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Songtanin B, Chen JN, Nugent K. Microscopic Colitis: Pathogenesis and Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4442. [PMID: 37445477 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is classified as either collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis. The typical presentation is chronic watery diarrhea. The disease occurs more frequently in women aged 60-65 years and is increasing in incidence. The pathophysiology of microscopic colitis remains poorly understood and has not been well-described with possible several pathogeneses. To date, the diagnosis of microscopic colitis depends on histological tissue obtained during colonoscopy. Other non-invasive biomarkers, such as inflammatory markers and fecal biomarkers, have been studied in microscopic colitis, but the results remains inconclusive. The approach to chronic diarrhea is important and being able to differentiate chronic diarrhea in patients with microscopic colitis from other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, functional diarrhea, and malignancy, by using non-invasive biomarkers would facilitate patient management. The management of microscopic colitis should be based on each individual's underlying pathogenesis and involves budesonide, bile acid sequestrants, or immunosuppressive drugs in refractory cases. Cigarette smoking and certain medications, especially proton pump inhibitors, should be eliminated, when possible, after the diagnosis is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busara Songtanin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jason N Chen
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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2
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Onkanga IO, Sang H, Hamilton R, Ondigo BN, Jaoko W, Odiere MR, Ganley-Leal L. CD193
(
CCR3
) expression by B cells correlates with reduced
IgE
production in paediatric schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12979. [PMID: 36971331 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that CD193, the eotaxin receptor, is highly expressed on circulating B cells in paediatric schistosomiasis mansoni. CD193 plays a role in directing granulocytes into sites of allergic-like inflammation in the mucosa, but little is known about its functional significance on human B cells. We sought to characterize CD193 expression and its relationship with S. mansoni infection. We found that CD193+ B cells increased with the intensity of schistosome infection. In addition, a significant negative association was observed between CD193 expression by B cells and IgE production. Decreased IgE levels are generally associated with susceptibility to re-infection. B cell stimulation with eotaxin-1 increased CD193 levels whereas IL-4 led to a reduction. This was supported by plasma levels of eotaxin-1 correlating with CD193 levels on B cells and other cells. In contrast, CD193 expression was induced on naive B cells with a combination of IL-10 and schistosome antigens. Whereas T cells had a modest increase in CD193 expression, only B cell CD193 appeared functionally chemotactic to eotaxin-1. Thus, CD193+ B cells, which co-express CXCR5, may be enroute to sites with allergic-like inflammation, such as gastrointestinal follicles, or even to Th2 granulomas, which develop around parasite eggs. Overall, our results suggest that schistosome infection may promote CD193 expression and suppress IgE via IL-10 and other undefined mechanisms related to B cell trafficking. This study adds to our understanding of why young children may have poor immunity. Nonetheless, praziquantel treatment was shown to reduce percentages of circulating CD193+ B cells lending hope for future vaccine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Onkanga
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, and Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - H Sang
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - R Hamilton
- Elegance Biotechnologies, LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B N Ondigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - W Jaoko
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, and Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M R Odiere
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - L Ganley-Leal
- Elegance Biotechnologies, LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Suriano F, Nyström EEL, Sergi D, Gustafsson JK. Diet, microbiota, and the mucus layer: The guardians of our health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953196. [PMID: 36177011 PMCID: PMC9513540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is an ecosystem in which the resident microbiota lives in symbiosis with its host. This symbiotic relationship is key to maintaining overall health, with dietary habits of the host representing one of the main external factors shaping the microbiome-host relationship. Diets high in fiber and low in fat and sugars, as opposed to Western and high-fat diets, have been shown to have a beneficial effect on intestinal health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, improve mucus barrier function and immune tolerance, while inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses and their downstream effects. On the contrary, diets low in fiber and high in fat and sugars have been associated with alterations in microbiota composition/functionality and the subsequent development of chronic diseases such as food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disease. In this review, we provided an updated overview of the current understanding of the connection between diet, microbiota, and health, with a special focus on the role of Western and high-fat diets in shaping intestinal homeostasis by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Suriano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Francesco Suriano, ; Jenny K. Gustafsson,
| | - Elisabeth E. L. Nyström
- Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jenny K. Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Francesco Suriano, ; Jenny K. Gustafsson,
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4
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Mucosal Eosinophil Abundance in Non-Inflamed Colonic Tissue Is Associated with Response to Vedolizumab Induction Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144141. [PMID: 35887905 PMCID: PMC9318498 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vedolizumab is used as a treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but induction therapy leads to clinical response and remission in approximately 55% and 30% of patients with IBD, respectively. In this study, we aimed to explore the predictive value of mucosal eosinophils and serum eotaxin-1 regarding response to vedolizumab induction therapy. Eighty-four (84) patients with IBD (37 Crohn’s disease [CD], 47 ulcerative colitis [UC]) were included. For 24 patients with IBD, histopathology was assessed for eosinophil counts in non-inflamed colonic tissue prior to vedolizumab treatment. For 64 patients with IBD, serum eotaxin-1 levels were quantified prior to (baseline) and during vedolizumab treatment. Serum samples of 100 patients with IBD (34 CD, 66 UC) from the GEMINI 1 and 2 trials were used for external validation. Baseline mucosal eosinophil numbers in non-inflamed colonic tissue were significantly higher in responders to vedolizumab induction therapy when compared to primary non-responders (69 [34−138] vs. 24 [18−28] eosinophils/high-power field, respectively, p < 0.01). Baseline serum eotaxin-1 levels in the discovery cohort were significantly elevated in responders, compared to primary non-responders (0.33 [0.23−0.44] vs. 0.20 [0.16−0.29] ng/mL, p < 0.01). Prediction models based on mucosal eosinophil counts and serum eotaxin-1 showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 and 0.79, respectively. However, the predictive capacity of baseline serum eotaxin-1 levels could not be validated in the GEMINI cohort. Mucosal eosinophil abundance in non-inflamed colonic tissue was associated with response to vedolizumab induction therapy in patients with IBD. Future studies are warranted to further validate the potential value of mucosal eosinophils and serum eotaxin-1 as biomarkers for response to vedolizumab therapy.
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Mishra A, Majid D, Kandikattu HK, Yadavalli CS, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S. Role of IL-18-transformed CD274-expressing eosinophils in promoting airway obstruction in experimental asthma. Allergy 2022; 77:1165-1179. [PMID: 34800294 DOI: 10.1111/all.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-5-dependent residential and IL-18-transformed pathogenic eosinophils have been reported; however, the role of IL-18-transformed CD274-expressing pathogenic eosinophils compared to IL-5-generated eosinophils in promoting airway obstruction in asthma has not yet been examined. METHODS Eosinophils are detected by tissue anti-MBP and anti-EPX immunostaining, CD274 expression by flow cytometry, and airway resistance using the Buxco FinePointe RC system. RESULTS We show that A. fumigatus-challenged wild-type mice, and different gene-deficient mice including naïve CC10-IL-18-transgenic mice, accumulate mostly peribronchial and perivascular CD274-expressing eosinophils except naïve CD2-IL-5-transgenic mice. Additionally, we show that CD2-IL-5 transgenic mice following rIL-18 treatment accumulate high number of CD274-expressing perivascular and peribronchial eosinophils with induced collagen, goblet cell hyperplasia and airway resistance compared to saline-challenged CD2-IL5 transgenic mice. Furthermore, we also show that even A. fumigatus-challenged IL-5 -/- mice and rIL-18 given ΔdblGATA mice accumulate CD274-expressing eosinophil-associated asthma pathogenesis including airway obstruction. Most importantly, we provide evidence that neutralization of CD274 and IL-18 in A. fumigatus-challenged mice ameliorate experimental asthma. Taken together, the data presented are clinically significant in establishing that anti-IL-18 neutralization is a novel immunotherapy to restrict asthma pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that IL-18 is critical for inducing asthma pathogenesis, and neutralization of CD274 is a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mishra
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC) Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisina USA
| | - Dewan Majid
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC) Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisina USA
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC) Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisina USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Yadavalli
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC) Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisina USA
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Center (TEDC) Section of Pulmonary Diseases Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisina USA
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6
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Struffert M, Maier C, Neid M, Schäfer HL, Tannapfel A, Schmidt-Choudhury A. Duodenal mast cells and eosinophils in children with celiac disease: occurrence and distribution pattern. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:22-30. [PMID: 34618623 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1985601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize duodenal mast cell (MC) and eosinophil (EO) numbers, their distribution within the lamina propria and possible impact on disease severity of paediatric celiac patients compared to children without celiac disease (CD). METHODS We analysed duodenal samples of 215 children (109 CD, 106 controls) who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy from 2010 to 2018. After immunohistochemical staining, average MC and EO counts were histologically examined in ten high-power-fields. Additionally, cell-distribution within the lamina propria was analysed. Possible influence of relevant clinical parameters was evaluated. STATISTICS Student's-t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square-test, ANOVA, significance-level <.05. Trial registration-number: DRKS00024669. RESULTS MC-density was higher in CD-patients compared to the control-group (23.7 (±12.1)/HPF versus 19.7 (±9.1)/HPF; p = .008), varying in number interindividually. Eosinophils were also increased in the duodenum of celiac patients (23.3 (±9.3)/HPF versus 12.2 (±6.3)/HPF; p= <.001). MCs were distributed more often homogenously in all parts of CD lamina propria (44 biopsies (40.4%), residing more distant from the intestinal lumen in controls (0 biopsies with homogenous distribution-pattern (0%); p= <.001). Regarding EOs no polarity was observable. Atopic diseases did not occur significantly more often in patients with elevated EO-counts. CONCLUSION MC- and EO-numbers were increased in the duodenum of CD-patients and MCs showed a different distribution-pattern in the lamina propria of celiac patients. These findings support the concept that both cell-types contribute to disease-pathogenesis. However, functional studies highlighting both cell-types' and their mediators' role regarding mucosal alterations during the course of the inflammatory process in celiac patients are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND URL DRKS00024669; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Struffert
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Neid
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannah-Lena Schäfer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anjona Schmidt-Choudhury
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Broberg L, González-Cano P, Arsic N, Popowych Y, Griebel PJ. Isolation and characterization of eosinophils in bovine blood and small intestine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 242:110352. [PMID: 34773748 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective method to isolate functional eosinophils from blood and tissues is required to analyze the multiple roles eosinophils play in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Highspeed cell sorting was used to isolate bovine eosinophils from blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and from small intestine intraepithelial leukocytes. Eosinophils and neutrophils were purified from bovine blood with highspeed cell sorting after gating on autofluorescence (FL1) high and low PMN subpopulations. Highspeed sorting of intestinal eosinophils was accomplished by using a combination of positive (CD45+, CD11cLow, side scatterHigh) and negative (CD3-) selection parameters. Eosinophils sorted from blood PMNs were 88.6 ± 5.8 % (mean + 1 SD; n = 4) pure and yielded significantly (p < 0.05) more RNA than purified neutrophils. Analysis of Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression and TLR ligand-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) gene expression demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) functional differences between blood eosinophils and neutrophils. Eosinophils varied between 14.7 % to 29.3 % of CD45+ IELs and purity of sorted intestinal eosinophils was 95 + 3.5 % (mean + 1SD; n = 5). A comparison of mucosal and blood eosinophils revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences in TLR gene expression, supporting the hypothesis that functionally distinct eosinophil populations are present in blood and tissues. In conclusion, highspeed cell sorting provides an effective method to isolate viable eosinophils from blood and tissues that can then be used for transcriptome analyses and in vitro function assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Broberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Patricia González-Cano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Yurij Popowych
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Philip J Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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8
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Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Wauters L, Breynaert C, Vermeire S, Verstockt B, Vanuytsel T. Role of Eosinophils in Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overlooked Villain? Front Immunol 2021; 12:754413. [PMID: 34737752 PMCID: PMC8560962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are leukocytes which reside in the gastrointestinal tract under homeostatic conditions, except for the esophagus which is normally devoid of eosinophils. Research on eosinophils has primarily focused on anti-helminth responses and type 2 immune disorders. In contrast, the search for a role of eosinophils in chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis has been limited. With a shift in research focus from adaptive to innate immunity and the fact that the eosinophilic granules are filled with inflammatory mediators, eosinophils are becoming a point of interest in inflammatory bowel diseases. In the current review we summarize eosinophil characteristics and recruitment as well as the current knowledge on presence, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic functions of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic inflammatory conditions, and we identify research gaps which should be covered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fabian E, Gröchenig HP, Bauer PK, Eherer AJ, Gugatschka M, Binder L, Langner C, Fickert P, Krejs GJ. Clinical-Pathological Conference Series from the Medical University of Graz : Case No 171: A 37-year-old engineer with bolus hold-up (esophageal food impaction). Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 132:551-559. [PMID: 32601726 PMCID: PMC7518999 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fabian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Gröchenig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Brothers of St. John of God, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria
| | - Philipp K Bauer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas J Eherer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Binder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Cord Langner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Guenter J Krejs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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Disrupting Bordetella Immunosuppression Reveals a Role for Eosinophils in Coordinating the Adaptive Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111808. [PMID: 33212993 PMCID: PMC7698589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings revealed pivotal roles for eosinophils in protection against parasitic and viral infections, as well as modulation of adaptive immune responses in the gastric mucosa. However, the known effects of eosinophils within the respiratory tract remain predominantly pathological, associated with allergy and asthma. Simulating natural respiratory infections in mice, we examined how efficient and well-adapted pathogens can block eosinophil functions that contribute to the immune response. Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural pathogen of the mouse, uses the sigma factor btrS to regulate expression of mechanisms that interfere with eosinophil recruitment and function. When btrS is disrupted, immunomodulators are dysregulated, and eosinophils are recruited to the lungs, suggesting they may contribute to much more efficient generation of adaptive immunity induced by this mutant. Eosinophil-deficient mice failed to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit lymphocytes, to organize lymphoid aggregates that resemble Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT), to generate an effective antibody response, and to clear bacterial infection from the respiratory tract. Importantly, the failure of eosinophil-deficient mice to produce these lymphoid aggregates indicates that eosinophils can mediate the generation of an effective lymphoid response in the lungs. These data demonstrate that efficient respiratory pathogens can block eosinophil recruitment, to inhibit the generation of robust adaptive immune responses. They also suggest that some post-infection sequelae involving eosinophils, such as allergy and asthma, might be a consequence of bacterial mechanisms that manipulate their accumulation and/or function within the respiratory tract.
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11
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Halfvarson J, Ling Lundström M, Lampinen M, Schoultz I, Bodin L, Carlson M. Genetic and shared environmental risk factors do not lead to eosinophil activation in healthy twins of IBD patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:1163-1170. [PMID: 32815414 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1804994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of eosinophils in the pre-diagnostic phase of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we studied the influence of genetic and shared environmental risk factors in a twin cohort of IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analysed eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in faecal samples from twin pairs with Crohn's disease (n = 37) or ulcerative colitis (n = 21) and from external healthy controls (n = 44). Eosinophils stained with eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) were quantified in rectal biopsies. Ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS Twins with Crohn' disease displayed higher levels of EDN (Ratio = 2.98, 1.65-5.37) and ECP (Ratio 1.83, 1.24-2.70) than their healthy siblings. Levels did not differ between healthy twin-siblings and external controls (EDN, Ratio = 1.52, 0.79-2.94 and ECP, Ratio = 0.93, 0.56-1.54). Higher levels of EDN (Ratio = 2.43, 1.13-5.24) and ECP (Ratio = 1.53, 0.92-2.53) were observed among twins with ulcerative colitis vs their healthy siblings. Levels did not differ between healthy twin-siblings and external controls (EDN, Ratio = 1.08, 0.51-2.25 and ECP, Ratio = 1.29, 0.74-2.26). Using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), we found no agreement in levels of EDN or ECP in discordant pairs, except for ECP in monozygotic Crohn's disease pairs (ICC = 0.63). In contrast, agreement was observed in monozygotic pairs concordant for Crohn's disease (EDN, ICC = 0.67 and ECP, ICC = 0.66). The number of eosinophils in rectum was increased in twins with ulcerative colitis vs their healthy sibling (Ratio = 2.22, 1.50-3.27). CONCLUSIONS Activation of eosinophils in IBD seems to be a consequence of inflammation rather than an effect of genetic and shared environmental risk factors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Ling Lundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Schoultz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bodin
- Department of Statistics, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Interleukin-4 suppresses the proliferation and alters the gene expression in enteroids. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:479-488. [PMID: 32328837 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 is known as a cytokine mainly involved in allergy and inflammation, but recent studies have suggested that IL-4 plays a part in the differentiation process of various cells. Since the effect of IL-4 on intestinal epithelial cells, particularly cryptic cells including stem cells, is poorly understood, we investigated IL-4-induced changes in intestinal epithelial cells using mouse jejunal organoids called enteroids. IL-4 treatment decreased cell proliferation, the expression of the stem cell markers leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4), and Lgr5-positive cells in enteroids. Among the differentiation markers, IL-4 significantly decreased the gene expression levels of the Paneth cell markers lysozyme 1 (Lyz1) and regenerating islet-derived protein 3 gamma (Reg3γ). A fluorescent immunostaining showed that IL-4 attenuated the emission and fluorescence intensity derived from lysozyme, which is enriched in Paneth cells. These results suggest that functional changes in Paneth cells caused by IL-4 may contribute to the reduction in Lgr5-positive cells and proliferative activity. IL-4 may affects gut function by altering the proliferation and the gene expression in enteroids.
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13
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Casado-Bedmar M, Keita ÅV. Potential neuro-immune therapeutic targets in irritable bowel syndrome. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820910630. [PMID: 32313554 PMCID: PMC7153177 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820910630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by recurring abdominal pain and disturbed bowel habits. The aetiology of IBS is unknown but there is evidence that genetic, environmental and immunological factors together contribute to the development of the disease. Current treatment of IBS includes lifestyle and dietary interventions, laxatives or antimotility drugs, probiotics, antispasmodics and antidepressant medication. The gut-brain axis comprises the central nervous system, the hypothalamic pituitary axis, the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Within the intestinal mucosa there are close connections between immune cells and nerve fibres of the enteric nervous system, and signalling between, for example, mast cells and nerves has shown to be of great importance during GI disorders such as IBS. Communication between the gut and the brain is most importantly routed via the vagus nerve, where signals are transmitted by neuropeptides. It is evident that IBS is a disease of a gut-brain axis dysregulation, involving altered signalling between immune cells and neurotransmitters. In this review, we analyse the most novel and distinct neuro-immune interactions within the IBS mucosa in association with already existing and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Casado-Bedmar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Campus US, Linköping, 581 85, Sweden
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14
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Estrada-Reyes ZM, Rae O, Postley C, Jiménez Medrano MB, Leal Gutiérrez JD, Mateescu RG. Association study reveals Th17, Treg, and Th2 loci related to resistance to Haemonchus contortus in Florida Native sheep1. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4428-4444. [PMID: 31541548 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify for the first time single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Haemonchus contortus resistance in Florida Native sheep, using a targeted sequencing approach. One hundred and fifty-three lambs were evaluated in this study. At the start of the trial, phenotypic records for fecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA score, body condition score (BCS), and weight were recorded and deworming of sheep with levamisole (18 mg/kg of body weight) was performed. Ten days post-deworming (baseline) and 28 d post-baseline, a full hematogram of each sheep was obtained and FEC, FAMACHA score, BCS, and weight were assessed. Average daily gain was calculated at the end of the trial. Out of 153 animals, 100 sheep were selected for genotyping using a targeted sequencing approach. Targeted sequencing panel included 100 candidate genes for immune response against H. contortus. SNPs were discarded if call rate <95% and minor allele frequency ≤0.05. A mixed model was used to analyze the response variables and included the identity by state matrix to control for population structure. A contemporary group (age, group, and sex) was included as fixed effect. Bonferroni correction was used to control for multiple testing. Eighteen SNPs on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 24, and 26 were significant for different traits. Our results suggest that loci related to Th17, Treg, and Th2 responses play an important role in the expression of resistant phenotypes. Several genes including ITGA4, MUC15, TLR3, PCDH7, CFI, CXCL10, TNF, CCL26, STAT3, GPX2, IL2RB, and STAT6 were identified as potential markers for resistance to natural H. contortus exposure. This is the first study that evaluates potential genetic markers for H. contortus resistance in Florida Native sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen Rae
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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15
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Yoon J, Um HN, Jang J, Bae YA, Park WJ, Kim HJ, Yoon MS, Chung IY, Jung Y. Eosinophil Activation by Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligands Regulates Macrophage Polarization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:329. [PMID: 31921842 PMCID: PMC6933835 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated granulocytes that have long been considered as destructive cells associated with Th2 type immune responses such as allergic inflammation and helminth infections. Recently, eosinophils have been actively studied as multifunctional leukocytes regulating an array of physiological responses through interaction with other immune cells. In this study, we examined the expression and function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in eosinophilic EoL-1 cells and demonstrated the expression of a number of immune mediators in activated EoL-1 cells and their interaction with the macrophage cell line THP-1 upon TLR4 ligand stimulation. EoL-1 cells differentiated with butyrate increased expression of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 at mRNA and protein level with flow cytometry analysis. Mature eosinophils derived from human cord blood CD34+ cells were subjected to RNA-sequencing, and showed the expression of a panel of TLR transcripts and TLR4 was the most highly expressed TLR. Among the cognate ligands of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or palmitic acid significantly increased mRNA expression of immune mediators in differentiated EoL-1 cells. Notably, Western blot analysis of palmitic acid-treated differentiated EoL-1 cells showed significantly up-regulated expression of Th2 type cytokines and transcription factors driving eosinophil differentiation. To evaluate functional significance of TLR4 ligand-stimulated eosinophils, we added conditioned media (CM) from EoL-1 cells to differentiated THP-1 cells and assessed the expression of M1 macrophage or M2 macrophage-related markers. M1 and M2 macrophage markers were significantly upregulated by CM from LPS and palmitic acid stimulated EoL-1 cells, respectively. In addition, the adipose tissue of obese mice, where eosinophils are decreased due to obesity-induced inflammation, showed significantly decreased frequency of M2 macrophages, despite an increase in the total macrophage numbers. Based on these collective data, we proposed that eosinophils regulate both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages through functional changes induced by different TLR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Han-Na Um
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jinsun Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Joo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Il Yup Chung
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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16
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Mousavinasab F, Babaie D, Nilipour Y, Mansouri M, Imanzadeh F, Dara N, Rohani P, Khatami K, Sayyari A, Khoddami M, Kazemiaghdam M, Mesdaghi M. Increased number of regulatory T cells in esophageal tissue of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis in comparison to gastro esophageal reflux disease and control groups. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:431-436. [PMID: 31178311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a primarily polygenic allergic disorder. Although most patients have IgE sensitization, it seems that non-IgE mediated responses mainly contribute to the pathogenesis of EoE. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may have an important role in allergies. There are limited data on the association of Tregs and EoE. In this study, we enumerated and compared T lymphocytes and Tregs in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and normal controls. METHODS Ten patients with EoE, ten patients with GERD and eight normal controls were included. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to enumerate T lymphocytes and Tregs. CD3+ cells were considered as T cells and FOXP3+, CD3+ cells were considered as Tregs. T cells and Tregs were counted in 10 high power fields (HPF) (×400) for each patient and the average of 10 HPFs was recorded. RESULTS The mean±SEM of Tregs in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE (10.90±2.14cells/HPF) was significantly higher than the GERD (2.77±0.66cells/HPF) and control groups (0.37±0.08cells/HPF) (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean±SEM of T lymphocytes in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE (24.39±3.86cells/HPF) were increased in comparison to the GERD (10.07±2.65cells/HPF) and control groups (3.17±0.93cells/HPF) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION There is an increase in the number of esophageal T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells in patients with EoE compared to the GERD and control groups.
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17
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Sunkara T, Rawla P, Yarlagadda KS, Gaduputi V. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: diagnosis and clinical perspectives. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2019; 12:239-253. [PMID: 31239747 PMCID: PMC6556468 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s173130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a digestive disorder in children and adults that is characterized by eosinophilic infiltration in the stomach and intestine. The underlying molecular mechanisms predisposing to this disease are unknown, but it seems that hypersensitivity response plays a major role in its pathogenesis, as many patients have a history of seasonal allergies, food sensitivities, asthma, and eczema. Symptoms and clinical presentations vary, depending on the site and layer of the gastrointestinal wall infiltrated by eosinophils. Laboratory results, radiological findings, and endoscopy can provide important diagnostic evidence for EGE; however, the cornerstone of the diagnosis remains the histological examination of gastric and duodenal specimens for evidence of eosinophilic infiltration (>20 eosinophils per high-power field), and finally clinicians make the diagnosis in correlation with and by exclusion of other disorders associated with eosinophilic infiltration. Although spontaneous remission is reported in around 30%–40% of EGE cases, most patients require ongoing treatment. The management options for this disorder include both dietary and pharmacological approaches, with corticosteroids being the mainstay of therapy and highly effective. The subsequent course is quite variable. Some patients have no recurrences, while a few experience recurrent symptoms during or immediately after corticosteroid interruption. An alternative therapeutic armamentarium includes mast-cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists, antihistamines, immunomodulators, and biological agents. In this review, we provide a summary of the different diagnostic tools utilized in practice, as well as the different therapeutic approaches available for EGE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagore Sunkara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA 50314, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, NY, 10457, USA
| | - Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA, 24112, USA
| | - Krishna Sowjanya Yarlagadda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA 50314, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, NY, 10457, USA
| | - Vinaya Gaduputi
- Division of Gastroenterology, St. Barnabas Hospital Health System, New York, NY, 10457, USA
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18
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Kim JY, Cha MJ, Park YS, Kang J, Choi JJ, In SM, Kim DK. Upregulation of FZD5 in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps by Epigenetic Modification. Mol Cells 2019; 42:345-355. [PMID: 31082802 PMCID: PMC6530644 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is one of the most challenging problems in clinical rhinology. FZD5 is a receptor for Wnt5A, and its complex with Wnt5A contributes to activating inflammation and tissue modification. Nasal polyps and eosinophil/non-eosinophil counts are reported to be directly correlated. This study investigated the expression and distribution of FZD5, and the role of eosinophil infiltration and FZD5 in eosinophilic CRSwNP pathogenesis. The prognostic role of eosinophil levels was evaluated in seven patients with CRSwNP. Fifteen patients with CRS were classified based on the percentage of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue. Methylated genes were detected using methyl-CpG-binding domain sequencing, and qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect FZD5 expression in nasal polyp tissue samples. The results showed that mRNA expression of FZD5 was upregulated in nasal polyps. FZD5 expression was significantly higher in nasal polyp samples from patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP than in those from patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine levels were higher in eosinophilic CRSwNP-derived epithelial cells than in normal tissues. In conclusion, FZD5 expression in nasal mucosal epithelial cells is correlated with inflammatory cells and might play a role in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yeup Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Min-Ji Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Young-Seon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Jaeku Kang
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Jong-Joong Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Seung Min In
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365,
Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253,
Korea
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253,
Korea
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19
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Celi P, Verlhac V, Pérez Calvo E, Schmeisser J, Kluenter AM. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Verma AK, Kandikattu HK, Manohar M, Shukla A, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Zhu X, Mishra A. Intestinal overexpression of IL-18 promotes eosinophils-mediated allergic disorders. Immunology 2019; 157:110-121. [PMID: 30779114 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Baseline eosinophils reside in the gastrointestinal tract; however, in several allergic disorders, excessive eosinophils accumulate in the blood as well in the tissues. Recently, we showed in vitro that interleukin (IL)-18 matures and transforms IL-5-generated eosinophils into the pathogenic eosinophils that are detected in human allergic diseases. To examine the role of local induction of IL-18 in promoting eosinophil-associated intestinal disorders, we generated enterocyte IL-18-overexpressing mice using the rat intestinal fatty acid-binding promoter (Fabpi) and analysed tissue IL-18 overexpression and eosinophilia by performing real-time polymerase chain reaction, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and anti-major basic protein immunostaining. Herein we show that Fabpi-IL-18 mice display highly induced IL-18 mRNA and protein in the jejunum. IL-18 overexpression in enterocytes promotes marked increases of eosinophils in the blood and jejunum. Our analysis shows IL-18 overexpression in the jejunum induces a specific population of CD101+ CD274+ tissue eosinophils. Additionally, we observed comparable tissue eosinophilia in IL-13-deficient-Fabpi-IL-18 mice, and reduced numbers of tissue eosinophils in eotaxin-deficient-Fabpi-IL-18 and IL-5-deficient-Fabpi-IL-18 mice compared with Fabpi-IL-18 transgenic mice. Notably, jejunum eosinophilia in IL-5-deficient-Fabpi-IL-18 mice is significantly induced compared with wild-type mice, which indicates the direct role of induced IL-18 in the tissue accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells. Furthermore, we also found that overexpression of IL-18 in the intestine promotes eosinophil-associated peanut-induced allergic responses in mice. Taken together, we provide direct in vivo evidence that induced expression of IL-18 in the enterocytes promotes eotaxin-1, IL-5 and IL-13 independent intestinal eosinophilia, which signifies the clinical relevance of induced IL-18 in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) to food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Verma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anshi Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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21
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Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Focusing on Intestinal Barrier Function. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020193. [PMID: 30813280 PMCID: PMC6407030 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut relies on several cellular and molecular mechanisms to allow for an intact and dynamical intestinal barrier. Normally, only small amounts of luminal content pass the mucosa, however, if the control is broken it can lead to enhanced passage, which might damage the mucosa, leading to pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is well established that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors all contribute in the pathogenesis of IBD, and a disturbed intestinal barrier function has become a hallmark of the disease. Genetical studies support the involvement of intestinal barrier as several susceptibility genes for IBD encode proteins with key functions in gut barrier and homeostasis. IBD patients are associated with loss in bacterial diversity and shifts in the microbiota, with a possible link to local inflammation. Furthermore, alterations of immune cells and several neuro-immune signaling pathways in the lamina propria have been demonstrated. An inappropriate immune activation might lead to mucosal inflammation, with elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can affect the epithelium and promote a leakier barrier. This review will focus on the main cells and molecular mechanisms in IBD and how these can be targeted in order to improve intestinal barrier function and reduce inflammation.
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22
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Bazewicz CG, Dinavahi SS, Schell TD, Robertson GP. Aldehyde dehydrogenase in regulatory T-cell development, immunity and cancer. Immunology 2018; 156:47-55. [PMID: 30387499 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies is well known. Mounting evidence also suggests a potentially important role for ALDH in the induction and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells are important cells of the immune system involved in promoting immune tolerance and preventing aberrant immune responses to beneficial or non-harmful antigens. However, Treg cells also impair tumor immunity, leading to the progression of various carcinomas. ALDH expression and the subsequent production of retinoic acid by numerous cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells, seems important in Treg induction and function in multiple organ systems. This is particularly evident in the gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary tract and skin, which are exposed to a myriad of environmental antigens and represent interfaces between the human body and the outside world. Expression of ALDH in Treg cells themselves may also be involved in the proliferation of these cells and resistance to certain cytotoxic therapies. Hence, inhibition of ALDH expression may be useful to treat cancer. Besides the direct effect of ALDH inhibition on carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapies, inhibition of ALDH could potentially augment the immune response to tumor antigens by inhibiting Treg induction, function and ability to promote immune tolerance to tumor cells in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bazewicz
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- The Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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23
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Bastan I, Rendahl AK, Seelig D, Day MJ, Hall EJ, Rao SP, Washabau RJ, Sriramarao P. Assessment of eosinophils in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1911-1917. [PMID: 30294803 PMCID: PMC6271348 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate identification of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs with eosinophilic GI disease (EGID) by histological evaluation is challenging. The currently used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method detects intact eosinophils but does not detect degranulated eosinophils, thus potentially underrepresenting the number of infiltrating eosinophils. OBJECTIVE To develop a more sensitive method for identifying and quantifying both intact and degranulated eosinophils to diagnose EGID more accurately. METHODS Endoscopically obtained paraffin-embedded intestinal biopsy specimens from dogs with GI signs were examined. The study groups were dogs with eosinophilic enteritis (EE), lymphoplasmacytic and mixed enteritis, and control dogs with GI signs but no histologic changes on tissue sections. Consecutive sections were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the eosinophil granule protein eosinophil peroxidase (Epx) and stained by H&E, respectively. The number of eosinophils was manually quantified and classified as intact or degranulated. RESULTS The number of intact eosinophils detected in Epx mAb-labeled duodenal sections was significantly higher compared with that in H&E-stained sections, with a similar relationship noted in the colon and stomach. The Epx mAb allowed the unique assessment of eosinophil degranulation. The number of intact and degranulated eosinophils was significantly higher in duodenal lamina propria of the EE and mixed group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical detection of Epx provides a more precise method to detect GI tract eosinophils compared to H&E staining and could be used as an alternative and reliable diagnostic tool for assessment of biopsy tissues from dogs with EGID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Bastan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Davis Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Michael J. Day
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Hall
- Bristol Veterinary SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Savita P. Rao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Robert J. Washabau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - P. Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
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24
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Abstract
In this issue of JEM, Arnold et al. demonstrate that eosinophils suppress mucosal inflammation by directly interacting with pro-inflammatory Th1 cells. This emphasizes the dual role of eosinophils, which can act both as effector cells that control an infection and as immunomodulatory cells that promote immune homeostasis. In this issue of JEM, Arnold et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20172049) demonstrate that eosinophils suppress mucosal inflammation by directly interacting with pro-inflammatory Th1 cells. This emphasizes the dual role of eosinophils, which can act both as effector cells that control an infection and as immunomodulatory cells that promote immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Ein Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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Eosinophil Counts in the Small Intestine and Colon of Children Without Apparent Gastrointestinal Disease: A Meta-analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 67:6-12. [PMID: 29394213 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to review the available data regarding eosinophil density in healthy tissue specimen originating from lower gastrointestinal segments to support suggested diagnostic cutoffs widely used in clinical practice. A systematic search was performed in 3 different databases. Calculations were made with Comprehensive MetaAnalysis software using random-effects model. Cell number measurements were pooled using the random-effects model and displayed on forest plots. Summary point estimations, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated. The cumulative mean cell numbers were 8.26 (95% CI 4.71-11.80) with PI of 0-25.32 for the duodenum, 11.52 (95% CI 7.21-15.83) with PI 0-60.64 for the terminal ileum, and 11.10/ high-power field (HPF) (95% CI 9.11-13.09) with PI of 0.96 to 21.23 in the large intestine and the rectum (HPF area = 0.2 mm). Previous studies included control patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders. As mucosal eosinophils have a role in their pathomechanism, those patients should have been excluded. A critical point of interpreting reported data is that HPF is relative to the technical parameters of the microscopes; therefore, it is important to report findings in cell/mm. The present meta-analysis does not support the higher (>20) or lower (<10) cutoff values for healthy tissue eosinophil number. In contrast to the esophagus, there is no normal cutoff eosinophil density in the small intestine and the colon. A prospective, multicenter study to establish normal mucosal eosinophil density is clearly needed.
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Stojanovska V, McQuade RM, Fraser S, Prakash M, Gondalia S, Stavely R, Palombo E, Apostolopoulos V, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Oxaliplatin-induced changes in microbiota, TLR4+ cells and enhanced HMGB1 expression in the murine colon. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198359. [PMID: 29894476 PMCID: PMC5997344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic used for cancer treatment. Its use associates with peripheral neuropathies and chronic gastrointestinal side-effects. Oxaliplatin induces immunogenic cell death by provoking the presentation of damage associated molecular patterns. The damage associated molecular patterns high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein exerts pro-inflammatory cytokine-like activity and binds to toll-like receptors (namely TLR4). Gastrointestinal microbiota may influence chemotherapeutic efficacy and contribute to local and systemic inflammation. We studied effects of oxaliplatin treatment on 1) TLR4 and high-mobility group box 1 expression within the colon; 2) gastrointestinal microbiota composition; 3) inflammation within the colon; 4) changes in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes immune populations in mice. TLR4+ cells displayed pseudopodia-like extensions characteristic of antigen sampling co-localised with high-mobility group box 1 -overexpressing cells in the colonic lamina propria from oxaliplatin-treated animals. Oxaliplatin treatment caused significant reduction in Parabacteroides and Prevotella1, but increase in Prevotella2 and Odoribacter bacteria at the genus level. Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colon samples, a reduction in macrophages and dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes were found after oxaliplatin treatment. In conclusion, oxaliplatin treatment caused morphological changes in TLR4+ cells, increase in gram-negative microbiota and enhanced HMGB1 expression associated with immunosuppression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M. McQuade
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Fraser
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Prakash
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shakuntla Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abdala-Valencia H, Coden ME, Chiarella SE, Jacobsen EA, Bochner BS, Lee JJ, Berdnikovs S. Shaping eosinophil identity in the tissue contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:95-108. [PMID: 29656559 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1117-442rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils play homeostatic roles in different tissues and are found in several organs at a homeostatic baseline, though their tissue numbers increase significantly in development and disease. The morphological, phenotypical, and functional plasticity of recruited eosinophils are influenced by the dynamic tissue microenvironment changes between homeostatic, morphogenetic, and disease states. Activity of the epithelial-mesenchymal interface, extracellular matrix, hormonal inputs, metabolic state of the environment, as well as epithelial and mesenchymal-derived innate cytokines and growth factors all have the potential to regulate the attraction, retention, in situ hematopoiesis, phenotype, and function of eosinophils. This review examines the reciprocal relationship between eosinophils and such tissue factors, specifically addressing: (1) tissue microenvironments associated with the presence and activity of eosinophils; (2) non-immune tissue ligands regulatory for eosinophil accumulation, hematopoiesis, phenotype, and function (with an emphasis on the extracellular matrix and epithelial-mesenchymal interface); (3) the contribution of eosinophils to regulating tissue biology; (4) eosinophil phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue microenvironments, classifying eosinophils as progenitors, steady state eosinophils, and Type 1 and 2 activated phenotypes. An appreciation of eosinophil regulation by non-immune tissue factors is necessary for completing the picture of eosinophil immune activation and understanding the functional contribution of these cells to development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Coden
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sergio E Chiarella
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zhu Q, Li F, Wang J, Ma J, Sheng X. Upregulation of calprotectin in mild IgE-mediated ovalbumin hypersensitivity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37342-37354. [PMID: 28454097 PMCID: PMC5514913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, also known as S100A8/A9, has been linked to gut inflammation caused by IgE-mediated food hypersensitivities, but the pathophysiologic abnormalities it causes remain to be determined. We created a mild food hypersensitivity model through oral gavage of ovalbumin in Norway brown rats without using immune adjuvant. Changes in the levels of calprotectin and inflammation-associated cytokines were then observed over time. We found that fecal calprotectin as well as jejunal and liver TLR4, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 were upregulated in hypersensitive rats. Additionally, the influence of calprotectin on CD4+ T and dendritic cells was observed by co-culturing CD4+ T cells with dendritic cells, which revealed a shift toward increased Th2 T cells in calprotectin-treated cultures. These results suggest that calprotectin, along with other inflammatory factors, promotes the inflammation seen in mild food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqiu Ma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
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Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, Molina-Infante J, Arias-González L. The role of endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: from diagnosis to therapy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1135-1149. [PMID: 28803528 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1367664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has arisen as a common disorder in current clinical and endoscopic gastroenterology practice. Areas covered: A comprehensive review of the literature to summarize and update different aspects related with the use of endoscopy in the diagnostic workout and treatment of pediatric and adult EoE patients is conducted. Expert commentary: Endoscopic features in EoE are frequently subtle, so were inadverted in some initial reports of the disease. Literature has described a wide number of EoE-associated features, systematized in the EREFS classification, which standardized the grade and severity of exudates, rings, edema, furrows, and strictures. The insufficient reliability of these features to predict eosinophilic inflammation still makes biopsies essential in diagnosing or monitoring EoE. EoE causes half of the food impactions requiring endoscopy; food impaction leads to EoE diagnosis in up to half of cases. Long term consequences of EoE include esophageal remodeling leading to strictures and narrowing, thus impairing symptoms and needs dilation. Recognizing the risks from dilation in EoE required carrying out a safe technique to avoid the high complication rate reported in the early literature. Endoscopic dilation should be considered in patients with esophageal narrowing and dysphagia/food impaction unresponsive to diet or drugs-based anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Lucendo
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital General de Tomelloso , Tomelloso , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ángel Arias
- b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain.,c Research Support Unit , Hospital General Mancha Centro , Alcázar de San Juan , Spain
| | - Javier Molina-Infante
- b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain.,d Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Laura Arias-González
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hospital General de Tomelloso , Tomelloso , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid , Spain
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Reichman H, Moshkovits I, Itan M, Pasmanik-Chor M, Vogl T, Roth J, Munitz A. Transcriptome profiling of mouse colonic eosinophils reveals a key role for eosinophils in the induction of s100a8 and s100a9 in mucosal healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7117. [PMID: 28769105 PMCID: PMC5540981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived cells that have been largely implicated in Th2-associated diseases. Recent data highlights a key role for eosinophils in mucosal innate immune responses especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is one of the largest eosinophil reservoirs in the body. Although eosinophils express and synthesize a plethora of proteins that can mediate their effector activities, the transcriptome signature of eosinophils in mucosal inflammation and subsequent repair has been considerably overlooked. We demonstrate that eosinophils are recruited to the colon in acute inflammatory stages where they promote intestinal inflammation and remain in substantial numbers throughout the mucosal healing process. Microarray analysis of primary colonic eosinophils that were sorted at distinct stages of mucosal inflammation and repair revealed dynamic regulation of colonic eosinophil mRNA expression. The clinically relevant genes s100a8 and s100a9 were strikingly increased in colonic eosinophils (up to 550-fold and 80-fold, respectively). Furthermore, local and systemic expression of s100a8 and s100a9 were nearly diminished in eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA mice, and were re-constituted upon adoptive transfer of eosinophils. Taken together, these data may provide new insight into the involvement of eosinophils in colonic inflammation and repair, which may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Reichman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Italy Moshkovits
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 64239, Israel
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Specific MicroRNA Pattern in Colon Tissue of Young Children with Eosinophilic Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051050. [PMID: 28498330 PMCID: PMC5454962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is a common cause of haematochezia in infants and young children. The exact pathomechanism is not understood, and the diagnosis is challenging. The role of microRNAs as key class of regulators of mRNA expression and translation in patients with EC has not been explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the miRNA profile in EC with respect to eosinophilic inflammation. Patients enrolled in the study (n = 10) had persistent rectal bleeding, and did not respond to elimination dietary treatment. High-throughput microRNA sequencing was carried out on colonic biopsy specimens of children with EC (EC: n = 4) and controls (C: n = 4) as a preliminary screening of the miRNA profile. Based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) results and literature data, a potentially relevant panel of miRNAs were selected for further measurements by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (EC: n = 14, C: n = 10). Validation by RT-PCR resulted in significantly altered expression of miR-21, -31, -99b, -125a, -146a, -184, -221, -223, and -559 compared to controls (p ≤ 0.05). Elevation in miR-21, -99b, -146a, -221, and -223 showed statistically significant correlation to the extent of tissue eosinophilia. Based on our results, we conclude that the dysregulated miRNAs have a potential role in the regulation of apoptosis by targeting Protein kinase B/Mechanistic target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR)-related pathways in inflammation by modulating Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-related signalling and eosinophil cell recruitment and activation, mainly by regulating the expression of the chemoattractant eotaxin and the adhesion molecule CD44. Our results could serve as a basis for further extended research exploring the pathomechanism of EC.
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Skrzeczynska-Moncznik J, Zabieglo K, Bossowski JP, Osiecka O, Wlodarczyk A, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, Kwitniewski M, Majewski P, Dubin A, Cichy J. Eosinophils Regulate Interferon Alpha Production in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:119-128. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skrzeczynska-Moncznik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zabieglo
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef P. Bossowski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oktawia Osiecka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Dubin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eosinophilic colitis, which is a rare form of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, occurs as primary and secondary allergic eosinophilic colitis of the gastrointestinal tract infection, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and vasculitis. The diagnosis is based on a significant amount of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate of the colon wall. AIM To analyze the clinical picture taking into account comorbidities and endoscopic picture in children with eosinophilic colitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The test group consisted of 43 children, the average age - 12.1 years diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis (according to the Whitington scale) hospitalized in the Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice. Testing for food allergies, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal diseases and parasitic diseases was performed in the group of children and the analysis concerned the intensity of eosinophilic infiltration of the colon mucosa with the severity of clinical symptoms, endoscopic picture, the presence of inflammatory bowel disease, and food allergy. RESULTS Half of the tested children suffered from isolated eosinophilic colitis but the rest of them had eosinophilic infiltrate with inflammatory bowel disease more often, however, the Crohn's disease. The endoscopic image was uncharacteristic, and grade III in the Whitington scale was predominant in the histopathological examination, in most cases located in the entire large intestine. The higher level of total IgE was found in less than half of the patients and it did not correlate with the severity of eosinophilic infiltration. It was shown that the severity of eosinophilic infiltration correlated with exacerbation of clinical symptoms, endoscopic image, and the presence of inflammatory bowel disease. The higher level of antibodies of ASCA and ANCA was found in approximately 20% of the children with isolated eosinophilic colitis and 63% of children with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS The higher concentration of total IgE in less than half of the patients with eosinophilic colitis indicates the need for improving allergy diagnosis also in terms of IgE-independent allergy. The presence of higher levels of antibodies of ASCA and ANCA in some of the patients with isolated eosinophilic colitis indicates the need for further observation for the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Eosinophil Count Is a Common Factor for Complex Metabolic and Pulmonary Traits and Diseases: The LifeLines Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168480. [PMID: 27978545 PMCID: PMC5158313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate on the association between eosinophil count and diseases, as previous studies were inconsistent. We studied the relationship of eosinophil count with 22 complex metabolic, cardiac, and pulmonary traits and diseases. From the population-based LifeLines Cohort Study (N = 167,729), 13,301 individuals were included. We focused on relationship of eosinophil count with three classes of metabolic (7 traits, 2 diseases), cardiac (6 traits, 2 diseases), and pulmonary (2 traits, 2 diseases) outcomes. Regression analyses were applied in overall, women and men, while adjusted for age, sex, BMI and smoking. A p-value of <0.00076 was considered statistically significant. 58.2% of population were women (mean±SD 51.3±11.1 years old). In overall, one-SD higher of ln-eosinophil count was associated with a 0.04 (±SE ±0.002;p = 6.0×10−6) SD higher levels in ln-BMI, 0.06 (±0.007;p = 3.1×10−12) SD in ln-TG, 0.04 (±0.003;p = 7.0×10−6) SD in TC, 0.04 (±0.004;p = 6.3×10−7) SD in LDL, 0.04 (±0.006;p = 6.0×10−6) SD in HbA1c; and with a 0.05 (±0.004;p = 1.7×10−8) SD lower levels in HDL, 0.05 (±0.007;p = 3.4×10−23) SD in FEV1, and 0.09 (±0.001;p = 6.6×10−28) SD in FEV1/FVC. A higher ln-eosinophil count was associated with 1.18 (95%CI 1.09–1.28;p = 2.0×10−5) odds ratio of obesity, 1.29 (1.19–1.39;p = 1.1×10−10) of metabolic syndrome, 1.40 (1.25–1.56;p = 2.7×10−9) of COPD and 1.81 (1.61–2.03;p = 1.0×10−23) of asthma. Similar results were found in women. We found no association between ln-eosinophil count either with blood pressure indices in overall, women and men; or with BMI, LDL, HbA1c and obesity in men. In a large population based cohort, we confirmed eosinophil count as a potential factor implicated in metabolic and pulmonary outcomes.
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Abou Rached A, El Hajj W. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: Approach to diagnosis and management. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7:513-523. [PMID: 27867684 PMCID: PMC5095570 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i4.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare and benign inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects the stomach and the small intestine. The disease is divided into three subtypes (mucosal, muscular and serosal) according to klein’s classification, and its manifestations are protean, depending on the involved intestinal segments and layers. Hence, accurate diagnosis of EGE poses a significant challenge to clinicians, with evidence of the following three criteria required: Suspicious clinical symptoms, histologic evidence of eosinophilic infiltration in the bowel and exclusion of other pathologies with similar findings. In this review, we designed and applied an algorithm to clarify the steps to follow for diagnosis of EGE in clinical practice. The management of EGE represents another area of debate. Prednisone remains the mainstay of treatment; however the disease is recognized as a chronic disorder and one that most frequently follows a relapsing course that requires maintenance therapy. Since prolonged steroid treatment carries of risk of serious adverse effects, other options with better safety profiles have been proposed; these include budesonide, dietary restrictions and steroid-sparing agents, such as leukotriene inhibitors, azathioprine, anti-histamines and mast-cell stabilizers. Single cases or small case series have been reported in the literature for all of these options, and we provide in this review a summary of these various therapeutic modalities, placing them within the context of our novel algorithm for EGE management according to disease severity upon presentation.
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Reichman H, Karo-Atar D, Munitz A. Emerging Roles for Eosinophils in the Tumor Microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:664-675. [PMID: 28741505 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are evolutionary conserved cells largely studied in the context of allergy. Although eosinophils were first described in tumors more than 120 years ago, their roles in cancer are often overlooked. This is puzzling given their potent immune modulatory, cytotoxic, and/or tissue repair capabilities, and recent studies demonstrating key roles for eosinophils in contexts far beyond their 'classical' field (e.g., metabolism, thermogenesis, and tissue regeneration). Recent data suggest that this frequently ignored cell is emerging as a potent immune effector and immune modulator in the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the relevance of eosinophils to tumorigenesis and the potential to harness their function in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Reichman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Adar T, Shteingart S, Ben-Ya'acov A, Shitrit ABG, Livovsky DM, Shmorak S, Mahamid M, Melamud B, Vernea F, Goldin E. The Importance of Intestinal Eotaxin-1 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1915-24. [PMID: 26874691 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease has been previously suggested and increased levels of eotaxin-1 have been described in both ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease. The association between serum levels of eotaxin-1 and that within the colonic mucosa has not been well defined, as is the potential therapeutic value of targeting eotaxin-1. AIMS To characterize serum and intestinal wall eotaxin-1 levels in various inflammatory bowel disease patients and to explore the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by specific antibodies in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model. METHODS Eotaxin-1 levels were measured in colonic biopsies and in the sera of 60 ulcerative colitis patients, Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. We also followed in experimental colitis the effect of targeting eotaxin-1 by a monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Colon eotaxin-1 levels were significantly increased in active but not in quiescent ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients compared to healthy controls. Levels of eotaxin-1 in the colon were correlated with eosinophilia only in tissues from active Crohn's disease patients. Our results did not show any statistically significant change in serum eotaxin-1 levels among ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and healthy controls. Moreover, we demonstrate that in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, targeting of eotaxin-1 with 2 injections of anti eotaxin-1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates disease activity along with decreasing colon weight and improving histologic inflammation. CONCLUSION Eotaxin-1 is increasingly recognized as a major mediator of intestinal inflammation. Our preliminary human and animal results further emphasize the value of targeting eotaxin-1 in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shimon Shteingart
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben-Ya'acov
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Bar-Gill Shitrit
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan M Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimrit Shmorak
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mahmud Mahamid
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernardo Melamud
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fiona Vernea
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Goldin
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, 12 Bayit St., 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
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Arifa RDN, Paula TPD, Madeira MFM, Lima RL, Garcia ZM, Ÿvila TV, Pinho V, Barcelos LS, Pinheiro MVB, Ladeira LO, Krambrock K, Teixeira MM, Souza DG. The reduction of oxidative stress by nanocomposite Fullerol decreases mucositis severity and reverts leukopenia induced by Irinotecan. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:102-110. [PMID: 26987941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Irinotecan is a useful chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several solid tumors. However, this therapy is associated with side effects, including leukopenia and mucositis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate inflammatory pathways and contribute to Irinotecan-induced mucositis. Fullerol is a nanocomposite with anti-oxidant properties that may reduce tissue damage after inflammatory stimuli. In this paper, the effects of Fullerol and mechanisms of protection were investigated in a model of Irinotecan-induced mucositis. Mucositis was induced by an injection of Irinotecan per 4 days in C57BL/6. Fullerol or a vehicle was injected every 12h. On day 7, the intestines were removed to evaluate histological changes, leukocyte influx, and the production of cytokines and ROS. Irinotecan therapy resulted in weight loss, an increased clinical score and intestinal injury. Treatment with Fullerol attenuated weight loss, decreased clinical score and intestinal damage. Irinotecan also induced increased ROS production in enterocytes, oxidative stress, IL-1β production, neutrophil and eosinophil influx in the ileum. Fullerol treatment decreased production of ROS in the enterocytes, oxidative stress, IL-1β production, neutrophil and eosinophil influx in the ileum. Irinotecan therapy also induced leukopenia in an ROS-dependent manner because leukopenia reverted in WT mice treated with Fullerol or Apocynin or in Gp91phox(-/-) mice. Mice treated with Irinotecan presented less melanoma tumor growth compared to the control group. Fullerol does not interfere in the anti-tumor action of Irinotecan. Fullerol has a great pharmacology potential to decreases the severity of mucositis and of leukopenia during chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Duque Nascimento Arifa
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Talles Prosperi de Paula
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mila Fernandes Moreira Madeira
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Lacerda Lima
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zélia Menezes Garcia
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vinícius Ÿvila
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos em Inflamação, Departamento de Morfologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Laboratório de Angiogênese, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Orlando Ladeira
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle Glória Souza
- Laboratório Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Lotfi R, Kaltenmeier C, Lotze MT, Bergmann C. Until Death Do Us Part: Necrosis and Oxidation Promote the Tumor Microenvironment. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:120-32. [PMID: 27226794 DOI: 10.1159/000444941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor proliferation is concomitant with autophagy, limited apoptosis, and resultant necrosis. Necrosis is associated with the release of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which act as 'danger signals', recruiting inflammatory cells, inducing immune responses, and promoting wound healing. Most of the current treatment strategies for cancer (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy) promote DAMP release following therapy-induced tumor death by necroptosis and necrosis. Myeloid cells (monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and granulocytes), as well as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) belong to the early immigrants in response to unscheduled cell death, initiating and modulating the subsequent inflammatory response. Responding to DAMPs, MSCs, and DCs promote an immunosuppressive milieu, while eosinophils induce oxidative conditions limiting the biologic activity of DAMPs over time and distance. Regulatory T cells are strongly affected by pattern recognition receptor signaling in the tumor microenvironment and limit immune reactivity coordinately with myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Means to 'aerobically' oxidize DAMPs provide a novel strategy for limiting tumor progression. The present article summarizes our current understanding of the impact of necrosis on the tumor microenvironment and the influence of oxidative conditions found within this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof Kaltenmeier
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Bergmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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40
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Vogel ME, Zucker SD. Bilirubin acts as an endogenous regulator of inflammation by disrupting adhesion molecule-mediated leukocyte migration. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2016; 3. [PMID: 26925435 PMCID: PMC4768809 DOI: 10.14800/ics.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that bilirubin, which is generated during the physiological breakdown of heme, exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects. Previous work by our group suggests that bilirubin is able to suppress inflammatory responses by preventing the migration of leukocytes into target tissues through disruption of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent cell signaling. As VCAM-1 is an important mediator of tissue injury in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of inflammatory colitis, we examined whether bilirubin prevents colonic injury in DSS-treated mice. As anticipated, bilirubin-treated animals manifested significantly less colonic injury and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into colon tissues. We further observed that bilirubin administration was associated with a reduced number of eosinophils and monocytes in the small intestine, with a corresponding increase in peripheral blood eosinophilia, regardless of whether mice received DSS. These findings suggest that bilirubin impairs the normal migration of eosinophils into intestinal tissues, as supported by in vitro experiments showing that bilirubin blocks the VCAM-1-dependent movement of Jurkat cells across human endothelial cell monolayers. Taken together, our findings support that bilirubin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and disrupts the physiological trafficking of leukocytes to the intestine by preventing transmigration across the vascular endothelium, potentially through the inhibition VCAM-1-mediated signaling. Our findings raise the possibility that bilirubin functions as an endogenous regulator of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
| | - Stephen D Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45267-0595, United States
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41
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Leonel AJ, Silva EL, Aguilar EC, Teixeira LG, Oliveira RP, Faria AMC, Cara DC, Ferreira LAM, Alvarez‐Leite JI. Systemic administration of a nanoemulsion with tributyrin reduces inflammation in experimental colitis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alda Jusceline Leonel
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Elton Luiz Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Rafael Pires Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
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42
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Berek C, Beller A, Chu VT. Isolation of Eosinophils from the Lamina Propria of the Murine Small Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1422:213-221. [PMID: 27246036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3603-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Only recently has it become apparent that eosinophils play a crucial role in mucosal immune homeostasis. Although eosinophils are the main cellular component of the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, they have often been overlooked because they express numerous markers, which are normally used to characterize macrophages and/or dendritic cells. To study their function in mucosal immunity, it is important to isolate them with high purity and viability. Here, we describe a protocol to purify eosinophils from the lamina propria of the murine small intestine. The method involves preparation of the small intestine, removal of epithelial cells and digestion of the lamina propria to release eosinophils. A protocol to sort eosinophils is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berek
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Beller
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Van Trung Chu
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Chen HH, Sun AH, Ojcius DM, Hu WL, Ge YM, Lin X, Li LJ, Pan JP, Yan J. Eosinophils from Murine Lamina Propria Induce Differentiation of Naïve T Cells into Regulatory T Cells via TGF-β1 and Retinoic Acid. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142881. [PMID: 26587591 PMCID: PMC4654556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg cells play a crucial role in immune tolerance, but mechanisms that induce Treg cells are poorly understood. We here have described eosinophils in lamina propria (LP) that displayed high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, a rate-limiting step during all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) synthesis, and expressed TGF-β1 mRNA and high levels of ATRA. Co-incubation assay confirmed that LP eosinophils induced the differentiation of naïve T cells into Treg cells. Differentiation promoted by LP eosinophils were inhibited by blocked either TGF-β1 or ATRA. Peripheral blood (PB) eosinophils did not produce ATRA and could not induce Treg differentiation. These data identifies LP eosinophils as effective inducers of Treg cell differentiation through a mechanism dependent on TGF-β1 and ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P.R. China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, P.R.China
| | - Ai-Hua Sun
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P.R. China
| | - David M Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, 95343, United States of America
| | - Wei-Lin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P.R. China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Ge
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P.R. China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P.R. China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P.R. China.,Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
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Zucker SD, Vogel ME, Kindel TL, Smith DLH, Idelman G, Avissar U, Kakarlapudi G, Masnovi ME. Bilirubin prevents acute DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration and suppressing upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G841-54. [PMID: 26381705 PMCID: PMC4652140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00149.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin is thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)-dependent leukocyte migration and by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). As VCAM-1 and iNOS are important mediators of tissue injury in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) murine model of inflammatory colitis, we examined whether bilirubin prevents colonic injury in DSS-treated mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered 2.5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days, while simultaneously receiving intraperitoneal injections of bilirubin (30 mg/kg) or potassium phosphate vehicle. Disease activity was monitored, peripheral blood counts and serum nitrate levels were determined, and intestinal specimens were analyzed for histological injury, leukocyte infiltration, and iNOS expression. The effect of bilirubin on IL-5 production by HSB-2 cells and on Jurkat cell transendothelial migration also was determined. DSS-treated mice that simultaneously received bilirubin lost less body weight, had lower serum nitrate levels, and exhibited reduced disease severity than vehicle-treated animals. Concordantly, histopathological analyses revealed that bilirubin-treated mice manifested significantly less colonic injury, including reduced infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and diminished iNOS expression. Bilirubin administration also was associated with decreased eosinophil and monocyte infiltration into the small intestine, with a corresponding increase in peripheral blood eosinophilia. Bilirubin prevented Jurkat migration but did not alter IL-5 production. In conclusion, bilirubin prevents DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes across the vascular endothelium and by suppressing iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Zucker
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Megan E. Vogel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tammy L. Kindel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Darcey L. H. Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gila Idelman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Uri Avissar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ganesh Kakarlapudi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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45
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Berek C. Eosinophils: important players in humoral immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:57-64. [PMID: 26291602 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils perform numerous tasks. They are involved in inflammatory reactions associated with innate immune defence against parasitic infections and are also involved in pathological processes in response to allergens. Recently, however, it has become clear that eosinophils also play crucial non-inflammatory roles in the generation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils, being a major source of the plasma cell survival factor APRIL (activation and proliferation-induced ligand), are essential not only for the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow, but also for the maintenance of these cells in the lamina propria which underlies the gut epithelium. At steady state under non-inflammatory conditions eosinophils are resident cells of the gastrointestinal tract, although only few are present in the major organized lymphoid tissue of the gut - the Peyer's patches (PP). Surprisingly, however, lack of eosinophils abolishes efficient class-switching of B cells to immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the germinal centres of PP. Thus, eosinophils are required to generate and to maintain mucosal IgA plasma cells, and as a consequence their absence leads to a marked reduction of IgA both in serum and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Eosinophils thus have an essential part in long-term humoral immune protection, as they are crucial for the longevity of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in addition, for gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berek
- B cell Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Shukla A, Mishra A, Venkateshaiah SU, Manohar M, Mahadevappa CP, Mishra A. Elements Involved In Promoting Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 27840774 PMCID: PMC5102338 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID) are food allergen-induced allergic gastrointestinal disorders, characterized by accumulation of highly induced eosinophils in different segments of gastrointestinal tract along with eosinophil microabssess and extracellular eosinophilic granules in the epithelial layer. EGID are both IgE- and cell-mediated group of diseases that include eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), eosinophilic gastritis (EG), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) and eosinophilic colitis (EC). Despite the increased incidences and considerable progress made in understanding EGID pathogenesis. The mechanism is still not well understood. It has been shown that IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 play a critical role in EGID pathogenesis. Currently, the only criterion for diagnosing EoE, EGE and EC are repetitive endoscopic and histopathological evaluation of biopsies along with other clinical characteristics/manifestations. Antigen elimination and corticosteroid therapies are the most effective therapies currently in practice for the treatment of EGID. The cytokines (anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-13) therapy trials were not very successful in case of EoE. Most recently, a clinical trial using anti-IL-13 reported only 60% reduced esophageal eosinophilia without achieving primary endpoint. This clinical finding is not surprising and is in accordance with our earlier report indicating that IL-13 is not critical in the initiation of EoE. Notably, EGID still has no reliable noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, there is a great necessity to identify novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers that can easily diagnose EGID and provide an effective therapy. Now, the attention is required to target cell types like iNKT cells that produce eosinophil active cytokines and is found induced in the pathogenesis of both experimental and human EoE. iNKT cell neutralization is shown to protect allergen-induced EoE in experimental model. In this review, we have discussed the key elements that are critical in the disease initiation, progression, pathogenesis and important for future diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for EGID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshi Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Murli Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Lingblom C, Bergquist H, Johnsson M, Sundström P, Quiding-Järbrink M, Bove M, Wennerås C. Topical corticosteroids do not revert the activated phenotype of eosinophils in eosinophilic esophagitis but decrease surface levels of CD18 resulting in diminished adherence to ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and endothelial cells. Inflammation 2015; 37:1932-44. [PMID: 24870064 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Swallowed topical corticosteroids are the standard therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in adults. Eosinophils in the blood of untreated EoE patients have an activated phenotype. Our aim was to determine if corticosteroids restore the phenotype of eosinophils to a healthy phenotype and if certain cell-surface molecules on blood eosinophils correlate with eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus. Levels of eight surface markers on eosinophils from treated and untreated EoE patients were determined by flow cytometry and analyzed using multivariate methods of pattern recognition. Corticosteroid-treated EoE patients' eosinophils had decreased levels of CD18 compared to both untreated patients and healthy controls, but maintained their activated phenotype. CD18 expression correlated positively with eosinophil numbers in the esophagus and promoted the adherence of eosinophils to ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and to endothelial cells. The diminished expression of CD18 may be one mechanism behind the reduced entry of eosinophils into the esophagus in corticosteroid-treated EoE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lingblom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 41346, Göteborg, Sweden,
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Curtis C, Ogbogu PU. Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Persistent Marked Eosinophilia. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015. [PMID: 26209891 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood eosinophilia is commonly encountered in clinical practice. The causes of peripheral blood eosinophilia are varied, ranging from benign eosinophilia to malignancy. A careful history and physical examination along with directed clinical evaluation may help determine the cause. When uncontrolled, peripheral blood eosinophilia may result in end-organ damage and life-threatening complications. This article summarizes the differential diagnosis and evaluation of persistent marked eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Curtis
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Princess U Ogbogu
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kim JW, Kim BG, Kim SH, Kim W, Lee KL, Byeon SJ, Choi E, Chang MS. Histomorphological and Immunophenotypic Features of Pill-Induced Esophagitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128110. [PMID: 26047496 PMCID: PMC4457729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate histomorphological and immunophenotypic features in pill-induced esophagitis. We comparatively evaluated the histomorphological, immunophenotypic features of pill-induced esophagitis vs. reflux esophagitis, as well as clinical information and endoscopic findings. Fifty-two tissue pieces from 22 cases of pill-induced esophagitis, 46 pieces from 20 reflux esophagitis, and 16 pieces from 14 control samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry for inflammatory infiltrates (CD3 for T lymphocyte, CD20 for B lymphocyte, CD56 for NK cell, CD68 for macrophage, CD117 for mast cell) and eosinophil chemotaxis-associated proteins (Erk, leptin, leptin receptor, pSTAT3, phospho-mTOR). As a result, Histomorphology showed that a diffuse pattern of dilated intercellular spaces was more frequently observed in pill-induced esophagitis, while reactive atypia and subepithelial papillary elongation were more often found in reflux esophagitis (P < 0.05, respectively). Interestingly, intraepithelial eosinophilic microabscess, intraepithelial pustule and diffuse pattern of dilated intercellular spaces were observed in 14% (3 cases), 9% (2 cases) and 32% (7 cases) of pill-induced esophagitis, respectively, but in no cases of reflux esophagitis. Regarding intraepithelial inflammatory infiltrates in pill-induced esophagitis, T lymphocytes were the most common cells, followed by eosinophil; 11 and 7 in one x400 power field, respectively. Intraepithelial pSTAT3-positive pattern was more frequently observed in pill-induced esophagitis than in reflux esophagitis, at 45% (10 cases) versus 10% (2 cases), respectively (P < 0.05). Considering the distal esophageal lesion only, intraepithelial pustule, diffuse dilated intercellular spaces and stromal macrophages were more frequently found in distal pill-induced esophagitis, whereas reactive atypia and intraepithelial mast cells in reflux esophagitis (P < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, diffuse dilated intercellular spaces, intraepithelial eosinophil microabscess, pustule, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and pSTAT3 positivity can be added to histopathological features of pill-induced esophagitis, other than non-specific ulcer. Besides, distal pill-induced esophagitis may be histopathologically differentiated from reflux esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook Lae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euno Choi
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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50
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Mast cells in the colon of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients: are they involved in the recruitment, survival and/or activation of eosinophils? Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1847-56. [PMID: 25711147 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Megacolon is frequently observed in patients who develop the digestive form of Chagas disease. It is characterized by dilation of the rectum-sigmoid portion and thickening of the colon wall. Microscopically, the affected organ presents denervation, which has been considered as consequence of an inflammatory process that begins at the acute phase and persists in the chronic phase of infection. Inflammatory infiltrates are composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. In this study, we hypothesized that mast cells producing tryptase could influence the migration and the activation of eosinophils at the site, thereby contributing to the immunopathology of the chronic phase. We seek evidence of interactions between mast cells and eosinophils through (1) evaluation of eosinophils, regarding the expression of PAR2, a tryptase receptor; (2) correlation analysis between densities of mast cells and eosinophils; and (3) ultrastructural studies. The electron microscopy studies revealed signs of activation of mast cells and eosinophils, as well as physical interaction between these cells. Immunohistochemistry and correlation analyses point to the participation of tryptase immunoreactive mast cells in the migration and/or survival of eosinophils at the affected organ.
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