1
|
Wang Y, Nie B, Zheng S, Wu H, Chen N, Wang D. Emerging activated tungsten dust: Source, environmental behaviors, and health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108774. [PMID: 38810497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Fusion energy investigation has stepped to a new stage adopting deuterium and tritium as fuels from the previous stage concentrating hydrogen plasma physics. Special radiation safety issues would be introduced during this stage. In addition to industrial and military uses, tungsten is also regarded as the most promising plasma facing material for fusion reactors. During the operation of fusion reactors, tungsten-based plasma facing materials can be activated via neutron nuclear reaction. Meanwhile, activated tungsten dust can be produced when high-energy plasma interacts with the tungsten-based plasma facing materials, namely plasma wall interaction. Activated tungsten dust would be an emerging environmental pollutant with radiation toxicity containing various radionuclides in addition to the chemical toxicity of tungsten itself. Nonetheless, the historical underestimation of its environmental availability has led to limited research on tungsten compared to other environmental contaminants. This paper presents the first systematic review on the safety issue of emerging activated tungsten dust, encompassing source terms, environmental behaviors, and health effects. The key contents are as follows: 1) to detail the source terms of activated tungsten dust from aspects of tungsten basic properties, generation mechanism, physical morphology and chemical component, radioactivity, as well as potential release pathways, 2) to illustrate the environmental behaviors from aspects of atmospheric dispersion and deposition, transformation and migration in soil, as well as plant absorption and distribution, 3) to identify the toxicity and health effects from aspects of toxicity to plants, distribution in human body, as well as health effects by radiation and chemical toxicity, 4) based on the research progress, research and development issues needed are also pointed out to better knowledge of safety issue of activated tungsten dust, which would be beneficial to the area of fusion energy and ecological impact caused by the routine tungsten related industrial and military applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Baojie Nie
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Shanliang Zheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Ni Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song L, Yang F, Bostick BC, Du H, Dai Y, Li C, Sun J, Liu C. Comparison of multiple preservation and digestion methods for determination of tungsten concentrations in environmental media using ICP-MS. Talanta 2024; 276:126307. [PMID: 38788381 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Tungsten is an emerging environmental pollutant. However, a proved robust method for preserving and determining the concentrations of tungsten in environmental media is still lacking. This study examined and compared the suitability of classic methods and previously reported tungsten-oriented methods on preserving dissolved tungsten and recovering tungsten from soil/sediment matrix. Tungsten concentrations in the water samples and digestates were then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our data showed that the tungsten-oriented HF and alkaline preservatives indeed successfully maintained the stability of dissolved tungsten. Even when preserved using HNO3 or HCl, dissolved tungsten concentrations did not notably change in most of our water samples over the course of ∼4 months. Using glass containers for storing water samples also did not produce much difference from using high-density polyethylene containers. Our data further suggested that the addition of HF in digestion was important for tungsten solubilization from soil/sediment matrix. The digestion methods with HNO3/HCl/HF and HNO3/HF/NH4OH/EDTA both yielded quantitative recoveries of tungsten from certified reference materials and known synthetic samples, while the other tested methods had limited recoveries. The methods validated by this study could be used to accurately determine tungsten concentrations in environmental media and thereby to assess the fate and potential risks of tungsten.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, 10964, United States
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Environment & Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Preiner J, Steccari I, Oburger E, Wienkoop S. Rhizobium symbiosis improves amino acid and secondary metabolite biosynthesis of tungsten-stressed soybean ( Glycine max). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355136. [PMID: 38628363 PMCID: PMC11020092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The industrially important transition metal tungsten (W) shares certain chemical properties with the essential plant micronutrient molybdenum and inhibits the activity of molybdoenzymes such as nitrate reductase, impacting plant growth. Furthermore, tungsten appears to interfere with metabolic processes on a much wider scale and to trigger common heavy metal stress response mechanisms. We have previously found evidence that the tungsten stress response of soybeans (Glycine max) grown with symbiotically associated N2-fixing rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) differs from that observed in nitrogen-fertilized soy plants. This study aimed to investigate how association with symbiotic rhizobia affects the primary and secondary metabolite profiles of tungsten-stressed soybean and whether changes in metabolite composition enhance the plant's resilience to tungsten. This comprehensive metabolomic and proteomic study presents further evidence that the tungsten-stress response of soybean plants is shaped by associated rhizobia. Symbiotically grown plants (N fix) were able to significantly increase the synthesis of an array of protective compounds such as phenols, polyamines, gluconic acid, and amino acids such as proline. This resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity, reduced root-to-shoot translocation of tungsten, and, potentially, also enhanced resilience of N fix plants compared to non-symbiotic counterparts (N fed). Taken together, our study revealed a symbiosis-specific metabolic readjustment in tungsten-stressed soybean plants and contributed to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in the rhizobium-induced systemic resistance in response to heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Preiner
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Steccari
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Molecular Systems Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmad MY, Liu S, Tegafaw T, Saidi AKAA, Zhao D, Liu Y, Nam SW, Chang Y, Lee GH. Heavy Metal-Based Nanoparticles as High-Performance X-ray Computed Tomography Contrast Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1463. [PMID: 37895934 PMCID: PMC10609879 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents offer extremely valuable tools and techniques in diagnostics via contrast enhancements. Heavy metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) can provide high contrast in CT images due to the high density of heavy metal atoms with high X-ray attenuation coefficients that exceed that of iodine (I), which is currently used in hydrophilic organic CT contrast agents. Nontoxicity and colloidal stability are vital characteristics in designing heavy metal-based NPs as CT contrast agents. In addition, a small particle size is desirable for in vivo renal excretion. In vitro phantom imaging studies have been performed to obtain X-ray attenuation efficiency, which is a critical parameter for CT contrast agents, and the imaging performance of CT contrast agents has been demonstrated via in vivo experiments. In this review, we focus on the in vitro and in vivo studies of various heavy metal-based NPs in pure metallic or chemical forms, including Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, Ce, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb, Ta, W, and Bi, and provide an outlook on their use as high-performance CT contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dejun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.Y.A.); (S.L.); (T.T.); (A.K.A.A.S.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Meng Y, Yi W, Pan R, Liang Y, Li Y, Jin X, Sun X, Yan S, Mei L, Song J, Song S, Cheng J, Su H. The ratio of monocyte count and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol mediates the association between urinary tungsten and cardiovascular disease: a study from NHANES 2005-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85930-85939. [PMID: 37400701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is an emerging contaminant that can damage multiple systems in humans. However, studies of its effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are limited. The monocyte count to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a composite inflammatory index of great concern in recent years, derived from lipid and cell inflammation parameters, that is used to indicate the risk of CVD. This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary W and CVD in the general population and compare the mediating effects of lipids, cell inflammatory parameters, and MHR to find a better target for intervention. We analyzed data from 9137 (≥ 20 years) participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), from 2005 to 2018. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) and survey-weighted generalized linear models (SWGLMs) were used to assess the relationship between W and CVD. Mediated analyses were used to explore lipids, cell inflammatory parameters, and MHR in the possible mediating pathways between W and CVD. In SWGLM, we found that W enhances the risk of CVD, especially congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), and angina pectoris (AP). Women, higher age groups (≥ 55 years), and those with hypertension were vulnerable to W in the subgroup analysis. Mediation analysis showed that monocyte count (MC), white blood cell count (WBC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and MHR played a mediating role between W and CVD in proportions of 8.49%, 3.70%, 5.18%, and 12.95%, respectively. In conclusion, our study shows that urinary W can increase the risk of CVD, especially for CHF, CHD, and AP. Women, older age groups, and people with hypertension seem to be more vulnerable to W. In addition, MC, WBC, HDL, and MHR mediated the association between W and CVD, especially MHR, which suggests that we should consider it as a priority intervention target in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yajie Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211112, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weizhuo Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian X, Xie H, Li J, Cui L, Yu YL, Li B, Li YF. Nano-WSe 2 Is Absorbable and Transformable by Rice Plants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227826. [PMID: 36431926 PMCID: PMC9694913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As typical transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), tungsten selenide (WSe2) nanosheets (nano-WSe2) are widely used in various fields due to their layered structures and highly tunable electronic and magnetic properties, which results in the unwanted release of tungsten (W) and selenium (Se) into the environment. However, the environmental effects of nano-WSe2 in plants are still unclear. Herein, we evaluated the impacts and fate of nano-WSe2 and micro-WSe2 in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). It was found that both nano-WSe2 and micro-WSe2 did not affect the germination of rice seeds up to 5000 mg/L but nano-WSe2 affected the growth of rice seedlings with shortened root lengths. The uptake and transportation of WSe2 was found to be size-dependent. Moreover, W in WSe2 was oxidized to tungstate while Se was transformed to selenocysteine, selenomethionine, SeIV and SeVI in the roots of rice when exposed to nano-WSe2, suggesting the transformation of nano-WSe2 in rice plants. The exposure to nano-WSe2 brought lipid peroxidative damage to rice seedlings. However, Se in nano-WSe2 did not contribute to the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) since the latter did not change when exposed to nano-WSe2. This is the first report on the impacts and fate of nano-WSe2 in rice plants, which has raised environmental safety concerns about the wide application of TMDCs, such as WSe2 nanosheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Beijing Metallomics Facility, National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Beijing Metallomics Facility, National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Beijing Metallomics Facility, National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.Y.); (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-24-83688944 (Y.-L.Y.); +86-10-88233908 (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Beijing Metallomics Facility, National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Beijing Metallomics Facility, National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.Y.); (Y.-F.L.); Tel.: +86-24-83688944 (Y.-L.Y.); +86-10-88233908 (Y.-F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu L, Rao W, Song Y, Lei M, Tie B, Du H. Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects W(VI) adsorption onto Al (hydr)oxide: Mechanisms and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112571. [PMID: 34919961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a contaminant with health implications whose environmental behaviors are not understood well. Sorption to mineral surfaces is one of the primary processes controlling the mobility and fate of W in soils, sediments, and aquifers. However, few papers published hitherto have not yet figured out the influences of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on this process. Here, we examine W(VI) adsorption behaviors onto Al (hydr)oxide (AAH) in the presence or absence of DOM derived from plant rhizosphere, using batch experiments coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology and functional group analyses results show that DOM can facilitate the aggregation of AAH and block surface Al-OH groups. Coexisting DOM inhibits W(VI) adsorption onto AAH at acidic to neutral pH (4-7), and the presence of either Na + or PO43- can exert a completely different impact on W(VI) adsorption. XPS and FTIR characterizations further demonstrate surface W complexes with the Al-OH groups of AAH and carboxyl groups of DOM. There is no reduction of W(VI) during the adsorption processes, and poly-tungstate species are formed on the surface of both AAH and AAH-DOM coprecipitates. This study provides the first evidence of the roles of natural DOM on W sequestration at the mineral-water surface, which has an important implication for the prediction of the migration and bioavailability of W in natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Rao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqing Tie
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oseghe EO, Idris AO, Feleni U, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. A review on water treatment technologies for the management of oxoanions: prospects and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61979-61997. [PMID: 34561799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxoanions are a class of contaminants that are easily released into the aquatic systems either through natural or anthropogenic activities. Depending on their oxidation states, they are highly mobile, resulting in the contamination of underground water. Above the permissible level in groundwater, they pose as threats to mammals when the contaminated water is consumed. Some of the health challenges caused are cancer, neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and skin disorders. Several treatment technologies have been adopted over the years for the management of these oxoanions present in the aquatic systems. However interesting these treatment technologies might be, they also have their limitations such as cost-effectiveness, the complexity of the process, and generation of secondary pollutants. This work focused on some of the water treatment technologies applied for the removal of oxoanions. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of these treatment technologies are also highlighted. Amongst all the treatment technologies, adsorption is the most applied method for the removal of oxoanions. However, photocatalysis has a higher prospect since it is non-selective and secondary pollutants are not generated after the treatment process. Also, photocatalysis can simultaneously reduce and oxidise oxoanions as well as organic pollutants respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekemena Oghenovoh Oseghe
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa.
| | - Azeez Olayiwola Idris
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Bhekie Brilliance Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The increasing use of tungsten in the production of green energy in the aerospace and military industries, and in many other hi-tech applications, may increase the content of this element in soil. This overview examines some aspects of the behavior of tungsten in soil, such as the importance of characteristics of soils in relation to bioavailability processes, the chemical approaches to evaluate tungsten mobility in the soil environment and the importance of adsorption and desorption processes. Tungsten behavior depends on soil properties of which the most important is soil pH, which determines the solubility and polymerization of tungstate ions and the characteristics of the adsorbing soil surfaces. During the adsorption and desorption of tungsten, iron, and aluminum oxides, and hydroxides play a key role as they are the most important adsorbing surfaces for tungsten. The behavior of tungsten compounds in the soil determines the transfer of this element in plants and therefore in the food chain. Despite the growing importance of tungsten in everyday life, environmental regulations concerning soil do not take this element into consideration. The purpose of this review is also to provide some basic information that could be useful when considering tungsten in environmental legislation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Barker AJ, Clausen JL, Douglas TA, Bednar AJ, Griggs CS, Martin WA. Environmental impact of metals resulting from military training activities: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129110. [PMID: 33272677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of metals into the environment as a result of military training activities remains a long-term concern for Defense organizations across the globe. Of particular concern for deposition and potential mobilization are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and tungsten (W), which are the focus of this review article. The fate, transport, and mobilization of these metals are complicated and depend on a variety of environmental factors that are often convoluted, heterogeneous, and site-dependent. While there have been many studies investigating contaminant mobilization on military training lands there exists a lack of cohesiveness surrounding the current state of knowledge for these five metals. The focus of this review article is to compile the current knowledge of the fate, transport, and ultimate risks presented by metals associated with different military training activities particularly as a result of small arms training activities, artillery/mortar ranges, battleruns, rocket ranges, and grenade courts. From there, we discuss emerging research results and finish with suggestions of where future research efforts and training range designs could be focused toward further reducing the deposition, limiting the migration, and decreasing risks presented by metals in the environment. Additionally, information presented here may offer insights into Sb, As, Cu, Pb, and W in other environmental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Barker
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, 99703, United States.
| | - Jay L Clausen
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | - Thomas A Douglas
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, 99703, United States
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
| | - Christopher S Griggs
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
| | - William A Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Installation Support Division, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hobson C, Kulkarni HV, Johannesson KH, Bednar A, Tappero R, Mohajerin TJ, Sheppard PR, Witten ML, Hettiarachchi GM, Datta S. Origin of tungsten and geochemical controls on its occurrence and mobilization in shallow sediments from Fallon, Nevada, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127577. [PMID: 32758784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) occurrence and speciation was investigated in sediments collected from Fallon, Nevada where previous studies have linked elevated W levels in human body fluids to an unusual cluster of childhood leukemia cases. The speciation of sedimentary W was determined by μ-XRF mapping and μ-XANES. The W content of the analyzed surface sediments ranged between 81 and 25,908 mg/kg, which is significantly higher than the W content in deeper sediments which ranged from 37 to 373 mg/kg at 30 cm depth. The μ-XANES findings reveal that approximately 20-50% of the total W in the shallow sediment occurs in the metallic form (W0); the rest occurs in the oxide form (WVIO3). Because W0 does not occur naturally, its elevated concentrations in surface sediments point toward a possible local anthropogenic origin. The oxidation of metallic W0 with meteoric waters likely leads to the formation of WVIO3. The chief water-soluble W species was identified as WO42- by chromatographic separation and speciation modeling. These results led us to postulate that W0 particles from a currently unknown but local source(s) is (are) deposited onto the soils and/or surface sediments. The W0 in interaction with meteoric water is oxidized to WVIO3, and as these sediment-water interactions progress, WO42- is formed in the water at pH ∼7. Under pH < 7, and sufficient W concentrations, tungstate tends to polymerize, and polymerized species are less likely to adsorb onto sediments. Polymerized species have lower affinity than monomers, which leads to enhanced mobility of W.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hobson
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Harshad V Kulkarni
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Karen H Johannesson
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Anthony Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Dept., Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - T Jade Mohajerin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | | | | | | | - Saugata Datta
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dawood MFA, Azooz MM. Insights into the oxidative status and antioxidative responses of germinating broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) seeds in tungstate contaminated water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127585. [PMID: 32739687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of tungsten in traffic, smelting, mining, and other industrial applications allows its' accumulation in the environmental ecosystems. The present study included using a soluble form of tungsten (tungstate) at different levels (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1) as a water contaminant. The germinating seeds experienced tungstate at 1-50 mg L-1 exhibited stimulation of seedling dry and fresh matter stress tolerance indices, whereas retardation of these traits at the level of 100 mg L-1 was manifested. The stimulation of seedling growth at the levels of 1-50 mg L-1 was associated with the regulation of reactive oxygen status, higher stability of cell membrane, and elevated level of antioxidative responses. Regarding the oxidative stress of the seedlings exposed to tungstate contaminated water, only the concentration of 100 mg L-1 induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical with apparent membrane deteriorations in terms of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, reductions of phytochelatins, reduced glutathione, ascorbate, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, as well as glutathione-S-transferase were the main symptoms of tungstate phytotoxicity at the same level. The accumulation of lignin, ionic peroxidase, soluble peroxidase, and lignin-related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase) were the striking reasons for restricting seedlings growth at noxious tungstate level. The results could suggest that the elevated levels of defense systems, at least in part, were accountable for raising broccoli resistance against tungstate stress at low doses. Furthermore, these plants can grow in tungsten-polluted areas by modifying their physiological processes. However, this study shed the light to the eco-toxicity of tungstate and imparts evidence for the need to establishing environmental risk management of tungstate accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona F A Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Azooz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption process of the tungstate ion was studied in three soils characteristic of the Mediterranean area, with particularly reference to bioavailability pathways. In the three soils examined, the tungstate adsorption was described by a Langmuir-type equation, while the desorption process showed that not all the adsorbed tungstate was released, probably due to the formation of different bonds with the adsorbing soil surfaces. The pH was found to be the main soil property that regulates the adsorption/desorption: The maximum adsorption occurred in the soil with the acidic pH, and the maximum desorption in the most basic soil. In addition, the organic matter content played a fundamental role in the adsorption of tungstate by soils, being positively correlated with the maximum of adsorption. These results indicate that the lowest bioavailability should be expected in the acidic soil characterized by the highest adsorption capacity. This is confirmed by the trend of the maximum buffer capacity (MBC) of soils which is inversely related to bioavailability, and was the highest in the acidic soil and the lowest in the most basic soil. Our data could contribute in drafting environmental regulations for tungsten that are currently lacking for Mediterranean soils.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Sealing Step in Aluminum Anodizing: A Focus on Sustainable Strategies for Enhancing Both Energy Efficiency and Corrosion Resistance. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for environmental accountability and energy efficiency in industrial practice necessitates significant modification(s) of existing technologies and development of new ones to meet the stringent sustainability demands of the future. Generally, development of required new technologies and appropriate modifications of existing ones need to be premised on in-depth appreciation of existing technologies, their limitations, and desired ideal products or processes. In the light of these, published literature mostly in the past 30 years on the sealing process; the second highest energy consuming step in aluminum anodization and a step with significant environmental impacts has been critical reviewed in this systematic review. Emphasis have been placed on the need to reduce both the energy input in the anodization process and environmental implications. The implications of the nano-porous structure of the anodic oxide on mass transport and chemical reactivity of relevant species during the sealing process is highlighted with a focus on exploiting these peculiarities, in improving the quality of sealed products. In addition, perspective is provided on plausible approaches and important factors to be considered in developing sealing procedures that can minimize the energy input and environmental impact of the sealing step, and ensure a more sustainable aluminum anodization process/industry.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hällström LPB, Alakangas L, Martinsson O. Scheelite weathering and tungsten (W) mobility in historical oxidic-sulfidic skarn tailings at Yxsjöberg, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6180-6192. [PMID: 31865574 PMCID: PMC7044260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
More knowledge of the geochemical behavior of tungsten (W) and associated contamination risks is needed. Therefore, weathering of scheelite (CaWO4) and secondary sequestration and transport of W to groundwater in historical skarn tailings and surface water downstream of the tailings were studied. The tailings contained 920 mg/kg W, primarily in scheelite. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses were combined to elucidate the geochemical behavior of W in the tailings, and water samples were taken monthly during 2018 to monitor its mobility. In the tailings, a large peak of W was found at 1.5 m depth. There, 30 wt%. of W was present in easily reducible phases, indicating former scheelite weathering. Currently, W is being released from scheelite to water-soluble phases at 2.5 m depth. The release of WO42- is hypothetically attributed to anion exchange with CO32- released from calcite neutralizing acid produced from pyrrhotite oxidation in the upper tailings and transported downwards to pH conditions > 7. Higher concentrations of dissolved W were found in the groundwater and particulate W in downstream surface water than in reference water, but they were lower than current contamination thresholds. Tungsten showed correlations with hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) in both the tailings and surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Alakangas
- Applied Geochemistry, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dawood MFA, Azooz MM. Concentration-dependent effects of tungstate on germination, growth, lignification-related enzymes, antioxidants, and reactive oxygen species in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36441-36457. [PMID: 31728946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phyto-impact of tungstate is not frequently studied like other heavy metals especially in the sight of continuous accumulation of tungstate in the agriculture soils and water. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the supplementation of various tungstate concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100) to germination water (mg L-1) or clay soil (mg kg-1) on germination and metabolism of broccoli. Lower concentrations (1-10 mg L-1) accelerated germination process and reciprocally were recorded at the highest one (100 mg L-1). The promoter effect of lower concentrations on seedlings growing on tungstate contaminated soil was underpinned from enhancement of pigments, metabolites, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and nitrate reductase. However, the highest concentration-noxious impacts perceived from oxidative damage and membrane integrity deregulation accompanied with no gain from increment of proline, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. The depletion of phytochelatins and nitric oxide jointed with the enhancement of peroxidases, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase at higher concentration reinforced lignin production which restricted plant growth. The results supported the hormetic effects of tungstate (beneficial at low concentrations and noxious at high concentration) on morphological and physiological parameters of broccoli seedlings. The stimulatory effect of tungstate on metabolic activities could serve as important components of antioxidative defense mechanism against tungstate toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona F A Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Azooz
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Park JH, Han HJ. Effect of tungsten-resistant bacteria on uptake of tungsten by lettuce and tungsten speciation in plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120825. [PMID: 31279307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten is an emerging contaminant because of its potential toxicity to humans. However, tungsten-plant-microbe interactions remains unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of tungsten-resistant bacteria on tungsten species in plants and microbial community structure in soil. Although bacterial inoculation did not affect lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth or tungsten uptake via root, tungsten-resistant bacteria increased translocation of tungsten from root to shoot. Bacterial inoculation slightly oxidized tungsten in lettuce based on tungsten L3 x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Tungsten in lettuce roots and shoots grown in tungsten(VI)-spiked soil existed as a mixture of tungsten(IV) and tungsten(VI). Tungsten accumulated as polytungstate in the root and monotungstate in the shoot. Inoculation with tungsten-resistant bacteria and plant growth increased microbial diversity in tungsten-contaminated soil. In tungsten-spiked soils without plants, metal-resistant or reducing bacteria were found while bacteria growing in rhizosphere were detected in soils supporting plant growth. These results indicate a role of the bacteria and plants in phytoremediation of tungsten-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Park
- Department of Environmental & Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeop-Jo Han
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Preiner J, Wienkoop S, Weckwerth W, Oburger E. Molecular Mechanisms of Tungsten Toxicity Differ for Glycine max Depending on Nitrogen Regime. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:367. [PMID: 31001297 PMCID: PMC6454624 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) finds increasing application in military, aviation and household appliance industry, opening new paths into the environment. Since W shares certain chemical properties with the essential plant micronutrient molybdenum (Mo), it is proposed to inhibit enzymatic activity of molybdoenzymes [e.g., nitrate reductase (NR)] by replacing the Mo-ion bound to the co-factor. Recent studies suggest that W, much like other heavy metals, also exerts toxicity on its own. To create a comprehensive picture of tungsten stress, this study investigated the effects of W on growth and metabolism of soybean (Glycine max), depending on plant nitrogen regime [nitrate fed (N fed) vs. symbiotic N2 fixation (N fix)] by combining plant physiological data (biomass production, starch and nutrient content, N2 fixation, nitrate reductase activity) with root and nodule proteome data. Irrespective of N regime, NR activity and total N decreased with increasing W concentrations. Nodulation and therefore also N2 fixation strongly declined at high W concentrations, particularly in N fix plants. However, N2 fixation rate (g N fixed g-1 nodule dwt) remained unaffected by increasing W concentrations. Proteomic analysis revealed a strong decline in leghemoglobin and nitrogenase precursor levels (NifD), as well as an increase in abundance of proteins involved in secondary metabolism in N fix nodules. Taken together this indicates that, in contrast to the reported direct inhibition of NR, N2 fixation appears to be indirectly inhibited by a decrease in nitrogenase synthesis due to W induced changes in nodule oxygen levels of N fix plants. Besides N metabolism, plants exhibited a strong reduction of shoot (both N regimes) and root (N fed only) biomass, an imbalance in nutrient levels and a failure of carbon metabolic pathways accompanied by an accumulation of starch at high tungsten concentrations, independent of N-regime. Proteomic data (available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010877) demonstrated that the response to high W concentrations was independent of nodule functionality and dominated by several peroxidases and other general stress related proteins. Based on an evaluation of several W responsive proteotypic peptides, we identified a set of protein markers of W stress and possible targets for improved stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Preiner
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adamakis IDS, Eleftheriou EP. Structural Evidence of Programmed Cell Death Induction by Tungsten in Root Tip Cells of Pisum sativum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E62. [PMID: 30862127 PMCID: PMC6473820 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that excess tungsten (W), a rare heavy metal, is toxic to plant cells and may induce a kind of programmed cell death (PCD). In the present study we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to investigate the subcellular malformations caused by W, supplied as 200 mg/L sodium tungstate (Na₂WO₄) for 12 or 24 h, in root tip cells of Pisum sativum (pea), The objective was to provide additional evidence in support of the notion of PCD induction and the presumed involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is shown ultrastructurally that W inhibited seedling growth, deranged root tip morphology, induced the collapse and deformation of vacuoles, degraded Golgi bodies, increased the incidence of multivesicular and multilamellar bodies, and caused the detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell walls. Plastids and mitochondria were also affected. By TEM, the endoplasmic reticulum appeared in aggregations of straight, curved or concentric cisternae, frequently enclosing cytoplasmic organelles, while by CLSM it appeared in bright ring-like aggregations and was severely disrupted in mitotic cells. However, no evidence of ROS increase was obtained. Overall, these findings support the view of a W-induced vacuolar destructive PCD without ROS enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ribeiro MJ, Maria VL, Soares AMVM, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Fate and Effect of Nano Tungsten Carbide Cobalt (WCCo) in the Soil Environment: Observing a Nanoparticle Specific Toxicity in Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11394-11401. [PMID: 30193070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten carbide cobalt (WCCo) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in hard metal industries. Pulmonary diseases and risk of cancer are associated with occupational exposure, but knowledge about the environmental fate and effects is virtually absent. In this study, the fate and effects of crystalline WCCo NPs, WC, and Co2+ were assessed in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus, following the standard Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT). An additional 28 day exposure period compared to the ERT (i.e., a total of 56 days) was performed to assess longer-term effects. WCCo NPs affected reproduction at a concentration higher than the corresponding Co based (EC50 = 1500 mg WCCo/kg, equivalent to 128 mg Co/kg). WC showed no negative effect up to 1000 mg W/kg. Maximum uptake of Co was 10-fold higher for CoCl2 compared to WCCo exposed organisms. Overall toxicity seems to be due to a combined effect between WC and Co. This is supported by the soil bioavailable fraction and biological tissue measurements. Last, results highlight the need to consider longer exposure period of NPs for comparable methods standardized for conventional chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ribeiro
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsovej 25 , PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oburger E, Vergara Cid C, Preiner J, Hu J, Hann S, Wanek W, Richter A. pH-Dependent Bioavailability, Speciation, and Phytotoxicity of Tungsten (W) in Soil Affect Growth and Molybdoenzyme Activity of Nodulated Soybeans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6146-6156. [PMID: 29701969 PMCID: PMC5990931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of tungsten (W)-based products opened new pathways for W into environmental systems. Due to its chemical alikeness with molybdenum (Mo), W is expected to behave similarly to its "twin element", Mo; however, our knowledge of the behavior of W in the plant-soil environment remains inadequate. The aim of this study was to investigate plant growth as well as W and nutrient uptake depending on soil chemical properties such as soil pH and texture. Soybean ( Glycine max cv. Primus) was grown on two acidic soils differing in soil texture that were either kept at their natural soil pH (pH of 4.5-5) or limed (pH of ≥7) and amended with increasing concentrations of metallic W (control and 500 and 5000 mg kg-1). In addition, the activity of molybdoenzymes involved in N assimilation (nitrate reductase) and symbiotic N2 fixation (nitrogenase) was also investigated. Our results showed that the risk of W entering the food web was significantly greater in high-pH soils due to increased solubility of mainly monomeric W. The effect of soil texture on W solubility and phytoavailability was less pronounced compared to soil pH. Particularly at intermediate W additions (W 500 mg kg-1), symbiotic nitrogen fixation was able to compensate for reduced leaf nitrate reductase activity. When W soil solution concentrations became too toxic (W 5000 mg kg-1), nodulation was more strongly inhibited than nitrogenase activity in the few nodules formed, suggesting a more-efficient detoxification and compartmentalization mechanism in nodules than in soybean leaves. The increasing presence of polymeric W species observed in low-pH soils spiked with high W concentrations resulted in decreased W uptake. Simultaneously, polymeric W species had an overall negative effect on nutrient assimilation and plant growth, suggesting a greater phytotoxicity of W polymers. Our study demonstrates the importance of accounting for soil pH in risk assessment studies of W in the plant-soil environment, something that has been completely neglected in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oburger
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research and Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- BOKU,
Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Carolina Vergara Cid
- BOKU,
Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
- Faculty
of Physical and Natural Sciences, Multidisciplinary Institute of Plant
Biology, Pollution and Bioindicator Section, National University of Cordoba, Avenida Velez Sarsfield 1611, X5016CGA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Julian Preiner
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research and Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- BOKU,
Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Junjian Hu
- BOKU,
Department of Chemistry, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- BOKU,
Department of Chemistry, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research and Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research and Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bostick BC, Sun J, Landis JD, Clausen JL. Tungsten Speciation and Solubility in Munitions-Impacted Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1045-1053. [PMID: 29307178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Considerable questions persist regarding tungsten geochemistry in natural systems, including which forms of tungsten are found in soils and how adsorption regulates dissolved tungsten concentrations. In this study, we examine tungsten speciation and solubility in a series of soils at firing ranges in which tungsten rounds were used. The metallic, mineral, and adsorbed forms of tungsten were characterized using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray microprobe, and desorption isotherms for tungsten in these soils were used to characterize its solid-solution partitioning behavior. Data revealed the complete and rapid oxidation of tungsten metal to hexavalent tungsten(VI) and the prevalence of adsorbed polymeric tungstates in the soils rather than discrete mineral phases. These polymeric complexes were only weakly retained in the soils, and porewaters in equilibrium with contaminated soils had 850 mg L-1 tungsten, considerably in excess of predicted solubility. We attribute the high solubility and limited adsorption of tungsten to the formation of polyoxometalates such as W12SiO404-, an α-Keggin cluster, in soil solutions. Although more research is needed to confirm which of such polyoxometalates are present in soils, their formation may not only increase the solubility of tungsten but also facilitate its transport and influence its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, West Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua D Landis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jay L Clausen
- Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory , 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lindsay JH, Kennedy AJ, Seiter-Moser JM, Bednar AJ, Boyd RE, Johnson DR, Allison P, Tappero RV. Uptake Kinetics and Trophic Transfer of Tungsten from Cabbage to a Herbivorous Animal Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13755-13762. [PMID: 29053267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation builds on previous studies on military-relevant tungsten (W) to more thoroughly explore environmental pathways and bioaccumulation kinetics during direct soil exposure versus trophic transfer and elucidate its relative accumulation and speciation in different snail organs. The modeled steady-state concentration and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of W from soil into cabbage were 302 mg/kg and 0.55, respectively. Steady-state concentrations (34 mg/kg) and BAF values (0.05) obtained for the snail directly exposed to contaminated soil were lower than trophic transfer by consumption of W-contaminated cabbage (tissue concentration of 86 mg/kg; BAF of 0.36). Thus, consumption of contaminated food is the most important pathway for W mobility in this food chain. The highest concentrations of W compartmentalization were in the snail's hepatopancreas based on wet chemistry and synchrotron-based investigations. Chemical speciation via inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry showed a higher degree of polytungstate partitioning in the hepatopancreas relative to the rest of the body. Based on synchrotron analysis, W was incorporated into the shell matrix during exposure, particularly during the regeneration of damaged shell. This offers the potential for application of the shell as a longer-term biomonitoring and forensics tool for historic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Lindsay
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jennifer M Seiter-Moser
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Robert E Boyd
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | | | - Paul Allison
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama , P.O. Box 870276, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35406, United States
| | - Ryan V Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
James B, Zhang W, Sun P, Wu M, Li HH, Khaliq MA, Jayasuriya P, James S, Wang G. Tungsten (W) bioavailability in paddy rice soils and its accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:487-497. [PMID: 28994318 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2017.1386768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation characteristics of tungsten (W) by different indica rice cultivars from the soil and to assess the potential risks to human health via dietary intake of W in rice consumption. A total of 153 rice (ear) samples of 15 cultivars and the corresponding surface soil samples were collected from 7 cities in Fujian Province of southeastern China. The available soil W were extracted using H2C2O4·2H2O-(NH4)2C2O4·H2O at pH 3.3). Results showed that the total soil W ranged from 2.03 mg kg-1 to 15.34 mg kg-1 and available soil W ranged from 0.03 mg kg-1 to 1.61 mg kg-1. The W concentration in brown rice varied from 7 μg kg-1 to 283 μg kg-1 and was significantly correlated with the available soil W. The highest mean TFavail (transfer factor based on available soil W) was 0.91 for Te-you 627 (hybrid, indica rice), whereas the lowest was 0.08 for Yi-you 673 (hybrid, indica rice). The TFavail decreased with the increase in available soil W, clay content, and cation exchange capacity. The consumption of the brown rice produced from the investigated areas in some cultivars by the present study may cause risks to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blessing James
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Weili Zhang
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Pei Sun
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Mingyan Wu
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Hong Hong Li
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Muhammad Athar Khaliq
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Pathmamali Jayasuriya
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Swithin James
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| | - Guo Wang
- a College of Resources and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation in Fujian Province , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deang JF, Allison PG, Prabhu R, Williams LN, Rhee H, Whittington WR, Perkins EJ, Bruce SM, Horstemeyer MF. Constitutive behaviour of paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula) cartilage. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.16.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the constitutive behaviour of the midline cartilage of the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) rostrum and examined the properties of the cartilage as a function of stress state and strain rate. The cartilage structure of the paddlefish contributes to the physical characteristics of the unique rostrum, and is of much interest as an inspiration for engineered structures. Low-strain rate testing (∼0·01/s) results indicated an average compressive yield stress of 11·34 ± 3·10 MPa and an average tensile yield stress of 3·62 ± 0·62 MPa. High-strain rate testing (∼100/s) results showed an average compressive yield stress of 25·07 ± 10·86 MPa. A histological study showed that the material is a type of hyaline cartilage. An Ogden hyperelastic model was used for finite-element analysis and fit very well with experimental data. This paper contributes to an overall study examining the electrosensory capabilities, hydrodynamics and structure–property relationships of the rostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah F Deang
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Paul G Allison
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Raj Prabhu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Lakiesha N Williams
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Hongjoo Rhee
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Wilburn R Whittington
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Edward J Perkins
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Stephen M Bruce
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Mark F Horstemeyer
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Petruzzelli G, Pedron F. Tungstate adsorption onto Italian soils with different characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:379. [PMID: 28685371 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of tungsten in the environment is currently of considerable interest because of the growing concerns resulting from its possible toxicity and carcinogenicity. Adsorption reactions are some of the fundamental processes governing the fate and transport of tungsten compounds in soil. This paper reports data on the adsorption of tungstate ions in three different Italian soils, which are characteristic of the Mediterranean region. The results show that pH is the most important factor governing the adsorption of tungstate in these soils. The data interpreted according to the Langmuir equation show that the maximum value of adsorption is approximately 30 mmol kg-1 for the most acidic soil (pH = 4.50) and approximately 9 mmol kg-1 for the most basic soil (pH = 7.40). In addition, soil organic matter is shown to play a fundamental role in adsorption processes, which are favored in soils with a higher organic matter content. The data could contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of tungsten compounds in Italian soils for which current knowledge is very scarce, also in view of environmental regulations, which are currently lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Pedron
- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Nair RR, Correia MAS, Cordeiro RSC, Panjkovich A, Svergun DI, Santos-Silva T, Rivas MG. Highly selective tungstate transporter protein TupA from Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5798. [PMID: 28724964 PMCID: PMC5517513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum and tungsten are taken up by bacteria and archaea as their soluble oxyanions through high affinity transport systems belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The component A (ModA/TupA) of these transporters is the first selection gate from which the cell differentiates between MoO42−, WO42− and other similar oxyanions. We report the biochemical characterization and the crystal structure of the apo-TupA from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20, at 1.4 Å resolution. Small Angle X-ray Scattering data suggests that the protein adopts a closed and more stable conformation upon ion binding. The role of the arginine 118 in the selectivity of the oxyanion was also investigated and three mutants were constructed: R118K, R118E and R118Q. Isothermal titration calorimetry clearly shows the relevance of this residue for metal discrimination and oxyanion binding. In this sense, the three variants lost the ability to coordinate molybdate and the R118K mutant keeps an extremely high affinity for tungstate. These results contribute to an understanding of the metal-protein interaction, making it a suitable candidate for a recognition element of a biosensor for tungsten detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Otrelo-Cardoso
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rashmi R Nair
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Márcia A S Correia
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Raquel S Correia Cordeiro
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.,Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße, 150/44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alejandro Panjkovich
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria G Rivas
- Department of Physics, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hedberg YS, Hedberg JF, Isaksson S, Mei N, Blomberg E, Wold S, Odnevall Wallinder I. Nanoparticles of WC-Co, WC, Co and Cu of relevance for traffic wear particles - Particle stability and reactivity in synthetic surface water and influence of humic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:275-288. [PMID: 28196769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studded tyres made of tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) are in the Northern countries commonly used during the winter time. Tungsten (W)-containing nano- and micron-sized particles have been detected close to busy roads in several European countries. Other typical traffic wear particles consist of copper (Cu). The aims of this study were to investigate particle stability and transformation/dissolution properties of nanoparticles (NPs) of WC-Co compared with NPs of tungsten carbide (WC), cobalt (Co), and Cu. Their physicochemical characteristics (primarily surface oxide and charge) are compared with their extent of sedimentation and metal release in synthetic surface water (SW) with and without two different model organic molecules, 2,3- and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) mimicking certain sorption sites of humic substances, for time periods up to 22 days. The WC-Co NPs possessed a higher electrochemical and chemical reactivity in SW with and without DHBA molecules as compared with NPs of WC, Co, and Cu. Co was completely released from the WC-Co NPs within a few hours of exposure, although it remained adsorbed/bonded to the particle surface and enabled the adsorption of negatively charged DHBA molecules, in contrast with the WC NPs (no adsorption of DHBA). The DHBA molecules were found to rapidly adsorb on the Co and Cu NPs. The sedimentation of the WC and WC-Co NPs was not influenced by the presence of the 2,3- or 3,4-DHBA molecules. A slight influence (slower sedimentation) was observed for the Co NPs, and a strong influence (slower sedimentation) was observed for the Cu NPs in SW with 2,3-DHBA compared with SW alone. The extent of metal release increased in the order: WC < Cu < Co < WC-Co NPs. All NPs released more than 1 wt-% of their metal total mass. The release from the Cu NPs was most influenced by the presence of DHBA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden; Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Jonas F Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden.
| | - Sara Isaksson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden.
| | - Nanxuan Mei
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden.
| | - Eva Blomberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden; SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Wold
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Applied Physical Chemistry, Sweden.
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qin S, Sun X, Hu C, Tan Q, Zhao X, Xu S. Effects of tungsten on uptake, transport and subcellular distribution of molybdenum in oilseed rape at two different molybdenum levels. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 256:87-93. [PMID: 28167042 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the similarities of molybdenum (Mo) with tungsten (W) in the physical structure and chemical properties, studies involving the two elements have mainly examined their competitive relationships. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of equimolar W on Mo accumulation, transport and subcellular distribution in oilseed rape at two Mo levels with four treatments: Mo1 (1μmol/L Mo, Low Mo), Mo1+W1 (1μmol/L Mo+1μmol/LW, Low Mo with Low W), Mo200 (200μmol/L Mo, High Mo) and Mo200+W200 (200μmol/L Mo+200μmol/L Mo, High Mo with high W). The fresh weight and root growth were inhibited by equimolar W at both low and high Mo levels. The Mo concentration and accumulation in root was increased by equimolar W at the low Mo level, but that in the root and shoot was decreased at the high Mo level. Additionally, equimolar W increased the Mo concentrations of xylem and phloem sap at low Mo level, but decreased that of xylem and increased that of phloem sap at the high Mo level. Furthermore, equimolar W decreased the expression of BnMOT1 in roots and leaves at the low Mo level, and only decreased its expression in leaves at the high Mo level. The expression of BnMOT2 was also decreased in root for equimolar W compared with the low Mo level, but increased compared with high Mo level. Moreover, equimolar W increased the proportion of Mo in cell wall fraction in root and that of soluble fraction in leaves when compared with the low Mo level. The results suggest that cell wall and soluble fractions might be responsible for the adaptation of oilseed rape to W stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Qin
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Micro-Element Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guan DX, Williams PN, Xu HC, Li G, Luo J, Ma LQ. High-resolution measurement and mapping of tungstate in waters, soils and sediments using the low-disturbance DGT sampling technique. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 316:69-76. [PMID: 27209520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing tungsten (W) use for industrial and military applications has resulted in greater W discharge into natural waters, soils and sediments. Risk modeling of W transport and fate in the environment relies on measurement of the release/mobilization flux of W in the bulk media and the interfaces between matrix compartments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is a promising passive sampling technique to acquire such information. DGT devices equipped with the newly developed high-resolution binding gels (precipitated zirconia, PZ, or ferrihydrite, PF, gels) or classic/conventional ferrihydrite slurry gel were comprehensively assessed for measuring W in waters. (Ferrihydrite)DGT can measure W at various ionic strengths (0.001-0.5molL(-1) NaNO3) and pH (4-8), while (PZ)DGT can operate across slightly wider environmental conditions. The three DGT configurations gave comparable results for soil W measurement, showing that typically W resupply is relatively poorly sustained. 1D and 2D high-resolution W profiling across sediment-water and hotspot-bulk media interfaces from Lake Taihu were obtained using (PZ)DGT coupled with laser ablation ICP-MS measurement, and the apparent diffusion fluxes across the interfaces were calculated using a numerical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Paul N Williams
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Frawley RP, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA, Herbert R, Moore R, Staska LM, Behl M, Hooth MJ, Kissling GE, Germolec DR. Immunotoxic effects of sodium tungstate dihydrate on female B6C3F1/N mice when administered in drinking water. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:666-75. [PMID: 27223060 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten is a naturally occurring, high-tensile strength element that has been used in a number of consumer products. Tungsten has been detected in soil, waterways, groundwater, and human tissue and body fluids. Elevated levels of tungsten in urine were reported for populations exposed to tungstate in drinking water in areas where natural tungsten formations were prevalent. Published reports indicated that sodium tungstate may modulate hematopoiesis, immune cell populations, and immune responses in rodent models. The objective of this study was to assess potential immunotoxicity of sodium tungstate dihydrate (STD), a drinking water contaminant. Female B6C3F1/N mice received 0-2000 mg STD/L in their drinking water for 28 d, and were evaluated for effects on immune cell populations in spleen and bone marrow, and humoral-mediated, cell-mediated, and innate immunity. Three different parameters of cell-mediated immunity were similarly affected at 1000 mg STD/L. T-cell proliferative responses against allogeneic leukocytes and anti-CD3 were decreased 32%, and 21%, respectively. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity was decreased at all effector:target cell ratios examined. At 2000 mg STD/L, the absolute numbers of CD3(+) T-cell progenitor cells in bone marrow were increased 86%, but the alterations in B-lymphocyte and other progenitor cells were not significant. There were no effects on bone marrow DNA synthesis or colony forming capabilities. STD-induced effects on humoral-mediated immunity, innate immunity, and splenocyte sub-populations were limited. Enhanced histopathology did not detect treatment-related lesions in any of the immune tissues. These data suggest exposure to STD in drinking water may adversely affect cell-mediated immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Kimber L White
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ron Herbert
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Rebecca Moore
- c Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Mamta Behl
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Michelle J Hooth
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- e Division of Intramural Research , NIEHS, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Horiunova II, Krasylenko YA, Yemets AI, Blume YB. Involvement of plant cytoskeleton in cellular mechanisms of metal toxicity. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Gastropod (Otala lactea) shell nanomechanical and structural characterization as a biomonitoring tool for dermal and dietary exposure to a model metal. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 53:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Xu S, Lin C, Qiu P, Song Y, Yang W, Xu G, Feng X, Yang Q, Yang X, Niu A. Tungsten- and cobalt-dominated heavy metal contamination of mangrove sediments in Shenzhen, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:562-566. [PMID: 26323860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A baseline investigation into heavy metal status in the mangrove sediments was conducted in Shenzhen, China where rapid urban development has caused severe environmental contamination. It is found that heavy metal contamination in this mangrove wetland is characterized by the dominant presence of tungsten and cobalt, which is markedly different from the neighboring Hong Kong and other parts of the world. The vertical variation pattern of these two metals along the sediment profile differed from other heavy metals, suggesting an increasing influx of tungsten and cobalt into the investigated mangrove habitat, as a result of uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastewater from factories that produce or use chemical compounds or alloys containing these two heavy metals. Laboratory simulation experiment indicated that seawater had a stronger capacity to mobilize sediment-borne tungsten and cobalt, as compared to deionized water, diluted acetic, sulfuric and nitric acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songjun Xu
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuxia Lin
- School of Environment and Life Science, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
| | - Penghua Qiu
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Song
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhuai Yang
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanchang Xu
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Feng
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anyi Niu
- College of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin C, Li R, Cheng H, Wang J, Shao X. Tungsten distribution in soil and rice in the vicinity of the world's largest and longest-operating tungsten mine in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91981. [PMID: 24642612 PMCID: PMC3958402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate tungsten (W) contamination in soil and its enrichment in rice in the area of the world's largest and longest-operating W mines in China. Root zone soil and rice plants were sampled at 15 sites in the agricultural field adjacent to W mines and analyzed for Al, Fe, Mn, Sc, and W contents and W chemical forms in the soil samples and W contents in the rice root, stem, leaf, and grain samples. Results showed that W content in the soil ranged from 3.99 to 43.7 mg kg(-1), with more than 90% of W in the residual fraction, showing its low mobility and bioavailability. Average W contents in the rice root, stem, leaf, and grain were 7.06, 2.34, 4.76, 0.17 mg kg(-1), respectively. In addition, they were linearly independent of W content and chemical forms in the soil. Average enrichment factor values were 0.39, 0.13, 0.28, and 0.01 for the root, stem, leaf, and grain, respectively. In can be concluded that W mining activity in the Dayu county contaminated the nearby agricultural soil and led to W bioaccumulation in the rice. This may pose a health risk to residents via food and soil ingestion, which should be a focus of scrutiny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruiping Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Use, China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Ministry of land and Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. Tungsten Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 1:82-99. [PMID: 27137642 PMCID: PMC4844263 DOI: 10.3390/plants1020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a rare heavy metal, widely used in a range of industrial, military and household applications due to its unique physical properties. These activities inevitably have accounted for local W accumulation at high concentrations, raising concerns about its effects for living organisms. In plants, W has primarily been used as an inhibitor of the molybdoenzymes, since it antagonizes molybdenum (Mo) for the Mo-cofactor (MoCo) of these enzymes. However, recent advances indicate that, beyond Mo-enzyme inhibition, W has toxic attributes similar with those of other heavy metals. These include hindering of seedling growth, reduction of root and shoot biomass, ultrastructural malformations of cell components, aberration of cell cycle, disruption of the cytoskeleton and deregulation of gene expression related with programmed cell death (PCD). In this article, the recent available information on W toxicity in plants and plant cells is reviewed, and the knowledge gaps and the most pertinent research directions are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|