorded in the southern Sfax. AHs were mainly of biogenic origin with odd n-alkane predominance, although an anthropogenic contribution was also detected. The PAH molecular patterns revealed a mixed origin with the presence of low molecular weight and alkylated compounds, characteristic of uncombusted oil-derived products, and the presence of high molecular weight compounds, typical of combustion residues. Rainfall events induced an increase in PAH concentrations by a factor 1.5-23.5. The particle-water partition coefficients (Koc) suggest that the partitioning of PAHs between the particulate and dissolved phases is driven by hydrophobicity and organic matter composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Fourati
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie de l'Environnement et d'Ecotechnologie, ENIS, Université de Sfax, BP 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Madeleine Goutx
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Hatem Zaghden
- Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour km 6, PO Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour km 6, PO Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Boubaker Elleuch
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie de l'Environnement et d'Ecotechnologie, ENIS, Université de Sfax, BP 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Wu Z, Lin T, Li Z, Jiang Y, Li Y, Yao X, Gao H, Guo Z. Air-sea exchange and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Role of East Asian continental outflow. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:444-452. [PMID: 28675854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We measured 15 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and water during a research cruise from the East China Sea (ECS) to the northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the spring of 2015 to investigate the occurrence, air-sea gas exchange, and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs with a particular focus on the influence of East Asian continental outflow. The gaseous PAH composition and identification of sources were consistent with PAHs from the upwind area, indicating that the gaseous PAHs (three-to five-ring PAHs) were influenced by upwind land pollution. In addition, air-sea exchange fluxes of gaseous PAHs were estimated to be -54.2-107.4 ng m-2 d-1, and was indicative of variations of land-based PAH inputs. The logarithmic gas-particle partition coefficient (logKp) of PAHs regressed linearly against the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure (logPL0), with a slope of -0.25. This was significantly larger than the theoretical value (-1), implying disequilibrium between the gaseous and particulate PAHs over the NWP. The non-equilibrium of PAH gas-particle partitioning was shielded from the volatilization of three-ring gaseous PAHs from seawater and lower soot concentrations in particular when the oceanic air masses prevailed. Modeling PAH absorption into organic matter and adsorption onto soot carbon revealed that the status of PAH gas-particle partitioning deviated more from the modeling Kp for oceanic air masses than those for continental air masses, which coincided with higher volatilization of three-ring PAHs and confirmed the influence of air-sea exchange. Meanwhile, significant linear regressions between logKp and logKoa (logKsa) for PAHs were observed for continental air masses, suggesting the dominant effect of East Asian continental outflow on atmospheric PAHs over the NWP during the sampling campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Zhongxia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Ma Y, Halsall CJ, Xie Z, Koetke D, Mi W, Ebinghaus R, Gao G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ocean sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:498-504. [PMID: 28494402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surficial sediments along a marine transect from the North Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. The highest average Σ18PAHs concentrations were observed along the continental slope of the Canada Basin in the Arctic (68.3 ± 8.5 ng g-1 dw), followed by sediments in the Chukchi Sea shelf (49.7 ± 21.2 ng g-1 dw) and Bering Sea (39.5 ± 11.3 ng g-1 dw), while the Bering Strait (16.8 ± 7.1 ng g-1 dw) and Central Arctic Ocean sediments (13.1 ± 9.6 ng g-1 dw) had relatively lower average concentrations. The use of principal components analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA/MLR) indicated that on average oil related or petrogenic sources contributed ∼42% of the measured PAHs in the sediments and marked by higher concentrations of two methylnaphthalenes over the non-alkylated parent PAH, naphthalene. Wood and coal combustion contributed ∼32%, and high temperature pyrogenic sources contributing ∼26%. Petrogenic sources, such as oil seeps, allochthonous coal and coastally eroded material such as terrigenous sediments particularly affected the Chukchi Sea shelf and slope of the Canada Basin, while biomass and coal combustion sources appeared to have greater influence in the central Arctic Ocean, possibly due to the effects of episodic summertime forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Crispin J Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Danijela Koetke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory, Max-Planck Straße 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Guoping Gao
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Odabasi M, Dumanoglu Y, Kara M, Altiok H, Elbir T, Bayram A. Spatial variation of PAHs and PCBs in coastal air, seawater, and sediments in a heavily industrialized region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13749-13759. [PMID: 28401389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent coastal seawater (n = 22), sediment (n = 22), and atmospheric samples (n = 10) were collected in the Aliaga industrial region, Turkey, to explore the spatial variation, sources, and air-seawater exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Seawater Σ16PAH concentrations (particle + dissolved) ranged between 5107 and 294,624 pg L-1, while Σ41PCB concentrations were in the range of 880-50,829 pg L-1. Levels in sediments were highly variable ranging between 35.5-49,682 and 2.7-2450 μg kg-1 in dry weight for Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations varied between 1791-274,974 and 104-20,083 pg m-3 for Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs, respectively. Sediment organic matter (OM) content and levels of Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs correlated weakly (r 2 = 0.19-0.23, p < 0.05) suggesting that the spatial variations of PAHs and PCBs were mainly affected by local sources rather than their sorption to OM. The geographical distribution of PAH and PCB concentrations in air, seawater, and sediment and factor analysis on the sediment levels pointed out that the major sources in the region are steel plants, petroleum refinery, petrochemical complex, ship breaking, loading/unloading activities at the ports, vehicular emissions, and fossil fuel combustion emissions. The direction of the air-seawater exchange was also explored by estimating seawater fugacity fractions of PAHs and PCBs. For PAHs, the number of cases implying deposition (43.0%) and volatilization (39.5%) was similar, while for PCBs, the number of cases implying volatilization (60.4%) was much higher compared to deposition (21.6%). Fugacity fractions were generally <0.36 (deposition) at the sites close to industrial and ship breaking activities where the highest seawater and sediment levels were measured, implying that atmospheric deposition is an important mechanism affecting seawater and sediment PAH and PCB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altiok
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Bayram
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Concentrations and origin of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of western Spitsbergen fjords (Kongsfjorden, Hornsund, and Adventfjorden). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:175. [PMID: 28324278 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant profiles in sediment cores represent valuable natural archives of environmental contamination, by which contaminant sources and historical changes in contaminant input and cycling may be recognized. In the present study, we discuss the sedimentary profiles and historical trends of organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - in three fjords of the Svalbard archipelago differing in environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact. The obtained results revealed no significant differences between the fjords Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, in the average levels of the analyzed contaminants. Levels ranging from 0.05 to 1.47 ng/g d.w. for ∑7 PCBs and from 37.3 to 1973 ng/g d.w. for ∑12 PAHs were measured. The observed spatial and temporal differences in contaminant levels are rather related to local variations in the fjords associated with the location of sampling stations. Higher concentrations of the ∑7 PCBs exceeding 1.00 ng/g d.w. were measured in sediment cores collected in the inner parts of both fjords, which remain under the influence of melting glacier outflows. Important concentrations of these contaminants were noticed in layers deposited recently, suggesting intensive supply of these substances from secondary sources. The observed levels are generally low and well below known established no effect levels. Only the concentration of fluoranthene exceeded the threshold effect level at several sampling stations. Moreover, fluoranthene concentrations in almost all Adventfjorden sediment layer samples were above probable effect levels, which can indicate a risk of adverse effects in exposed benthic organisms. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenthrene/anthracene ratios, which are used for identification of hydrocarbon sources, suggest a dominance of PAHs of pyrolytic genesis in Kongsfjorden and Hornsund. In Adventfjorden, hydrocarbons of petrogenic origin were predominant. However, other sources like coal dust from stores on land are also possible at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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