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Mohammadi Moradian J, Ali A, Yan X, Pei G, Zhang S, Naveed A, Shehzad K, Shahnavaz Z, Ahmad F, Yousaf B. Sensors Innovations for Smart Lithium-Based Batteries: Advancements, Opportunities, and Potential Challenges. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2025; 17:279. [PMID: 40423816 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices, thanks to their unparalleled energy density, minimal self-discharge rates, and favorable cycle life. However, the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems (BMS). This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs, focusing on their advancements, opportunities, and potential challenges. Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application: safety monitoring and performance optimization. Safety monitoring sensors, including temperature, pressure, strain, gas, acoustic, and magnetic sensors, focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations. Performance optimization sensors, such as optical-based and electrochemical-based, monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health, emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan. The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles. Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, miniaturization, and machine learning algorithms are also discussed. However, challenges related to sensor miniaturization, power consumption, cost efficiency, and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs, guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance, reliability, and safety. Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs: integrating non-optical multi-parameter, optical-based, and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety, improved efficiency, early warning mechanisms, and TR prevention. Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, miniaturization, and advanced algorithms, addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Mohammadi Moradian
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Amjad Ali
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Yan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Pei
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Khurram Shehzad
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Micro and Nano-Technology Program, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zohreh Shahnavaz
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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2
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Li R, Huang X, Zhang H, Wang J, Fan Y, Huang Y, Liu J, Yang M, Yu Y, Xiao X, Tan Y, Wu HB, Fan L, Deng T, Chen L, Shen Y, Fan X. A path towards high lithium-metal electrode coulombic efficiency based on electrolyte interaction motif descriptor. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4672. [PMID: 40394029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025] Open
Abstract
The fundamental interactions and the as-derived microstructures among electrolyte components play a pivotal role in determining the bulk and interfacial properties of the electrolytes. However, the complex structure-property relationships remain elusive, leading to uncontrollable physicochemical characteristics of electrolytes and unsatisfied battery performance. Herein, we propose two interaction motif descriptors to quantify ion-solvent interactions spanning electrostatic to dispersion regimes. These descriptors are highly relevant to salt dissolution, phase miscibility, and electrode-electrolyte interface chemistries. Guided by the principle of minimizing ion-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions while ensuring sufficient salt dissociation, a representative electrolyte, i.e., lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide dissolved in trimethyl methoxysilane and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene with a molar ratio of 1:2.5:3.0, is designed, which achieves ~99.7% (±0.2%) Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency and endows 4.5 V Li||LiCoO2 with 90% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 0.2 C/0.5 C charge/discharge rate. Notably, Cu||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cells with this electrolyte sustain over 100 stable cycles. By establishing quantitative relationships between interaction motifs and electrolyte functionalities, this work provides a universal framework for rational electrolyte design, paving the way for highly reversible lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Xiaoteng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingzhu Fan
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Science and Technology on Power Sources Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuezhang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuanzhong Tan
- Zhejiang Xinan Chemical Industrial Group Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 311600, P. R. China
| | - Hao Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liwu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Deng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiulin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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3
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Xu C, Wang H, Lei C, Li J, Ma W, Liang X. Fast single metal cation conduction in ion-water aggregated aqueous battery electrolytes. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4574. [PMID: 40379654 PMCID: PMC12084611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Metal ion transport in solution is closely linked to its interactions with counter anions and solvent molecules. This interplay creates a longstanding trade-off between transference number (tMn⁺), ionic conductivity (δ), and solvation process. Advanced aqueous batteries with metal negative electrode require electrolytes with unity tMn⁺, high δ and low solvation energy. Here we introduce guanidinium sulfate (Gdm2SO4) into metal sulfate aqueous solutions to construct the ion-water aggregated electrolytes. These electrolytes exhibit fast single ion conduction, approaching unity tMn⁺ and high δ over 50 mS cm-1 for various metal cations (M= Zn, Cu, Fe, Sn and Li). The ion-water aggregates, dynamically formed by strong hydrogen bonding between sulfate anions, guanidinium cations and water, featuring an unfrustrated topological structure to suppress both anion mobility and water activity. This general configuration decouples the metal charge carrier from its coordination sheath, resulting in decreased solvation energy. These merits lead to homogeneous metal plating/stripping behavior with high coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. Moreover, the ion-water aggregates with reinforced kosmotropic characteristics significantly decrease the freezing point of the sulfate-based electrolytes to -28 oC, making them widely applicable in aqueous metal batteries for both intercalation and conversion positive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Huijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chengjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jinye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenjiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511340, China.
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4
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Wu LQ, Li Z, Li H, Zhang JY, Li Y, Ren SX, Fan ZY, Wang XT, Li K, Liu Z, Zhang J, Yang JC, Li YW, Bo SH, Zhao Q. Regulating Amine Substitution in Fluorosulfonyl-Based Flame-Retardant Electrolytes for Energy-Dense Lithium Metal Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:16506-16521. [PMID: 40315436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2025]
Abstract
Sulfone-based electrolytes offer unusually high anodic and thermal stability that in principle makes them promising candidates for fabricating energy-dense lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Their uses in practical batteries are currently limited by their inability to sustain long-term Li metal plating/stripping processes due to their high reactivity toward the Li metal. Here, we report on the design and synthesis of a unique family of fluorosulfonyl group-based (FSO2-) molecules, modified with ethyl (FSE)/N,N-dimethyl (FSNDM)/N,N-diethyl (FSNDE)/N-pyrrolidine (FSNP) end groups to create exceptionally stable single-salt single-solvent electrolytes. The flammability, solvation structure, ion transport, Li metal deposition kinetics, and high-voltage stability of the electrolytes are systematically studied. It is shown that the electrolytes are nonflammable, possess weak solvation characteristics, yet manifest high room-temperature ionic conductivities (1.6-6.1 mS cm-1) and low solution viscosities. In comparison to FSE, the FSNDM-, FSNDE-, and FSNP-based electrolytes exhibit an exceptionally reversible Coulombic efficiency for Li metal plating/stripping (>99.71% over 800 cycles) and exhibit typical oxidative stability at voltages exceeding 4.6 V. Deployed as electrolytes in Li metal batteries (20 μm Li anode and 3 g A h-1 electrolyte) with high-loading (18.5 mg cm-2) LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes, 329 cycles have been achieved before 80% capacity retention. Six Ah Li metal pouch cells based on the designed electrolytes also exhibit high stability and high energy density (496 W h kg-1) for over 150 cycles with at most 2.7% volume expansion. Our findings demonstrate that through an intentional molecular design, sulfone electrolytes provide a robust route toward nonflammable Li metal compatible electrolytes with practical high-voltage cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qing Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Huamei Li
- Future Battery Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin-Yu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Yong Li
- Shanghai Institute Space Power Sources, State Key Laboratory of Space Power Sources, Shanghai Institute Space Power Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Shuang-Xin Ren
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Kun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Ji-Chi Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Shou-Hang Bo
- Future Battery Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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5
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Wang Y, Yang H, Hu T, Piao N, Li F, Cheng HM. Designing electrolytes by thermodynamics. Natl Sci Rev 2025; 12:nwaf100. [PMID: 40271223 PMCID: PMC12016802 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaf100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Revised: 03/05/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
The immature design theory of electrolytes limits their targeted solvation structure formation and application in batteries. Here, based on the precondition that an electrolyte or solution is a system at a thermodynamic equilibrium state, we try to develop a thermodynamic theory to guide the electrolyte solvation structure design. In this theory, thermodynamic competitive equilibrium between cation-solvent interaction and cation-anion interaction, and between enthalpy and entropy, are two key points determining solute dissolution and formation of various solvation structures. Using this thermodynamic competitive equilibrium theory, the essential principle of all the recently developed electrolyte systems such as high concentration electrolyte, localized high concentration electrolyte, weak solvated electrolyte, anion coordination electrolyte and high-entropy electrolytes can be perfectly explained. We hope that this theory can help accelerate the development of electrolyte study, and enlighten the emergence of advanced electrolytes with unique solvation structures and attractive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huicong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianzhao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Piao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Lai J, Guo Y, Lai HE, Ospina-Acevedo FA, Tian W, Kuai D, Chen D, Balbuena PB, Shi F. Linking Solvation Equilibrium Thermodynamics to Electrolyte Transport Kinetics for Lithium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:14348-14358. [PMID: 40257459 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2025]
Abstract
Correlating the solvation structure and thermodynamic properties with transport properties serves as the foundation for electrolyte design. While various physicochemical properties, such as relative solvating power, solvation energy, and spectroscopies have been used to study ion solvation, fundamental investigations in thermodynamic properties of solvation equilibrium across broad temperature ranges are not available. In this work, we combined temperature-resolved Infrared and Raman spectroscopies to systematically pinpoint the dynamic evolution of Li+-solvent and Li+-anion local coordination in typical ether and carbonate electrolytes from -60 to 60 °C. We identified a trend of temperature-driven equilibrium among electrolyte components. As the temperature increases, solvent-separated ion pairs (SSIP) are prone to converting to contact ion pairs (CIP), and CIP reverts to SSIP reversibly as the temperature decreases. By quantifying the temperature-responsive mean coordination number and solvate species concentrations, we reveal a preferential CIP association in carbonates compared to that in ethers. Gibbs free energy changes in diverse electrolytes exhibit a strong correlation with their respective Li+ transference number. The thermodynamic properties of solvation equilibrium offer new descriptors for quantifying dynamic solvation structure, and the solvation-property knowledge gained from these model electrolytes can serve as a benchmark reference for a broad spectrum of battery electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lai
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yanjun Guo
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hao-En Lai
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Francisco A Ospina-Acevedo
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Weixi Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dacheng Kuai
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dongliang Chen
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Feifei Shi
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Zhang R, Huang Q, Ou Z, Khan TA, Yin M, Gao E, Sun J, Wen RT. Retaining superior electrochromic performance by effective suppression of ion trapping upon cycling. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2025. [PMID: 40289917 DOI: 10.1039/d5mh00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Smart windows based on electrochromic technology play a key role in decarbonization. However, cathodic electrochromic electrodes suffer from ion trapping induced performance degradation upon long-term cycling. Here, we present guidelines for designing electrolytes and preventing ion trapping to achieve optimal durability. Specifically, by controlling the solvation energy of the salts in the electrolyte, anions can be prevented from penetrating the cation-solvent sheath, thereby inhibiting their involvement in the ion trapping process. Therefore, cycling stability is significantly extended, i.e., no observed degradation after 1000 cycles. Following this concept, we further reveal that for the degraded electrodes which cannot be restored in an electrolyte with relatively weak cation-solvent interaction, they can be successfully recovered by switching to an electrolyte with strong cation-solvent interaction. Our work not only provides strategies to suppress the ion trapping and prolong the cycling stability of electrochromic electrodes, but also evokes the importance of electrode-electrolyte interaction to the electrochromic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qingjiao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhexuan Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Tooba Afaq Khan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Menghan Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Er Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Rui-Tao Wen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Ferrero GA, Åvall G, Janßen K, Son Y, Kravets Y, Sun Y, Adelhelm P. Solvent Co-Intercalation Reactions for Batteries and Beyond. Chem Rev 2025; 125:3401-3439. [PMID: 40088123 PMCID: PMC11951085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
Solvent co-intercalation is a process in which ions and solvents jointly intercalate into a layered electrode material during battery charging/discharging. It typically leads to rapid electrode degradation, but new findings show that it can be highly reversible, lasting several thousand cycles. Solvent co-intercalation has two important characteristics: (1) the charge transfer resistance is minimized as stripping of the solvation shell is eliminated and (2) the fact that solvents become part of the electrode reaction provides another means of designing electrode materials. The concept of solvent co-intercalation is chemically very diverse, as a single electrode material can host different types and numbers of solvents and ions. It is likely that many undiscovered combinations of electrode materials, solvents, and ions capable of solvent co-intercalation reactions exist, offering a largely unexplored chemical space for new materials. Co-intercalation can expand the crystal lattice (>1 nm) to the extent that free solvents are present in the structure, forming a layered, "porous" material. This indicates that the concept has a much broader impact and relates to other research fields such as supercapacitors, layered nanostructures, and nanocatalysis. This Review covers the concept and current understanding of solvent co-intercalation reactions, characterization methods, advantages, limitations, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A. Ferrero
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Åvall
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- SEEL
Swedish Electric Transport Laboratory, 423 73 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Knut Janßen
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Youhyun Son
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliia Kravets
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanan Sun
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Joint
Research Group Operando Battery Analysis (CE-GOBA), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Adelhelm
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Joint
Research Group Operando Battery Analysis (CE-GOBA), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Pastel GR, Pollard TP, Borodin O, Schroeder MA. From Ab Initio to Instrumentation: A Field Guide to Characterizing Multivalent Liquid Electrolytes. Chem Rev 2025; 125:3059-3164. [PMID: 40063379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
In this field guide, we outline empirical and theory-based approaches to characterize the fundamental properties of liquid multivalent-ion battery electrolytes, including (i) structure and chemistry, (ii) transport, and (iii) electrochemical properties. When detailed molecular-scale understanding of the multivalent electrolyte behavior is insufficient we use examples from well-studied lithium-ion electrolytes. In recognition that coupling empirical and theory-based techniques is highly effective, but often nontrivial, we also highlight recent electrolyte characterization efforts that uncover a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the underlying structures, processes, and reactions that drive performance and system-level behavior. We hope the insights from these discussions will guide the design of future electrolyte studies, accelerate development of next-generation multivalent-ion batteries through coupling of modeling with experiments, and help to avoid pitfalls and ensure reproducibility of modeling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Pastel
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Travis P Pollard
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Marshall A Schroeder
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Sciences Division, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
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10
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Kim SC, Pan JA, Shah A, Chen Y, Park H, Yang Y, Zhang W, Greenburg LC, Sogade T, Chen A, Qin J, Bao Z, Cui Y. Correlating Solvation Free Energy to Electrolyte Properties for Lithium Metal Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2025; 25:4673-4680. [PMID: 40091208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
The electrolyte plays a critical role in lithium metal batteries. In particular, ion solvation profoundly impacts key electrolyte properties and battery performance. In this study, we systematically investigate solvation-property relationships in a series of electrolytes with different solvent-diluent ratios. Through potentiometric techniques that measure the relative solvation free energies of electrolytes, we find that weaker solvation correlates with larger ion clusters, lower ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient, and superior electrochemical stability. Weaker solvation leads to the formation of a small number of Li clusters with large hydrodynamic radii, which lowers the Li+ diffusivity and ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Concurrently, weaker solvation leads to improved electrochemical stability at both the cathode and anode interfaces. Understanding these solvation-property relationships and trade-offs is important to designing electrolytes for optimized lithium metal battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jou-An Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aditya Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hyunchang Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Louisa C Greenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tomi Sogade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alex Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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11
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Yu W, Lin KY, Boyle DT, Tang MT, Cui Y, Chen Y, Yu Z, Xu R, Lin Y, Feng G, Huang Z, Michalek L, Li W, Harris SJ, Jiang JC, Abild-Pedersen F, Qin J, Cui Y, Bao Z. Electrochemical formation of bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-derived solid-electrolyte interphase at Li-metal potential. Nat Chem 2025; 17:246-255. [PMID: 39622915 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-based liquid electrolytes are promising for realizing high coulombic efficiency and long cycle life in next-generation Li-metal batteries. However, the role of anions in the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase remains unclear. Here we combine electrochemical analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, both with and without sample washing, together with computational simulations, to propose the reaction pathways of electrolyte decomposition and correlate the interphase component solubility with the efficacy of passivation. We discover that not all the products derived from interphase-forming reactions are incorporated into the resulting passivation layer, with a notable portion present in the liquid electrolyte. We also find that the high-performance electrolytes can afford a sufficiently passivating interphase with minimized electrolyte decomposition, by incorporating more anion-decomposition products. Overall, this work presents a systematic approach of coupling electrochemical and surface analyses to paint a comprehensive picture of solid-electrolyte interphase formation, while identifying the key attributes of high-performance electrolytes to guide future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Guangxia Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhuojun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Michalek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen J Harris
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jyh-Chiang Jiang
- Computational Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhu J, Li N, Wang L, Yang Y, Chen Y, Tan L, Niu X, Wang X, Ji X, Zhu Y. Electrolyte Design Enables Stable and Energy-Dense Potassium-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202415491. [PMID: 39387157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202415491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Free from strategically important elements such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are heralded as promising low-cost and sustainable electrochemical energy storage systems that complement the existing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the reported electrochemical performance of PIBs is still suboptimal, especially under practically relevant battery manufacturing conditions. The primary challenge stems from the lack of electrolytes capable of concurrently supporting both the low-voltage anode and high-voltage cathode with satisfactory Coulombic efficiency (CE) and cycling stability. Herein, we report a promising electrolyte that facilitates the commercially mature graphite anode (>3 mAh cm-2) to achieve an initial CE of 91.14 % (with an average cycling CE around 99.94 %), fast redox kinetics, and negligible capacity fading for hundreds of cycles. Meanwhile, the electrolyte also demonstrates good compatibility with the 4.4 V (vs. K+/K) high-voltage K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] (KMF) cathode. Consequently, the KMF||graphite full-cell without precycling treatment of both electrodes can provide an average discharge voltage of 3.61 V with a specific energy of 316.5 Wh kg-1-(KMF+graphite), comparable to the LiFePO4||graphite LIBs, and maintain 71.01 % capacity retention after 2000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- School of Physics, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yusi Yang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Chen
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Tan
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ji
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R. China
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13
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Zhang E, Chen Y, Holoubek J, Yu Z, Zhang W, Lyu H, Choi IR, Kim SC, Serrao C, Cui Y, Bao Z. Monofluorinated acetal electrolyte for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2418623122. [PMID: 39772742 PMCID: PMC11745313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2418623122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
High degree of fluorination for ether electrolytes has resulted in improved cycling stability of lithium metal batteries due to stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and good oxidative stability. However, the sluggish ion transport and environmental concerns of high fluorination degree drive the need to develop less fluorinated structures. Here, we depart from the traditional ether backbone and introduce bis(2-fluoroethoxy)methane (F2DEM), featuring monofluorination of the acetal backbone. High coulombic efficiency and stable long-term cycling in Li||Cu half cells can be achieved with F2DEM even under fast Li metal plating conditions. The performance of F2DEM is further compared with diethoxymethane (DEM) and 2-[2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethoxy]-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (F5DEE). A significantly lower overpotential is observed with F2DEM, which improves energy efficiency and enables its application in high-rate conditions. Comparative studies of F2DEM with DEM and F5DEE in anode-free lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) LFP pouch cells and high-loading LFP coin cells further show improved capacity retention of F2DEM electrolyte, demonstrating its practical applicability. More importantly, we also extensively investigate the underlying mechanism for the superior performance of F2DEM through various techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cryogenic electron microscopy, focused ion beam, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and titration gas chromatography. Overall, F2DEM facilitates improved Li deposition morphology with reduced amount of dead Li. This enables F2DEM to show superior performance, especially under higher charging and slower discharging rate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - John Holoubek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Hao Lyu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Il Rok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Chad Serrao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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14
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Chen Y, Liao SL, Gong H, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Kim SC, Zhang E, Lyu H, Yu W, Lin Y, Sayavong P, Cui Y, Qin J, Bao Z. Hyperconjugation-controlled molecular conformation weakens lithium-ion solvation and stabilizes lithium metal anodes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:19805-19819. [PMID: 39568883 PMCID: PMC11575589 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuning the solvation structure of lithium ions via electrolyte engineering has proven effective for lithium metal (Li) anodes. Further advancement that bypasses the trial-and-error practice relies on the establishment of molecular design principles. Expanding the scope of our previous work on solvent fluorination, we report here an alternative design principle for non-fluorinated solvents, which potentially have reduced cost, environmental impact, and toxicity. By studying non-fluorinated ethers systematically, we found that the short-chain acetals favor the [gauche, gauche] molecular conformation due to hyperconjugation, which leads to weakened monodentate coordination with Li+. The dimethoxymethane electrolyte showed fast activation to >99% coulombic efficiency (CE) and high ionic conductivity of 8.03 mS cm-1. The electrolyte performance was demonstrated in anode-free Cu‖LFP pouch cells at current densities up to 4 mA cm-2 (70 to 100 cycles) and thin-Li‖high-loading-LFP coin cells (200-300 cycles). Overall, we demonstrated and rationalized the improvement in Li metal cyclability by the acetal structure compared to ethylene glycol ethers. We expect further improvement in performance by tuning the acetal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Sheng-Lun Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Huaxin Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Zhuojun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Hao Lyu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Weilai Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA USA
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford CA USA
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15
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Chen N, Pang Y, Liu Z, Shen NL, Chen H, Zhang W, Lai Q, Yi X, Liang Y. Dual-Steric Hindrance Modulation of Interface Electrochemistry for Potassium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:32205-32214. [PMID: 39508431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrolyte chemistry regulation is a feasible and effective approach to achieving a stable electrode-electrolyte interface. How to realize such regulation and establish the relationship between the liquid-phase electrolyte environment and solid-phase electrode remains a significant challenge, especially in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for metal-ion batteries. In this work, solvent/anion steric hindrance is regarded as an essential factor in exploring the electrolyte chemistry regulation on forming ether-based K+-dominated SEI interface through the cross-combination strategy. Theoretical calculation and experimental evidence have successfully indicated a general principle that the combination of increasing solvent steric hindrance with decreasing anion steric hindrance indeed prompts the construction of an ideal anion-rich sheath solvation structure and guarantees the cycling stability of antimony-based alloy electrode (Sb@3DC, Sb nanoparticles anchored in three-dimensional carbon). These confirm the critical role of electrolyte modulation based on molecular design in the formation of stable solid-liquid interfaces, particularly in electrochemical energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Yinshuang Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Nai-Lu Shen
- Confucius Energy Storage Lab, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Qingxue Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
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16
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Pradhan A, Nishimura S, Kondo Y, Kaneko T, Katayama Y, Sodeyama K, Yamada Y. Stabilization of lithium metal in concentrated electrolytes: effects of electrode potential and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Faraday Discuss 2024; 253:314-328. [PMID: 39016534 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal negative electrodes have attracted wide attention for high-energy-density batteries. However, their low coulombic efficiency (CE) due to parasitic electrolyte reduction has been an alarming concern. Concentrated electrolytes are one of the promising concepts that can stabilize the Li metal/electrolyte interface, thus increasing the CE; however, its mechanism has remained controversial. In this work, we used a combination of LiN(SO2F)2 (LiFSI) and weakly solvating 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE) as a model electrolyte to study how its liquid structure changes upon increasing salt concentration and how it is linked to the Li plating/stripping CE. Based on previous works, we focused on the Li electrode potential (ELi with reference to the redox potential of ferrocene) and solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) formation. Although ELi shows a different trend with DEE compared to conventional 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), which is accounted for by different ion-pair states of Li+ and FSI-, the ELi-CE plots overlap for both electrolytes, suggesting that ELi is one of the dominant factors of the CE. On the other hand, the extensive ion pairing results in the upward shift of the FSI- reduction potential, as demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically, which promotes the FSI--derived inorganic SEI. Both ELi and SEI contribute to increasing the Li plating/stripping CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Pradhan
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Shoma Nishimura
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Kaneko
- Department of Computational Science and Technology, Research Organization for Information Science and Technology (RIST), 1-18-16, Hamamatsucho, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0013, Japan
| | - Yu Katayama
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Keitaro Sodeyama
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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17
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Lee D, Song YY, Wu A, Li J, Yun J, Seo DH, Lee SW. Electrochemical kinetic energy harvesting mediated by ion solvation switching in two-immiscible liquid electrolyte. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9032. [PMID: 39426948 PMCID: PMC11490633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinetic energy harvesting has significant potential, but current methods, such as friction and deformation-based systems, require high-frequency inputs and highly durable materials. We report an electrochemical system using a two-phase immiscible liquid electrolyte and Prussian blue analogue electrodes for harvesting low-frequency kinetic energy. This system converts translational kinetic energy from the displacement of electrodes between electrolyte phases into electrical energy, achieving a peak power of 6.4 ± 0.08 μW cm-2, with a peak voltage of 96 mV and peak current density of 183 μA cm-2 using a 300 Ω load. This load is several thousand times smaller than those typically employed in conventional methods. The charge density reaches 2.73 mC cm-2, while the energy density is 116 μJ cm-2 during a harvesting cycle. Also, the system provides a continuous current flow of approximately 5 μA cm-2 at 0.005 Hz for 23 cycles without performance decay. The driving force behind voltage generation is the difference in solvation Gibbs free energy between the two electrolyte phases. Additionally, we demonstrate the system's functionality in a microfluidic harvester, generating a maximum power density of 200 nW cm-2 by converting the kinetic energy to propel the electrolyte through the microfluidic channel into electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - You-Yeob Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Angyin Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeonghun Yun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Hwa Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Woo Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
- Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Cui Z, Liu C, Manthiram A. Enabling Stable Operation of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Fast-Operating Conditions by Tuning the Electrolyte Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2409272. [PMID: 39148170 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Inferior fast-charging and low-temperature performances remain a hurdle for lithium-ion batteries. Overcoming this hurdle is extremely challenging primarily due to the low conductivity of commercial ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolytes and the formation of undesirable solid electrolyte interphases with poor Li+-ion diffusion kinetics. Here, a series of EC-free fast-charging electrolytes (FCEs) by incorporating a fluorinated ester, methyl trifluoroacetate (MTFA), as a special cosolvent into a practically viable LiPF6-dimethyl carbonate-fluoroethylene carbonate system, is reported. With a solvent-dominated solvation structure, MTFA facilitates the formation of thin, yet robust, interphases on both the cathode and anode. Commercial 1 Ah graphite|LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 pouch cells filled with the FCE exhibit ≈80% capacity retention over 3000 cycles at 3 C and 4 C (15 min) charging rates in the full range of 0-100% state-of-charge. Moreover, even at a low operating temperature of -20 °C, the 1 Ah cell retains a high capacity of 0.65 Ah at a 2 C discharge rate and displays virtually no capacity fade on cycling at a C/5 rate. The work highlights the power of electrolyte design in achieving extra-fast-charging and low-temperature performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Cui
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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19
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Kim J, Shirke Y, Milner PJ. Flexible Backbone Effects on the Redox Properties of Perylenediimide-Based Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48713-48721. [PMID: 37581286 PMCID: PMC10867274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials are appealing candidates for a wide range of applications, including heterogeneous electrocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage. However, a narrow understanding of the structure-property relationships in these materials hinders the full realization of their potential. Herein, we investigate a family of insoluble perylenediimide (PDI) polymers to interrogate how backbone flexibility affects their thermodynamic and kinetic redox properties. We verify that the polymers generally access the highest percentage of redox-active groups with K+ ions (vs Na+ and Li+) due to its small solvation shell/energy and favorable soft-soft interactions with reduced PDI species. Through cyclic voltammetry, we show that increasing the polymer flexibility does not minimize barriers to ion-insertion processes but rather increases the level of diffusion-limited processes. Further, we propose that the condensation of imides to iminoimides can truncate the imide polymer chain growth for certain diamine monomers, leading to greater polymer solubilization and reduced cycling stability. Together, our results provide insight into how polymer flexibility, ion-electrode interactions, and polymerization side reactions dictate the redox properties of PDI polymers, paving the way for the development of next-generation organic electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Yogita Shirke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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20
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Shi M, Lei C, Wang H, Jiang P, Xu C, Yang W, He X, Liang X. Molecule Engineering of Sugar Derivatives as Electrolyte Additives for Deep-Reversible Zn Metal Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407261. [PMID: 38842470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The cycling performance of zinc-ion batteries is greatly affected by dendrite formation and side reactions on zinc anode, particularly in scenarios involving high depth of discharge (DOD) and low negative/positive capacity (N/P) ratios in full cells. Herein, drawing upon principles of host-guest interaction chemistry, we investigate the impact of molecular structure of electrolyte additives, specifically the -COOH and -OH groups, on the zinc negative electrode through molecular design. Our findings reveal that molecules containing these groups exhibit strong adsorption onto zinc anode surfaces and chelate with Zn2+, forming a H2O-poor inner Helmholtz plane. This effectively suppresses side reactions and promotes dendrite-free zinc deposition of exposed (002) facets, enhancing stability and reversibility of an average coulombic efficiency of 99.89 % with the introduction of Lactobionic acid (LA) additive. Under harsh conditions of 92 % DOD, Zn//Zn cells exhibit stable cycling at challenging current densities of 15 mA ⋅ cm-2. Even at a low N/P ratio of 1.3, Zn//NH4V4O10 full cells with LA electrolyte exhibit high-capacity retention of 73 % after 300 cycles, significantly surpassing that of the blank electrolyte. Moreover, in a conversion type Zn//Br static battery with a high areal capacity (~5 mAh ⋅ cm-2), LA electrolyte sustains an improved cycling stability of 700 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chengjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Huijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Pengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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21
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Wang Q, Wang J, Heringa JR, Bai X, Wagemaker M. High-Entropy Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:3796-3806. [PMID: 39144807 PMCID: PMC11320655 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary challenges to improving lithium-ion batteries lies in comprehending and controlling the intricate interphases. However, the complexity of interface reactions and the buried nature make it difficult to establish the relationship between the interphase characteristics and electrolyte chemistry. Herein, we employ diverse characterization techniques to investigate the progression of electrode-electrolyte interphases, bringing forward opportunities to improve the interphase properties by what we refer to as high-entropy solvation disordered electrolytes. Through formulating an electrolyte with a regular 1.0 M concentration that includes multiple commercial lithium salts, the solvation interaction with lithium ions alters fundamentally. The participation of several salts can result in a weaker solvation interaction, giving rise to an anion-rich and disordered solvation sheath despite the low salt concentration. This induces a conformal, inorganic-rich interphase that effectively passivates electrodes, preventing solvent co-intercalation. Remarkably, this electrolyte significantly enhances the performance of graphite-containing anodes paired with high-capacity cathodes, offering a promising avenue for tailoring interphase chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jianlin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jouke R. Heringa
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xuedong Bai
- State
Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department
of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
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22
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Zhang Y, Shen S, Xi K, Li P, Kang Z, Zhao J, Yin D, Su Y, Zhao H, He G, Ding S. Suppressed Dissolution of Fluorine-Rich SEI Enables Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anode for Stable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407067. [PMID: 38771481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The instability of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is a critical challenge for the zinc metal anodes, leading to an erratic electrode/electrolyte interface and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), ultimately resulting in anode failure. This study uncovers that the fluorine species dissolution is the root cause of SEI instability. To effectively suppress the F- dissolution, an introduction of a low-polarity molecule, 1,4-thioxane (TX), is proposed, which reinforces the stability of the fluorine-rich SEI. Moreover, the TX molecule has a strong affinity for coordinating with Zn2+ and adsorbing at the electrode/electrolyte interface, thereby diminishing the activity of local water and consequently impeding SEI dissolution. The robust fluorine-rich SEI layer promotes the high durability of the zinc anode in repeated plating/stripping cycles, while concurrently suppressing HER and enhancing Coulombic efficiency. Notably, the symmetric cell with TX demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, sustaining over 500 hours at 20 mA cm-2 with 10 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, the Zn||KVOH full cell exhibits excellent capacity retention, averaging 6.8 mAh cm-2 with 98 % retention after 400 cycles, even at high loading with a lean electrolyte. This work offers a novel perspective on SEI dissolution as a key factor in anode failure, providing valuable insights for the electrolyte design in energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shenyu Shen
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jianyun Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yin
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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23
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Li PC, Zhang ZQ, Zhao ZW, Li JQ, Xu ZX, Zhang H, Li G. Dipole Moment Influences the Reversibility and Corrosion of Lithium Metal Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406359. [PMID: 38759156 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) must have both long cycle life and calendar life to be commercially viable. However, "trial and error" methodologies remain prevalent in contemporary research endeavors to identify favorable electrolytes. Here, a guiding principle for the selection of solvents for LMBs is proposed, which aims to achieve high Coulombic efficiency while minimizing the corrosion. For the first time, this study reveals that the dipole moment and orientation of solvent molecules have significant impacts on lithium metal reversibility and corrosion. Solvents with high dipole moments are more likely to adsorb onto lithium metal surfaces, which also influence the solid electrolyte interphase. Using this principle, the use of LiNO3 is demonstrated as the sole salt in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Li cells can achieve excellent cycling stability. Overall, this work bridges the molecular structure of solvents to the reversibility and corrosion of lithium metal, and these concepts can be extended to other metal-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jing-Qiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhi-Xiao Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
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24
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Wang Y, Dong S, Gao Y, Lee PK, Tian Y, Meng Y, Hu X, Zhao X, Li B, Zhou D, Kang F. Difluoroester solvent toward fast-rate anion-intercalation lithium metal batteries under extreme conditions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5408. [PMID: 38926355 PMCID: PMC11208432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anion-intercalation lithium metal batteries (AILMBs) are appealing due to their low cost and fast intercalation/de-intercalation kinetics of graphite cathodes. However, the safety and cycliability of existing AILMBs are constrained by the scarcity of compatible electrolytes. Herein, we showcase that a difluoroester can be applied as electrolyte solvent to realize high-performance AILMBs, which not only endows high oxidation resistance, but also efficiently tunes the solvation shell to enable highly reversible and kinetically fast cathode reaction beyond the trifluoro counterpart. The difluoroester-based electrolyte demonstrates nonflammability, high ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability, along with excellent electrode compatibility. The Li| |graphite AILMBs reach a high durability of 10000 cycles with only a 0.00128% capacity loss per cycle under fast-cycling of 1 A g-1, and retain ~63% of room-temperature capacity when discharging at -65 °C, meanwhile supply stable power output under deformation and overcharge conditions. The electrolyte design paves a promising path toward fast-rate, low-temperature, durable, and safe AILMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyu Dong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yifu Gao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pui-Kit Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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25
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Que L, Yu F, Wu J, Lan Z, Feng Y, Zhao R, Sun Z, Yang Z, Luo H, Chao D. Unveil the origin of voltage oscillation for sodium-ion batteries operating at -40 °C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311075121. [PMID: 38625942 PMCID: PMC11047101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311075121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Voltage oscillation at subzero in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has been a common but overlooked scenario, almost yet to be understood. For example, the phenomenon seriously deteriorates the performance of Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode in PC (propylene carbonate)/EC (ethylene carbonate)-based electrolyte at -20 °C. Here, the correlation between voltage oscillation, structural evolution, and electrolytes has been revealed based on theoretical calculations, in-/ex-situ techniques, and cross-experiments. It is found that the local phase transition of the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode in PC/EC-based electrolyte at -20 °C should be responsible for the oscillatory phenomenon. Furthermore, the low exchange current density originating from the high desolvation energy barrier in NVP-PC/EC system also aggravates the local phase transformation, resulting in severe voltage oscillation. By introducing the diglyme solvent with lower Na-solvent binding energy, the voltage oscillation of the NVP can be eliminated effectively at subzero. As a result, the high capacity retentions of 98.3% at -20 °C and 75.3% at -40 °C are achieved. The finding provides insight into the abnormal SIBs degradation and brings the voltage oscillation behavior of rechargeable batteries into the limelight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Que
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen361021, China
| | - Fuda Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen361021, China
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen361021, China
| | - Zhang Lan
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen361021, China
| | - Yutong Feng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Ruizheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian361024, China
| | - Dongliang Chao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
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26
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Wang Y, Yang X, Meng Y, Wen Z, Han R, Hu X, Sun B, Kang F, Li B, Zhou D, Wang C, Wang G. Fluorine Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3494-3589. [PMID: 38478597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The renewable energy industry demands rechargeable batteries that can be manufactured at low cost using abundant resources while offering high energy density, good safety, wide operating temperature windows, and long lifespans. Utilizing fluorine chemistry to redesign battery configurations/components is considered a critical strategy to fulfill these requirements due to the natural abundance, robust bond strength, and extraordinary electronegativity of fluorine and the high free energy of fluoride formation, which enables the fluorinated components with cost effectiveness, nonflammability, and intrinsic stability. In particular, fluorinated materials and electrode|electrolyte interphases have been demonstrated to significantly affect reaction reversibility/kinetics, safety, and temperature tolerance of rechargeable batteries. However, the underlining principles governing material design and the mechanistic insights of interphases at the atomic level have been largely overlooked. This review covers a wide range of topics from the exploration of fluorine-containing electrodes, fluorinated electrolyte constituents, and other fluorinated battery components for metal-ion shuttle batteries to constructing fluoride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, and other new chemistries. In doing so, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property interactions, the features of fluorinated interphases, and cutting-edge techniques for elucidating the role of fluorine chemistry in rechargeable batteries. Further, we present current challenges and promising strategies for employing fluorine chemistry, aiming to advance the electrochemical performance, wide temperature operation, and safety attributes of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ran Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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27
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Jin Z, Liu Y, Xu H, Chen T, Wang C. Intrinsic Solubilization of Lithium Nitrate in Ester Electrolyte by Multivalent Low-Entropy-Penalty Design for Stable Lithium-Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318197. [PMID: 38189772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
LiNO3 is a remarkable additive that can dramatically enhance the stability of ether-based electrolytes at lithium metal anodes. However, it has long been constrained by its incompatibility with commercially used ester electrolytes. Herein, we correlated the fundamental role of entropy with the limited LiNO3 solubility and proposed a new low-entropy-penalty design that achieves high intrinsic LiNO3 solubility in ester solvents by employing multivalent linear esters. This strategy is conceptually different from the conventional enthalpic methods that relies on extrinsic high-polarity carriers. In this way, LiNO3 can directly interact with the primary ester solvents and fundamentally alters the electrolyte properties, resulting in substantial improvements in lithium-metal batteries with high Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability. This work illustrates the significance of regulating the solvation entropy for high-performance electrolyte design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhekai Jin
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuncong Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610032, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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28
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Kim SC, Gao X, Liao SL, Su H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Greenburg LC, Pan JA, Zheng X, Ye Y, Kim MS, Sayavong P, Brest A, Qin J, Bao Z, Cui Y. Solvation-property relationship of lithium-sulphur battery electrolytes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1268. [PMID: 38341443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Li-S battery is a promising next-generation battery chemistry that offers high energy density and low cost. The Li-S battery has a unique chemistry with intermediate sulphur species readily solvated in electrolytes, and understanding their implications is important from both practical and fundamental perspectives. In this study, we utilise the solvation free energy of electrolytes as a metric to formulate solvation-property relationships in various electrolytes and investigate their impact on the solvated lithium polysulphides. We find that solvation free energy influences Li-S battery voltage profile, lithium polysulphide solubility, Li-S battery cyclability and the Li metal anode; weaker solvation leads to lower 1st plateau voltage, higher 2nd plateau voltage, lower lithium polysulphide solubility, and superior cyclability of Li-S full cells and Li metal anodes. We believe that relationships delineated in this study can guide the design of high-performance electrolytes for Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sheng-Lun Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hance Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Louisa C Greenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jou-An Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Aaron Brest
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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29
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Xu Y, Li Z, Wu L, Dou H, Zhang X. Solvation Engineering via Fluorosurfactant Additive Toward Boosted Lithium-Ion Thermoelectrochemical Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:72. [PMID: 38175313 PMCID: PMC10766582 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion thermoelectrochemical cell (LTEC), featuring simultaneous energy conversion and storage, has emerged as promising candidate for low-grade heat harvesting. However, relatively poor thermosensitivity and heat-to-current behavior limit the application of LTECs using LiPF6 electrolyte. Introducing additives into bulk electrolyte is a reasonable strategy to solve such problem by modifying the solvation structure of electrolyte ions. In this work, we develop a dual-salt electrolyte with fluorosurfactant (FS) additive to achieve high thermopower and durability of LTECs during the conversion of low-grade heat into electricity. The addition of FS induces a unique Li+ solvation with the aggregated double anions through a crowded electrolyte environment, resulting in an enhanced mobility kinetics of Li+ as well as boosted thermoelectrochemical performances. By coupling optimized electrolyte with graphite electrode, a high thermopower of 13.8 mV K-1 and a normalized output power density of 3.99 mW m-2 K-2 as well as an outstanding output energy density of 607.96 J m-2 can be obtained. These results demonstrate that the optimization of electrolyte by regulating solvation structure will inject new vitality into the construction of thermoelectrochemical devices with attractive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Langyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Sun S, Wang K, Hong Z, Zhi M, Zhang K, Xu J. Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Li-Metal Batteries: Challenges and Prospects. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:35. [PMID: 38019309 PMCID: PMC10687327 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte design holds the greatest opportunity for the development of batteries that are capable of sub-zero temperature operation. To get the most energy storage out of the battery at low temperatures, improvements in electrolyte chemistry need to be coupled with optimized electrode materials and tailored electrolyte/electrode interphases. Herein, this review critically outlines electrolytes' limiting factors, including reduced ionic conductivity, large de-solvation energy, sluggish charge transfer, and slow Li-ion transportation across the electrolyte/electrode interphases, which affect the low-temperature performance of Li-metal batteries. Detailed theoretical derivations that explain the explicit influence of temperature on battery performance are presented to deepen understanding. Emerging improvement strategies from the aspects of electrolyte design and electrolyte/electrode interphase engineering are summarized and rigorously compared. Perspectives on future research are proposed to guide the ongoing exploration for better low-temperature Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanglian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjia Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jijian Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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31
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Park K, Lee M, Song J, Ha AR, Ha S, Jo S, Song J, Choi SH, Kim W, Ryu K, Nam J, Lee KT. Operando Spatial Pressure Mapping Analysis for Prototype Lithium Metal Pouch Cells Under Practical Conditions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304979. [PMID: 37811768 PMCID: PMC10667808 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and diagnosing the battery status in real-time are of utmost importance for clarifying failure mechanism, improving battery performance, and ensuring safety, particularly under fast charging conditions. Recently, advanced operando techniques have been developed to observe changes in the microstructures of lithium deposits using laboratory-scale cell designs, focusing on understanding the nature of Li metal electrodes. However, the macroscopic spatial inhomogeneity of lithium electroplating/stripping in the prototype pressurized pouch cells has not been measured in real-time under practical conditions. Herein, a new noninvasive operando technique, spatial pressure mapping analysis, is introduced to macroscopically and quantitatively measure spatial pressure changes in a pressurized pouch cell during cycling. Moreover, dynamic spatial changes in the macroscopic morphology of the lithium metal electrode are theoretically visualized by combining operando pressure mapping data with mechanical analyses of cell components. Additionally, under fast charging conditions, the direct correlation between abrupt capacity fading and sudden increases in spatial pressure distribution inhomogeneity is demonstrated through comparative analysis of pouch cells under various external pressures, electrolyte species, and electrolyte weight to cell capacity (e/c) ratios. This operando technique provides insights for assessing the current battery status and understanding the complex origin of cell degradation behavior in pressurized pouch cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyobin Park
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchan Song
- Hyundai Motor Company37 Cheoldobangmulgwan‐roUiwang‐siGyeonggi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - A. Reum Ha
- Hyundai Motor Company37 Cheoldobangmulgwan‐roUiwang‐siGyeonggi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Ha
- Hyundai Motor Company37 Cheoldobangmulgwan‐roUiwang‐siGyeonggi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Jo
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeop Song
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkeun Kim
- Hyundai Motor Company37 Cheoldobangmulgwan‐roUiwang‐siGyeonggi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghan Ryu
- Hyundai Motor Company37 Cheoldobangmulgwan‐roUiwang‐siGyeonggi‐do16082Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Nam
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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32
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Li Z, Hou LP, Yao N, Li XY, Chen ZX, Chen X, Zhang XQ, Li BQ, Zhang Q. Correlating Polysulfide Solvation Structure with Electrode Kinetics towards Long-Cycling Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309968. [PMID: 37664907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising due to ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, their cycling lifespan is crucially affected by the electrode kinetics of lithium polysulfides. Herein, the polysulfide solvation structure is correlated with polysulfide electrode kinetics towards long-cycling Li-S batteries. The solvation structure derived from strong solvating power electrolyte induces fast anode kinetics and rapid anode failure, while that derived from weak solvating power electrolyte causes sluggish cathode kinetics and rapid capacity loss. By contrast, the solvation structure derived from medium solvating power electrolyte balances cathode and anode kinetics and improves the cycling performance of Li-S batteries. Li-S coin cells with ultra-thin Li anodes and high-S-loading cathodes deliver 146 cycles and a 338 Wh kg-1 pouch cell undergoes stable 30 cycles. This work clarifies the relationship between polysulfide solvation structure and electrode kinetics and inspires rational electrolyte design for long-cycling Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li-Peng Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xian Chen
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Quan Li
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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33
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Wu J, Gao Z, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Wang K, Guo H, Pan Y, Wang X, Kang F, Tavajohi N, Fan X, Li B. Unique Tridentate Coordination Tailored Solvation Sheath Toward Highly Stable Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303347. [PMID: 37272714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte optimization by solvent molecule design is recognized as an effective approach for stabilizing lithium (Li) metal batteries. However, the coordination pattern of Li ions (Li+ ) with solvent molecules is sparsely considered. Here, an electrolyte design strategy is reported based on bi/tridentate chelation of Li+ and solvent to tune the solvation structure. As a proof of concept, a novel solvent with multi-oxygen coordination sites is demonstrated to facilitate the formation of an anion-aggregated solvation shell, enhancing the interfacial stability and de-solvation kinetics. As a result, the as-developed electrolyte exhibits ultra-stable cycling over 1400 h in symmetric cells with 50 µm-thin Li foils. When paired with high-loading LiFePO4 , full cells maintain 92% capacity over 500 cycles and deliver improved electrochemical performances over a wide temperature range from -10 to 60 °C. Furthermore, the concept is validated in a pouch cell (570 mAh), achieving a capacity retention of 99.5% after 100 cycles. This brand-new insight on electrolyte engineering provides guidelines for practical high-performance Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Wu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ziyao Gao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yilong Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kang Wang
- School of Chemistry, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of MPTES in High Energy and Safety LIBs, Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education) and Key Lab. of ETESPG(GHEI), South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hexin Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xianshu Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Naser Tavajohi
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Xiulin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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34
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Oyakhire ST, Liao SL, Shuchi SB, Kim MS, Kim SC, Yu Z, Vilá RA, Rudnicki PE, Cui Y, Bent SF. Proximity Matters: Interfacial Solvation Dictates Solid Electrolyte Interphase Composition. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7524-7531. [PMID: 37565722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays an important role in controlling Li-electrolyte reactions, but the underlying cause of SEI composition differences between electrolytes remains unclear. Many studies correlate SEI composition with the bulk solvation of Li ions in the electrolyte, but this correlation does not fully capture the interfacial phenomenon of SEI formation. Here, we provide a direct connection between SEI composition and Li-ion solvation by forming SEIs using polar substrates that modify interfacial solvation structures. We circumvent the deposition of Li metal by forming the SEI above Li+/Li redox potential. Using theory, we show that an increase in the probability density of anions near a polar substrate increases anion incorporation within the SEI, providing a direct correlation between interfacial solvation and SEI composition. Finally, we use this concept to form stable anion-rich SEIs, resulting in high performance lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon T Oyakhire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sheng-Lun Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanzeeda Baig Shuchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rafael A Vilá
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul E Rudnicki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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35
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Sayavong P, Zhang W, Oyakhire ST, Boyle DT, Chen Y, Kim SC, Vilá RA, Holmes SE, Kim MS, Bent SF, Bao Z, Cui Y. Dissolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase and Its Effects on Lithium Metal Anode Cyclability. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37220230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
At >95% Coulombic efficiencies, most of the capacity loss for Li metal anodes (LMAs) is through the formation and growth of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the mechanism through which this happens remains unclear. One property of the SEI that directly affects its formation and growth is the SEI's solubility in the electrolyte. Here, we systematically quantify and compare the solubility of SEIs derived from ether-based electrolytes optimized for LMAs using in-operando electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). A correlation among solubility, passivity, and cyclability established in this work reveals that SEI dissolution is a major contributor to the differences in passivity and electrochemical performance among battery electrolytes. Together with our EQCM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy results, we show that solubility depends on not only the SEI's composition but also the properties of the electrolyte. This provides a crucial piece of information that could help minimize capacity loss due to SEI formation and growth during battery cycling and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Solomon T Oyakhire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - David T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Rafael A Vilá
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Sarah E Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials Energy and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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36
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Zheng Y, Ji H, Qian T, Li S, Liu J, Zhou J, Wang Z, Li Y, Yan C. Achieving Rapid Ultralow-Temperature Ion Transfer via Constructing Lithium-Anion Nanometric Aggregates to Eliminate Li +-Dipole Interactions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3181-3188. [PMID: 37036714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sluggish desolvation in extremely cold environments caused by strong Li+-dipole interactions is a key inducement for the capacity decline of a battery. Although the Li+-dipole interaction is reduced by increasing the electrolyte concentration, its high viscosity inevitably limits ion transfer at low temperatures. Herein, Li+-dipole interactions were eliminated to accelerate the migration rate of ions in electrolytes and at the electrode interface via designing Li+-anion nanometric aggregates (LA-nAGGs) in low-concentration electrolytes. Li+ coordinated by TFSI- and FSI- anions instead of a donor solvent promotes the formation of an inorganic-rich interfacial layer and facilitates Li+ transfer. Consequently, the LA-nAGG-type electrolyte demonstrated a high ionic conductivity (0.6 mS cm-1) at -70 °C and a low activation energy of charge transfer (38.24 kJ mol-1), enabling Li||NiFe-Prussian blue derivative cells to deliver ∼83.1% of their room-temperature capacity at -60 °C. This work provides an advanced strategy for the development of low-temperature electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Seyuan 9, Nantong 226000, People's Republic of China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Suzhou 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Seyuan 9, Nantong 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Seyuan 9, Nantong 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Li
- Pinghu Institute of Advanced Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Pinghu 314200, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Suzhou 215600, People's Republic of China
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37
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Liu Q, Xu S, Li X, Chen R, Wang X, Gao Y, Wang Z, Chen L. Polymer Competitive Solvation Reduced Propylene Carbonate Cointercalation in a Graphitic Anode. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2623-2629. [PMID: 36926919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes have been studied as an alternative to organic liquid electrolytes but suffer from low ionic conductivity. Propylene carbonate (PC) proves to be an interesting solvent but is incompatible with graphitic anodes due to its cointercalation effect. In this work, adding poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) into a PC-based electrolyte can alter the solvation structure as well as transform the solution into a polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity. By spectroscopic techniques and calculations, we demonstrate that PEO can compete with PC in solvating the Li+ ions, reducing the Li+-PC bond strength, and making it easier for PC to be desolvated. Due to the unique solvation structure, PC-cointercalation-induced graphite exfoliation is inhibited, and the reduction stability of the electrolyte is improved. This work will extend the applications of the PC-based electrolytes, deepen the understandings of the solvation structure, and spur designs of advanced electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yurui Gao
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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38
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Wang Q, Zhao C, Yao Z, Wang J, Wu F, Kumar SGH, Ganapathy S, Eustace S, Bai X, Li B, Lu J, Wagemaker M. Entropy-Driven Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210677. [PMID: 36718916 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing liquid electrolytes with higher kinetics and enhanced interphase stability is one of the key challenges for lithium batteries. However, the poor solubility of lithium salts in solvents sets constraints that compromises the electrolyte properties. Here, it is shown that introducing multiple salts to form a high-entropy solution, alters the solvation structure, which can be used to raise the solubility of specific salts and stabilize electrode-electrolyte interphases. The prepared high-entropy electrolytes significantly enhance the cycling and rate performance of lithium batteries. For lithium-metal anodes the reversibility exceeds 99%, which extends the cycle life of batteries even under aggressive cycling conditions. For commercial batteries, combining a graphite anode with a LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 cathode, more than 1000 charge-discharge cycles are achieved while maintaining a capacity retention of more than 90%. These performance improvements with respect to regular electrolytes are rationalized by the unique features of the solvation structure in high-entropy electrolytes. The weaker solvation interaction induced by the higher disorder results in improved lithium-ion kinetics, and the altered solvation composition leads to stabilized interphases. Finally, the high-entropy, induced by the presence of multiple salts, enables a decrease in melting temperature of the electrolytes and thus enables lower battery operation temperatures without changing the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fangting Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, School of Shenzhen International Graduate, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sai Govind Hari Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Eustace
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Xuedong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, School of Shenzhen International Graduate, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
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39
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Piao Z, Gao R, Liu Y, Zhou G, Cheng HM. A Review on Regulating Li + Solvation Structures in Carbonate Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206009. [PMID: 36043940 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation battery systems due to their high energy density. However, commercialized carbonate electrolytes cannot be used in LMBs due to their poor compatibility with lithium metal anodes. While increasing cut-off voltage is an effective way to boost the energy density of LMBs, conventional ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes undergo a number of side reactions at high voltages. It is therefore critical to upgrade conventional carbonate electrolytes, the performance of which is highly influenced by the solvation structure of lithium ions (Li+ ). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies to regulate the solvation structure of Li+ in carbonate electrolytes for LMBs by better understanding the science behind the Li+ solvation structure and Li+ behavior. Different strategies are systematically compared to help select better electrolytes for specific applications. The remaining scientific and technical problems are pointed out, and directions for future research on carbonate electrolytes for LMBs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Piao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Runhua Gao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingqi Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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40
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Ruan D, Tan L, Chen S, Fan J, Nian Q, Chen L, Wang Z, Ren X. Solvent versus Anion Chemistry: Unveiling the Structure-Dependent Reactivity in Tailoring Electrochemical Interphases for Lithium-Metal Batteries. JACS AU 2023; 3:953-963. [PMID: 37006759 PMCID: PMC10052229 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytes are critical for the reversibility of various electrochemical energy storage systems. The recent development of electrolytes for high-voltage Li-metal batteries has been counting on the salt anion chemistry for building stable interphases. Herein, we investigate the effect of the solvent structure on the interfacial reactivity and discover profound solvent chemistry of designed monofluoro-ether in anion-enriched solvation structures, which enables enhanced stabilization of both high-voltage cathodes and Li-metal anodes. Systematic comparison of different molecular derivatives provides an atomic-scale understanding of the unique solvent structure-dependent reactivity. The interaction between Li+ and the monofluoro (-CH2F) group significantly influences the electrolyte solvation structure and promotes the monofluoro-ether-based interfacial reactions over the anion chemistry. With in-depth analyses of the compositions, charge transfer, and ion transport at interfaces, we demonstrated the essential role of the monofluoro-ether solvent chemistry in tailoring highly protective and conductive interphases (with enriched LiF at full depths) on both electrodes, as opposed to the anion-derived ones in typical concentrated electrolytes. As a result, the solvent-dominant electrolyte chemistry enables a high Li Coulombic efficiency (∼99.4%) and stable Li anode cycling at a high rate (10 mA cm-2), together with greatly improved cycling stability of 4.7 V-class nickel-rich cathodes. This work illustrates the underlying mechanism of the competitive solvent and anion interfacial reaction schemes in Li-metal batteries and offers fundamental insights into the rational design of electrolytes for future high-energy batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digen Ruan
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lijiang Tan
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shunqiang Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qingshun Nian
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zihong Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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41
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Wang H, Xie Z, Liu C, Hu B, Liao S, Yan X, Ye F, Huang S, Guo Y, Ouyang C. Rate-Dependent Failure Mechanisms and Mitigating Strategies of Anode-Free Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12967-12975. [PMID: 36878728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anode-free lithium (Li) metal batteries (AFLMBs) could provide a specific energy over 500 Wh/kg, but their cycle life requires improvement. In this work, we propose a new method to calculate the real Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the Li metal during the cycling of AFLMBs. Through this approach, we find low rate discharging unfavorable for Li CE, which is mitigated through electrolyte optimization. In contrast, high rate discharging boosts Li reversibility, indicating AFLMBs to be intrinsically suited for high power use cases. However, AFLMBs still fail rapidly, due to the Li stripping overpotential buildup, which is mitigated by a zinc coating that enables a better electron/ion transferring network. We believe well-targeted strategies need to be better developed to synergize with the intrinsic features of AFLMBs to enable their commercialization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Zhangdi Xie
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Chengyong Liu
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Bobing Hu
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Shangju Liao
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Xiaolin Yan
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Fangjun Ye
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Shengyuan Huang
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Yongsheng Guo
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
| | - Chuying Ouyang
- 21C LAB, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, Ningde, Fujian 352000, China
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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42
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Chen S, Zhu W, Tan L, Ruan D, Fan J, Chen Y, Meng X, Nian Q, Zhao X, Jiang J, Wang Z, Jiao S, Wu X, Ren X. Strongly Solvating Ether Electrolytes for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13155-13164. [PMID: 36857304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethers are promising electrolytes for lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) because of their unique stability with Li metal. Although intensive research on designing anion-enriched electrolyte solvation structures has greatly improved their electrochemical stabilities, ether electrolytes are approaching an anodic bottleneck. Herein, we reveal the strong correlation between electrolyte solvation structure and oxidation stability. In contrast to previous designs of weakly solvating solvents for enhanced anion reactivities, the triglyme (G3)-based electrolyte with the largest Li+ solvation energy among different linear ethers demonstrates greatly improved stability on Ni-rich cathodes under an ultrahigh voltage of 4.7 V (93% capacity retention after 100 cycles). Ether electrolytes with a stronger Li+ solvating ability could greatly suppress deleterious oxidation side reactions by decreasing the lifetime of free labile ether molecules. This study provides critical insights into the dynamics of the solvation structure and its significant influence on the interfacial stability for future development of high-efficiency electrolytes for high-energy-density LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqiang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weiduo Zhu
- Department of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Lijiang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Digen Ruan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - JiaJia Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | | | | | - Qingshun Nian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinyu Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zihong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuhong Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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43
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Anion-enrichment interface enables high-voltage anode-free lithium metal batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1082. [PMID: 36841872 PMCID: PMC9968319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive chemistry involving Li metal anode (LMA) and high-voltage LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode is deemed as a pragmatic approach to pursue the desperate 400 Wh kg-1. Yet, their implementation is plagued by low Coulombic efficiency and inferior cycling stability. Herein, we propose an optimally fluorinated linear carboxylic ester (ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate, FEP) paired with weakly solvating fluoroethylene carbonate and dissociated lithium salts (LiBF4 and LiDFOB) to prepare a weakly solvating and dissociated electrolyte. An anion-enrichment interface prompts more anions' decomposition in the inner Helmholtz plane and higher reduction potential of anions. Consequently, the anion-derived interface chemistry contributes to the compact and columnar-structure Li deposits with a high CE of 98.7% and stable cycling of 4.6 V NCM811 and LiCoO2 cathode. Accordingly, industrial anode-free pouch cells under harsh testing conditions deliver a high energy of 442.5 Wh kg-1 with 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles.
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44
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Kim MS, Zhang Z, Wang J, Oyakhire ST, Kim SC, Yu Z, Chen Y, Boyle DT, Ye Y, Huang Z, Zhang W, Xu R, Sayavong P, Bent SF, Qin J, Bao Z, Cui Y. Revealing the Multifunctions of Li 3N in the Suspension Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3168-3180. [PMID: 36700841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on Li metal anodes improve the electrochemical performance of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the roles played by essential inorganic compounds in SEIs is critical to realizing and developing high-performance LMBs. Among the prevalent SEI inorganic compounds observed for Li metal anodes, Li3N is often found in the SEIs of high-performance LMBs. Herein, we elucidate new features of Li3N by utilizing a suspension electrolyte design that contributes to the improved electrochemical performance of the Li metal anode. Through empirical and computational studies, we show that Li3N guides Li electrodeposition along its surface, creates a weakly solvating environment by decreasing Li+-solvent coordination, induces organic-poor SEI on the Li metal anode, and facilitates Li+ transport in the electrolyte. Importantly, recognizing specific roles of SEI inorganics for Li metal anodes can serve as one of the rational guidelines to design and optimize SEIs through electrolyte engineering for LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Sek Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Solomon T Oyakhire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David T Boyle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhuojun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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45
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Guo H, Tian Y, Liu Y, Bai Y, Wu J, Kang F, Li B. Inner Lithium Fluoride (LiF)-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase Enabled by a Smaller Solvation Sheath for Fast-Charging Lithium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1201-1209. [PMID: 36576328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been severely hampered by the slow development of their electrolytes. Herein, we demonstrate that the size effect of solvent sheath would pose a great effect on the fast-charging performance of LIBs. Three similar ethers, including diethyl ether (DEE), dipropyl ether (DPE), and dibutyl ether (DBE), were mixed with 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (1 M) to form an electrolyte for fast-charging LIBs, respectively. The results showed that it is more difficult to form ternary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) in the electrolyte with a larger solvation sheath. The DEE electrolyte can form stable GICs and generate an inner LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), lowering the diffusion barrier of Li+. Therefore, the graphite anode powered by the DEE electrolyte can maintain a capacity of 190 mAh g-1 at 4 C after 500 cycles. This kind of size effect of solvation sheath is also applicable to lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yuanming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Shenzhen XFH Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen518109, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
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46
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Xiao D, Tang X, Zhang L, Xu Z, Liu Q, Dou H, Zhang X. Elucidating the cation hydration ratio in water-in-salt electrolytes for carbon-based supercapacitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29512-29519. [PMID: 36448472 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The solvation of cations is one of the important factors that determine the properties of electrolytes. Rational solvation structures can effectively improve the performance of various electrochemical energy storage devices. Water-in-Salt (WIS) electrolytes with a wide electrochemically stable potential window (ESW) have been proposed to realize high cell potential aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices relying on the special solvation structures of cations. The ratio of H2O molecules participating in the primary solvation structure of a cation (a cation hydration ratio) is the key factor for the kinetics and thermodynamics of the WIS electrolytes under an electric field. Here, acetates with different cations were used to prepare WIS electrolytes. And, the effect of different cation hydration ratios on the properties of WIS electrolytes was investigated. Various WIS electrolytes exhibited different physicochemical properties, including the saturated concentration, conductivity, viscosity, pH values and ESW. The WIS electrolytes with a low cation hydration ratio (<100%, an NH4-based WIS electrolyte) or a high cation hydration ratio (>100%, a K-based WIS electrolyte and a Cs-based WIS electrolyte) exhibit more outstanding conductivity or a wide ESW, respectively. SCs constructed from active carbon (AC) and these WIS electrolytes exhibited distinctive electrochemical properties. A SC with an NH4-based WIS electrolyte was characterized by higher capacity and better rate capability. SCs with a K-based WIS electrolyte and a Cs-based WIS electrolyte were characterized by a wider operating cell potential, higher energy density and better ability to suppress self-discharge and gas production. These results show that a WIS electrolyte with a low cation hydration ratio or a high cation hydration ratio is suitable for the construction of power-type or energy-type aqueous SCs, respectively. This understanding provides the foundation for the development of novel WIS electrolytes for the application of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.
| | - Xueqing Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China.
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47
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Boyle DT, Kim SC, Oyakhire ST, Vilá RA, Huang Z, Sayavong P, Qin J, Bao Z, Cui Y. Correlating Kinetics to Cyclability Reveals Thermodynamic Origin of Lithium Anode Morphology in Liquid Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20717-20725. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Solomon T. Oyakhire
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Rafael A. Vilá
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Zhuojun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Philaphon Sayavong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
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48
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Park K, Kim D, Ha K, Kwon B, Lee J, Jo S, Ji X, Lee KT. Correlation between Redox Potential and Solvation Structure in Biphasic Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203443. [PMID: 36253124 PMCID: PMC9685466 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The activity of lithium ions in electrolytes depends on their solvation structures. However, the understanding of changes in Li+ activity is still elusive in terms of interactions between lithium ions and solvent molecules. Herein, the chelating effect of lithium ion by forming [Li(15C5)]+ gives rise to a decrease in Li+ activity, leading to the negative potential shift of Li metal anode. Moreover, weakly solvating lithium ions in ionic liquids, such as [Li(TFSI)2 ]- (TFSI = bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), increase in Li+ activity, resulting in the positive potential shift of LiFePO4 cathode. This allows the development of innovative high energy density Li metal batteries, such as 3.8 V class Li | LiFePO4 cells, along with introducing stable biphasic electrolytes. In addition, correlation between Li+ activity, cell potential shift, and Li+ solvation structure is investigated by comparing solvated Li+ ions with carbonate solvents, chelated Li+ ions with cyclic and linear ethers, and weakly solvating Li+ ions in ionic liquids. These findings elucidate a broader understanding of the complex origin of Li+ activity and provide an opportunity to achieve high energy density lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyobin Park
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Min Kim
- The Molecular Foundry and the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Kwang‐Ho Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Bomee Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeop Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Jo
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Xiulei Ji
- Department of ChemistryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331‐4003USA
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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49
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Wu J, Zhou T, Zhong B, Wang Q, Liu W, Zhou H. Designing Anion-Derived Solid Electrolyte Interphase in a Siloxane-Based Electrolyte for Lithium-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27873-27881. [PMID: 35671243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rational electrolyte design with weak solvation is regarded as an effective way to regulate the electrolyte/electrode interface (SEI) that profoundly affects the performance of Li-metal batteries. Herein, we propose a newly developed siloxane-based weakly solvating electrolyte (SiBE) with contact ion pairs (CIPs) or aggregates (AGGs) dominating the solution structure, which enables the dendrite-free Li deposition and long cycle stability of Li-metal batteries. By altering the combination of Li salts, the SiBE leads to the formation of an inorganic anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase, which is highly stable and Li+-conductive. Based on SiBE, the Li||LiFePO4 (LFP) full cell can stably cycle for 1000 cycles at a 2C rate with a capacity retention of 76.9%. Even with a limited Li-metal anode, it can maintain a capacity retention of 80% after 110 cycles with a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. This work reveals that siloxane can be a promising solvent to obtain weakly solvating electrolytes, which opens a new avenue for SEI composition regulation of Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Zhong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Energy Innovation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100092 Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Power Lithium-ion Battery, Beijing 102202, China
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50
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Wu LN, Wang ZR, Dai P, Xie YX, Hou C, Zheng WC, Han FM, Huang L, Chen W, Sun SG. A novel high-energy-density lithium-free anode dual-ion battery and in situ revealing the interface structure evolution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4058-4069. [PMID: 35441000 PMCID: PMC8985576 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-free anode dual-ion batteries have attracted extensive studies due to their simple configuration, reduced cost, high safety and enhanced energy density. For the first time, a novel Li-free DIB based on a carbon paper anode (Li-free CGDIB) is reported in this paper. Carbon paper anodes usually have limited application in DIBs due to their poor electrochemical performance. Herein, by using a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)-containing electrolyte, the battery shows outstanding electrochemical performance with a capacity retention of 96% after 300 cycles at 2C with a stable 98% coulombic efficiency and 89% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 5C with a stable coulombic efficiency of 98.5%. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of the CGDIB were investigated with a variety of in situ characterization techniques, such as in situ EIS, XRD and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS). The multifunctional effect of the LiFSI additive on the electrochemical properties of the Li-free CGDIB was also systematically analyzed, including generating a LiF-rich interfacial film, prohibiting Li dendrite growth effectively and forming a defective structure of graphite layers. This design strategy and fundamental analysis show great potential and lay a theoretical foundation for facilitating the further development of DIBs with high energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zheng-Rong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Peng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu-Xiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Cheng Hou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 China
| | - Wei-Chen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Fa-Ming Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology Guilin 541004 China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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