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Monien BH, Bergau N, Gauch F, Weikert C, Abraham K. Internal exposure to heat-induced food contaminants in omnivores, vegans and strict raw food eaters: biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide (hemoglobin adducts, urinary mercapturic acids) and new insights on its endogenous formation. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2889-2905. [PMID: 38819476 PMCID: PMC11324683 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The urinary mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) are short-term biomarkers of exposure from acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide, respectively. The medium-term exposure to acrylamide and glycidamide is monitored by the adducts N-(2-carbamoylethyl)-Val (AA-Val) and N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-Val (GA-Val) in hemoglobin (Hb), respectively. Three questions were addressed by application of these biomarkers in two diet studies including 36 omnivores, 36 vegans and 16 strict raw food eaters (abstaining from any warmed or heated food for at least four months): first, what is the internal acrylamide exposure following a vegan or a raw food diet in comparison to that in omnivores? Second, did the exposure change between 2017 and 2021? And third, what is the stability over time of AAMA/GAMA excretion compared to that of AA-Val/GA-Val levels in Hb between both time points? Median urinary AAMA excretion per day in non-smoking omnivores, vegans and raw food eaters were 62.4, 85.4 and 15.4 µg/day, respectively; the corresponding median AA-Val levels were 27.7, 39.7 and 13.3 pmol/g Hb, respectively. Median levels in strict raw food eaters were about 25% (AAMA excretion) and 48% (AA-Val) of those in omnivores. In comparison to 2017, AAMA and GAMA excretion levels were hardly altered in 2021, however, levels of AA-Val and GA-Val in 2021 slightly increased. There was a weak correlation between AAMA excretion levels determined four years apart (rS = 0.30), and a moderate correlation between levels of AA-Val (rS = 0.55) in this timeframe. Our data in strict raw food eaters confirm a significant endogenous formation to acrylamide in a size range, which is-based on the levels of AA-Val-distinctly higher than reported previously based on levels of urinary AAMA excretion. The relatively lower AAMA excretion in raw food eaters likely represents a lower extent of glutathione conjugation due to missing hepatic first-pass metabolism in case of endogenous formation of acrylamide, which leads to a higher systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nick Bergau
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Gauch
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Akagi JI, Yokoi M, Miyake Y, Shirai T, Baba T, Cho YM, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K, Iwai S, Ogawa K. A formamidopyrimidine derivative from the deoxyguanosine adduct produced by food contaminant acrylamide induces DNA replication block and mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105002. [PMID: 37394003 PMCID: PMC10406624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide, a common food contaminant, is metabolically activated to glycidamide, which reacts with DNA at the N7 position of dG, forming N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-dG (GA7dG). Owing to its chemical lability, the mutagenic potency of GA7dG has not yet been clarified. We found that GA7dG undergoes ring-opening hydrolysis to form N6-(2-deoxy-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-[N-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)formamido]pyrimidine (GA-FAPy-dG), even at neutral pH. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of GA-FAPy-dG on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication using an oligonucleotide carrying GA-FAPy-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)guanine (dfG), a 2'-fluorine substituted analog of GA-FAPy-dG. GA-FAPy-dfG inhibited primer extension by both human replicative DNA polymerase ε and the translesion DNA synthesis polymerases (Polη, Polι, Polκ, and Polζ) and reduced the replication efficiency by less than half in human cells, with single base substitution at the site of GA-FAPy-dfG. Unlike other formamidopyrimidine derivatives, the most abundant mutation was G:C > A:T transition, which was decreased in Polκ- or REV1-KO cells. Molecular modeling suggested that a 2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl group at the N5 position of GA-FAPy-dfG can form an additional H-bond with thymidine, thereby contributing to the mutation. Collectively, our results provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the mutagenic effects of acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yokoi
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yumi Miyake
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Baba
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Eltayeb HA, Stewart L, Morgem M, Johnson T, Nguyen M, Earl K, Sodipe A, Jackson D, Olufemi SE. Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11956. [PMID: 37569330 PMCID: PMC10418752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals from cells, preventing cell damage. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) will ameliorate the maximum dose of acrylamide and alpha (α)-solanine synergistic toxic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. These toxic compounds are consumed worldwide by eating potato products. BEAS-2B cells were simultaneously treated with BHA 10 μM and BHT 20 μM and incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h, followed by individual or combined treatment with acrylamide (3.5 mM) and α-solanine (44 mM) for 48 h, including the controls. Cell morphology, DNA, RNA, and protein were analyzed. The antioxidants did not prevent acrylamide and α-solanine synergistic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. However, cell morphology was altered; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed reduced RNA constituents but not DNA. In addition, the toxic compounds synergistically inhibited AKT/PKB expression and its downstream genes. The study showed BHA and BHT are not protective against the synergetic toxic effects of acrylamide and α-solanine in exposed BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Awad Eltayeb
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Leandra Stewart
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Mounira Morgem
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Tommie Johnson
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Kadeshia Earl
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Ayodotun Sodipe
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Desirée Jackson
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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4
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Guth S, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Engel KH, Engeli B, Epe B, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Hengstler JG, Henle T, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lachenmeier DW, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Roth A, Spranger J, Stadler R, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Eisenbrand G. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of acrylamide: Arguments for the derivation of a tolerable daily intake (TDI value). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113632. [PMID: 36708862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) presents arguments for an updated risk assessment of diet-related exposure to acrylamide (AA), based on a critical review of scientific evidence relevant to low dose exposure. The SKLM arrives at the conclusion that as long as an appropriate exposure limit for AA is not exceeded, genotoxic effects resulting in carcinogenicity are unlikely to occur. Based on the totality of the evidence, the SKLM considers it scientifically justified to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) as a health-based guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Henle
- Department of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Route du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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5
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He F, Wang J, Yuan D, Liu Y, Liu R, Zong W. Ferric ions release from iron-binding protein: Interaction between acrylamide and human serum transferrin and the underlying mechanisms of their binding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157583. [PMID: 35882343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a surprisingly common chemical due to its widespread use in industry and various other applications. However, its toxicity is a matter of grave concern for public health. Even worse, ACR is frequently detected in numerous fried or baked carbohydrate-rich foods due to the Maillard browning reaction. Herein, this study intends to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms of Fe ions released from iron-binding protein transferrin (TF) after acrylamide binding by combining multiple methods, including multiple complementary spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy), isothermal titration calorimetry, ICP-MS measurements, and modeling simulations. Results indicated that free Fe was released from TF only under high-dose ACR exposure (>100 μM). Acrylamide binding induced the loosening and unfolding of the backbone and polypeptide chain and destroyed the secondary structure of TF, thereby leading to protein misfolding and denaturation of TF and forming a larger size of TF agglomerates. Of which, H-binding and van der Waals force are the primary driving force during the binding interaction between ACR and TF. Further modeling simulations illustrated that ACR prefers to bind to the hinge region connecting the C-lobe and N-lobe, after that it attaches to the Fe binding sites of this protein, which is the cause of free Fe release from TF. Moreover, ACR interacted with the critical fluorophore residues (Tyr, Trp, and Phe) in the binding pocket, which might explain such a phenomenon of fluorescence sensitization. The two binding sites (Site 2 and Site 3) located around the Fe (III) ions with low-energy conformations are more suitable for ACR binding. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the loss of iron in TF caused by acrylamide-induced structural and conformational changes of transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Jinhu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277160, PR China
| | - Dong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250013, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250013, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Wan X, Zhu F, Zhuang P, Liu X, Zhang L, Jia W, Jiao J, Xu C, Zhang Y. Associations of Hemoglobin Adducts of Acrylamide and Glycidamide with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in a Nationwide Population-Based Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8755-8766. [PMID: 35796657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and dietary exposures to acrylamide (AA) have been linked with various metabolic-related outcomes, but the results are mixed. However, the association between long-term exposure to AA and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between hemoglobin adducts of AA, biomarkers of internal exposure to AA, and MetS prevalence among a U.S. nationwide population. MetS patients were defined by meeting three or more of the following five characteristics: elevated blood pressure, high fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze the associations between AA hemoglobin biomarkers and MetS prevalence. A total of 1552 MetS cases were documented. After adjustment for the potential confounders, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of MetS prevalence in the highest quartile of AA hemoglobin biomarkers were 0.60 (0.40-0.89), 1.26 (0.84-1.89), 0.93 (0.71-1.21), and 1.61 (1.18-2.20) for HbAA, HbGA, the sum of HbAA and HbGA (HbAA + HbGA), and the ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA), compared with the lowest quartile, respectively. HbAA was significantly and inversely associated with blood pressure, fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C, while the HbGA/HbAA ratio was also positively associated with abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C. The restricted cubic spline models revealed a positive relationship between the HbGA/HbAA ratio and the prevalence of MetS, while the HbAA level was inversely associated with MetS prevalence. Our current findings provided epidemiological evidence that HbAA and the HbGA/HbAA ratio were significantly associated with MetS prevalence among general U.S. adults. Further studies should be conducted to examine the association between internal exposure to AA and MetS prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Wan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanghuan Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lange Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Clinical Nutrition of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Esposito F, Squillante J, Nolasco A, Montuori P, Macrì PG, Cirillo T. Acrylamide levels in smoke from conventional cigarettes and heated tobacco products and exposure assessment in habitual smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112659. [PMID: 34990604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic compound developed during heating at high temperatures. Foods such as potatoes, biscuits, bread and coffee are the main foodstuffs containing AA. Cigarette smoke may be a significant additional source of exposure. However, AA content may vary among different types of cigarettes. The study aimed to evaluate the AA content in conventional cigarettes (CC) and heated tobacco products (HTP) and its resulting exposure through their use. AA levels from the two types of cigarettes were determined by GC-MS and the daily exposure to AA was also ascertained. The margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated for neurotoxic and carcinogenic risk based on benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% response (BMDL10) of 0.43 and 0.17, 0.30, and 1.13 mg/kgbw/day. AA level in CC ranged from 235 to 897 ng/cigarette, whereas HTP reported AA levels in the range of 99-187 ng/cigarette. The data showed a low neurotoxic risk for either CC or HTP, whereas a carcinogenic risk emerged through the smoking of CC based on different Benchmark doses. The carcinogenic risk for CC based on the highest Benchmark dose that was considered showed unsafe levels, as little as 10 CC cigarettes/day, whereas it was almost always of low concern for HTP. Another approach based upon the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis led to similar results, exceeding, in some cases, the safety value of 10-4, as far as CC are concerned. Overall, the results confirmed that CC are a significant source of AA, and its levels were five times higher than in HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Esposito
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Jonathan Squillante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Agata Nolasco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", via Sergio Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Giuseppe Macrì
- Area Dipartimentale Medicina Legale e Gestione Della Responsabilità Sanitaria Az. USL Toscana Sud Est, Siena, Arezzo, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Teresa Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Università, 100 - 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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9
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Rietjens IMCM, Michael A, Bolt HM, Siméon B, Andrea H, Nils H, Christine K, Angela M, Gloria P, Daniel R, Natalie T, Gerhard E. The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The "totality" of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arand Michael
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hermann M Bolt
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Hartwig Andrea
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hinrichsen Nils
- Food Oils and Fats Research, ADM Hamburg AG, Research, Seehafenstraße 24, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kalisch Christine
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mally Angela
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Gloria
- Scientific Affairs and Research, Luigi Lavazza SpA, Strada Settimo, 410, 10156, Turin, Italy
| | - Ribera Daniel
- Regulatory and Scientific Affairs EMEA, Cargill R&D, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vivoorde, Belgium
| | - Thatcher Natalie
- Food Safety, Mondelez International, Bournville Lane, Birmingham, B30 2LU, UK
| | - Eisenbrand Gerhard
- Department of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Albiach-Delgado A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Fernández SF, Garlito B, Pardo O. Review of the state of the art of acrylamide human biomonitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133880. [PMID: 35150700 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a very useful tool for assessing human exposure to acrylamide (AA). In the framework of the Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) AA was included in its second list of priority substances due to the potential threat to human health. HBM data on AA are scarce, but the use of specific and sensitive biomarkers represents a reliable indicator of exposure. In this review an overview of available knowledge on HBM of AA is provided in terms of: i) preferred exposure biomarkers and matrices for the HBM of AA; ii) analytical methods for determining its biomarkers of exposure in the most used specimens; iii) current HBM data available; and iv) tools for interpreting HBM data for AA in relation to risk assessment. Finally, future trends in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Albiach-Delgado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Sandra F Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Garlito
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Pietropaoli F, Pantalone S, Cichelli A, d'Alessandro N. Acrylamide in widely consumed foods - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:853-887. [PMID: 35286246 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2046292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is considered genotoxic, neurotoxic and a 'probable human carcinogen'. It is included in group 2 A of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The formation of AA occurs when starch-based foods are subjected to temperatures higher than 120 °C in an atmosphere with very low water content. The aim of this review is to shed light on the toxicological aspects of AA, showing its regulatory evolution, and describing the most interesting mitigation techniques for each food category involved, with a focus on compliance with EU legislation in the various classes of consumer products of industrial origin in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pietropaoli
- Department of Innovative Technology in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Pantalone
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Innovative Technology in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Nicola d'Alessandro
- Department of Engineering and Geology, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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12
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Zhu Y, Luo Y, Sun G, Wang P, Hu X, Chen F. The simultaneous inhibition of histidine on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide in model systems and cookies. Food Chem 2022; 370:131271. [PMID: 34788952 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and acrylamide (AA) are neoformed food contaminants. In this study, the simultaneous inhibition of HMF and AA by histidine (His) were investigated. In the asparagine (Asn)/glucose (Glc) model system, the inhibition ratios of HMF and AA were in the range of 28-58% and 0-71% when 20 mmol/L His was added. In cookies, His also exhibited excellent inhibition effects on both HMF and AA. At the His concentration of 2% (w/w), the inhibition ratios of HMF and AA reached 90% and 65%. Additionally, the sensory quality of cookies was not affected significantly. Qualitative results suggested that His inhibited the formation of AA by the competitive reaction between His and Asn for Glc, as well as directly eliminated the formed HMF and AA via the carbonyl-amine reaction and the Michael addition, respectively. This study revealed that His could be applied for the inhibition of HMF and AA in heated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guoyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengpu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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13
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Iyer AM, Dadlani V, Pawar HA. Review on Acrylamide: A Hidden Hazard in
Fried Carbohydrate-Rich Food. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220104124753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Acrylamide is classified as a hazard whose formation in carbohydrate-rich food cooked at a high temperature has created much interest in the scientific community. The review attempts to comprehend the chemistry and mechanisms of formation of acrylamide and its levels in popular foods. A detailed study of the toxicokinetic and biochemistry, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, interaction with biomolecules, and its effects on reproductive health has been presented. The review outlines the various novel and low-cost conventional as well as newer analytical techniques for the detection of acrylamide in foods with the maximum permissible limits. Various effective approaches that can be undertaken in industries and households for the mitigation of levels of acrylamide in foods have also been discussed. This review will assist to provide in depth understanding about acrylamide that will make it simpler to assess the risk to human health from the consumption of foods containing low amounts of acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Manivannan Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vedika Dadlani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshal Ashok Pawar
- Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Cheng J, Chen X, Zhang Y. Comprehensive profile of DNA adducts as both tissue and urinary biomarkers of exposure to acrylamide and chemo-preventive effect of catechins in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131852. [PMID: 34416594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two representative DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure, N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) guanine (N7-GA-Gua) and N3-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) adenine (N3-GA-Ade), are important long-term exposure biomarkers for evaluating genotoxicity of acrylamide. Catechins as natural antioxidants present in tea possess multiple health benefits, and may also have the potential to protect against acrylamide-induced DNA damage. The current study developed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of N7-GA-Gua and N3-GA-Ade in tissues and urine. The validated UHPLC-MS/MS method showed high sensitivity, with limit of detection and limit of quantification ranging 0.2-0.8 and 0.5-1.5 ng/mL, respectively, and achieved qualified precision (RSD<14.0%) and spiking recovery (87.2%-110.0%) with elution within 6 min, which was suitable for the analysis of the two DNA adducts in different matrices. The levels of N7-GA-Gua and N3-GA-Ade ranged 0.9-11.9 and 0.6-3.5 μg/g creatinine in human urine samples, respectively. To investigate the interventional effects of catechins on the two DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure, rats were supplemented with three types of catechins (tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin) 30 min before administration with acrylamide. Our results showed that catechins effectively inhibited the formation of DNA adducts from acrylamide exposure in both urine and tissues of rats. Among three catechins, epicatechin performed the best inhibitory effect. The current study provided evidence for the chemo-preventive effect of catechins, indicating that dietary supplement of catechins may contribute to health protection against exposure to acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Hemgesberg M, Stegmüller S, Cartus A, Schrenk D. A Benchmark analysis of acrylamide-derived DNA adducts in rat hepatocytes in culture measured by a new, highly sensitive method. Toxicology 2021; 464:153022. [PMID: 34743026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen formed during thermal food processing and can cause tumors in rodents while its carcinogenic potency in humans is unclear. Metabolism of AA, preferentially in the liver, leads to glycidamide (GA) forming N7-GA-guanine (N7-GA-Gua) as the major AA-derived DNA adduct in rodents. Here, a novel method allowing high sensitivity by avoidance of major matrix effects was applied to analyze N7-GA-Gua levels in nuclear DNA from rat hepatocytes in primary culture. We could thus for the first time detect a background level of 5-10 adducts/108 nucleosides in untreated hepatocytes. Incubation with AA did not result in a statistically significant increase in adduct levels over background up to a substrate concentration of 500 μM although a trend to slightly higher adduct levels was observed at and above 200 μM AA. At concentrations > 500 μM significant increases in N7-GA-Gua levels were found. When Benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling was applied to the data, non-linear concentration-response curves were obtained suggesting that AA started to cause measurable increases over background of N7-GA-Gua levels above certain concentrations only. Calculation of the composite BMCL10 (Lower Bound of a 95 % confidence interval) of a BMC leading to a 10 % increase of N7-GA-Gua levels over background resulted in a value of 6.35 μM AA after 24 h. A concentration below this value cannot be expected to lead to an increase in N7-GA-Gua of more than 10 % over the background seen in untreated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hemgesberg
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Alexander Cartus
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology Department, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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16
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Revisiting the evidence for genotoxicity of acrylamide (AA), key to risk assessment of dietary AA exposure. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2939-2950. [PMID: 32494932 PMCID: PMC7415744 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The weight of evidence pro/contra classifying the process-related food contaminant (PRC) acrylamide (AA) as a genotoxic carcinogen is reviewed. Current dietary AA exposure estimates reflect margins of exposure (MOEs) < 500. Several arguments support the view that AA may not act as a genotoxic carcinogen, especially not at consumer-relevant exposure levels: Biotransformation of AA into genotoxic glycidamide (GA) in primary rat hepatocytes is markedly slower than detoxifying coupling to glutathione (GS). Repeated feeding of rats with AA containing foods, bringing about uptake of 100 µg/kg/day of AA, resulted in dose x time-related buildup of AA-hemoglobin (Hb) adducts, whereas GA-Hb adducts remained within the background. Since hepatic oxidative biotransformation of AA into GA was proven by simultaneous urinary mercapturic acid monitoring it can be concluded that at this nutritional intake level any GA formed in the liver from AA is quantitatively coupled to GS to be excreted as mercapturic acid in urine. In an oral single dose–response study in rats, AA induced DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts dose-dependently in the high dose range (> 100 µg/kg b w). At variance, in the dose range below 100 µg/kg b.w. down to levels of average consumers exposure, DNA N7 -Gua lesions were found only sporadically, without dose dependence, and at levels close to the lower bound of similar human background DNA N7-Gua lesions. No DNA damage was detected by the comet assay within this low dose range. GA is a very weak mutagen, known to predominantly induce DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts, especially in the lower dose range. There is consensus that DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts exhibit rather low mutagenic potency. The low mutagenic potential of GA has further been evidenced by comparison to preactivated forms of other process-related contaminants, such as N-Nitroso compounds or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, potent food borne mutagens/carcinogens. Toxicogenomic studies provide no evidence supporting a genotoxic mode of action (MOA), rather indicate effects on calcium signalling and cytoskeletal functions in rodent target organs. Rodent carcinogenicity studies show induction of strain- and species-specific neoplasms, with MOAs not considered likely predictive for human cancer risk. In summary, the overall evidence clearly argues for a nongenotoxic/nonmutagenic MOA underlying the neoplastic effects of AA in rodents. In consequence, a tolerable intake level (TDI) may be defined, guided by mechanistic elucidation of key adverse effects and supported by biomarker-based dosimetry in experimental systems and humans.
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17
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Ou J, Zheng J, Huang J, Ho CT, Ou S. Interaction of Acrylamide, Acrolein, and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural with Amino Acids and DNA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5039-5048. [PMID: 32275416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide, acrolein, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are food-borne toxicants produced during the thermal processing of food. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group or aldehyde group in their structure can react easily with the amino, imino, and thiol groups in amino acids, proteins, and DNA via Michael addition and nucleophilic reactions in food and in vivo. This work reviews the interaction pathways of three toxins with amino acids and the cytotoxicity and changes after the digestion and absorption of the resulting adducts. Their interaction with DNA is also discussed. Amino acids ubiquitously exist in foods and are added as nutrients or used to control these food-borne toxicants. Hence, the interaction widely occurring in foods would greatly increase the internal exposure of these toxins and their derived compounds after food intake. This review aims to encourage further investigation on toxin-derived compounds, including their types, exposure levels, toxicities, and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanying Ou
- Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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19
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Wang B, Guerrette Z, Whittaker MH, Ator J. Derivation of a No significant risk level (NSRL) for acrylamide. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:103-108. [PMID: 31816332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is included on the State of California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen. Acrylamide is found in cigarette smoke and in many types of foods, including breads, cereals, coffee, cookies, French fries, and potato chips. In 1990, California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) established a no significant risk level (NSRL) of 0.2 μg/day for acrylamide. Since then, multiple cancer studies have been published. In this report, we developed an updated NSRL for acrylamide. Using benchmark dose modeling and a weight-of-evidence, non-threshold approach to identify the most sensitive species, cancer slope factors (CSFs) were derived based on combined incidences of statistically significant neoplastic lesions in the Harderian gland, lung, and stomach in male mice. We then used a toxicokinetic (TK)-based scaling approach to convert the animal CSF to a human equivalent CSF, which served as the basis for the NSRL of 1.1 μg/day at the cancer risk level of 1 in 100,000. This NSRL can be used in quantitative exposure assessments to assess compliance with Proposition 65 to ascertain either the need for or exemption from the Proposition 65 labeling requirement and drinking water discharge prohibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Wang
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US.
| | - Zach Guerrette
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Margaret H Whittaker
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
| | - Jennifer Ator
- ToxServices LLC, 1367 Connecticut Ave, NW Suite 300, Washington, D.C., 20036, US
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Trabelsi W, Chetoui I, Fouzai C, Bejaoui S, Rabeh I, Telahigue K, Chalghaf M, El Cafsi M, Soudani N. Redox status and fatty acid composition of Mactra corallina digestive gland following exposure to acrylamide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22197-22208. [PMID: 31148000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR), a ubiquitous agent, has various chemical and industrial applications, and it is found in backed or fried carbohydrate-rich food. It has been related to multiple toxicological effects, and it causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of ACR toxicity administered at different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/L), during 5 days, in order to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) composition and redox state in the digestive gland of Mactra corallina. The results showed, in ACR-treated clams, a significant increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, protein carbonyl, and metallothionein levels, as well as an alteration of the enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid) antioxidant status. However, acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. In our experiment, the n-3 (Omega-3) and n-6 (Omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly changed in all ACR-treated groups. A decrease in eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) was observed in 10-mg/L and 20-mg/L ACR-treated groups. Nevertheless, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, ARA) and its precursor linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, LA) were increased. Besides oxidative stress parameters, FA composition may be an additional tool for assessing ACR contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Imene Chetoui
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Fouzai
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Safa Bejaoui
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabeh
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Telahigue
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chalghaf
- Aquatic Environment Exploitation Resources Unit, Higher Institute Fishing and Fish Farming of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Mhamed El Cafsi
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nejla Soudani
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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Pundir CS, Yadav N, Chhillar AK. Occurrence, synthesis, toxicity and detection methods for acrylamide determination in processed foods with special reference to biosensors: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Goerke K, Ruenz M, Lampen A, Abraham K, Bakuradze T, Eisenbrand G, Richling E. Biomonitoring of nutritional acrylamide intake by consumers without dietary preferences as compared to vegans. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:987-996. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Wang P, Ji R, Ji J, Chen F. Changes of metabolites of acrylamide and glycidamide in acrylamide-exposed rats pretreated with blueberry anthocyanins extract. Food Chem 2019; 274:611-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Hansen SH, Pawlowicz AJ, Kronberg L, Gützkow KB, Olsen AK, Brunborg G. Using the comet assay and lysis conditions to characterize DNA lesions from the acrylamide metabolite glycidamide. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:31-39. [PMID: 29240951 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline comet assay and a cell-free system were used to characterise DNA lesions induced by treatment with glycidamide (GA), a metabolite of the food contaminant acrylamide. DNA lesions induced by GA were sensitively detected when the formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase (Fpg) enzyme was included in the comet assay. We used LC-MS to characterise modified bases from GA-treated naked DNA with and without subsequent Fpg treatment. N7-GA-Guanine and N3-GA-Adenine aglycons were detected in the supernatant showing some depurination of adducted bases; treatment of naked DNA with Fpg revealed no further increase in the adduct yield nor occurrence of other adducted nucleobases. We treated human lymphocytes with GA and found large differences in DNA lesion levels detected with Fpg, depending on the duration and the pH of the lysis step. These lysis-dependent variations in GA-induced Fpg sensitive sites paralleled those observed after treatment of cells with methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). On the other hand, oxidative lesions (8-oxoGuanine) induced by a photoactive compound (Ro 12-9786) plus light, and also DNA strand breaks induced by X-rays, were detected largely independently of the lysis conditions. The results suggest that the GA-induced lesions are predominantly N7-GA-dG adducts slowly undergoing imidazole ring opening at pH 10 as in the standard lysis procedure; such structures are substrate for Fpg leading to strand breaks. The data suggest that the characteristic alkaline lysis dependence of some DNA lesions may be used to study specific types of DNA modifications. The comet assay is increasingly used in regulatory testing of chemicals; in this context, lysis-dependent variations represent a novel approach to obtain insight in the molecular nature of a genotoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Helland Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Leif Kronberg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kristine Bjerve Gützkow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Ås, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Ås, Norway
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25
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Huang YF, Huang CCJ, Lu CA, Chen ML, Liou SH, Chiang SY, Wu KY. Feasibility of using urinary N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) Guanine as a biomarker for acrylamide exposed workers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:589-598. [PMID: 29463903 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA), a probable human carcinogen, is a widely-used industrial chemical but is also present in tobacco smoke and carbohydrate-rich foods processed at high temperatures. AA is metabolized to glycidamide (GA) to cause the formation of DNA adducts. N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) guanine (N7-GAG), the most abundant DNA adduct induced by GA, was recently detected in urine of smokers and non-smokers. In this study, we assessed the variability of AA exposure and biomarkers of AA exposure in urine samples repeatedly collected from AA-exposed workers and explored the half-life of N7-GAG. A total of 8 AA-exposed workers and 36 non-exposed workers were recruited. Pre-shift and post-shift urine samples were collected from the exposed group in parallel with personal sampling for eight consecutive days and from the control group on day 1 of the study. Urinary N7-GAG and the mercapturic acids of AA and GA, namely N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) and N-(R,S)-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) were analyzed using on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry methods. We found that N7-GAG levels in urine were significantly higher in exposed workers than in controls and that N7-GAG level correlated positively with AAMA and GAMA levels. Results from this study showed that AAMA and GAMA possibly remain the more preferred biomarkers of AA exposure and that N7-GAG levels could be elevated by occupational exposures to AA and serve as a biomarker of AA-induced genotoxicity for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Jean Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chensheng Alex Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Yadav N, Narang J, Mishra A, Chhillar AK, Pundir CS. WITHDRAWN: Paper based electrochemical biosensor using haemoglobin nanoparticles for detection of acrylamide in processed foods. J Food Drug Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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27
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Chepelev NL, Gagné R, Maynor T, Kuo B, Hobbs CA, Recio L, Yauk CL. Transcriptional profiling of male CD-1 mouse lungs and Harderian glands supports the involvement of calcium signaling in acrylamide-induced tumors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:75-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhang G, Jia W, Ren Y, Wu Y. Biomarker analysis of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide enantiomers for mid-term internal exposure assessment by isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 178:825-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Rietjens IMCM, Dussort P, Günther H, Hanlon P, Honda H, Mally A, O'Hagan S, Scholz G, Seidel A, Swenberg J, Teeguarden J, Eisenbrand G. Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:15-40. [PMID: 29302712 PMCID: PMC5773647 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure assessment is a fundamental part of the risk assessment paradigm, but can often present a number of challenges and uncertainties. This is especially the case for process contaminants formed during the processing, e.g. heating of food, since they are in part highly reactive and/or volatile, thus making exposure assessment by analysing contents in food unreliable. New approaches are therefore required to accurately assess consumer exposure and thus better inform the risk assessment. Such novel approaches may include the use of biomarkers, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry, and/or duplicate diet studies. This review focuses on the state of the art with respect to the use of biomarkers of exposure for the process contaminants acrylamide, 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, furan and acrolein. From the overview presented, it becomes clear that the field of assessing human exposure to process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring is promising and strongly developing. The current state of the art as well as the existing data gaps and challenges for the future were defined. They include (1) using PBK modelling and duplicate diet studies to establish, preferably in humans, correlations between external exposure and biomarkers; (2) elucidation of the possible endogenous formation of the process-related contaminants and the resulting biomarker levels; (3) the influence of inter-individual variations and how to include that in the biomarker-based exposure predictions; (4) the correction for confounding factors; (5) the value of the different biomarkers in relation to exposure scenario's and risk assessment, and (6) the possibilities of novel methodologies. In spite of these challenges it can be concluded that biomarker-based exposure assessment provides a unique opportunity to more accurately assess consumer exposure to process-related contaminants in food and thus to better inform risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI Europe), Av E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Helmut Günther
- Mondelēz International, Postfach 10 78 40, 28078, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Hanlon
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, Dept. 104070, Bldg. RP3-2, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- KAO Corporation, R&D Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321 3497, Japan
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sue O'Hagan
- PepsiCo Europe, 4 Leycroft Road, Leicester, LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - James Swenberg
- Environmental Science and Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill Cancer Genetics, 253c Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin Teeguarden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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30
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King T, Cole M, Farber JM, Eisenbrand G, Zabaras D, Fox EM, Hill JP. Food safety for food security: Relationship between global megatrends and developments in food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Yadav N, Chhillar AK, Pundir CS. Preparation, characterization and application of haemoglobin nanoparticles for detection of acrylamide in processed foods. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1000-1013. [PMID: 28965965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanoparticles of haemoglobin (HbNPs) were prepared by desolvation method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Protein profile of HbNPs was also studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). An amperometric acrylamide biosensor was constructed by immobilizing covalently HbNPs onto polycrystalline Au electrode. The Au electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) before and after immobilization of HbNPs. The biosensor showed optimum current response within 2s at 0.26V, pH 5.0 at room temperature (20°C). The biosensor measured the acrylamide concentration in processed foods. The working range of biosensor was 0.1nm-100mM with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.1nM. The biosensor measured acrylamide concentration in various processed foods such as biscuits, bread, potato crisps, "kurkure", nuts and fried cereals. The analytical recovery of added acrylamide in aqueous extract of food at 5 and 10mM was 99% and 98% respectively. Within-and between-batch, co-efficient of variations were 3.85% and 4.67% respectively. The structural analogs of acrylamide such as acrylic acid and propionic acid had practically no interference on the biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Yadav
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D.University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Chandra S Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D.University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.
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Goempel K, Tedsen L, Ruenz M, Bakuradze T, Schipp D, Galan J, Eisenbrand G, Richling E. Biomarker monitoring of controlled dietary acrylamide exposure indicates consistent human endogenous background. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3551-3560. [PMID: 28534225 PMCID: PMC5696489 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the relation of controlled dietary acrylamide (AA) intake with the excretion of AA-related urinary mercapturic acids (MA), N-acetyl-S-(carbamoylethyl)-l-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine (GAMA). Excretion kinetics of these short-term exposure biomarkers were monitored under strictly controlled conditions within a duplicate diet human intervention study. One study arm (group A, n = 6) ingested AA via coffee (0.15–0.17 µg/kg bw) on day 6 and in a meal containing an upper exposure level of AA (14.1–15.9 μg/kg bw) on day 10. The other arm (group B) was on AA minimized diet (washout, 0.05–0.06 µg/kg bw) throughout the whole 13-day study period. On day 6, these volunteers ingested 13C3D3-AA (1 μg/kg bw). In both arms, urinary MA excretion was continuously monitored and blood samples were taken to determine hemoglobin adducts. Ingestion of four cups of coffee resulted in a slightly enhanced short-term biomarker response within the background range of group B. At the end of the 13-day washout period, group B excreted an AAMA baseline level of 0.14 ± 0.10 µmol/d although AA intake was only about 0.06 µmol/d. This sustained over-proportional AAMA background suggested an endogenous AA baseline exposure level of 0.3–0.4 µg/kg bw/d. The excretion of 13C3D3-AA was practically complete within 72–96 h which rules out delayed release of AA (or any other MA precursor) from deep body compartments. The results provide compelling support for the hypothesis of a sustained endogenous AA formation in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Goempel
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Laura Tedsen
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Meike Ruenz
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamara Bakuradze
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dorothea Schipp
- , ds-statistik.de, Pirnaer Straße 1, 01824, Rosenthal-Bielatal, Germany
| | - Jens Galan
- , Hochgewanne 19, 67269, Grünstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Abstract
In this review, current issues and opportunities in food safety assessment are discussed. Food safety is considered an essential element inherent in global food security. Hazard characterization is pivotal within the continuum of risk assessment, but it may be conceived only within a very limited frame as a true alternative to risk assessment. Elucidation of the mode of action underlying a given hazard is vital to create a plausible basis for human toxicology evaluation. Risk assessment, to convey meaningful risk communication, must be based on appropriate and reliable consideration of both exposure and mode of action. New perspectives, provided by monitoring human exogenous and endogenous exposure biomarkers, are considered of great promise to support classical risk extrapolation from animal toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Hemgesberg MN, Bonck T, Merz KH, Sun Y, Schrenk D. Crystal structure of glycidamide: the mutagenic and genotoxic metabolite of acryl-amide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2016; 72:1179-82. [PMID: 27536408 PMCID: PMC4971867 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989016010859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, glycidamide (systematic name: oxirane-2-carboxamide), C3H5NO2, is the mutagenic and genotoxic metabolite of acryl-amide, a food contaminant and industrial chemical that has been classified as being probably carcinogenic to humans. Synthesized via the reaction of acrylo-nitrile and hydrogen peroxide, it crystallizes with both enanti-omers occurring as two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. They have similar conformations with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0809 Å for mol-ecule B inverted on mol-ecule A. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which lead to the formation of β-sheet structures enclosing R 2 (2)(8) and R 4 (2)(8) loops. The β-sheets are linked by weaker C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supra-molecular three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N. Hemgesberg
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bonck
- Theoretical Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Merz
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Schmied-Tobies MIH, Paschke H, Reemtsma T. Combined chemoassay and mass spectrometric approach to study the reactive potential of electrophiles towards deoxynucleosides as model for DNA. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 151:263-270. [PMID: 26945242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The modification of DNA by adduct formation is a potential molecular initiating event of genotoxicity. A chemoassay was established to study adduct formation of electrophiles with deoxynucleosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the reactivity of the model electrophiles para-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone with deoxynucleoside (deoxyadenosine (dA), deoxyguanosine (dG), deoxycytidine (dC) and thymidine (dT)) to detect formation of adducts via constant neutral loss scan of deoxyribose (116 Da), and to elucidate adduct structures using high resolution mass spectrometry. Of the four deoxynucleosides dG was most susceptible, followed by dC and para-benzoquinone was the most reactive electrophile. With this approach five dG and four dC adducts were detected, formed by Michael addition and subsequent condensation. Also oxidation occurred with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Three of the adducts formed by benzoquinone have not been reported before. This chemoassay combined with mass spectrometry offers a way (a) to screen a large number of chemicals for their genotoxic potential, (b) to determine novel adducts that may be searched for in in vitro and in vivo studies and thus (c) to better understand the reaction of electrophiles with nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidrun Paschke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Larguinho M, Santos S, Almeida J, Baptista PV. DNA adduct identification using gold-aptamer nanoprobes. IET Nanobiotechnol 2015; 9:95-101. [PMID: 25829175 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical and physico-chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have prompted new and improved approaches which have greatly evolved the fields of biosensing and molecular detection. In this study, the authors took advantage of AuNPs' ease of modification and functionalised it with selected DNA aptamers using a salt aging method to produce gold-aptamer nanoprobes. After characterisation, these nanoprobes were subsequently used for biomolecular detection of glycidamide (GA)-guanine (Gua) adducts generated in vitro. The results are based on differences in nanoprobe stabilisation against salt-induced aggregation, similar to the non-cross-linking method developed by Baptista for discrimination of specific sequences. Alkylated Guas were efficiently discriminated from deoxyguanosine and GA in solution. Despite this, a clear identification of DNA adducts derived from genomic DNA alkylation has proven to be a more challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Larguinho
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Santos
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Almeida
- CREM, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Hu Q, Xu X, Fu Y, Li Y. Rapid methods for detecting acrylamide in thermally processed foods: A review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Ruenz M, Bakuradze T, Eisenbrand G, Richling E. Monitoring urinary mercapturic acids as biomarkers of human dietary exposure to acrylamide in combination with acrylamide uptake assessment based on duplicate diets. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:873-81. [PMID: 25757395 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present human intervention study investigated the relation between the intake of acrylamide (AA) in diets with minimized, low, and high AA contents and the levels of urinary exposure biomarkers. As biomarkers, the mercapturic acids, N-acetyl-S-(carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), and N-acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) were monitored. The study was performed with 14 healthy male volunteers over a period of 9 days, under controlled conditions excluding any inadvertent AA exposure. Dietary exposure to AA was measured by determining AA contents in duplicates of all meals consumed by the volunteers. The study design included an initial washout period of 3 days on AA-minimized diet, resulting in dietary AA exposure not exceeding 41 ng/kg bw/d. Identical washout periods of 2 days each followed the AA exposure days (day 4, low exposure, and day 7, high exposure). At the respective AA intake days, volunteers ingested 0.6-0.8 (low exposure) or 1.3-1.8 (high exposure) μg AA/kg bw/d with their food. Both low and high AA intakes resulted in an AAMA output within 72 h corresponding to 58 % of the respective AA intake. At the end of the initial 3-day washout period, an AAMA baseline level of 93 ± 31 nmol/d was recorded, suggestive for an assumed net AA baseline exposure level of 0.2-0.3 μg AA/kg bw/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Ruenz
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamara Bakuradze
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Straße 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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40
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Guérard M, Baum M, Bitsch A, Eisenbrand G, Elhajouji A, Epe B, Habermeyer M, Kaina B, Martus H, Pfuhler S, Schmitz C, Sutter A, Thomas A, Ziemann C, Froetschl R. Assessment of mechanisms driving non-linear dose–response relationships in genotoxicity testing. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 763:181-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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41
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Huang CCJ, Wu CF, Shih WC, Luo YS, Chen MF, Li CM, Liou SH, Chung WS, Chiang SY, Wu KY. Potential Association of Urinary N7-(2-Carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl) Guanine with Dietary Acrylamide Intake of Smokers and Nonsmokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 28:43-50. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500265p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Jean Huang
- Department
of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Division
of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Division
of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and Department of Occupational
Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Shih
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Chen
- Division
of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Li
- Division
of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division
of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Chung
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of
Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
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42
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Larguinho M, Cordeiro A, Diniz MS, Costa PM, Baptista PV. Metabolic and histopathological alterations in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis induced by chronic exposure to acrylamide. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:55-62. [PMID: 25262075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the neurotoxic and genotoxic potential of acrylamide has been established in freshwater fish, the full breadth of the toxicological consequences induced by this xenobiotic has not yet been disclosed, particularly in aquatic invertebrates. To assess the effects of acrylamide on a bivalve model, the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), two different setups were accomplished: 1) acute exposure to several concentrations of waterborne acrylamide to determine lethality thresholds of the substance and 2) chronic exposure to more reduced acrylamide concentrations to survey phases I and II metabolic endpoints and to perform a whole-body screening for histopathological alterations. Acute toxicity was low (LC50≈400mg/L). However, mussels were responsive to prolonged exposure to chronic concentrations of waterborne acrylamide (1-10mg/L), yielding a significant increase in lipid peroxidation plus EROD and GST activities. Still, total anti-oxidant capacity was not exceeded. In addition, no neurotoxic effects could be determined through acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. The findings suggest aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-dependent responses in mussels exposed to acrylamide, although reduced comparatively to vertebrates. No significant histological damage was found in digestive gland or gills but female gonads endured severe necrosis and oocyte atresia. Altogether, the results indicate that acrylamide may induce gonadotoxicity in mussels, although the subject should benefit from further research. Altogether, the findings suggest that the risk of acrylamide to aquatic animals, especially molluscs, may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Larguinho
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Cordeiro
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mário S Diniz
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Costa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Preet R, Chakraborty B, Siddharth S, Mohapatra P, Das D, Satapathy SR, Das S, Maiti NC, Maulik PR, Kundu CN, Chowdhury C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of andrographolide analogues as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Grünwald S, Gurmai AM, Schuierer K, Boll M, Wenzel U. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum allows for the convenient determination of fitness and survival as a measure of toxic effects of the food contaminant acrylamide. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1826-33. [PMID: 25265133 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.957737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is a toxic ingredient generated as a by-product of the Maillard reaction in starchy foods processed at temperatures above 120°C. Here we used the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model organism to test the effects of acrylamide on fitness and survival. Beetles were fed on flour spiked with acrylamide between 0.5% and 10% at 32°C over 2 weeks. Fitness of the beetles was tested by measuring the running distance and survival was recorded after 2 weeks of feeding at increased temperatures at 42°C. Both parameters were dose-dependent reduced by acrylamide. Knockdown of gene homologues of ahr, the arylhydrocarbon receptor, and of nrf-2, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, both reduced fitness and survival. Application of 0.5% acrylamide under knockdown of each factor further reduced fitness and survival, suggesting that ahr and nrf-2 are important for an adequate response to the toxicant. RNA-interference for ahr blocked completely the increase in nrf-2 mRNA levels, suggesting that the actions of ahr on acrylamide detoxification are mediated via Nrf-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grünwald
- a Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Center , Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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45
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Williams JR, Rayburn JR, Cline GR, Sauterer R, Friedman M. Potential protective effect of L-cysteine against the toxicity of acrylamide and furan in exposed Xenopus laevis embryos: an interaction study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7927-7938. [PMID: 25055136 DOI: 10.1021/jf5013743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The embryo toxicities of two food-processing-induced toxic compounds, acrylamide and furan, with and without added L-cysteine were examined individually and in mixtures using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). The following measures of developmental toxicity were used: (a) 96 h LC50, the median concentration causing 50% embryo lethality; (b) 96 h EC50, the median concentration causing 50% malformations of the surviving embryos; and (c) teratogenic index (96 h LC50/96 h EC50), an estimate of teratogenic risk. Calculations of toxic units (TU) were used to assess possible antagonism, synergism, or response addition of several mixtures. The evaluated compounds demonstrated counterintuitive effects. Furan had lower than expected toxicity in Xenopus embryos and, unlike acrylamide, does not seem to be teratogenic. However, the short duration of the tests may not show the full effects of furan if it is truly primarily genotoxic and carcinogenic. L-Cysteine showed unexpected properties in the delay of hatching of the embryos. The results from the interaction studies between combination of two or three components (acrylamide plus L-cysteine; furan plus L-cysteine; acrylamide plus furan; acrylamide plus furan and L-cysteine) show that furan and acrylamide seem to have less than response addition at 1:1 toxic unit ratio in lethality. Acrylamide and L-cysteine show severe antagonism even at low 19 acrylamide/1 L-cysteine TU ratios. Data from the mixture of acrylamide, furan, and L-cysteine show a slight antagonism, less than would have been expected from binary mixture exposures. Bioalkylation mechanisms and their prevention are discussed. There is a need to study the toxicological properties of mixtures of acrylamide and furan concurrently formed in heat-processed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Russell Williams
- Biology Department, Jacksonville State University , Jacksonville, Alabama 36265, United States
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46
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Matthäus B, Haase NU. Acrylamide - Still a matter of concern for fried potato food?*. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Matthäus
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals; Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food; Detmold Germany
| | - Norbert U. Haase
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals; Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food; Detmold Germany
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47
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Shan X, Li Y, Meng X, Wang P, Jiang P, Feng Q. Curcumin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuate acrylamide-induced proliferation in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:194-202. [PMID: 24508477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide, a proven rodent carcinogen, is present in carbohydrate-rich food heated at high temperatures. It can be metabolized into glycidamide mainly by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The fact that acrylamide is a potential carcinogen to human-beings draws public attention recently. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of acrylamide at low doses on proliferation of HepG2 cells, and to test whether the two well-studied chemopreventive agents, curcumin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), would have antagonistic effects against acrylamide. The results showed that lower concentration of acrylamide (⩽100μM) significantly increased the proliferation of HepG2 cells, but not of the other cancer cells (MDA-231, HeLa, A549, and PC-3). Only in HepG2 cells, low concentration of acrylamide was able to induce CYP2E1 expression significantly. Knockdown of CYP2E1 restrained acrylamide to increase viability of HepG2 cells. In addition, acrylamide raised expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin D1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which contributed to cell proliferation. Both curcumin and EGCG effectively reduced acrylamide-induced proliferation, as well as protein expression of CYP2E1, EGFR, cyclin D1 and NF-κB. All these results suggest that low concentration of acrylamide may contribute to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Curcumin or EGCG could prevent acrylamide triggering this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xulian Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Larguinho M, Costa PM, Sousa G, Costa MH, Diniz MS, Baptista PV. Histopathological findings onCarassius auratushepatopancreas upon exposure to acrylamide: correlation with genotoxicity and metabolic alterations. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1293-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Larguinho
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Sousa
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Maria H. Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Mário S. Diniz
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- CIGMH, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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49
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Guth S, Habermeyer M, Baum M, Steinberg P, Lampen A, Eisenbrand G. Thermally induced process-related contaminants: the example of acrolein and the comparison with acrylamide: opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2269-82. [PMID: 23970446 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds are naturally widespread in food, but are also formed during the thermal treatment of food. This applies, for example, to the genotoxic carcinogen acrylamide (AA), but also to acrolein (AC), the simplest α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. First observations indicate that human exposure to AC may be higher than the exposure to AA. The DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety therefore compared data on AC and AA available in the scientific literature, evaluating current knowledge on formation, occurrence, exposure, metabolism, biological effects, toxicity, and carcinogenicity and defined knowledge gaps as well as research needs in an opinion on November 19, 2012, in German. The English version was agreed on April 17, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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50
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Vesper HW, Sternberg MR, Frame T, Pfeiffer CM. Among 10 sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, smoking is strongly associated with biomarkers of acrylamide exposure in a representative sample of the U.S. Population. J Nutr 2013; 143:995S-1000S. [PMID: 23596166 PMCID: PMC4822994 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and glycidamide (HbGA) have been measured as biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and metabolism in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population in the NHANES 2003-2004. We assessed the association of sociodemographic (age, sex, race-ethnicity, education, and income) and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, and dietary supplement use) variables with these biomarkers in U.S. adults (aged ≥ 20 y). We used bivariate and multiple regression models and assessed the magnitude of an estimated change in biomarker concentration with change in a covariable for 2 biomarkers of acrylamide exposure. Smoking was strongly and significantly correlated with HbAA and HbGA concentrations (rs = 0.51 and 0.42, respectively), with biomarker concentrations being 126 and 101% higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. Age was moderately and significantly correlated with both biomarkers (rs = -0.21 and -0.22, respectively). BMI (rs = -0.11) and alcohol consumption (rs = 0.13) were weakly yet significantly correlated with HbAA concentrations only. The estimated percentage change in biomarker concentration was ≤ 20% for all variables other than smoking after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. Using multiple regression models, the sociodemographic variables explained 9 and 7% whereas the sociodemographic and lifestyle variables together explained 46 and 25% of the variability in HbAA and HbGA, respectively, showing the importance of considering and adequately controlling for these variables in future studies. Our findings will be useful in the design and analysis of future studies that assess and evaluate exposure to acrylamide and its metabolism to glycidamide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine M. Pfeiffer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christine M. Pfeiffer, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Mail Stop F55, Atlanta, GA 30341,
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