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Zhou L, Ren T, Liu M, Min X, Zhang L, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Development of a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing a linear epitope on the capsid protein of the emerging Group III Getah virus. Virology 2024; 591:109990. [PMID: 38224661 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that can infect horses, pigs and other animals. Given the public health threat posed by GETV, research on its pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention is urgently needed. In the current study, prokaryotic expression systems were used to express the capsid protein of GETV. This protein was then used to immunize BALB/c mice in order to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Subsequently, hybridoma cells secreting a mAb (2B11-4) against the capsid protein were obtained using the hybridoma technique. A B cell linear epitope, 18-PAYRPWR-24, located at the capsid protein's N-terminal region was identified using western blotting analysis with the produced mAb, 2B11-4. Sequence alignment indicated that this epitope was highly conserved in group III (GIII) strains of GETV, but varied among the other genotypes. Western blotting showed that mAb 2B11-4 could discriminate Group III GETVs from other genotypes. This study describes the preparation of a mAb against the GETV capsid protein and the identification of the specific localization of B-cell epitopes, and will contribute towards a better understanding of the biological importance of the GETV capsid protein. It will also pave the way for developing immunological detection methods and genotype diagnosis for GETVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshan Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muyang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xianglin Min
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Pan J, Zhang H, Chen X, Zeng M, Han H, Guo Y, Li J, Luo S, Yan G, Chen S, Mo M, Liu M, Huang L. Evolutionary characterization and pathogenicity of Getah virus from pigs in Guangdong Province of China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:258. [PMID: 37770803 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that can infect humans and many mammals through mosquitoes. In this study, a novel pathogenic GETV strain, GDQY2022, was isolated from a pig farm in Guangdong Province, China. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that GDQY2022 belongs to group III (GIII) and was most closely related to strain HeN202009-2, with 99.78% nucleotide sequence identity. Histopathological examination revealed significant pathological changes, such as widened alveolar septum in the lungs with mild congestion and hemorrhage. Differences in viral load between tissues were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, and significantly higher levels of GETV were found in abdominal lymph nodes and lungs of subclinically and clinically affected pigs (P < 0.01). This study provides valuable data for understanding the risk of GETV infection in the pig industry and a reliable basis for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic surveillance of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoquan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiuqiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Han
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yajing Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shicheng Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangzhi Yan
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meilian Mo
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Guangdong Findergene Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.
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Ren T, Zhou L, Min X, Sui M, Zhi X, Mo Y, Huang J, Zhang K, Liu W, Wang H, Wang X, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Development of a recombinant reporter Getah virus for antiviral drug screening assays. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109742. [PMID: 37075664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), is an often neglected and re-emerging mosquito-borne RNA virus. GETV can cause illness accompanied with high fever, rash, incapacitating arthralgia and chronic arthritis or encephalitic disease in affected animals. Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine against GETV infection. In this study, we developed three recombinant viruses by inserting different reporter protein genes between the Cap and pE2 genes. The reporter viruses exhibited high replication capacity similar to the parental virus. The rGECiLOV and rGECGFP viruses were genetically stable within at least ten rounds of passages in BHK-21 cells. We confirmed that the reporter virus, rGECGFP, facilitated the antiviral assays against GETV by testing it with the known inhibitor, ribavirin. It was also found that the compound, doxycycline, showed an inhibitory effect on GETV replication. In addition, rGECGFP was found to be an authentic mimic of the parental virus infection in 3-day-old mice, but with milder pathogenicity. The reporter viruses will contribute to the assessment of viral replication and proliferation, tracking and elucidating of alphavirus-host interactions. In addition, they will help in the screening of potential antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Lingshan Zhou
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xiangling Min
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Mengqi Sui
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xuechun Zhi
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yongfang Mo
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal infectious Diseases and molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530005, China.
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Azerigyik FA, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Amoa-Bosompem M, Matsumura R, Kai I, Sasaki T, Higa Y, Isawa H, Iwanaga S, Ishino T. Evaluating the mosquito host range of Getah virus and the vector competence of selected medically important mosquitoes in Getah virus transmission. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:99. [PMID: 36922882 PMCID: PMC10015795 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) that is of significant importance in veterinary medicine. It has been associated with major polyarthritis outbreaks in animals, but there are insufficient data on its clinical symptoms in humans. Serological evidence of GETV exposure and the risk of zoonotic transmission makes GETV a potentially medically relevant arbovirus. However, minimal emphasis has been placed on investigating GETV vector transmission, which limits current knowledge of the factors facilitating the spread and outbreaks of GETV. METHODS To examine the range of the mosquito hosts of GETV, we selected medically important mosquitoes, assessed them in vitro and in vivo and determined their relative competence in virus transmission. The susceptibility and growth kinetics of GETVs in various mosquito-derived cell lines were also determined and quantified using plaque assays. Vector competency assays were also conducted, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and plaque assays were used to determine the susceptibility and transmission capacity of each mosquito species evaluated in this study. RESULTS GETV infection in all of the investigated mosquito cell lines resulted in detectable cytopathic effects. GETV reproduced the fastest in Culex tritaeniorhynchus- and Aedes albopictus-derived cell lines, as evidenced by the highest exponential titers we observed. Regarding viral RNA copy numbers, mosquito susceptibility to infection, spread, and transmission varied significantly between species. The highest vector competency indices for infection, dissemination and transmission were obtained for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. This is the first study to investigate the ability of Ae. albopictus and Anopheles stephensi to transmit GETV, and the results emphasize the role and capacity of other mosquito species to transmit GETV upon exposure to GETV, in addition to the perceived vectors from which GETV has been isolated in nature. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of GETV vector competency studies to determine all possible transmission vectors, especially in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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TAKEISHI M, KUWATA R, ONO T, SASAKI A, OGATA M, IWATA E, TAJI S, KOIKE M, NEMOTO M, BANNAI H, ISAWA H, MAEDA K, MORIKAWA S, KITAGAWA H, YOSHIKAWA Y. Seroconversion of anti-Getah virus antibody among Japanese native Noma horses around 2012. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1605-1609. [PMID: 36310045 PMCID: PMC9791237 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes, has been isolated from several animals. GETV infection in horses shows clinical signs such as fever, rash, and edema in the leg. Noma horses are one of the eight Japanese native horses. The present study aimed to clarify the occurrence of GETV infection in Noma horses. Serum samples collected from Noma horses were analyzed using a virus neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed that the anti-GETV antibody titers in the samples collected in 2017 were significantly higher than those collected in 2012. We concluded that a seroconversion of anti-GETV antibodies was occurred in the Noma horse population around 2012, providing evidence of the GETV epidemic in Japan circa 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto TAKEISHI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryusei KUWATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan,Correspondence to: Kuwata R: , Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555,
Japan
| | - Tetsushi ONO
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Asami SASAKI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mone OGATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eri IWATA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Syuichi TAJI
- Toyo Livestock Hygiene Service Center Imabari Branch Office
in Ehime, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masamitsu KOIKE
- Toyo Livestock Hygiene Service Center Imabari Branch Office
in Ehime, Ehime, Japan
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,
Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi BANNAI
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association,
Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko ISAWA
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru MORIKAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hitoshi KITAGAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of
Science, Ehime, Japan
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Qiu X, Cao X, Shi N, Zhang H, Zhu X, Gao Y, Mai Z, Jin N, Lu H. Development and application of an indirect ELISA for detecting equine IgG antibodies against Getah virus with recombinant E2 domain protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1029444. [PMID: 36439788 PMCID: PMC9685671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1029444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) disease is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that causes fever, aseptic meningitis, and abortion in a variety of animals. Currently, the epidemic trend of GETV disease increases seriously worldwide, especially in China, posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. However, there are few reports about the epidemiological investigation of GETV disease in China as well as a lack of commercial diagnostic kit for GETV antibody. Therefore, the establishment of a rapid, sensitive and suitable GETV antibody detection method for large-scale samples is an urgent request to fully understand the prevalence of GETV disease. Here, a recombinant plasmid pET22b-GETV-E2d that contained the domain of GETV-E2 (E2d) fused to His-tag was constructed to express recombinant protein E2d (rE2d) in Escherichia coli. The rE2d was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies. And it was purified successfully by nickel affinity column so that it could be used to develop an indirect ELISA (rE2d-ELISA). After optimizing reaction conditions of rE2d-ELISA, the cut-off value was determined as 0.396 with 100 equine sera tested by virus neutralization test (VNT). Furthermore, rE2d-ELISA method showed the positive rate of IgG antibodies against GETV was 54.3% based on testing 646 clinical serum samples obtained in Xinjiang whereas the overall coincidence rate between rE2d-ELISA and VNT was 94.0%, with 98.2% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. The findings suggest that the developed IgG ELISA employing recombinant E2d promises was an efficient and low-cost type of antibody detection method for horse, which will benefit for prevention of GETV outbreaks in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Seroprevalence of Getah virus in Pigs in Eastern China Determined with a Recombinant E2 Protein-Based Indirect ELISA. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102173. [PMID: 36298726 PMCID: PMC9607375 DOI: 10.3390/v14102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), in the genus Alphavirus and the family Togaviridae, has been detected throughout the world. GETV causes high morbidity and mortality in newborn piglets, entailing serious economic losses. Therefore, the experimental work on GETV detection is necessary. However, due to the influence of a variety of unavoidable factors, the ELISA test for the primary screening of animal diseases has low accuracy in detection results. Therefore, we optimized a recombinant E2 (rE2) protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of GETV antibodies in pig serum. The E2 protein was successfully expressed and purified with SDS-PAGE. A Western blotting analysis of sera from infected pigs showed strong reaction with a viral antigen of ~46 KDa corresponding to the E2 glycoproteins. By using chessboard titration and comparing the P/N values, we found that the optimal concentration of coated antigen was found to be 24.5 μg/mL, and the optimal dilution of serum specimens was 1:100. The best working dilution of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-pig immunoglobulin (IgG) was 1:5000. The optimal coating conditions were 12 h at 4 °C. The optimal incubation conditions for serum specimens, blocking, and reaction with the secondary antibody were all 1 h at 37 °C. We also investigated the seroprevalence of GETV in 133 serum specimens collected in Eastern China, and 37.59% of the samples tested positive for anti-GETV IgG antibodies, indicating that the seroprevalence of GETV is high in pig populations in China. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in spring (April; 24.24%, 16/66) than in autumn (October; 50.75%, 34/67), which suggested that the presence of anti-GETV antibodies in pigs was seasonal. In conclusion, we improved an rE2 ELISA that detected pig antibodies against GETV after experimental and natural infections. This should be useful in the diagnosis and surveillance of GETV infections.
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Getah Virus (Alphavirus): An Emerging, Spreading Zoonotic Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080945. [PMID: 36015065 PMCID: PMC9416625 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by mosquitoes, belonging to the Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in Malaysia in 1955, being widespread in island countries in the South Pacific region. Since the beginning of the 21st century, GETV expanded its range and geographical distribution from low-latitude tropical regions to 60° north latitude, being isolated from 17 different species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera of Culicidae (Culex, Anopheles, Armigeres, Aedes and Mansonia), as well as from midges in Eurasia. Molecular genetic evolution analysis revealed large molecular differences between the mosquitoes currently circulating Eurasia and those in the South Pacific in 1950s. The number of disease outbreaks caused by GETV in animals is increasing alongside the types of animals infected, from horses and pigs to cattle, blue foxes and red pandas. The disease burden is severely underestimated, and the economic cost to livestock production remains unknown. Herein, we review GETV temporal and spatial distribution, molecular genetic evolution, transmission and data on disease outbreaks. This work provides a reference for public health workers engaged in GETV research and zoonotic disease prevention and control.
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9
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Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Sam SS, Teoh BT, Hamim ZR, AbuBakar S. Genomic and In Vitro Phenotypic Comparisons of Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Getah Virus Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050942. [PMID: 35632684 PMCID: PMC9145621 DOI: 10.3390/v14050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus is an emerging mosquito-borne animal pathogen. Four phylogenetic groups of GETV, Group I (GI), GII, GIII and GIV, were identified. However, only the GETV GIII was associated with disease epidemics suggesting possible virulence difference in this virus group. Here, we compared the genetic and in vitro phenotypic characteristics between the epidemic and non-epidemic GETV. Our complete coding genome sequence analyses revealed several amino acid substitutions unique to the GETV GIII and GIV groups, which were found mainly in the hypervariable domain of nsP3 and E2 proteins. Replication kinetics of the epidemic (GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605) and non-epidemic GETV strains (prototype GI MM2021 and GIV B254) were compared in mammalian Vero cells and mosquito C6/36 and U4.4 cells. In all cells used, both epidemic GETV GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605 strains showed replication rates and mean maximum titers at least 2.7-fold and 2.3-fold higher than those of GIV B254, respectively (Bonferroni posttest, p < 0.01). In Vero cells, the epidemic GETV strains caused more pronounced cytopathic effects in comparison to the GIV B254. Our findings suggest that higher virus replication competency that produces higher virus titers during infection may be the main determinant of virulence and epidemic potential of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Adila Mohamed-Romai-Noor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sing-Sin Sam
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Boon-Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
| | - Zur-Raiha Hamim
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.S.); (S.A.)
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10
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Construction and characterization of a full-length infectious clone of Getah virus in vivo. Virol Sin 2022; 37:348-357. [PMID: 35288349 PMCID: PMC9243596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae and, in recent years, it has caused several outbreaks in animals. The molecular basis for GETV pathogenicity is not well understood. Therefore, a reverse genetic system of GETV is needed to produce genetically modified viruses for the study of the viral replication and its pathogenic mechanism. Here, we generated a CMV-driven infectious cDNA clone based on a previously isolated GETV strain, GX201808 (pGETV-GX). Transfection of pGETV-GX into BHK-21 cells resulted in the recovery of a recombinant virus (rGETV-GX) which showed similar growth characteristics to its parental virus. Then three-day-old mice were experimentally infected with either the parental or recombinant virus. The recombinant virus showed milder pathogenicity than the parental virus in the mice. Based on the established CMV-driven cDNA clone, subgenomic promoter and two restriction enzyme sites (BamHI and EcoRI) were introduced into the region between E1 protein and 3′UTR. Then the green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP) and improved light-oxygen-voltage (iLOV) genes were inserted into the restriction enzyme sites. Transfection of the constructs carrying the reporter genes into BHK-21 cells proved the rescue of the recombinant reporter viruses. Taken together, the establishment of a reverse genetic system for GETV provides a valuable tool for the study of the virus life cycle, and to aid the development of genetically engineered GETVs as vectors for foreign gene expression. Generation and recovery of a CMV-driven infectious cDNA clone of GETV isolate, GX201808 (pGETV-GX). The recombinant virus showed milder pathogenicity than the parental virus in a mouse model. The Getah virus infectious clone can be used as a vector for expressing reporter genes.
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11
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Structure of infective Getah virus at 2.8 Å resolution determined by cryo-electron microscopy. Cell Discov 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35149682 PMCID: PMC8832435 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), a member of the genus alphavirus, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. Although antibodies to GETV have been found in over 10% of healthy people, there are no reports of clinical symptoms associated with GETV. The biological and pathological properties of GETV are largely unknown and antiviral or vaccine treatments against GETV are still unavailable due to a lack of knowledge of the structure of the GETV virion. Here, we present the structure of infective GETV at a resolution of 2.8 Å with the atomic models of the capsid protein and the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. We have identified numerous glycosylation and S-acylation sites in E1 and E2. The surface-exposed glycans indicate a possible impact on viral immune evasion and host cell invasion. The S-acylation sites might be involved in stabilizing the transmembrane assembly of E1 and E2. In addition, a cholesterol and a phospholipid molecule are observed in a transmembrane hydrophobic pocket, together with two more cholesterols surrounding the pocket. The cholesterol and phospholipid stabilize the hydrophobic pocket in the viral envelope membrane. The structural information will assist structure-based antiviral and vaccine screening, design, and optimization.
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12
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Sam SS, Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Teoh BT, Hamim ZR, Ng HY, Abd-Jamil J, Khor CS, Hassan SS, Ahmad H, AbuBakar S. Group IV Getah Virus in Culex Mosquitoes, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:475-477. [PMID: 35076371 PMCID: PMC8798705 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.204887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Getah virus (GETV) strain, B254, was isolated from Culex fuscocephalus mosquitoes captured at Mount Ophir, Malaysia, in 2012. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that GETV B254 is distinct from the old Malaysia GETV MM2021 strain but closely related to group IV GETV from Russia (LEIV16275Mag), China (YN12031), and Thailand (GETV/SW/Thailand/2017).
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13
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Shi N, Qiu X, Cao X, Mai Z, Zhu X, Li N, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Z, Shaya N, Lu H, Jin N. Molecular and Serological Surveillance of Getah Virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2017-2020. Virol Sin 2022; 37:229-237. [PMID: 35527224 PMCID: PMC9170979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne RNA virus, is widely distributed in Oceania and Asia. GETV is not the only pathogenic to horses, pigs, cattle, foxes and boars, but it can also cause fever in humans. Since its first reported case in Chinese mainland in 2017, the number of GETV-affected provinces has increased to seventeen till now. Therefore, we performed an epidemiologic investigation of GETV in the Xinjiang region, located in northwestern China, during the period of 2017–2020. ELISA was used to analyze 3299 serum samples collected from thoroughbred horse, local horse, sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs, with thoroughbred horse (74.8%), local horse (67.3%), goat (11.7%), sheep (10.0%), cattle (25.1%) and pigs (51.1%) being positive for anti-GETV antibodies. Interestingly, the neutralizing antibody titer in horses was much higher than in other species. Four samples from horses and pigs were positive for GETV according to RT-PCR. Furthermore, from the serum of a local horse, we isolated GETV which was designated as strain XJ-2019-07, and determined its complete genome sequence. From the phylogenetic relationships, it belongs to the Group III lineage. This is the first evidence of GETV associated to domestic animals in Xinjiang. Overall, GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses. We firstly reported the epidemiology and isolation of GETV infection in livestock in Xinjiang. GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, 830052, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nuerlan Shaya
- Yili Center of Animal Disease Control and Diagnosis, Yili Animal Health Inspection, Yining, 844500, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
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14
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Shi N, Zhu X, Qiu X, Cao X, Jiang Z, Lu H, Jin N. Origin, genetic diversity, adaptive evolution and transmission dynamics of Getah virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1037-e1050. [PMID: 34812572 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the Alphavirus, Getah virus (GETV) was becoming more serious and posing a serious threat to animal safety and public health. However, the circulation, distribution and evolution of GETV is not well understood. Hence, we integrated a variety of bioinformatic methodologies, from genomic alterations to systematic analysis, phylogeography, selection, adaptive analysis, prediction of protein modification, structural biology and molecular dynamics simulations to understand the characteristics of GETV. The results of phylogeography and molecular evolution show that due to the lack of vaccine, GETV is rapidly expanding its host range and geographical distribution at a high evolutionary rate. We also predicted the important modification sites, and identified the adaptive and active selection sites. Finally, the analysis of spatial structure and function showed that six adaptive sites may be related to the structural stability, receptor binding ability, immunogenicity and immune evasion of the virus, respectively. The data from this study have important implications for the understanding of ongoing GETV outbreaks worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against GETV. In particular, biosafety measures should be strengthened immediately to prevent GETV from becoming a pandemic, especially in China, South Korea and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
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15
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Necroptotic virotherapy of oncolytic alphavirus M1 cooperated with Doxorubicin displays promising therapeutic efficacy in TNBC. Oncogene 2021; 40:4783-4795. [PMID: 34155344 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive molecular subtype among breast tumors and remains a challenge even for the most current therapeutic regimes. Here, we demonstrate that oncolytic alphavirus M1 effectively kills both TNBC and non-TNBC. ER-stress and apoptosis pathways are responsible for the cell death in non-TNBC as reported in other cancer types, yet the cell death in TNBC does not depend on these pathways. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the M1 virus activates necroptosis in TNBC, which can be pharmacologically blocked by necroptosis inhibitors. By screening a library of clinically available compounds commonly used for breast cancer treatment, we find that Doxorubicin enhances the oncolytic effect of the M1 virus by up to 100-fold specifically in TNBC in vitro, and significantly stalls the tumor growth of TNBC in vivo, through promoting intratumoral virus replication and further triggering apoptosis in addition to necroptosis. These findings reveal a novel antitumor mechanism and a new combination regimen of the M1 oncolytic virus in TNBC, and highlight a need to bridge molecular diagnosis with virotherapy.
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16
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Xia YH, Shi ZC, Wang XW, Li YT, Wang Z, Chang HT, Liu HY, Chen L, Wang CQ, Yang X. Development and application of SYBR Green Ⅰ real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay for detection of swine Getah virus. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 57:101730. [PMID: 33848593 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of family Togaviridae, has become increasingly problematic, which poses a huge threat to the safety of animals and public health. In order to detect GETV quickly and accurately, we have developed a SYBR Green I real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for GETV with the detection limit of 66 copies/μL, excellent correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9975, and amplification efficiency (E) of 98.90%, the target selected was the non-structural protein 3 of GETV. The sensitivity of it was higher than that of ordinary RT-PCR by 1000 folds, and the inter-assay and intra-assay CV values were all less than 0.99%. The newly developed RT-qPCR assay exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility, which will provide technical support for the reliable and specific rapid diagnosis, and quantitative analysis of GETV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-He Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Zi-Cong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Xin-Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Yong-Tao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Hong-Tao Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Hong-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Chuan-Qing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, China.
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17
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Fang Y, Zhang W, Xue JB, Zhang Y. Monitoring Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus in Various Insect Regions in China in 2018. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640993. [PMID: 33791242 PMCID: PMC8006455 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increases in global travel and trade are changing arbovirus distributions worldwide. Arboviruses can be introduced by travelers, migratory birds, or vectors transported via international trade. Arbovirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes may provide early evidence for mosquito-borne disease transmission. Methods During the seasons of high mosquito activity of 2018, 29,285 mosquitoes were sampled from seven sentinel sites in various insect regions. The mosquitoes were analyzed by RT-PCR for alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and orthobunyaviruses. Results We detected three strains of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), five strains of Getah virus (GETV), and 45 strains of insect-specific flaviviruses including Aedes flavivirus (AeFV, 1), Chaoyang virus (CHAOV, 1), Culex flavivirus (CxFV, 17), Hanko virus (HANKV, 2), QuangBinh virus (QBV, 22), and Yunnan Culex flavivirus (YNCxFV, 2). Whole genomes of one strain each of GETV, CxFV, CHAOV, and AeFV were successfully amplified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the new JEV strains detected in the Shanghai and Hubei Provinces belong to the GI-b strain and are phylogenetically close to the NX1889 strain (MT134112) isolated from a patient during a JE outbreak in Ningxia in 2018. GETVs were found in Inner Mongolia, Hubei, and Hainan and belonged to Group III. They were closely related to strains isolated from swine. HANKV was recorded for the first time in China and other ISFVs were newly detected at several sentinel sites. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation value for JEV in Jinshan, Shanghai was 4.52/1,000 (range 0.80-14.64). Hence, there is a potential risk of a JEV epidemic in that region. Conclusion GI-b is the dominant circulating JEV genotype in nature and poses a health risk to animals and humans. The potential threat of widespread GETV distribution as a zoonosis is gradually increasing. The present study also disclosed the dispersion and host range of ISFVs. These findings highlight the importance of tracing the movements of the vectors and hosts of mosquito-borne pathogens in order to prevent and control arbovirus outbreaks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ren T, Mo Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Nong Z, Wang J, Niu C, Liu C, Chen Y, Ouyang K, Huang W, Wei Z. Emergence and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Getah Virus Isolated in Southern China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552517. [PMID: 33344520 PMCID: PMC7744783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) has caused many outbreaks in animals in recent years. Monitoring of the virus and its related diseases is crucial to control the transmission of the virus. In the summer of 2018, we conducted routine tests on clinical samples from different pig farms in Guangxi province, South China, and isolated and characterized a GETV strain, named GX201808. Cytopathic effects were observed in BHK-21 cells inoculated with GX201808. The expression of E2 protein of GETV could be detected in virus-infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the virus particles were spherical and ~70 nm in diameter with featured surface fibers. The multistep growth curves showed the virus propagated well in the BHK-21 cells. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that GX201808 belongs to Group 3, represented by Kochi-01-2005 isolated in Japan in 2005, and it clustered closely with the recently reported Chinese strains isolated from pigs, cattle, and foxes. A comparison of the identities of nucleotides and amino acids in the coding regions demonstrated that the GX201808 showed the highest amino acid identity (99.6%) with the HuN1 strain, a highly pathogenic isolate resulting in an outbreak of GETV infection in swine herds in Hunan province in 2017. In the present study, GETV was identified and isolated for the first time in Guangxi province of southern China, suggesting that future surveillance of this virus should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingrong Mo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuorong Nong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxia Niu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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19
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li LX, Shi N, Sun XT, Liu Q, Jin NY, Si XK. First isolation and characterization of Getah virus from cattle in northeastern China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:320. [PMID: 31488162 PMCID: PMC6729113 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Getah virus (GETV) is a neglected mosquito-borne Alphavirus that causes pyrexia, body rash, and leg oedema in horses and foetal death and reproductive disorders in pigs. Infected animals may play a critical role in the amplification and circulation of the virus. The present study aimed to investigate GETV infection in clinically infected cattle and vector mosquito species in northeastern China. Results Serum samples were collected from beef cattle that presented sudden onset of fever in forest grazing areas, and metagenomic sequencing was conducted, revealing 29 contigs from ten serum samples matching the GETV genome. Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed with GETV RNA from 48 beef cattle serum samples, showing that the overall prevalence of GETV in the beef cattle samples was 6.25% (3/48). Serological investigation indicated that GETV neutralizing antibodies were detected in 83.3% (40/48, 95% CI 67–100) of samples from the study region. The GETV JL1808 strain was isolated from clinically infected cattle showing fever. Sequence comparisons showed high identity with the HuN1 strain, a highly pathogenic swine epidemic isolate obtained in Hunan province in 2017, at the nucleotide level (99.5%) and at the deduced amino acid level (99.7–99.9%). The phylogenetic analysis of JL1808 clustered in Group III, and also revealed a close genetic relationship with the HuN1 strain. Additionally, about 12,000 mosquitoes were trapped in this region. The presence of GETV infection was detected in mosquitoes, suggesting that the minimum infection rate (MIR) was 1.50‰, with MIRs of 1.67‰ in Culex pseudovishnui, 1.60‰ in Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and 1.21‰ in Anopheles sinensis. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of GETV infection in cattle. These results demonstrated that a highly pathogenic, mosquito-borne swine GETV can infect and circulate in cattle, implying that it is necessary to conduct surveillance of GETV infection in animals in northeastern China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2061-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China.,Forestry Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center, Changchun, 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ning Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Tao Sun
- Honghe Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Mengzi, 661000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Quan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ning-Yi Jin
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kui Si
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China.
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20
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Lu G, Ou J, Ji J, Ren Z, Hu X, Wang C, Li S. Emergence of Getah Virus Infection in Horse With Fever in China, 2018. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1416. [PMID: 31281304 PMCID: PMC6596439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne virus that was first determined in Malaysia in 1955, and can infect humans and multiple other mammals. GETV infection in horses has been reported in Japan and India, and causes great economic losses. In China, GETV has been identified in mosquitoes, pigs, foxes, and cattle with a wide geographical distribution, but has not been detected in horses. In August 2018, a sudden onset of fever was observed in racehorse in an equestrian training center in Guangdong Province in southern China. Blood samples were collected from the sick horse, and PCR/RT-PCR analysis was performed to screen for equine viral pathogens associated with fever. The results indicated that the samples were GETV RNA positive. After RT-PCR, sequencing, and assembly, the genome of the first Chinese horse-derived GETV strain, GZ201808, was obtained. Compared with the genome sequences of other GETV strains, twelve unique nucleotide substitutions were observed in GZ201808. The genome of GZ201808 had the highest genetic identity (99.6%) with AH9192, which was detected in pigs in China in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GZ201808 clustered in Group III, and was located in an independent branch distant from other horse-derived GETV strains, indicating a unique evolutionary pattern of GZ201808. This study first determined and described the disease course of horse infected with GETV in China, sequenced and characterized the genome of the field horse-derived GETV strain, and therefore presented an unequivocal report of GETV infection in horses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixin Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Sam SS, Teoh BT, Chee CM, Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Abd-Jamil J, Loong SK, Khor CS, Tan KK, AbuBakar S. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of Getah virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17632. [PMID: 30518924 PMCID: PMC6281642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging animal pathogen causing outbreaks among racehorses and pigs. Early detection of the GETV infection is essential for timely implementation of disease prevention and control interventions. Thus, a rapid and accurate nucleic acid detection method for GETV is highly needed. Here, two TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were developed. The qRT-PCR primers and TaqMan MGB probe were designed based on the conserved region of nsP1 and nsP2 genes of 23 GETV genome sequences retrieved from GenBank. Only the qRT-PCR assay using nsP2-specific primers and probe detected all two Malaysia GETV strains (MM2021 and B254) without cross-reacting with other closely related arboviruses. The qRT-PCR assay detected as few as 10 copies of GETV RNA, but its detection limit at the 95% probability level was 63.25 GETV genome copies (probit analysis, P ≤ 0.05). Further validation of the qRT-PCR assay using 16 spiked simulated clinical specimens showed 100% for both sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the qRT-PCR assay developed in this study is useful for rapid, sensitive and specific detection and quantification of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Sin Sam
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheah-Mun Chee
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Juraina Abd-Jamil
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shih-Keng Loong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Sieng Khor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim-Kee Tan
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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22
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Li Y, Fu S, Guo X, Li X, Li M, Wang L, Gao X, Lei W, Cao L, Lu Z, He Y, Wang H, Zhou H, Liang G. Serological Survey of Getah Virus in Domestic Animals in Yunnan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:59-61. [PMID: 29957135 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected neutralizing antibodies of Getah virus (GETV) in serum specimens of domestic animals collected from Yunnan Province in China. Antibodies were detected in serum specimens of chicken, duck, dairy cattle, pig, and beef cattle. The positive rate of antibodies in pig and beef cattle was high (46-72%), with titers of 1:640-1:2560. These results suggest that there may be a large number of host animals for GETV in the local area. It is important to improve the monitoring of the incidence of GETV infection in domestic animals, in particular among pigs and beef cattle, by surveillance for animal illness and testing of sick animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- 1 National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- 4 Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- 4 Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Phichitraslip T, Prasertsincharoen N, Noguchi K, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Supriyono, Tran NTB, Takano A, Suzuki K, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Yokoyama M, Takeda T, Jittapalapong S, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Maeda K. Getah virus epizootic among wild boars in Japan around 2012. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2817-2821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Yang T, Li R, Hu Y, Yang L, Zhao D, Du L, Li J, Ge M, Yu X. An outbreak of Getah virus infection among pigs in China, 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:632-637. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - R. Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - Y. Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - L. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - D. Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - L. Du
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science; Changsha China
| | - J. Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science; Changsha China
| | - M. Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - X. Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
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25
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Xia H, Wang Y, Atoni E, Zhang B, Yuan Z. Mosquito-Associated Viruses in China. Virol Sin 2018; 33:5-20. [PMID: 29532388 PMCID: PMC5866263 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are classified into approximately 3500 species and further grouped into 41 genera. Epidemiologically, they are considered to be among the most important disease vectors in the world and they can harbor a wide variety of viruses. Several mosquito viruses are considered to be of significant medical importance and can cause serious public health issues throughout the world. Such viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Others are the newly recognized mosquito viruses such as Banna virus (BAV) and Yunnan orbivirus (YNOV) with unclear medical significance. The remaining mosquito viruses are those that naturally infect mosquitoes but do not appear to infect humans or other vertebrates. With the continuous development and improvement of mosquito and mosquito-associated virus surveillance systems in China, many novel mosquito-associated viruses have been discovered in recent years. This review aims to systematically outline the history, characteristics, distribution, and/or current epidemic status of mosquito-associated viruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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26
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Zhang H, Li K, Lin Y, Xing F, Xiao X, Cai J, Zhu W, Liang J, Tan Y, Fu L, Wang F, Yin W, Lu B, Qiu P, Su X, Gong S, Bai X, Hu J, Yan G. Targeting VCP enhances anticancer activity of oncolytic virus M1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/404/eaam7996. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kobayashi M, Kikuchi T, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Getah Virus Infection among Racehorses, Japan, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:883-5. [PMID: 25898181 PMCID: PMC4412242 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among racehorses in Japan during September and October 2014. Of 49 febrile horses tested by reverse transcription PCR, 25 were positive for Getah virus. Viruses detected in 2014 were phylogenetically different from the virus isolated in Japan in 1978.
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28
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Dhama K, Kapoor S, Pawaiya RVS, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Verma AK. Ross River Virus (RRV) infection in horses and humans: a review. Pak J Biol Sci 2015; 17:768-79. [PMID: 26035950 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.768.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating and important arbovirus is Ross River Virus (RRV) which is endemic and epizootic in nature in certain parts of the world. RRV is a member of the genus Alphavirus within the Semliki Forest complex of the family Togaviridae, which also includes the Getah virus. The virus is responsible for causing disease both in humans as well as horses. Mosquito species (Aedes camptorhynchus and Aedes vigilax; Culex annulirostris) are the most important vector for this virus. In places of low temperature as well as low rainfall or where there is lack of habitat of mosquito there is also limitation in the transmission of the virus. Such probability is higher especially in temperate regions bordering endemic regions having sub-tropical climate. There is involvement of articular as well as non-articular cells in the replication of RRV. Levels of pro-inflammatory factors viz., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); interferon-gamma (IFN-γ); and macrophage chemo-attractant protein-1 (MAC-1) during disease pathogenesis have been found to be reduced. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most advanced molecular diagnostic tool along with epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting RRV infection. Treatment for RRV infection is only supportive. Vaccination is not a fruitful approach. Precise data collection will help the researchers to understand the RRV disease dynamics and thereby designing effective prevention and control strategy. Advances in diagnosis, vaccine development and emerging/novel therapeutic regimens need to be explored to their full potential to tackle RRV infection and the disease it causes.
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29
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Epizootiological Investigation of Getah Virus Infection among Racehorses in Japan in 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2286-91. [PMID: 25972425 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00550-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the factors causing an outbreak in 2014 of Getah virus infection among racehorses at the Miho training center, Japan, we isolated virus strains and performed an epizootiological investigation of affected horses and related horse populations. Three Getah virus isolates were recovered from clinical samples, and one of them (14-I-605) was used in a virus-neutralizing test. Of the affected horses (n = 33), 20 (60.6%) were 2-year-olds. We investigated the histories of Getah virus vaccination of the affected horses and the whole population at the Miho training center. Among the 2-year-old population, the prevalence of the disease in horses that had been vaccinated once was 14.1%. This was significantly higher than that in horses that had been vaccinated twice or more (1.3%; P < 0.01). Among horses that had entered the training center from farms in Ibaraki Prefecture surrounding the training center and from neighboring Chiba Prefecture, the rate of seropositivity for Getah virus was 13.0% in September 2014 and 42.9% in October 2014; that in the corresponding periods in 2010 and 2013 was 0%. In conclusion, we identified two possible causes of the outbreak of Getah virus infection in the training center in 2014: (i) the existence of susceptible horses that had received only one dose of vaccination before the outbreak and (ii) increased risk of exposure to the virus because of epizootic Getah virus infection among horses on surrounding farms in Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks
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Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated and concise systematic review on taxonomy, history, arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, animal disease, and geographic distribution of all arboviruses known to date to cause disease in homeotherm (endotherm) vertebrates, except those affecting exclusively man. Fifty arboviruses pathogenic for animals have been documented worldwide, belonging to seven families: Togaviridae (mosquito-borne Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalilitis viruses; Sindbis, Middelburg, Getah, and Semliki Forest viruses), Flaviviridae (mosquito-borne yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, West Nile, Usutu, Israel turkey meningoencephalitis, Tembusu and Wesselsbron viruses; tick-borne encephalitis, louping ill, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, and Tyuleniy viruses), Bunyaviridae (tick-borne Nairobi sheep disease, Soldado, and Bhanja viruses; mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever, La Crosse, Snowshoe hare, and Cache Valley viruses; biting midges-borne Main Drain, Akabane, Aino, Shuni, and Schmallenberg viruses), Reoviridae (biting midges-borne African horse sickness, Kasba, bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, Ibaraki, equine encephalosis, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan viruses), Rhabdoviridae (sandfly/mosquito-borne bovine ephemeral fever, vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, vesicular stomatitis-New Jersey, vesicular stomatitis-Alagoas, and Coccal viruses), Orthomyxoviridae (tick-borne Thogoto virus), and Asfarviridae (tick-borne African swine fever virus). They are transmitted to animals by five groups of hematophagous arthropods of the subphyllum Chelicerata (order Acarina, families Ixodidae and Argasidae-ticks) or members of the class Insecta: mosquitoes (family Culicidae); biting midges (family Ceratopogonidae); sandflies (subfamily Phlebotominae); and cimicid bugs (family Cimicidae). Arboviral diseases in endotherm animals may therefore be classified as: tick-borne (louping ill and tick-borne encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Tyuleniy fever, Nairobi sheep disease, Soldado fever, Bhanja fever, Thogoto fever, African swine fever), mosquito-borne (Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitides, Highlands J disease, Getah disease, Semliki Forest disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, Usutu disease, Israel turkey meningoencephalitis, Tembusu disease/duck egg-drop syndrome, Wesselsbron disease, La Crosse encephalitis, Snowshoe hare encephalitis, Cache Valley disease, Main Drain disease, Rift Valley fever, Peruvian horse sickness, Yunnan disease), sandfly-borne (vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, New Jersey, and Alagoas, Cocal disease), midge-borne (Akabane disease, Aino disease, Schmallenberg disease, Shuni disease, African horse sickness, Kasba disease, bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, Ibaraki disease, equine encephalosis, bovine ephemeral fever, Kotonkan disease), and cimicid-borne (Buggy Creek disease). Animals infected with these arboviruses regularly develop a febrile disease accompanied by various nonspecific symptoms; however, additional severe syndromes may occur: neurological diseases (meningitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis); hemorrhagic symptoms; abortions and congenital disorders; or vesicular stomatitis. Certain arboviral diseases cause significant economic losses in domestic animals-for example, Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalitides, West Nile encephalitis, Nairobi sheep disease, Rift Valley fever, Akabane fever, Schmallenberg disease (emerged recently in Europe), African horse sickness, bluetongue, vesicular stomatitis, and African swine fever; all of these (except for Akabane and Schmallenberg diseases) are notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE, 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hubálek
- Medical Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivo Rudolf
- Medical Zoology Laboratory, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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32
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Zhang HL, Zhang YZ, Yang WH, Feng Y, Nasci RS, Yang J, Liu YH, Dong CL, Li S, Zhang BS, Yin ZL, Wang PY, Fu SH, Li MH, Liu F, Zhang J, Sun J, Li CW, Gao XY, Liu H, Wang HY, Petersen LR, Liang GD. Mosquitoes of Western Yunnan Province, China: seasonal abundance, diversity, and arbovirus associations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77017. [PMID: 24146951 PMCID: PMC3795637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The western borderland between Yunnan Province, China, and Myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. Numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. This project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected in Mangshi and Ruili cities of Dehong Prefecture near the border of China and Burma in Yunnan Province, the Peoples Republic of China in 2010. We monitored mosquito species abundance for a 12-month period using ultraviolet light, carbon dioxide baited CDC light and gravid traps; and tested the captured mosquitoes for the presence of virus to evaluate mosquito-virus associations in rural/agricultural settings in the area. RESULTS A total of 43 species of mosquitoes from seven genera were collected, including 15 Culex species, 15 Anopheles spp., four Aedes spp., three Armigeres spp., one Mimomyia spp., two Uranotaenia spp. and three Mansonia spp.. Species richness and diversity varied between Mangshi and Ruili. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles peditaeniatus were the most abundant species in both sampling sites. Ultraviolet light traps collected more specimens than CDC light traps baited with dry ice, though both collected the same variety of mosquito species. The CDC gravid trap was the most effective trap for capture of Culex quinquefasciatus, a species underrepresented in light trap collections. A total of 26 virus strains were isolated, which included 13 strains of Japanese encephalitis virus, four strains of Getah virus, one strain of Oya virus, one strain from the orbivirus genus, and seven strains of Culex pipien pallens densovirus. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrates the value of monitoring mosquito populations and mosquito-transmitted viruses year-round in areas where the climate supports year-round adult mosquito activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Roger S. Nasci
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jie Yang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Liu
- Ruili City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Liang Dong
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Shi Li
- Ruili City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Sen Zhang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Liu Yin
- Ruili City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Pi-Yu Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Can-Wei Li
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention/ Yunnan Provincial Center of Virus and Rickettsia Research, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lyle R. Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Guo-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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Sun X, Fu S, Gong Z, Ge J, Meng W, Feng Y, Wang J, Zhai Y, Wang H, Nasci R, Wang H, Tang Q, Liang G. Distribution of arboviruses and mosquitoes in northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 9:623-30. [PMID: 19196130 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From July to September in 2005 and 2006, a survey was conducted to identify mosquito species and mosquito-borne arboviruses at elevations ranging from 900-3280 m between 24 degrees 00' N and 29 degrees 00' N latitude in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province, China. A total of 54,879 mosquitoes representing 15 species and 4 genera was collected using UV light traps at 59 sites. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis were the most abundant species. The density of mosquitoes as well as the diversity of species decreased with increasing altitude. A total of 21,008 mosquitoes in 281 pools representing all of the 15 species was tested for the presence of viruses using cell culture. Viruses identified included Japanese encephalitis virus (13 isolates), Getah virus (five isolates), Banna virus (three isolates), Kadipiro virus (five isolates), and Densovirus (seven isolates). These isolates were obtained from Culex tritaeniorhynchus (20 isolates), Anopheles sinensis (three isolates), Armigeres subalbatus (six isolates), Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (two isolates), and from unidentified, mixed mosquitoes (two isolates). Most of the isolates were from collections made at elevations below 2,500 m. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 0, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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Zhai YG, Wang HY, Sun XH, Fu SH, Wang HQ, Attoui H, Tang Q, Liang GD. Complete sequence characterization of isolates of Getah virus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) from China. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1446-1456. [PMID: 18474561 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten virus isolates belonging to species Getah virus (GETV) have been obtained during surveys for arboviruses in China since 1964. Seven of these isolates (YN0540, YN0542, SH05-6, SH05-15, SH05-16, SH05-17 and GS10-2) were obtained during the current study. The full-length sequences of three Chinese isolates (M1, isolated in 1964; HB0234, isolated in 2002; YN0540, isolated in 2005) were determined. The full-length sequences of these isolates were respectively 11 696, 11 686 and 11 690 nt, and showed more than 97 % intraspecies identity. Deletions were found in the capsid protein of strain M1 and non-structural protein nsP3 of strain HB0234. The E2 gene and 3' UTR of all ten isolates were also characterized. The E2 gene of the Chinese GETV isolates showed nucleotide sequence identities of 98-100 % when compared with other GETV isolates. In the 3' UTR of the Chinese isolates, an insertion of 10 consecutive adenine residues (nt 189-198) appeared in strain M1, and 9 or 3 consecutive adenines were found towards the 3' end of the third RES in strains SH05-6 and SH05-15, respectively. The 3' UTRs of the Chinese isolates showed a deletion between positions 45 and 54 and nucleotide transitions at positions 43, 64 and 148. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that there was a relatively high degree of conservation among GETV isolates. The isolation of GETV from various provinces in China and also in Russia and Mongolia (including regions of the northern tundra) are an indication of changes in the world distribution of this re-emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Huan-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Shi-Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Huan-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin St, Beijing 100052, PR China
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35
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Abstract
Getah virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae and has been frequently isolated from mosquitoes. Seroepizootiologic studies indicate that the virus is mosquito-borne and widespread, ranging from Eurasia to southeast and far eastern Asia, the Pacific islands, and Australasia. The natural host animal of the virus was not known until the first recognized occurrence of Getah virus infection among racehorses in two training centers in Japan in 1978. Outbreaks of clinical disease due to Getah virus infection occur infrequently, and only one outbreak has been reported outside Japan; this was in India in 1990. Clinical signs of the disease are mild and nonlife-threatening and are characterized by pyrexia, edema of the hind limbs, swelling of the submandibular lymph nodes, and urticarial rash, as reported in the 1978 epizootic. The morbidity was 37.9% (722 of 1903 horses) in one training center, with 96% of 722 affected horses making a full clinical recovery within a week without any significant sequelae. Antibodies against Getah virus were detected in 61.2% (172 of 281) and 55.8% (254 of 455) of horses at two training centers, respectively. Virus isolation can be attempted in VERO, RK-13, BHK-21, and many other cell lines as well as in suckling mouse brain. Blood plasma collected from suspect cases of infection at the onset of pyrexia is the specimen of choice. A diagnosis of Getah virus infection can also be confirmed serologically based on testing acute and convalescent phase sera by using SN, CF, HI, and ELISA tests. An inactivated vaccine is available for the prevention and control of Getah virus infection in horses in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukunaga
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
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