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Kumagai A, Soga Y, Kimura K, Hatama S. Isolation and complete genomic characterization of a Movar 33/63-like Japanese bovine herpesvirus 4 from a calf with respiratory disease. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:645-652. [PMID: 38644182 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is an indigenous virus in cattle prevalent mainly in North and South American countries and European countries, but the genomic sequences and genetic characteristics of Japanese strains have not been reported. BoHV-4 is suspected, but not proven, to be associated with various diseases. In the present study, we isolated BoHV-4 from a 10-month-old Japanese Black calf with respiratory symptoms in Japan. To identify the genetic characteristics of the isolate named strain SG20, complete genome sequencing was performed using a combination of next-generation and Sanger sequencing technologies. The complete long unique coding region (LUR) of SG20 was found to comprise 108,819 nucleotides with 41.4% GC content and contain at least 78 open reading frames. It shares 83.4 to 99.3% overall nucleotide identity with six BoHV-4 strains available in the database. The deduced amino acid sequence alignment revealed that SG20 contains genotype 1-specific features of BoHV-4, such as amino acid substitutions and insertions within the glycoprotein B region. Phylogenetic analyzes based on the nucleotide sequences of ORF20 indicated that the virus belonged to genotype 1 (Movar 33/63-like group). The strain was also analyzed using the complete LUR and placed in the same clade as a strain recently isolated from China, but it was distinct from American and European BoHV-4 strains of genotype 1. Although further genomic and epidemiologic information is needed, our results help elucidate the molecular epidemiology of BoHV-4 and provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kumagai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Soga
- Chubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Saga, Japan
- Soga Veterinary Clinic and Livestock Consultant, Saga, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kimura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Internal Control, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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Stanfield BA, Ruiz E, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG. Guinea pig herpes like virus is a gamma herpesvirus. Virus Genes 2024; 60:148-158. [PMID: 38340271 PMCID: PMC10978641 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Guinea Pig Herpes-Like Virus (GPHLV) is a virus isolated from leukemic guinea pigs with herpes virus-like morphology described by Hsiung and Kaplow in 1969. GPHLV transformed embryonic cells from Syrian hamsters or rats, which were tumorigenic in adult animals. Herein, we present the genomic sequence of GPHLV strain LK40 as a reference for future molecular analysis. GPHLV has a broad host tropism and replicates efficiently in Guinea pig, Cat, and Green African Monkey-derived cell lines. GPHLV has a GC content of 35.45%. The genome is predicted to encode at least 75 open-reading frames (ORFs) with 84% (63 ORFs) sharing homology to human Kaposi Sarcoma Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV). Importantly, GPHLV encodes homologues of the KSHV oncogenes, vBCL2 (ORF16), vPK (ORF36), viral cyclin (v-cyclin, ORF72), the latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA, ORF73), and vGPCR (ORF74). GPHLV is a Rhadinovirus of Cavia porcellus, and we propose the formal name of Caviid gamma herpesvirus 1 (CaGHV-1). GPHLV can be a novel small animal model of Rhadinovirus pathogenesis with broad host tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Emmanuelle Ruiz
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Vladimir N Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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3
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Divilov K. Whole-genome assembly of a novel invertebrate herpesvirus from the gastropod Babylonia areolata. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38656275 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Molluscan herpesviruses cause disease in species of major importance to aquaculture and are the only known herpesviruses to infect invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Understanding the evolution of malacoherpesviruses in relation to their hosts will likely require comparative genomic studies on multiple phylogenetic scales. Currently, only two malacoherpesvirus species have genomes that have been fully assembled, which limits the ability to perform comparative genomic studies on this family of viruses. In the present study, we fully assemble a herpesvirus from Illumina and Nanopore sequence data that were previously used to assemble the genome of the gastropod Babylonia areolata. We tentatively assign this novel herpesvirus to the genus Aurivirus within the family Malacoherpesviridae based on a phylogenetic analysis of DNA polymerase. While structurally similar to other malacoherpesvirus genomes, a synteny analysis of the novel herpesvirus with another Aurivirus species indicates that genomic rearrangements might be an important process in the evolution of this genus. We anticipate that future complete assemblies of malacoherpesviruses will be a valuable resource in comparative herpesvirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA
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Bianchessi L, Flach E, Monacchia G, Dagleish M, Maley M, Turin L, Rocchi MS. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla. Virol J 2024; 21:49. [PMID: 38395934 PMCID: PMC10893651 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses within the γ-herpesviruses subfamily include the causative agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in several species of the order Artiodactyla. MCF is a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting non-adapted host species. In adapted host species these viruses become latent and recrudesce and transmit during times of stress or immunosuppression. The undetected presence of MCF-causing viruses (MCFVs) is a risk to non-adapted hosts, especially within non-sympatric zoological collections. This study investigated the presence of MCFVs in six different zoological collections in the UK, to evaluate the presence of subclinical/latent MCFVs in carrier animals. METHODS One-hundred and thirty eight samples belonging to 54 different species of Artiodactyla were tested by Consensus Pan-herpes PCR. The positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses to understand their own evolutionary relationships and those with their hosts. RESULTS Twenty-five samples from 18 different species tested positive. All viruses but one clustered in the γ-herpesvirus family and within the Macavirus as well as the non-Macavirus groups (caprinae and alcelaphinae/hippotraginae clusters, respectively). A strong association between virus and host species was evident in the Macavirus group and clustering within the caprinae group indicated potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic MCFVs, as well as other γ-herpesviruses, in Artiodactyla species of conservation importance and allowed the identification of new herpesviruses in some non-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy
| | - Edmund Flach
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London (retired), Regents Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- CIRM Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
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Furusato IN, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, da Silva Ferreira CS, Takahashi JPF, Kimura LM, Aleixo CS, de Brito OP, Luchs A, Cunha MS, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, de Araújo LJT, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM. Detection of herpesviruses in neotropical primates from São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3201-3209. [PMID: 37688686 PMCID: PMC10689701 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of herpesvirus between humans and non-human primates represents a serious potential threat to human health and endangered species conservation. This study aimed to identify herpesvirus genomes in samples of neotropical primates (NTPs) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 242 NTPs, including Callithrix sp., Alouatta sp., Sapajus sp., and Callicebus sp., were evaluated by pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Sixty-two (25.6%) samples containing genome segments representative of members of the family Herpesviridae, including 16.1% for Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3, 6.1% for Human alphaherpesvirus 1, 2.1% for Alouatta macconnelli cytomegalovirus, and 0.83% for Cebus albifrons lymphocryptovirus 1. No co-infections were detected. The detection of herpesvirus genomes was significantly higher among adult animals (p = 0.033) and those kept under human care (p = 0.008671). These findings confirm the importance of monitoring the occurrence of herpesviruses in NTP populations in epizootic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Naomi Furusato
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Possatto Fernandes Takahashi
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas E Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Bairro Universitário, Av. Costa E Silva, S/nº, Campo Grande, MS, 79070900, Brazil
| | - Lidia Midori Kimura
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Camila Siqueira Aleixo
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Odília Pereira de Brito
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil.
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Okoh GR, Lockhart M, Grimsey J, Whitmore D, Ariel E, Butler J, Horwood PF. Development of subfamily-based consensus PCR assays for the detection of human and animal herpesviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:741-746. [PMID: 37084118 PMCID: PMC10172264 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Consensus PCR assays that can be used to sensitively detect several herpesvirus (HV) species across the different subfamilies were developed in this study. Primers containing degenerate bases were designed to amplify regions of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of alpha- and gamma-HVs, and the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of beta-HVs in a singleplex, non-nested touchdown PCR format. The singleplex touchdown consensus PCR (STC-PCR) was used to amplify the DNA of eight human and 24 animal HVs. The assay was able to detect the lowest DNA dilution of 10-5 for alpha-HVs and 10-3 for beta- and gamma-HVs. In comparison, lowest detection limits of 10-5, 10-3, and 10-2 were obtained for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HVs respectively when a nested PCR was used. The findings in this study suggest that the STC-PCR assays can be employed for the molecular surveys and clinical detection of novel and known HVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- God'spower Richard Okoh
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Michelle Lockhart
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Joanne Grimsey
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David Whitmore
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122697. [PMID: 36560701 PMCID: PMC9787554 DOI: 10.3390/v14122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Herpesviridae includes viruses identified in mammals, birds and reptiles. All herpesviruses share a similar structure, consisting of a large linear double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a proteic icosahedral capsid further contained within a lipidic bilayer envelope. The continuous rise of genetic variability and the evolutionary selective pressure underlie the appearance and consolidation of novel viral strains. This applies also to several gamma(γ)-herpesviruses, whose role as primary pathogen has been often neglected and, among these to newly emerged viruses or virus variants responsible for the development of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) or MCF-like disease. The identification of γ-herpesviruses adapted to new zoological hosts requires specific molecular tools for detection and characterization. These viruses can cause MCF in livestock and wild animals, a disease generally sporadic but with serious welfare implications and which, in many cases, leads to death within a few days from the appearance of the clinical signs. In the absence of a vaccine, the first step to improve disease control is based on the improvement of molecular tools to identify and characterize these viruses, their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary interaction with the host species. A Panherpes PCR-specific test, based on the conserved DNA polymerase gene, employing consensus/degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers followed by sequencing, is still the preferred diagnostic test to confirm and characterize herpesviral infections. The drawback of this test is the amplification of a relatively short sequence, which makes phylogenetic analysis less stringent. Based on these diagnostic requirements, and with a specific focus on γ-herpesviruses, the present review aims to critically analyze the currently available methods to identify and characterize novel MCFV strains, to highlight advantages and drawbacks and to identify the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities. Possible approaches for improving or further developing these molecular tools are also suggested.
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Voss A, Schlieben P, Gerst S, Wylezich C, Pfaff F, Langner C, Niesler M, Schad P, Beer M, Rubbenstroth D, Breithaupt A, Mundhenk L. Rustrela virus infection - An emerging neuropathogen of red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4016-4021. [PMID: 36135593 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rustrela virus (RusV) was recently described as a novel pathogen in a circumscribed area of northern Germany close to the Baltic Sea. Up to now, the virus has been detected in cases of fatal non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in zoo animals of different species and a single wild carnivore as well as in apparently healthy yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicollis). Data regarding the background of this previously undiscovered pathogen, including clinical presentation of the disease, host range and distribution of the virus, are still limited. Here, three euthanized red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) from zoos of different areas in northeastern Germany were submitted for necropsy after presenting with apathy and therapeutically unresponsive neurological signs. A moderate to severe, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in all three cases. RusV was consistently detected via RT-qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization in the brains of all wallabies. Other commonly known neuropathogens could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Voss
- Institute, of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Schlieben
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Frankfurt (Oder), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerst
- Department for Diagnostic Investigation of Epizootics, State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Petra Schad
- Veterinary Practice Pausin, Schönwalde im Glien, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Institute, of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Sahindokuyucu I, Yazici Z, Barry G. A retrospective molecular investigation of selected pigeon viruses between 2018–2021 in Turkey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268052. [PMID: 36037167 PMCID: PMC9423643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent first detection of pigeon aviadenovirus-1 and pigeon circovirus co-infection associated with Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome (YPDS) in a pigeon flock in Turkey, prompted a study focused on documenting the distribution of Pigeon aviadenovirus (PiAdV-1 and PiAdV-2), Pigeon circovirus (PiCV), Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV)) and Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) in the country. These viruses were selected as they are associated with severe disease in pigeons across the world. A total of 192 cloacal swabs were collected from young (<1 year old) pigeons from 16 different private pigeon flocks across Turkey, between 2018 and 2021 as part of routine diagnostic sampling. PiCV genetic material was the most frequently detected 4/16 (25%), PiAdV-1 and CoHV-1 DNA were both found in one flock each, while neither PiAdV-2 and FAdV were detected in any of the studied pigeon flocks. PiCV and PiHV genetic material were both detected in the same pigeon flock’s cloacal samples as a co-infection with the identification of PiHV being a first in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sahindokuyucu
- Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Poultry Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir, Turkey
- Now at Eville&Jones (GB) Limited Century House, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Zafer Yazici
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gerald Barry
- Veterinary Science Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Effect of mismatch between types of viral nucleic acid and intended targets of extraction kits on polymerase chain reaction-based testing. Biotechniques 2022; 73:75-79. [PMID: 35762215 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lab personnel generally select an extraction kit based on the nucleic acid (NA) type of the target. This study investigated the effect of mismatch between the NA type of the target and the intended target NA of the extraction kit on the polymerase chain reaction outcome. DNA, RNA and total NA extraction kits manufactured by the same company were used to isolate NA from serial dilutions of four viruses representing different genome types. All extracts were tested for the viruses by either conventional or real-time polymerase chain reactions with and without reverse transcription. While the DNA kit specifically isolated DNA from samples, the RNA kit extracted both DNA and RNA as efficiently as the total NA kit, suggesting that RNA kits can be an economical alternative.
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11
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Reisfeld L, Fernandes NCCA, Sarmiento A, Canedo P, Salvagni F, Ewbank AC, Zecchini Barrese T, Cilento Ponce C, Albergaria Ressio R, Catão-Dias JL, Sacristán C. Myeloid and histiocytic sarcomas in subantarctic fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis, Brazil. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 148:13-18. [PMID: 35142294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were used to diagnose round cell tumors in 2 subantarctic fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis with marked anemia. Although wild-born, both individuals were placed under human care while juveniles in a Brazilian aquarium. Both pinnipeds were PCR tested for herpesvirus, and 1 was infected with otariid gammaherpesvirus 5 (OtHV-5), previously described in a subantarctic fur seal stranded in Brazil. Although some gammaherpesviruses can cause sarcomas and other neoplasms, it was not possible to definitively associate OtHV-5 with the neoplasm. To our knowledge, these are the first neoplasm records in subantarctic fur seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reisfeld
- Aquário de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Huet Bacelar 407, 04275-000 SP, Brazil
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12
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Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:713. [PMID: 34600470 PMCID: PMC8487468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abortion in horses leads to economic and welfare losses to the equine industry. Most cases of equine abortions are sporadic, and the cause is often unknown. This study aimed to detect potential abortigenic pathogens in equine abortion cases in Australia using metagenomic deep sequencing methods. RESULTS After sequencing and analysis, a total of 68 and 86 phyla were detected in the material originating from 49 equine abortion samples and 8 samples from normal deliveries, respectively. Most phyla were present in both groups, with the exception of Chlamydiae that were only present in abortion samples. Around 2886 genera were present in the abortion samples and samples from normal deliveries at a cut off value of 0.001% of relative abundance. Significant differences in species diversity between aborted and normal tissues was observed. Several potential abortigenic pathogens were identified at a high level of relative abundance in a number of the abortion cases, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Chlamydia psittaci. CONCLUSIONS This work revealed the presence of several potentially abortigenic pathogens in aborted specimens. No novel potential abortigenic agents were detected. The ability to screen samples for multiple pathogens that may not have been specifically targeted broadens the frontiers of diagnostic potential. The future use of metagenomic approaches for diagnostic purposes is likely to be facilitated by further improvements in deep sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akter
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Charles M El-Hage
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joan Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting, Scone, New South Wales, 2337, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, The Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Herpesvirus Infection in a Breeding Population of Two Coexisting Strix Owls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092519. [PMID: 34573485 PMCID: PMC8464810 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although infection with herpesvirus in owls has commonly been described as a highly lethal disease, there is very little information about the presence of herpesvirus and its potential impact in living owls in wild populations. Our study detected herpesvirus in a breeding population of Ural owls, which showed no clinical signs of illness nor productivity deviances (i.e., in clutch and brood size). Herpesvirus was detected in Ural owl adults and chicks, but not in a young tawny owl (despite the fact that they were in same nest and in persistent contact). Furthermore, herpesviruses were also detected in yellow-necked mice as both owls’ main prey. However, comparison of the herpesviruses detected showed that different herpesviruses are present in the owls and mice. The results of this study show that herpesvirus may be present in a Ural owl breeding population without any consequences on health and breeding performance. However, in the case of tawny owls, it seems that they are not susceptible to infection, which could be related to their polymorphism. It seems that small rodents are not a source of herpesvirus infection in owls and that the probable herpesvirus transmission pathway takes place intraspecifically, mostly from adults to young. Abstract Birds are a frequent host of a large variety of herpesviruses, and infections in them may go unnoticed or may result in fatal disease. In wild breeding populations of owls, there is very limited information about the presence, impact, and potential transmission of herpesvirus. The herpesvirus partial DNA polymerase gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction in oropharyngeal swabs of 16 out of 170 owls examined that were captured in or near nest boxes. Herpesvirus was detected in Ural owls (Strix uralensis), in both adults and young, but not in tawny owls (Strix aluco). In yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), as the main prey of tawny owls and Ural owls in the area, herpesvirus was detected in the organs of 2 out of 40 mice captured at the same locations as the owls. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the herpesvirus sequences detected in the Ural owls differed from the herpesvirus sequences detected in the yellow-necked mice. The results indicate that herpesvirus infection exists in the breeding wild Ural owl population. However, herpesvirus-infected owls did not show any clinical or productivity deviances and, based on a phylogenetic comparison of detected herpesvirus sequences and sequences obtained from Genbank database, it seems that mice and other rodents are not the source of owl infections. The most probable transmission pathway is intraspecific, especially from adults to their chicks, but the origin of herpesvirus in owls remains to be investigated.
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Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A. Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091686. [PMID: 34578268 PMCID: PMC8473365 DOI: 10.3390/v13091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid Gamma herpesvirus (eGHV) infections have been reported worldwide and may be correlated with clinical signs, e.g., affecting the respiratory tract in young horses. eGHV are shed by healthy horses as well as horses with respiratory tract disease. The prevalence in healthy Swiss horses is unknown to date but this data would provide valuable information for causal diagnosis in clinical cases and formulation of biosecurity recommendations. Nasal swabs from 68 healthy horses from 12 Swiss stables and 2 stables near the Swiss border region in Germany were analyzed by panherpes nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced. A multivariable model was used to determine if sex, age, breed, canton, or stable had a significant effect on the shedding status of each detected eGHV. Overall, the eGHV prevalence was 59% (n = 68); the prevalence for equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2), equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and asinine herpesvirus-5 (AHV-5) was 38%, 12% and 9%, respectively. Co-infections with multiple eGHVs were observed in 25% of the positive samples. The odds of shedding EHV-2 decreased with age (p = 0.01) whereas the odds of shedding AHV-5 increased with age (p = 0.04). Breed, sex, canton, or stable had no significant association with eGHV shedding. As EHV-2 shedding was common in healthy horses a positive PCR result must be interpreted with caution regarding the formulation of biosecurity recommendations and causal diagnosis. As EHV-5 and AHV-5 shedding was less common than EHV-2, a positive test result is more likely to be of clinical relevance. Shedding of multiple eGHV complicates the interpretation of positive test results in a horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheurer
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Isabelle Hardmeier
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Julia Lechmann
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Mira F, Canuti M, Di Bella S, Puleio R, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Vicari D, Purpari G, Cannella V, Chiaramonte G, Schirò G, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Two Gammaherpesviruses from Pantesco Breed Donkeys during an Outbreak of Mild Respiratory Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081527. [PMID: 34452391 PMCID: PMC8402663 DOI: 10.3390/v13081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid and asinine gammaherpesviruses (GHVs; genus Percavirus) are members of the Herpesviridae family. Though GHVs have been reported in horse populations, less studies are available on gammaherpesviral infections in donkeys. This study reports the co-infection with two GHVs in Pantesco breed donkeys, an endangered Italian donkey breed. Samples (n = 124) were collected on a breeding farm in Southern Italy from 40 donkeys, some of which were healthy or presented erosive tongue lesions and/or mild respiratory signs. Samples were analysed by using a set of nested PCRs targeting the DNA polymerase, glycoprotein B, and DNA-packaging protein genes, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Twenty-nine donkeys (72.5%) tested positive, and the presence of Equid gammaherpesvirus 7 and asinine herpesvirus 5 was evidenced. In 11 animals, we found evidence for co-infection with viruses from the two species. Virions with herpesvirus-like morphology were observed by electron microscopic examination, and viruses were successfully isolated in RK-13-KY cell monolayers. The histological evaluation of tongue lesions revealed moderate lympho-granulocytic infiltrates and rare eosinophilic inclusions. The detection of GHVs in this endangered asinine breed suggests the need long-life monitoring within conservation programs and reinforces the need for further investigations of GHV’s pathogenetic role in asinine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Gabriele Chiaramonte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
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Pathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2) in Native North American Lagomorphs. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:694-700. [PMID: 33961043 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the US, was reported for the first time in wild native North American lagomorphs in April 2020 in the southwestern US. Affected species included the desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), mountain cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni). Desert cottontails (n=7) and black-tailed jackrabbits (n=7) collected in April and May 2020 were necropsied at the US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center and tested positive for Lagovirus europaeus GI.2, also known as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b), by real-time PCR at the US Department of Agriculture's Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those reported in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and other hare (Lepus) species with GI.2/RHDV2/b infection; they included epistaxis (12/13; 92%); massive hepatocellular dissociation (14/14; 100%) and necrosis or apoptosis (11/11; 100%); pulmonary congestion (12/12; 100%), edema (12/13; 92%), and hemorrhage (11/12; 92%); and acute renal tubular injury (3/8; 38%). As in previous reports, massive hepatocellular dissociation and necrosis or apoptosis was the most diagnostically distinct finding. As North American Sylvilagus and Lepus species appear to be susceptible to fatal GI.2/RHDV2/b infection, additional work is needed to understand the host range, pathogenicity, and potential population effects of GI.2/RHDV2/b in North America.
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DETECTION OF HERPESVIRUSES IN PASSERINE BIRDS CAPTURED DURING AUTUMN MIGRATION IN SLOVENIA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:368-375. [PMID: 33626570 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses (HVs) were detected by PCR in the cloacal swabs of 0.76% (4/525) clinically healthy free-living passerine birds from 32 different species captured in mist nets in Slovenia during the 2014 and 2017 autumn migrations. Herpesviruses were detected in the Eurasian Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), and the Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). Phylogenetic analysis of partial DNA polymerase gene nucleotide sequences of the HV strains showed a distant relationship with other alphaherpesviruses of birds. In the phylogenetic tree, the HVs detected were clustered together with HV detected in Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and Neotropic Cormorants, as well as with known HVs such as gallid HV1, psittacid HV1 and HV2, and passerine HV1. Different sequences of HVs with relatively low identity were detected in our study, suggesting that different HVs were circulating in passerines sampled during the autumn migration in Slovenia.
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18
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Lechmann J, Ackermann M, Kaiser V, Bachofen C. Viral infections shared between water buffaloes and small ruminants in Switzerland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:894-905. [PMID: 34166139 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211027131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Importation of exotic animals that may harbor infectious agents poses risks for native species with potentially severe impacts on animal health and animal production. Although the Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) population in Europe is steadily increasing, its susceptibility to viral infections and its role for interspecies transmission is largely unknown. To identify viral infections that are shared between exotic water buffaloes and native small ruminants, we collected blood samples from 3 Swiss farms on which water buffaloes were kept either without, or together with, sheep or goats. These samples were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) as well as by selected conventional tests, including PCR, ELISA, and in some cases a virus neutralization test. By NGS, a novel virus of the genus Gemykrogvirus (GyKV; Genomoviridae) was first detected in the buffaloes on one farm, and subsequently confirmed by PCR, and was also detected in the co-housed sheep. In contrast, this virus was not detected in buffaloes on the farms without sheep. Moreover, conventional methods identified a number of viral infections that were not shared between the exotic and the native animals, and provided evidence for potential roles of water buffaloes in the epidemiology of ruminant pestiviruses, especially bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and possibly bovine alphaherpesvirus 2. Our results clearly indicate that water buffaloes are susceptible to interspecies viral transmission and may act as intermediate hosts, or even as reservoirs, for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lechmann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Kaiser
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Current address: MSD Animal Health, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Dayaram A, Seeber P, Courtiol A, Soilemetzidou S, Tsangaras K, Franz M, McEwen GK, Azab W, Kaczensky P, Melzheimer J, East ML, Ganbaatar O, Walzer C, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Seasonal host and ecological drivers may promote restricted water as a viral vector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145446. [PMID: 33588222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In climates with seasonally limited precipitation, terrestrial animals congregate at high densities at scarce water sources. We hypothesize that viruses can exploit the recurrence of these diverse animal congregations to spread. In this study, we test the central prediction of this hypothesis - that viruses employing this transmission strategy remain stable and infectious in water. Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) were chosen as a model as they have been shown to remain stable and infectious in water for weeks under laboratory conditions. Using fecal data from wild equids from a previous study, we establish that EHVs are shed more frequently by their hosts during the dry season, increasing the probability of water source contamination with EHV. We document the presence of several strains of EHVs present in high genome copy number from the surface water and sediments of waterholes sampled across a variety of mammalian assemblages, locations, temperatures and pH. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the different EHV strains found exhibit little divergence despite representing ancient lineages. We employed molecular approaches to show that EHVs shed remain stable in waterholes with detection decreasing with increasing temperature in sediments. Infectivity experiments using cell culture reveals that EHVs remain infectious in water derived from waterholes. The results are supportive of water as an abiotic viral vector for EHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Seeber
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustrasse 252, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanatana Soilemetzidou
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyriakos Tsangaras
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gayle K McEwen
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia; Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Takhiin Tal, Gobi-Altai Province, Mongolia
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, 10460 Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Germany.
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20
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The virome of German bats: comparing virus discovery approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7430. [PMID: 33795699 PMCID: PMC8016945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are known to be reservoirs of several highly pathogenic viruses. Hence, the interest in bat virus discovery has been increasing rapidly over the last decade. So far, most studies have focused on a single type of virus detection method, either PCR, virus isolation or virome sequencing. Here we present a comprehensive approach in virus discovery, using all three discovery methods on samples from the same bats. By family-specific PCR screening we found sequences of paramyxoviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses and one coronavirus. By cell culture we isolated a novel bat adenovirus and bat orthoreovirus. Virome sequencing revealed viral sequences of ten different virus families and orders: three bat nairoviruses, three phenuiviruses, one orbivirus, one rotavirus, one orthoreovirus, one mononegavirus, five parvoviruses, seven picornaviruses, three retroviruses, one totivirus and two thymoviruses were discovered. Of all viruses identified by family-specific PCR in the original samples, none was found by metagenomic sequencing. Vice versa, none of the viruses found by the metagenomic virome approach was detected by family-specific PCRs targeting the same family. The discrepancy of detected viruses by different detection approaches suggests that a combined approach using different detection methods is necessary for virus discovery studies.
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21
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Wessels ME, Deaville R, Perkins MW, Jepson PD, Penrose R, Rocchi MS, Maley M, Ballingall KT, Dagleish MP. Novel Presentation of DMV-Associated Encephalitis in a Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). J Comp Pathol 2021; 183:51-56. [PMID: 33714432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is an important global cause of morbidity and mortality in cetacean populations, with four pathological presentations including non-suppurative encephalitis. We describe an unusual case of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)-associated non-suppurative encephalitis in a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas), in which the lesions were orientated on the periventricular white matter and comprised prominent multifocal syncytia formation in the absence of systemic lesions. DMV RNA was detected in brain tissue by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for morbillivirus antigen yielded intense labelling of syncytia in periventricular sites, with sparse involvement of the deeper neuroparenchyma. The pattern of lesions raises the possibility of viral dissemination through the cerebrospinal fluid, as described for canine distemper virus, suggesting that similar pathogenic mechanisms may be implicated in lesion development. Further investigation is required to establish the pathogenesis of CeMV encephalitis and the behaviour of the virus within the central nervous system of cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Deaville
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Matthew W Perkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | - Rod Penrose
- Marine Environmental Monitoring, Llechryd, Cardigan, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Mara S Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith T Ballingall
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Kubacki J, Fraefel C, Bachofen C. Implementation of next-generation sequencing for virus identification in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:235-247. [PMID: 33357110 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720982630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based applications for testing purposes in human medicine is widely recognized. Although NGS-based metagenomic screening may be of interest in veterinary medicine, in particular for intensively farmed livestock species such as pigs, there is a lack of protocols tailored to veterinary requirements, likely because of the high diversity of species and samples. Therefore, we developed an NGS-based protocol for use in veterinary virology and present here different applications in porcine medicine. To develop the protocol, each step of sample preparation was optimized using porcine samples spiked with various RNA and DNA viruses. The resulting protocol was tested with clinical samples previously confirmed to be positive for specific viruses by a diagnostic laboratory. Additionally, we validated the protocol in an NGS viral metagenomics ring trial and tested the protocol on viral multiplex reference material (NIBSC, U.K.). We applied our ViroScreen protocol successfully for 1) virus identification, 2) virus characterization, and 3) herd screening. We identified torque teno sus virus and atypical porcine pestivirus in a neurologic case, determined the full-length genome sequence of swine influenza A virus in field samples, and screened pigs using pen floor fecal samples and chewing rope liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kubacki
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Neurobrucellosis due to Brucella ceti ST26 in Three Sowerby's Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens). J Comp Pathol 2020; 182:1-8. [PMID: 33494901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatal meningoencephalitis due to Brucella ceti infection has been described in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus), short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), which are all within the family Delphinidae. We report B. ceti-associated neurobrucellosis in three juvenile male Sowerby's beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) that all had typical lesions of lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, which increased in severity from rostral to caudal regions of the brain. In two cases there was loss of ependymal cells lining the cerebral ventricular system, with large numbers of lymphocytes in the underlying neuropil. This finding suggests that B. ceti gains access to, and multiplies in, the cerebrospinal fluid, and confirms that this is the sample of choice for bacteriological recovery of the causative organism. These findings expand the increasing range of cetaceans susceptible to neurobrucellosis to members of the family Ziphiidae.
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Ewing RY, Rotstein DS, McLellan WA, Costidis AM, Lovewell G, Schaefer AM, Romero CH, Bossart GD. Macroscopic and Histopathologic Findings From a Mass Stranding of Rough-Toothed Dolphins ( Steno bredanensis) in 2005 on Marathon Key, Florida, USA. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:572. [PMID: 32984413 PMCID: PMC7492606 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 2, 2005 ~70 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) mass stranded along mud flats and associated canals on the Atlantic Ocean side of Marathon Key, Florida. Forty-six were necropsied and placed into two groups for analysis: Group-1 animals (N = 34; 65%) that died prior to medical intervention and rehabilitative efforts and Group-2 animals (N = 12; 35%) that died in rehabilitation. Thirty-four animals were females (18 adults, 5 juvenile/subadult, 7 calves, and 4 of undetermined age) and 12 were males (6 adults, 4 juvenile/subadults, 1 calf, and 1 of undetermined age). Body condition overall was fair to good in Group-1 and fair to poor in Group-2. Lesions were observed in multiple body systems. Greater than 90% of animals in both groups had respiratory lesions. Verminous sinusitis and bronchopneumonia were 2–3 times more prevalent in Group-2. Capture/exertional rhabdomyolysis was observed in Group-2 (42%). Vacuolar hepatopathies were observed in both groups including hepatic lipidosis (Group-1) and mixed etiologies (Group-2). Pancreatic and gastrointestinal tract pathologies were prevalent in Group-2 animals 56 and 75%, respectively, and included gastritis, gastric ulceration, enterocolitis, pancreatic atrophy, and pancreatitis related to physiologic stress. Group-2 more frequently had evidence of hemorrhagic diathesis present which included increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in various organs, increased hemosiderosis, and hemorrhage and hemorrhagic drainage in various organs. Central nervous system disease, primarily edema, and mild inflammation were equally prevalent. Renal proteinuria, tubular necrosis, and pigmentary deposition were observed in Group-2. Dental attrition was observed in ~40% of the groups. Gammaherpesviral-associated pharyngeal plaques were observed in 46 and 54% of Group-1 and 2 animals, respectively. Other lesions observed were mild and incidental with a frequency rate <20%. The findings from this Steno stranding provide a unique window into baseline individual and population clinical conditions and additional perspective into potential clinical sequelae of rehabilitation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Y Ewing
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - William A McLellan
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | | | - Gretchen Lovewell
- Directorate of Marine Biology and Conservation, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Adam M Schaefer
- Center for Coastal Research-Marine Mammal Research and Conservation Program, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Carlos H Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gregory D Bossart
- Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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25
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Dall Agnol AM, Leme RA, Suphoronski SA, Oliveira TES, Possatti F, Saporiti V, Headley SA, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA detection in multiple organs of pigs in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:2145-2152. [PMID: 32638274 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV) DNA presence in multiple organs of pigs. Biological samples (n = 136) included tissue fragments of the central nervous system, heart, kidney, liver, lungs, spleen, urinary bladder, and urine. Sixty-eight (50%) organs were PLHV DNA-positive. None of the urine samples were detected with the virus genome. Although the presence of the PLHV DNA in the urinary bladder and kidney has been detected, it was not possible to show whether urine can be considered an effective route of virus shedding. This study warns to the risk of PLHV zoonotic transmission by xenotransplantation of tissues of porcine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alais M Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Suelen A Suphoronski
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita E S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Possatti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Viviane Saporiti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selwyn A Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário. CEP 86057-970, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Santos HM, Tsai CY, Catulin GEM, Trangia KCG, Tayo LL, Liu HJ, Chuang KP. Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in pigeons (Columba livia): A review of diagnostic and treatment strategies. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108779. [PMID: 32768225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigeons (Columba livia) have been associated with humans for a long time now. They are raised for sport (pigeon race), exhibition (display of fancy breeds), food, and research. Most of the pigeons kept are Racing Homers, trained to compete in the pigeon race. Other breeds, such as Rollers, Nose Divers, Doneks are bred for their aerial abilities. Incorporation of a good preventive medicine program is one of the most critical factors in averting infectious diseases in pigeon flocks. This review summarizes the common bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections in pigeons. The different clinical signs, symptoms, diagnostic strategies, prevention, and treatments were described in this review. Current researches, molecular diagnostic assays, and treatment strategies such as vaccines and drug candidates were included. The information found in this review can provide insights for veterinarians and researchers studying pigeons to develop effective and efficient immunoprophylactic and diagnostic tools for pigeon diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey M Santos
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan
| | - Gail Everette M Catulin
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Kim Chloe G Trangia
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Biologics, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan; Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Pin Chuang
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Biologics, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
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27
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Detection of Coxiella burnetii and equine herpesvirus 1, but not Leptospira spp. or Toxoplasma gondii, in cases of equine abortion in Australia - a 25 year retrospective study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233100. [PMID: 32453753 PMCID: PMC7250447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine abortion is a cause of severe economic loss to the equine industry. Equine herpesvirus 1 is considered a primary cause of infectious abortion in horses, however other infectious agents can also cause abortion. Abortions due to zoonotic pathogens have implications for both human and animal health. We determined the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in 600 aborted equine foetal tissues that were submitted to our diagnostic laboratories at the University of Melbourne from 1994 to 2019. Using qPCR we found that the prevalence of C. burnetii was 4%. The highest annual incidence of C. burnetii was observed between 1997-2003 and 2016-2018. The prevalence of C. burnetii in Victoria and New South Wales was 3% and 6% respectively. All the samples tested negative for Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii DNA. Equine herpesvirus 1 DNA was detected at a prevalence of 3%. This study has provided evidence for the presence of C. burnetii in equine aborted foetal tissues in Australia, but the role of C. burnetii as potential cause of abortion in Australia requires further investigation. C. burnetii is a zoonotic disease agent that causes the disease 'Q fever' in humans. We recommend that appropriate protective measures should be considered when handling material associated with equine abortions to reduce the risk of becoming infected with C. burnetii.
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Singer S, Hoffmann B, Hafner-Marx A, Christian J, Forster F, Schneider K, Knubben-Schweizer G, Neubauer-Juric A. Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 infections in Bavaria: an analysis of the current situation - several years after eradicating Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:149. [PMID: 32448263 PMCID: PMC7245791 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bavaria, a large federal state in Germany, has been declared free from infections with Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in 2011. To maintain this status the cattle population is monitored for antibodies against BoHV-1 regularly. Several years ago, infrequent but recurrent problems in this sero-surveillance were statistically put into correlation with the presence of antibodies against Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2). In Europe, BoHV-2 is primarily known as the agent causing bovine herpes mammillitis. However, very little information about BoHV-2 infections in Bavaria is available so far. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine BoHV-2 seroprevalences and to detect virus genomes in potential clinical samples. Results 6801 blood sera of healthy cattle from all over Bavaria were tested for antibodies against BoHV-2, revealing an overall seroprevalence of 5.51%. Interestingly, seroprevalences markedly varied between the North and the South of Bavaria, namely from 0.42 to 11.17%. Concurrently, the previously reported relation between the epidemiologically inexplicable sero-reactivities in BoHV-1 ELISAs and the presence of BoHV-2 infections were statistically corroborated in this study. To detect BoHV-2 genomes a fast and sensitive real time PCR was established. Using a multiple PCR strategy, tissue samples from skin lesions at relevant localizations, corresponding lymph nodes, and trigeminal ganglia from 111 animals, as well as nasal swabs from 918 bovines with respiratory symptoms were tested. However, BoHV-2 genomes were not detected in any of these samples. Conclusions BoHV-2 antibodies were found in samples from bovines all over Bavaria, albeit with an explicit South-North-divide. BoHV-2 genomes, however, could not be detected in any of the analyzed samples, indicating that acute clinical cases as well as obvious virus reactivation are relatively rare. Consequently, the future spread of BoHV-2 infections throughout Bavaria, particularly, after eradicating BoHV-1, has to be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Singer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Hafner-Marx
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Forster
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Antonie Neubauer-Juric
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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James S, Donato D, de Thoisy B, Lavergne A, Lacoste V. Novel herpesviruses in neotropical bats and their relationship with other members of the Herpesviridae family. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104367. [PMID: 32450245 PMCID: PMC7244429 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, a large number of studies have detected herpesvirus sequences from many bat species around the world. Nevertheless, the discovery of bat herpesviruses is geographically uneven. Of the various bat species tested to date, only a few were from the New World. Seeking to investigate the distribution and diversity of herpesviruses circulating in neotropical bats, we carried out molecular screening of 195 blood DNA samples from 11 species of three bat families (Phyllostomidae, Mormoopidae, and Molossidae). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification, with degenerate consensus primers targeting highly conserved amino acid motifs of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase and Glycoprotein B genes, we characterized novel viral sequences from all tested species. BLAST searches, pairwise nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons, as well as phylogenetic analyses confirmed that they all belonged to the Herpesviridae family, of the Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies. Fourteen partial DNA polymerase gene sequences, of which three beta- and 11 gamma-herpesviruses, were detected. A total of 12 partial Glycoprotein B gene sequences, all gamma-herpesviruses, were characterized. Every sequence was specific to a bat species and in some species (Desmodus rotundus, Carollia perspicillata, and Pteronotus rubiginosus) multiple viruses were found. Phylogenetic analyses of beta- and gammaherpesvirus sequences led to the identification of bat-specific clades. Those composed of sequences obtained from different bat species belonging to distinct subfamilies follow the taxonomy of bats. This study confirms the astonishing diversity of bat herpesviruses and broadens our knowledge of their host range. Nevertheless, it also emphasizes the fact that, to better appreciate the evolutionary history of these viruses, much remains to be done at various taxonomic levels. Molecular screening was carried out on 11 bat species from French Guiana and Martinique (French West Indies). Partial DNA polymerase gene sequences of 14 viruses were characterized as well as 12 Glycoprotein B sequences. Genetic characterization of these sequences reveals a high degree of genetic divergence. Phylogenetically, most of the newly discovered sequences fall within bat-specific clades well correlated with the taxonomy of their hosts. This study is the largest conducted to date in terms of species diversity from the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha James
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Damien Donato
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de la Guyane, Ecole doctorale 587 "Diversités, Santé et Développement en Amazonie", Cayenne, French Guiana; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France.
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Search for polyoma-, herpes-, and bornaviruses in squirrels of the family Sciuridae. Virol J 2020; 17:42. [PMID: 32220234 PMCID: PMC7099801 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squirrels (family Sciuridae) are globally distributed members of the order Rodentia with wildlife occurrence in indigenous and non-indigenous regions (as invasive species) and frequent presence in zoological gardens and other holdings. Multiple species introductions, strong inter-species competition as well as the recent discovery of a novel zoonotic bornavirus resulted in increased research interest on squirrel pathogens. Therefore we aimed to test a variety of squirrel species for representatives of three virus families. METHODS Several species of the squirrel subfamilies Sciurinae, Callosciurinae and Xerinae were tested for the presence of polyomaviruses (PyVs; family Polyomaviridae) and herpesviruses (HVs; family Herpesviridae), using generic nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specificity for the PyV VP1 gene and the HV DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene, respectively. Selected animals were tested for the presence of bornaviruses (family Bornaviridae), using both a broad-range orthobornavirus- and a variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1)-specific reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS In addition to previously detected bornavirus RNA-positive squirrels no more animals tested positive in this study, but four novel PyVs, four novel betaherpesviruses (BHVs) and six novel gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) were identified. For three PyVs, complete genomes could be amplified with long-distance PCR (LD-PCR). Splice sites of the PyV genomes were predicted in silico for large T antigen, small T antigen, and VP2 coding sequences, and experimentally confirmed in Vero and NIH/3T3 cells. Attempts to extend the HV DPOL sequences in upstream direction resulted in contiguous sequences of around 3.3 kilobase pairs for one BHV and two GHVs. Phylogenetic analysis allocated the novel squirrel PyVs to the genera Alpha- and Betapolyomavirus, the BHVs to the genus Muromegalovirus, and the GHVs to the genera Rhadinovirus and Macavirus. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on molecular identification and sequence characterization of PyVs and HVs and the detection of bornavirus coinfections with PyVs or HVs in two squirrel species. Multiple detection of PyVs and HVs in certain squirrel species exclusively indicate their potential host association to a single squirrel species. The novel PyVs and HVs might serve for a better understanding of virus evolution in invading host species in the future.
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Seeber PA, Morrison T, Ortega A, East ML, Greenwood AD, Czirják GÁ. Immune differences in captive and free-ranging zebras (Equus zebra and E. quagga). Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWild mammals in ex situ captivity experience substantially different environmental conditions compared to free-ranging conspecifics, e.g., in terms of diet, climatic conditions, social factors, movement space, and direct anthropogenic disturbance. Moreover, animals in captivity frequently undergo management interventions such as medical treatments which may influence pathogen pressure. Captivity is known to affect immunological responses in some terrestrial and marine mammals; however, it is unclear whether this can be generalized to other taxa. Furthermore, little is known about how energetically costly life history stages such as lactation influence the immune system in wildlife. We measured expression of components of the constitutive and induced innate immunity and of the adaptive immune system in plains and mountain zebras (Equus quagga and E. zebra), including lactating and non-lactating individuals. As a proxy for general immune function, we screened for lytic equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection, a common and often latent pathogen which is reactivated in response to stress and immune challenge. Both energetically cheap markers of the constitutive innate immunity were lower in captive than in wild zebras, whereas energetically costly markers of the induced innate immunity were more highly expressed in captive zebras. Lactation was associated with higher titers of natural antibodies and lysozyme. Lytic EHV infection was not significantly correlated with any of the measured immune markers. Our results suggest that captivity and lactation may influence immune functions in zebra mares.
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David D, Davidson I, Berkowitz A, Karniely S, Edery N, Bumbarov V, Laskar O, Elazari-Volcani R. A novel poxvirus isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Israel. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:587-590. [PMID: 32100464 PMCID: PMC7397903 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) from the Zoological Gardens, at Tel Aviv, Israel, showed pox‐like clinical signs including vesicular and nodular skin lesions on the wings. Cell culture isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and molecular analysis, revealed the presence of a novel bat poxvirus. Future research is needed to determine whether this virus can affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Nir Edery
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Orly Laskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IIBR, Ness Ziona, Israel
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Žlabravec Z, Krapež U, Slavec B, Vrezec A, Rojs OZ, Račnik J. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Herpesviruses Detected in Wild Owls in Slovenia. Avian Dis 2019; 62:397-403. [PMID: 31119924 DOI: 10.1637/11899-051418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus (HV) was detected using PCR in the organs of eight of 55 wild owls (14.5%) from seven species that were found dead in various locations in Slovenia between 1995 and 2015. HV was detected in three species: the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo), Ural owl (Strix uralensis), and long-eared owl (Asio otus). Phylogenetic analysis of partial DNA polymerase gene nucleotide sequences showed that the detected HVs are similar to the avian and mammal alphaherpesviruses. Two sequences were very similar to known bird HV sequences. One sequence was identical to the columbid herpesvirus 1 (CoHV1) sequence, and the other was very similar to the gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV2) sequence. The phylogenetic tree revealed a lower similarity of the other six analyzed Slovenian sequences with the sequences of alphaherpesviruses of birds and mammals. This is the first study to report the detection of different HVs in owls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Žlabravec
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krapež
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Zorman Rojs
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožko Račnik
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Novel Polyomaviruses in Mammals from Multiple Orders and Reassessment of Polyomavirus Evolution and Taxonomy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100930. [PMID: 31658738 PMCID: PMC6833039 DOI: 10.3390/v11100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the phylogenetic organization of mammalian polyomaviruses is complex and currently incompletely resolved, we aimed at a deeper insight into their evolution by identifying polyomaviruses in host orders and families that have either rarely or not been studied. Sixteen unknown and two known polyomaviruses were identified in animals that belong to 5 orders, 16 genera, and 16 species. From 11 novel polyomaviruses, full genomes could be determined. Splice sites were predicted for large and small T antigen (LTAg, STAg) coding sequences (CDS) and examined experimentally in transfected cell culture. In addition, splice sites of seven published polyomaviruses were analyzed. Based on these data, LTAg and STAg annotations were corrected for 10/86 and 74/86 published polyomaviruses, respectively. For 25 polyomaviruses, a spliced middle T CDS was observed or predicted. Splice sites that likely indicate expression of additional, alternative T antigens, were experimentally detected for six polyomaviruses. In contrast to all other mammalian polyomaviruses, three closely related cetartiodactyl polyomaviruses display two introns within their LTAg CDS. In addition, the VP2 of Glis glis (edible dormouse) polyomavirus 1 was observed to be encoded by a spliced transcript, a unique experimental finding within the Polyomaviridae family. Co-phylogenetic analyses based on LTAg CDS revealed a measurable signal of codivergence when considering all mammalian polyomaviruses, most likely driven by relatively recent codivergence events. Lineage duplication was the only other process whose influence on polyomavirus evolution was unambiguous. Finally, our analyses suggest that an update of the taxonomy of the family is required, including the creation of novel genera of mammalian and non-mammalian polyomaviruses.
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Raposo JV, Alves ADR, Dos Santos da Silva A, Dos Santos DC, Melgaço JG, Moreira OC, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Multiplex qPCR facilitates identification of betaherpesviruses in patients with acute liver failure of unknown etiology. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:773. [PMID: 31484497 PMCID: PMC6727340 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of acute liver failure (ALF) is often unknown and reported to be associated with herpesviruses in a number of cases. In this study, we examined for betaherpesviruses infections in patients with ALF of unknown etiology using a multiplex qPCR to Betaherpesviruses subfamily. Methods Liver explant and serum samples from 27 patients with ALF of unknown etiology were analyzed with the aid of multiplex qPCR to identify betaherpesviruses. All positive samples were sequenced to confirm herpes infection and liver enzyme levels evaluated. Results Betaherpesviruses infection was effectively detected using multiplex qPCR. Six (22%) HHV-6, one (3%) HCMV and two (7%) dual infections (one with HHV-7/HHV-6, and the other with HHV-7/ HCMV). Interestingly, HHV-7 was only detected in the presence of other betaherpesviruses. Sequencing information confirmed betaherpesviruses infection. High hepatic enzyme levels and INR values> 1.5 were determined in all betaherpesvirus-positive patients. Conclusions Multiplex qPCR facilitated efficient quantification, indicating that differentiation between betaherpesviruses is possible with the sole use of real-time PCR. Liver explant and serum samples were positive for some betaherpesviruses, and coinfection of HHV-7 with HHV-6 and HCMV was additionally detected. Based on these results, we propose that ALF patients should be screened for the presence of betaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Vasques Raposo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur Daniel Rocha Alves
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute / Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC - Av. Brasil 4365-Manguinhos, Pav. Helio e Peggy Pereira B10, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
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Baily JL, Willoughby K, Maley M, Chapman J, Pizzi R, Hall AJ, Dagleish MP. Widespread neonatal infection with phocid herpesvirus 1 in free-ranging and stranded grey seals Halichoerus grypus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:181-187. [PMID: 31019131 DOI: 10.3354/dao03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhHV-1) is known to infect grey seals Halichoerus grypus but little is known about its pathogenicity or true prevalence in this species. To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with PHV-1 infection, nasal swabs were collected from grey seal pups and yearlings on the Isle of May, a well-studied grey seal breeding colony, and from stranded grey seal pups submitted to a rehabilitation centre. PhHV-1 nucleic acids were detected in nasal swabs from 58% (52/90) of live free-ranging grey seal pups, 62% (18/29) of live stranded grey seal pups and 28% (5/18) of live free-ranging yearlings, suggesting recrudescence in the latter. Location within the colony, pup body mass and stranding were determined to be risk factors for shedding PhHV-1 in live seal pups with a significantly higher prevalence of PhHV-1 in pups born on the tidal boulder beach when compared to other sites; a significantly positive correlation of PhHV-1 shedding and pup body mass and a higher prevalence in stranded grey seal pups compared to their free-ranging conspecifics. The prevalence of PhHV1 in dead pups on the Isle of May was 56% (27/48) with a positive PhHV-1 PCR status significantly associated with hepatic necrosis (p = 0.01), thymic atrophy (p < 0.001) and buccal ulceration (p = 0.027). Results indicate that PhHV1 was widespread in the pups in the Isle of May grey seal breeding colony.
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Noninvasive Detection of Equid Herpesviruses in Fecal Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02234-18. [PMID: 30446563 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02234-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are pathogens of equid and nonequid hosts that can cause disease and fatalities in captivity and in the wild. EHVs establish latent infections but can reactivate, and most EHVs are shed via the nasal passage. Therefore, nasal swabs are generally used for EHV monitoring. However, invasive sampling of wild equids is difficult. While feces is a commonly used substrate for detecting other pathogens, to our knowledge, EHVs have never been detected in feces of naturally infected equids. We systematically tested zebra feces for EHV presence by (i) establishing nested PCR conditions for fecal DNA extracts, (ii) controlling for environmental EHV contamination, and (iii) large-scale testing on a free-ranging zebra population. A dilution minimizing inhibition while maximizing viral DNA concentrations was determined in captive Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi) fecal samples from individuals shedding EHV nasally. Sixteen of 42 fecal samples (38%) were EHV positive. To demonstrate that the EHV positivity was not a result of environmental contamination, rectal swabs of wild zebras were screened (n = 18 [Equus quagga and E. zebra]), and 50% were EHV positive, indicating that the source of EHV in feces is likely the intestinal mucosa and not postdefecation contamination. Out of 270 fecal samples of wild zebras, 26% were EHV positive. Quantitative PCRs showed that the amount of virus DNA in feces was not significantly smaller than that in other samples. In summary, fecal sampling facilitates large-scale screening and may be useful to noninvasively investigate phylogenetic EHV diversity in wild and domestic equids.IMPORTANCE Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) establish latent infections, and many EHVs are shed and transmitted via nasal discharge primarily through droplet and aerosol infection. Obtaining nasal swabs and other invasive samples from wildlife is often not possible without capture and physical restraint of individuals, which are resource intensive and a health risk for the captured animals. Fecal EHV shedding has never been demonstrated for naturally infected equids. We established the conditions for fecal EHV screening, and our results suggest that testing fecal samples is an effective noninvasive approach for monitoring acute EHV shedding in equids.
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Needle DB, Selig MK, Jackson KA, Delwart E, Tighe E, Leib SL, Seuberlich T, Pesavento PA. Fatal bronchopneumonia caused by skunk adenovirus 1 in an African pygmy hedgehog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 31:103-106. [PMID: 30475680 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718812123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven adult African pygmy hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris) were added to a group of 35 animals, and within 10 d, respiratory distress affected 8 of 35 resident animals in the group, but none of the introduced animals. Three animals died following onset of clinical signs. Tissues from one animal were collected and submitted for histopathology, which revealed acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia and tracheitis with intraepithelial intranuclear inclusion bodies. Electron microscopy identified 75-90 nm diameter encapsulated icosahedral virions. Degenerate nested PCR analysis identified adenovirus within the affected lung tissue. Deep sequencing showed 100% homology to skunk adenovirus 1 (SkAdV-1). Adenoviruses are usually species-adapted and -specific, but our case supports the single previous report of non-skunk infection with SkAdV-1, indicating that this virus can infect other species, and further shows that it can cause fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Martin K Selig
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Kenneth A Jackson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Eric Delwart
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Ellyn Tighe
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Stephen L Leib
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (Needle).,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA (Selig).,Vetsuisse Faculty (Seuberlich).,Institute for Infectious Diseases (Leib).,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Plymouth Animal Hospital, Plymouth, NH (Tighe).,Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA (Delwart).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Pesavento, Jackson)
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Bento MC, Canha R, Eira C, Vingada J, Nicolau L, Ferreira M, Domingo M, Tavares L, Duarte A. Herpesvirus infection in marine mammals: A retrospective molecular survey of stranded cetaceans in the Portuguese coastline. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 67:222-233. [PMID: 30445114 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus (HVs) infection has already been reported in cetaceans, but available information on its epidemiology is scarce. In this study we surveyed a total of 179 cetaceans belonging to 6 different species. Samples were obtained from cetaceans stranded along the Portuguese coastline, belonging to populations that roam the north-east region of the Atlantic Ocean. Detection of HVs was performed by conventional nested PCR. Amplicons were sequenced by Sanger's method and sequences used to construct phylogenetic trees by Maximum Likelihood method. Our results show that prevalence of positive samples, among fresh carcasses, reached 14.3% (10/70) and both alpha and gammaherpesvirus were detected. Histopathology showed that herpesvirus infection varied from absence of signs compatible with disease, localized genital lesions and systemic disease. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three clusters within the alphaherpesvirus family; within the gammaherpesvirus no subdivision was detected. All clusters included animals from different species and geographic origins. In seven of the positive HVs samples, co-infections with other agents such as morbillivirus and toxoplasma gondii were detected. The viral nucleotide sequences were not assigned to a specific animal species, nor presented a given geographic distribution, which may imply a wider distribution of herpesvirus in these animal populations. Our results are also the first report of herpesvirus infection in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), with both alpha and gammaherpesvirus detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bento
- CIISA Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - R Canha
- CIISA Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Eira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Portuguese Wildlife Society, Department of Biology, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J Vingada
- Portuguese Wildlife Society, Department of Biology, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Department of Biology and CESAM, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - L Nicolau
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Portuguese Wildlife Society, Department of Biology, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- Portuguese Wildlife Society, Department of Biology, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Department of Biology and CBMA, Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Domingo
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Tavares
- CIISA Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Duarte
- CIISA Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Detection and characterisation of multiple herpesviruses in free-living Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Sci Rep 2018; 8:13942. [PMID: 30224824 PMCID: PMC6141580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cases of herpesvirus-associated disease have been reported in the Western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), but there has been little surveillance for, nor any sequence characterisation of, herpesviruses in this species to date. A nested pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a region of the DNA polymerase gene was used to test 129 Western European hedgehogs from across Great Britain, 2011–2016; 59 (46%) of which were PCR-positive. In addition, samples from two previously published cases of fatal herpesvirus infection in E. europaeus, from Sweden and Switzerland, were positive using this PCR. No statistically significant relationship was detected between PCR result and sex, age class, year or season for the British hedgehogs tested. In most PCR-positive animals (19/22) from which liver and brain were tested separately, both were PCR-positive. Sanger sequencing of amplicons from 59 British hedgehogs revealed at least two novel viruses within the Gammaherpesvirinae. Thirteen of these hedgehogs had liver and brain tissues screened for microscopic abnormalities, of which one had non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, but neither intranuclear inclusion bodies nor herpesvirus virions (on electron microscopical examination) were identified. Sequencing of the whole DNA polymerase gene confirmed two genetically different Human alphaherpesvirus 1 viruses in the Swedish and Swiss hedgehogs.
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Franklinos LHV, Fernandez JRR, Hydeskov HB, Hopkins KP, Everest DJ, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Herpesvirus skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Great Britain. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 129:239-244. [PMID: 30154283 DOI: 10.3354/dao03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a significant driver of global amphibian declines, yet despite this, relatively little is known about the range of pathogens that affect free-living amphibians. Recent detection of the tentatively named Ranid herpesvirus 3 (RHV3), associated with skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Switzerland, helps to address this paucity in knowledge, but the geographic distribution and epidemiology of the pathogen remains unclear. Syndromic surveillance for ranid herpesvirus skin disease was undertaken throughout Great Britain (GB), January 2014 to December 2016. Reports of common frogs with macroscopic skin lesions with a characteristic grey appearance were solicited from members of the public. Post-mortem examination was conducted on one affected frog found dead in 2015 at a site in England. In addition, archived samples from an incident involving common frogs in England in 1997 with similar macroscopic lesions were further investigated. Transmission electron microscopy identified herpes-like virions in skin lesions from both the 1997 and 2015 incidents. RHV3, or RHV3-like virus, was detected in skin lesions from the 2015 case by PCR and sequencing. Our findings indicate that herpesvirus skin disease is endemic in common frogs in GB, with widespread distribution at apparently low prevalence. Further research into the role of host immunity, virus latency and the significance of infection to host survival is required to better understand the epidemiology and impact of cutaneous herpesvirus infections in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H V Franklinos
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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Isolation, characterization and prevalence of a novel Gammaherpesvirus in Eptesicus fuscus, the North American big brown bat. Virology 2018; 516:227-238. [PMID: 29407381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship of Gammaherpesviruses with their bat hosts. Gammaherpesviruses are of interest because of their long-term infection of lymphoid cells and their potential to cause cancer. Here, we report the characterization of a novel bat herpesvirus isolated from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in Canada. The genome of the virus, tentatively named Eptesicus fuscus herpesvirus (EfHV), is 166,748 base pairs. Phylogenetically EfHV is a member of Gammaherpesvirinae, in which it belongs to the Genus Rhadinovirus and is closely related to other bat Gammaherpesviruses. In contrast to other known Gammaherpesviruses, the EfHV genome contains coding sequences similar to those of class I and II host major histocompatibility antigens. The virus is capable of infecting and replicating in human, monkey, cat and pig cell lines. Although we detected EfHV in 20 of 28 big brown bats tested, these bats lacked neutralizing antibodies against the virus.
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Avian viral surveillance in Victoria, Australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194457. [PMID: 29570719 PMCID: PMC5865735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in avian hosts can pose threats to avian health and some have zoonotic potential. Hospitals that provide veterinary care for avian patients may serve as a site of exposure of other birds and human staff in the facility to these viruses. They can also provide a useful location to collect samples from avian patients in order to examine the viruses present in wild birds. This study aimed to investigate viruses of biosecurity and/or zoonotic significance in Australian birds by screening samples collected from 409 birds presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre at Zoos Victoria’s Healesville Sanctuary for veterinary care between December 2014 and December 2015. Samples were tested for avian influenza viruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses, using genus- or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of both known and novel viruses. A very low prevalence of viruses was detected. Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 was detected from a powerful owl (Ninox strenua) with inclusion body hepatitis, and an avian paramyxovirus most similar to Avian avulavirus 5 was detected from a musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna). Two distinct novel avian alphaherpesviruses were detected in samples from a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) and a tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides). Avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses were not detected. The clinical significance of the newly detected viruses remains undetermined. Further studies are needed to assess the host specificity, epidemiology, pathogenicity and host-pathogen relationships of these novel viruses. Further genome characterization is also indicated, and would be required before these viruses can be formally classified taxonomically. The detection of these viruses contributes to our knowledge on avian virodiversity. The low level of avian virus detection, and the absence of any viruses with zoonotic potential, suggests low risk to biosecurity and human health.
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Tan SK, Shen P, Lefterova MI, Sahoo MK, Fung E, Odegaard JI, Davis RW, Pinsky BA, Scharfe C. Transplant Virus Detection Using Multiplex Targeted Sequencing. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:757-769. [PMID: 31245786 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Viral infections are a major cause of complications and death in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation. Methods We developed a multiplex viral sequencing assay (mVseq) to simultaneously detect 20 transplant-relevant DNA viruses from small clinical samples. The assay uses a single-tube multiplex PCR to amplify highly conserved virus genomic regions without the need for previous virus enrichment or host nucleic acid subtraction. Multiplex sample sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq, and reads were aligned to a database of target sequences. Analytical and clinical performance was evaluated using reference viruses spiked into human plasma, as well as patient plasma and nonplasma samples, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and tissue from immunocompromised transplant recipients. Results For the virus spike-in samples, mVseq's analytical sensitivity and dynamic range were similar to quantitative PCR (qPCR). In clinical specimens, mVseq showed substantial agreement with single-target qPCR (92%; k statistic, 0.77; 259 of 282 viral tests); however, clinical sensitivity was reduced (81%), ranging from 62% to 100% for specific viruses. In 12 of the 47 patients tested, mVseq identified previously unknown BK virus, human herpesvirus-7, and Epstein-Barr virus infections that were confirmed by qPCR. Conclusions Our results reveal factors that can influence clinical sensitivity, such as high levels of host DNA background and loss of detection in coinfections when 1 virus was at much higher concentration than the others. The mVseq assay is flexible and scalable to incorporate RNA viruses, emerging viruses of interest, and other pathogens important in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Peidong Shen
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Martina I Lefterova
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Eula Fung
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Justin I Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ronald W Davis
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Curt Scharfe
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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GENITAL TRACT SCREENING FINDS WIDESPREAD INFECTION WITH MUSTELID GAMMAHERPESVIRUS 1 IN THE EUROPEAN BADGER ( MELES MELES). J Wildl Dis 2017; 54:133-137. [PMID: 29077546 DOI: 10.7589/2016-12-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be important drivers of population dynamics because of their negative effects on reproduction. However, screening for STDs, especially in wildlife populations, is widely neglected. Using the promiscuous, polygynandrous European badger ( Meles meles) as a model, we investigated the presence and prevalence of herpesviruses (HVs) in a wild, high-density population and assessed potential differences in somatic fitness and female reproductive condition between infected and uninfected individuals. We collected n=98 genital swabs from 71 females (51 adults and 20 cubs) and 27 males (26 adults and 1 cub) during spring and summer 2015. Using a PCR specific for a mustelid α-HV, all genital-swab samples tested negative. In a panherpes PCR, a γ-HV was found in 55% (54/98; 39 adults and 15 cubs), identified as mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) using DNA sequencing. This contrasts with the results of a previous study, which reported MusGHV-1 in 98% (354/361) of blood samples taken from 218 badgers in the same population using PCR. The detection of MusHV-1 in the female reproductive tract strongly indicates the potential for a horizontal and, likely also a vertical, route of transmission. Our results suggest a potential linkage of genital HVs and impaired future reproductive success in females, but because reproductive failure can have many reasons in badgers, the causative link of this negative relationship remains to be investigated.
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Basso W, Marti H, Hilbe M, Sydler T, Stahel A, Bürgi E, Sidler X. Clinical cystoisosporosis associated to porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV, Suid herpesvirus 2) infection in fattening pigs. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:806-809. [PMID: 28942051 PMCID: PMC7108397 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystoisospora (syn. Isospora) suis is the causative agent of neonatal porcine coccidiosis and one of the main causes of diarrhoea in suckling piglets worldwide. Infection with porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV, Suid herpesvirus 2) causes inclusion body rhinitis in pigs. In a Swiss pig herd (n = 2 boars, 7 sows, 2 gilts, 18 finishing pigs, 30 fattening pigs, 54 suckling piglets), an outbreak of PCMV infection with high morbidity in all age categories, characterized by fever, anorexia, reduced general condition, respiratory signs and increased piglet mortality, was diagnosed by histopathology and molecular methods. Five fattening pigs (age ~ 17 weeks) additionally showed diarrhoea, not typical for PCMV infections, and one fattener had to be euthanized due to poor condition. Histopathologically, severe fibrinopurulent jejunoileitis with extensive atrophy and fusion of intestinal villi, loss of goblet cells and crypt abscesses associated to C. suis infection were present. In the liver, herpesvirus intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed and PCMV was confirmed by PCR/sequencing. No further infectious causes of diarrhoea (i.e. Rotavirus A; TGEV; PEDV; PCV-2; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli or Lawsonia intracellularis) were detected in the euthanized fattener. Coproscopically, C. suis oocysts were identified in the faeces from further fatteners with diarrhoea. While C. suis usually produces disease only in suckling piglets, its association with severe intestinal lesions and diarrhoea in ~ 17-week-old fatteners was surprising. It is supposed that the underlying PCMV infection might have contributed to the presentation of clinical cystoisosporosis in fattening pigs. The interaction mechanisms between these two pathogens are unknown. A Porcine Cytomegalovirus (PCMV) outbreak was diagnosed in a Swiss pig herd Cystoisospora suis caused diarrhoea in 17 week-old fattening pigs co-infected with PCMV PCMV infection may produce immunosuppression in pigs PCMV may have contributed to presentation of clinical cystoisosporosis in fattening pigs
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Basso
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-3057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Titus Sydler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anina Stahel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bürgi
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:137-145. [PMID: 28888628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. The aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. The survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen cattle. In total, 4% (n=73) of the animals had significant lesions, the most frequent types of which were indicative of viral (n=27) and bacterial (n=31) etiologies. Follow-up diagnostics by immunohistochemistry, PCR protocols and next-generation sequencing identified infection with Listeria monocytogenes (n=6), ovine herpesvirus 2 (n=7), bovine astrovirus CH13 (n=2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (n=6), bovine retrovirus CH15 (n=2), posavirus 1 (n=2), and porcine astroviruses (n=2). A retrospective questionnaire-based investigation indicated that animals' owners observed clinical signs of neurological disease in about one-third of cases with lesions, which was estimated to correspond to approximately 85 cases per year in the adult fallen cattle population in Switzerland. This estimate stands in sharp contrast to the number of cases reported to the authorities and reveals a gap in disease surveillance. Systematic neuropathological examination and follow-up molecular testing of neurologically diseased cattle could significantly enhance the efficiency of disease detection for the purposes of estimating the prevalence of endemic diseases, identifying new or re-emerging pathogens, and providing "early warnings" of disease outbreaks.
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Smiley Evans T, Lowenstine LJ, Gilardi KV, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Mountain gorilla lymphocryptovirus has Epstein-Barr virus-like epidemiology and pathology in infants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5352. [PMID: 28706209 PMCID: PMC5509654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects greater than 90% of humans, is recognized as a significant comorbidity with HIV/AIDS, and is an etiologic agent for some human cancers. The critically endangered mountain gorilla population was suspected of infection with an EBV-like virus based on serology and infant histopathology similar to pulmonary reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (PRLH), a condition associated with EBV in HIV-infected children. To further examine the presence of EBV or an EBV-like virus in mountain gorillas, we conducted the first population-wide survey of oral samples for an EBV-like virus in a nonhuman great ape. We discovered that mountain gorillas are widely infected (n = 143/332) with a specific strain of lymphocryptovirus 1 (GbbLCV-1). Fifty-two percent of infant mountain gorillas were orally shedding GbbLCV-1, suggesting primary infection during this stage of life, similar to what is seen in humans in less developed countries. We then identified GbbLCV-1 in post-mortem infant lung tissues demonstrating histopathological lesions consistent with PRLH, suggesting primary infection with GbbLCV-1 is associated with PRLH in infants. Together, our findings demonstrate that mountain gorilla's infection with GbbLCV-1 could provide valuable information for human disease in a natural great ape setting and have potential conservation implications in this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten V Gilardi
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benard J Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean Felix Kinani
- One Health Approach for Conservation, Gorilla Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Fred Nizeyimana
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean Bosco Noheri
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Michael R Cranfield
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Pfaff F, Schulze C, König P, Franzke K, Bock S, Hlinak A, Kämmerling J, Ochs A, Schüle A, Mettenleiter TC, Höper D, Beer M. A novel alphaherpesvirus associated with fatal diseases in banded Penguins. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:89-95. [PMID: 28036249 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian alphaherpesvirus, preliminarily designated sphenicid alphaherpesvirus 1 (SpAHV-1), has been independently isolated from juvenile Humboldt and African penguins (Spheniscus humboldti and Spheniscus demersus) kept in German zoos suffering from diphtheroid oropharyngitis/laryngotracheitis and necrotizing enteritis (collectively designated as penguin-diphtheria-like disease). High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the complete genome sequences of the first two SpAHV-1 isolates. SpAHV-1 comprises a class D genome with a length of about 164 kbp, a G+C content of 45.6 mol% and encodes 86 predicted ORFs. Taxonomic association of SpAHV-1 to the genus Mardivirus was supported by gene content clustering and phylogenetic analysis of herpesvirus core genes. The presented results imply that SpAHV-1 could be the primary causative agent of penguin-diphtheria-like fatal diseases in banded penguins. These results may serve as a basis for the development of diagnostic tools in order to investigate similar cases of penguin diphtheria in wild and captive penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Patricia König
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sabine Bock
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Andreas Hlinak
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Saunders R, Killick R, Barrows M, Stidworthy M. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Three Related Kowari (Dasyuroides byrnei). J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:286-290. [PMID: 28196645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report three kowari (Dasyuroides byrnei) with squamous cell carcinoma affecting the gingiva. These cases occurred in rapid succession in a related group of individuals of similar age, suggesting a familial tendency to this condition and a typical age of presentation. Other conditions affecting the oral cavity can mimic the appearance of oral squamous cell carcinoma in this species, and so knowledge of this condition can assist the veterinarian in making rapid decisions regarding prognosis and improving the welfare of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Saunders
- Veterinary Department, Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Rowena Killick
- Veterinary Department, Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Barrows
- Veterinary Department, Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stidworthy
- Pathology Department, International Zoo Vet Group, Station House, Keighley, United Kingdom
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