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Mackeh R, El Bsat Y, Elmi A, Bibawi H, Karim MY, Hassan A, Lo B. Novel Synonymous Variant in IL7R Causes Preferential Expression of the Soluble Isoform. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:96. [PMID: 38587703 PMCID: PMC11001715 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) is primarily expressed on lymphoid cells and plays a crucial role in the development, proliferation, and survival of T cells. Autosomal recessive mutations that disrupt IL-7Rα chain expression give rise to a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which is characterized by lymphopenia and a T-B+NK+ phenotype. The objective here was to diagnose two siblings displaying the T-B+NK+ SCID phenotype as initial clinical genetic testing did not detect any variants in known SCID genes. METHODS Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was utilized to identify potential variants causing the SCID phenotype. Splicing prediction tools were employed to assess the deleterious impact of the mutation. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing, flow cytometry, and ELISA were then used to validate the pathogenicity of the detected mutation. RESULTS We discovered a novel homozygous synonymous mutation in the IL7R gene. Our functional studies indicate that this variant is pathogenic, causing exon 6, which encodes the transmembrane domain, to be preferentially spliced out. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified a novel rare synonymous mutation causing a loss of IL-7Rα expression at the cellular membrane. This case demonstrates the value of reanalyzing genetic data based on the clinical phenotype and highlights the significance of functional studies in determining the pathogenicity of genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asha Elmi
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hani Bibawi
- Division of Hematopathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Yousuf Karim
- Division of Hematopathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amel Hassan
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Bernice Lo
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Liongue C, Ratnayake T, Basheer F, Ward AC. Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3): A Critical Conserved Node in Immunity Disrupted in Immune Cell Cancer and Immunodeficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2977. [PMID: 38474223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family is a small group of protein tyrosine kinases that represent a central component of intracellular signaling downstream from a myriad of cytokine receptors. The JAK3 family member performs a particularly important role in facilitating signal transduction for a key set of cytokine receptors that are essential for immune cell development and function. Mutations that impact JAK3 activity have been identified in a number of human diseases, including somatic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations associated with immune cell malignancies and germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutations associated with immunodeficiency. The structure, function and impacts of both GOF and LOF mutations of JAK3 are highly conserved, making animal models highly informative. This review details the biology of JAK3 and the impact of its perturbation in immune cell-related diseases, including relevant animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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3
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Dinges SS, Amini K, Notarangelo LD, Delmonte OM. Primary and secondary defects of the thymus. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:178-211. [PMID: 38228406 PMCID: PMC10950553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell development, enabling generation, and selection of a diverse repertoire of T cells that recognize non-self, whilst remaining tolerant to self- antigens. Severe congenital disorders of thymic development (athymia) can be fatal if left untreated due to infections, and thymic tissue implantation is the only cure. While newborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency has allowed improved detection at birth of congenital athymia, thymic disorders acquired later in life are still underrecognized and assessing the quality of thymic function in such conditions remains a challenge. The thymus is sensitive to injury elicited from a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors, and its self-renewal capacity decreases with age. Secondary and age-related forms of thymic dysfunction may lead to an increased risk of infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Promising results have been obtained in preclinical models and clinical trials upon administration of soluble factors promoting thymic regeneration, but to date no therapy is approved for clinical use. In this review we provide a background on thymus development, function, and age-related involution. We discuss disease mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for primary and secondary thymic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Dinges
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kayla Amini
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ottavia M. Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rocha FA, Silveira CRF, Dos Santos AF, Stefanini ACB, Hamerschlak N, Marti LC. Development of a highly cytotoxic, clinical-grade virus-specific T cell product for adoptive T cell therapy. Cell Immunol 2024; 395-396:104795. [PMID: 38101075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
At present, recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cells are still suffering from recurrent infections after transplantation. Infusion of virus-specific T cells (VST) post-transplant reportedly fights several viruses without increasing the risk of de novo graft-versus-host disease. This study targeted cytomegalovirus (CMV) for the development of an innovative approach for generating a very specific VST product following Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines. We used a sterile disposable compartment named the Leukoreduction System Chamber (LRS-chamber) from the apheresis platelet donation kit as the starting material, which has demonstrated high levels of T cells. Using a combination of IL-2 and IL-7 we could improve expansion of CMV-specific T cells. Moreover, by developing and establishing a new product protocol, we were able to stimulate VST proliferation and favors T cell effector memory profile. The expanded VST were enriched in a closed automated system, creating a highly pure anti-CMV product, which was pre-clinically tested for specificity in vitro and for persistence, biodistribution, and toxicity in vivo using NOD scid mice. Our results demonstrated very specific VST, able to secrete high amounts of interferon only in the presence of cells infected by the human CMV strain (AD169), and innocuous to cells partially HLA compatible without viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Agostini Rocha
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Experimental Research, Rua Comendador Elias Jafet, 755 Zip code: 05653 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Raony Farina Silveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Experimental Research, Rua Comendador Elias Jafet, 755 Zip code: 05653 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ancély Ferreira Dos Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Experimental Research, Rua Comendador Elias Jafet, 755 Zip code: 05653 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Buzzo Stefanini
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Experimental Research, Rua Comendador Elias Jafet, 755 Zip code: 05653 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson Hamerschlak
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Bone Marrow Transplant, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627 Zip code: 05652 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cavalheiro Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Department of Experimental Research, Rua Comendador Elias Jafet, 755 Zip code: 05653 000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Liu S, Gong W, Guo P, Xue F, Zhou X, Wang S, Yuan Z. Protein-centric omics integration analysis identifies candidate plasma proteins for multiple autoimmune diseases. Hum Genet 2023:10.1007/s00439-023-02627-0. [PMID: 38143258 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
It remains challenging to translate the findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) into interventional targets, presumably due to the lack of knowledge on how the GWAS risk variants contribute to AIDs. In addition, current immunomodulatory drugs for AIDs are broad in action rather than disease-specific. We performed a comprehensive protein-centric omics integration analysis to identify AIDs-associated plasma proteins through integrating protein quantitative trait loci datasets of plasma protein (1348 proteins and 7213 individuals) and totally ten large-scale GWAS summary statistics of AIDs under a cutting-edge systematic analytic framework. Specifically, we initially screened out the protein-AID associations using proteome-wide association study (PWAS), followed by enrichment analysis to reveal the underlying biological processes and pathways. Then, we performed both Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization analyses to further identify protein-AID pairs with putatively causal relationships. We finally prioritized the potential drug targets for AIDs. A total of 174 protein-AID associations were identified by PWAS. AIDs-associated plasma proteins were significantly enriched in immune-related biological process and pathways, such as inflammatory response (P = 3.96 × 10-10). MR analysis further identified 97 protein-AID pairs with potential causal relationships, among which 21 pairs were highly supported by colocalization analysis (PP.H4 > 0.75), 10 of 21 were the newly discovered pairs and not reported in previous GWAS analyses. Further explorations showed that four proteins (TLR3, FCGR2A, IL23R, TCN1) have corresponding drugs, and 17 proteins have druggability. These findings will help us to further understand the biological mechanism of AIDs and highlight the potential of these proteins to develop as therapeutic targets for AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Gong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shukang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongshang Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 12550, Erhuan East Road, Jinan, 250003, Shandong, China.
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6
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Yan L, He Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Han C, Zhao Y, Li H. A novel 268 kb deletion combined with a splicing variant in IL7R causes of severe combined immunodeficiency in a Chinese family: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:323. [PMID: 38082310 PMCID: PMC10712040 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of fatal primary immunodeficiencies characterized by the severe impairment of T-cell differentiation. IL7R deficiency is a rare form of SCID that usually presents in the first months of life with severe and opportunistic infections, failure to thrive, and a high risk of mortality unless treated. Although recent improvements in early diagnosis have been achieved through newborn screening, few IL7R-related SCID patients had been reported in the Chinese population. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we retrospectively analyzed a case of SCID in a 5-month-old girl with symptoms, including severe T-cell depletion, recurrent fever, oral ulcers, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow hemophagocytosis, and bacterial and viral infections. Whole-exome sequencing (WES), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) were performed to identify the patient's genetic etiology. We identified a 268 kb deletion and a splicing variant, c.221 + 1G > A, in the proband. These two variants of IL7R were inherited from the father and mother. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of whole IL7R gene deletion in combination with a pathogenic splicing variant in a patient with SCID. This deletion also expands the pathogenic variation spectrum of SCID caused by IL7R. The incorporation of exome-based copy number variant analysis makes WES a powerful molecular diagnostic technique for the clinical diagnosis of pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yan
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yingwen Liu
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Limin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Chunxiao Han
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yudan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Haibo Li
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China.
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7
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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8
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Dower WJ, Park AI, Bakker AV, Cwirla SE, Pongtornpipat P, Williams BM, Joshi P, Baxter BA, Needels MC, Barrett RW. A mechanistically novel peptide agonist of the IL-7 receptor that addresses limitations of IL-7 cytokine therapy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286834. [PMID: 37874823 PMCID: PMC10597491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is broadly active on T-cell populations, and modified versions have been clinically evaluated for a variety of therapeutic applications, including cancer, lymphopenia, and infectious diseases; and found to be relatively well-tolerated and biologically active. Here we describe novel IL-7R agonists that are unrelated in structure to IL-7, bind to the receptor subunits differently from IL-7, but closely emulate IL-7 biology. The small size, low structural complexity, and the natural amino acid composition of the pharmacologically active peptide MDK1472 allows facile incorporation into protein structures, such as the IgG2-Fc fusion MDK-703. This molecule possesses properties potentially better suited to therapeutic applications than native IL-7 or its derivatives. We compared these compounds with IL-7 for immune cell selectivity, induction of IL-7R signaling, receptor-mediated internalization, proliferation, and generation of immune cell phenotypes in human and non-human primate (NHP) peripheral blood cells in vitro; and found them to be similar in biological activity to IL-7. In cynomolgus macaques, MDK-703 exhibits a circulating half-life of 46 hr and produces sustained T-cell expansion characteristic of IL-7 treatment. In the huCD34+-engrafted NSG mouse model of the human immune system, MDK-703 induces an immune cell profile very similar to that generated by IL-7-derived compounds; including the pronounced expansion of memory T-cells, particularly the population of stem-like memory T-cells (Tscm) which may be important for anti-tumor activities reported with IL-7 treatment. Clinical administration of IL-7 and modified variants has been reported to induce anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), including IL-7 neutralizing antibodies. The novel peptide agonist reported here scores very low in predicted immunogenicity, and because the peptide lacks sequence similarity with IL-7, the problematic immunogenic neutralization of endogenous cytokine should not occur. The properties we report here implicate MDK-703 as a candidate for clinical evaluation in oncology, anti-viral and other infectious disease, vaccine enhancement, and treatment of lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Dower
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alice V. Bakker
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Cwirla
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | | | - Blake M. Williams
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Quantitative Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Prarthana Joshi
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Baxter
- Medikine, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States of America
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9
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Leonard WJ, Lin JX. Strategies to therapeutically modulate cytokine action. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:827-854. [PMID: 37542128 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the regulation of cytokine activity is extraordinarily important both physiologically and pathologically. Cytokine and/or cytokine receptor engineering is being widely investigated to safely and effectively modulate cytokine activity for therapeutic benefit. IL-2 in particular has been extensively engineered, to create IL-2 variants that differentially exhibit activities on regulatory T cells to potentially treat autoimmune disease versus effector T cells to augment antitumour effects. Additionally, engineering approaches are being applied to many other cytokines such as IL-10, interferons and IL-1 family cytokines, given their immunosuppressive and/or antiviral and anticancer effects. In modulating the actions of cytokines, the strategies used have been broad, including altering affinities of cytokines for their receptors, prolonging cytokine half-lives in vivo and fine-tuning cytokine actions. The field is rapidly expanding, with extensive efforts to create improved therapeutics for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Kaiser FMP, Janowska I, Menafra R, de Gier M, Korzhenevich J, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Khatri I, Schulz A, Kuijpers TW, Lankester AC, Konstantinidis L, Erlacher M, Kloet S, van Schouwenburg PA, Rizzi M, van der Burg M. IL-7 receptor signaling drives human B-cell progenitor differentiation and expansion. Blood 2023; 142:1113-1130. [PMID: 37369082 PMCID: PMC10644098 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although absence of interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling completely abrogates T and B lymphopoiesis in mice, patients with severe combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the IL-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα) still generate peripheral blood B cells. Consequently, human B lymphopoiesis has been thought to be independent of IL-7 signaling. Using flow cytometric analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow samples from healthy controls and patients who are IL-7Rα deficient, in combination with in vitro modeling of human B-cell differentiation, we demonstrate that IL-7R signaling plays a crucial role in human B lymphopoiesis. IL-7 drives proliferation and expansion of early B-cell progenitors but not of pre-BII large cells and has a limited role in the prevention of cell death. Furthermore, IL-7 guides cell fate decisions by enhancing the expression of BACH2, EBF1, and PAX5, which jointly orchestrate the specification and commitment of early B-cell progenitors. In line with this observation, early B-cell progenitors of patients with IL-7Rα deficiency still expressed myeloid-specific genes. Collectively, our results unveil a previously unknown role for IL-7 signaling in promoting the B-lymphoid fate and expanding early human B-cell progenitors while defining important differences between mice and humans. Our results have implications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation strategies in patients with T- B+ severe combined immunodeficiency and provide insights into the role of IL-7R signaling in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. P. Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iga Janowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie de Gier
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jakov Korzhenevich
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Indu Khatri
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C. Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Konstantinidis
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susan Kloet
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline A. van Schouwenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Korzhenevich J, Janowska I, van der Burg M, Rizzi M. Human and mouse early B cell development: So similar but so different. Immunol Lett 2023; 261:1-12. [PMID: 37442242 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Early B cell development in the bone marrow ensures the replenishment of the peripheral B cell pool. Immature B cells continuously develop from hematopoietic stem cells, in a process guided by an intricate network of transcription factors as well as chemokine and cytokine signals. Humans and mice possess somewhat similar regulatory mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis. The continuous discovery of monogenetic defects that impact early B cell development in humans substantiates the similarities and differences with B cell development in mice. These differences become relevant when targeted therapeutic approaches are used in patients; therefore, predicting potential immunological adverse events is crucial. In this review, we have provided a phenotypical classification of human and murine early progenitors and B cell stages, based on surface and intracellular protein expression. Further, we have critically compared the role of key transcription factors (Ikaros, E2A, EBF1, PAX5, and Aiolos) and chemo- or cytokine signals (FLT3, c-kit, IL-7R, and CXCR4) during homeostatic and aberrant B lymphopoiesis in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakov Korzhenevich
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iga Janowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Feng Z, Li M, Ma A, Wei Y, Huang L, Kong L, Kang Y, Wang Z, Xiao F, Zhang W. Intermedin (adrenomedullin 2) plays a protective role in sepsis by regulating T- and B-cell proliferation and activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110488. [PMID: 37352568 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is the major cause of death in intensive care units. We previously found that intermedin (IMD), a calcitonin family peptide, can protect against sepsis by dynamically repairing vascular endothelial junctions and can ameliorate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the infiltration of macrophages in peripheral tissues. The effects of IMD on inflammatory and immune responses indicate that IMD may play a role in immunity. However, whether IMD affects immune cell development, differentiation and response to infection remains unclear. METHODS IMD-knockout (Adm2-/-) mice were generated in our previous work. Wild-type and IMD-KO mice were subjected to sham or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery, and bone marrow cells were obtained for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. The RNA-Seq results were verified by real-time RT-PCR. The effect of IMD KO or IMD rescue on the septic mice was explored using mild and severe infection models induced by CLP surgery at different levels of severity, and the survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. The mechanism underlying the effects of IMD in T/B cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated by PCR, Western blot (WB), and cell proliferation assays and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS RNA-Seq showed that IMD-KO mice exhibited a primary immunosuppression phenotype characterized by a marked decrease in the expression of T- and B-cell function-related genes. This immunosuppression made the IMD-KO mice vulnerable to pathogenic invasion, and even mild infection killed nearly half of the IMD-KO mice. Supplementation with the IMD peptide restored the expression of T/B-cell-related genes and significantly reduced the mortality rate of the IMD-KO mice. IMD is likely to directly promote T- and B-cell proliferation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation, stimulate T-cell differentiation via Ilr7/Rag1/2-controled T cell receptor (TCR) recombination, and activate B cells via Pax5, a transcription factor that activates at least 170 genes needed for B-cell functions. CONCLUSION Together with previous findings, our results indicate that IMD may play a protective role in sepsis via three mechanisms: protecting the vascular endothelium, reducing the inflammatory response, and activating T/B-cell proliferation and differentiation. Our study may provide the first identification of IMD as a calcitonin peptide that plays an important role in the adaptive immune response by activating T/B cells and provides translational opportunities for the design of immunotherapies for sepsis and other diseases associated with primary immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxue Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Aijia Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yong'gang Wei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Luping Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Lingmiao Kong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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13
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Yu T, Luo C, Zhang H, Tan Y, Yu L. Cord blood-derived CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells: an off-the-shelf promising therapeutic option for treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139482. [PMID: 37449207 PMCID: PMC10338183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is one of the most significant breakthroughs in hematological malignancies. However, a three-week manufacturing cycle and ineffective T cell dysfunction in some patients hinder the widespread application of auto-CAR T cell therapy. Studies suggest that cord blood (CB), with its unique biological properties, could be an optimal source for CAR T cells, providing a product with 'off-the-shelf' availability. Therefore, exploring the potential of CB as an immunotherapeutic agent is essential for understanding and promoting the further use of CAR T cell therapy. Experimental design We used CB to generate CB-derived CD19-targeting CAR T (CB CD19-CAR T) cells. We assessed the anti-tumor capacity of CB CD19-CAR T cells to kill diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in vitro and in vivo. Results CB CD19-CAR T cells showed the target-specific killing of CD19+ T cell lymphoma cell line BV173 and CD19+ DLBCL cell line SUDHL-4, activated various effector functions, and inhibited tumor progression in a mouse (BALB/c nude) model. However, some exhaustion-associated genes were involved in off-tumor cytotoxicity towards activated lymphocytes. Gene expression profiles confirmed increased chemokines/chemokine receptors and exhaustion genes in CB CD19-CAR T cells upon tumor stimulation compared to CB T cells. They indicated inherent changes in the associated signaling pathways in the constructed CB CAR T cells and targeted tumor processes. Conclusion CB CD19-CAR T cells represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating DLBCL. The unique biological properties and high availability of CB CD19-CAR T cells make this approach feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Division of Hematopathology and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cancan Luo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- R&D Department, Qilu Cell Therapy Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Tan
- R&D Department, Qilu Cell Therapy Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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14
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Gihring A, Gärtner F, Mayer L, Roth A, Abdelrasoul H, Kornmann M, Elad L, Knippschild U. Influence of bariatric surgery on the peripheral blood immune system of female patients with morbid obesity revealed by high-dimensional mass cytometry. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1131893. [PMID: 37266430 PMCID: PMC10230950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, altered levels of adipocytokines, and impaired regulation of gastrointestinal hormones. Secreted, these factors exert immunostimulatory functions directly influencing peripheral immune cells. Methods In the realm of this study, we aimed to investigate the composition and activation status of peripheral blood immune cells in female patients with morbid obesity compared to lean controls using high-dimensional mass cytometry. Besides, we also assessed the influence of bariatric surgery with respect to its ability to reverse obesity-associated alterations within the first-year post-surgery. Results Patients with morbid obesity showed typical signs of chronic inflammation characterized by increased levels of CRP and fibrinogen. Apart from that, metabolic alterations were characterized by increased levels of leptin and resistin as well as decreased levels of adiponectin and ghrelin compared to the healthy control population. All these however, except for ghrelin levels, rapidly normalized after surgery with regard to control levels. Furthermore, we found an increased population of monocytic CD14+, HLA-DR-, CD11b+, CXCR3+ cells in patients with morbid obesity and an overall reduction of the HLA-DR monocytic expression compared to the control population. Although CD14+, HLA-DR-, CD11b+, CXCR3+ decreased after surgery, HLA-DR expression did not recover within 9 - 11 months post-surgery. Moreover, compared to the control population, patients with morbid obesity showed a perturbed CD4+ T cell compartment, characterized by a strongly elevated CD127+ memory T cell subset and decreased naïve T cells, which was not recovered within 9 - 11 months post-surgery. Although NK cells showed an activated phenotype, they were numerically lower in patients with morbid obesity when compared to healthy controls. The NK cell population further decreased after surgery and did not recover quantitatively within the study period. Conclusions Our results clearly demonstrate that the rapid adaptions in inflammatory parameters and adipocytokine levels that occur within the first year post-surgery do not translate to the peripheral immune cells. Apart from that, we described highly affected, distinct immune cell subsets, defined as CD127+ memory T cells and monocytic CD14+, HLA-DR, CD11b+, CXCR3+ cells, that might play a significant role in understanding and further decoding the etiopathogenesis of morbid obesity.
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15
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Mackie J, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Guerin A. The ups and downs of STAT3 function: too much, too little and human immune dysregulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:107-116. [PMID: 36652220 PMCID: PMC10128169 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The STAT3 story has almost 30 years of evolving history. First identified in 1994 as a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has continued to be revealed as a quintessential pleiotropic signalling module spanning fields including infectious diseases, autoimmunity, vaccine responses, metabolism, and malignancy. In 2007, germline heterozygous dominant-negative loss-of-function variants in STAT3 were discovered as the most common cause for a triad of eczematoid dermatitis with recurrent skin and pulmonary infections, first described in 1966. This finding established that STAT3 plays a critical non-redundant role in immunity against some pathogens, as well as in the connective tissue, dental and musculoskeletal systems. Several years later, in 2014, heterozygous activating gain of function germline STAT3 variants were found to be causal for cases of early-onset multiorgan autoimmunity, thereby underpinning the notion that STAT3 function needed to be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. As we and others continue to interrogate biochemical and cellular perturbations due to inborn errors in STAT3, we will review our current understanding of STAT3 function, mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and future directions in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Antoine Guerin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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16
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Das Gupta D, Lohoff M. Puppet masters of B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The preB cell receptor and the interleukin 7 receptor α. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250093. [PMID: 36805963 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is enriched for a preB cell phenotype, hinting at a specific vulnerability of this cell stage. Two signaling pathways via the preB cell receptor (preBCR) and the interleukin 7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) chain govern the balance between differentiation and proliferation at this stage and both receptor pathways are routinely altered in human BCP-ALL. Here, we review the immunobiology of both the preBCR as well as the IL-7Rα and analyze the human BCP-ALL spectrum in the light of these signaling complexes. Finally, we present a terminology for preBCR signaling modules that distinguishes a pro-proliferative "phase-I" module from a pro-differentiative "phase-II" module. This terminology might serve as a framework to better address shared oncogenic mechanics of preB cell stage BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Das Gupta
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases associate with 41 genomic loci and type 2 inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:83. [PMID: 36653354 PMCID: PMC9849224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33626-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases (ICD-10: J30-J39), such as diseases of the sinonasal tract, pharynx and larynx, are growing health problems yet their genomic similarity is not known. We analyze genome-wide association to eight upper respiratory diseases (61,195 cases) among 260,405 FinnGen participants, meta-analyzing diseases in four groups based on an underlying genetic correlation structure. Aiming to understand which genetic loci contribute to susceptibility to upper respiratory diseases in general and its subtypes, we detect 41 independent genome-wide significant loci, distinguishing impact on sinonasal or pharyngeal diseases, or both. Fine-mapping implicated non-synonymous variants in nine genes, including three linked to immune-related diseases. Phenome-wide analysis implicated asthma and atopic dermatitis at sinonasal disease loci, and inflammatory bowel diseases and other immune-mediated disorders at pharyngeal disease loci. Upper respiratory diseases also genetically correlated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hypothyroidism, and psoriasis. Finally, we associated separate gene pathways in sinonasal and pharyngeal diseases that both contribute to type 2 immunological reaction. We show shared heritability among upper respiratory diseases that extends to several immune-mediated diseases with diverse mechanisms, such as type 2 high inflammation.
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18
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Toribio ML, González-García S. Notch Partners in the Long Journey of T-ALL Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021383. [PMID: 36674902 PMCID: PMC9866461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological disease that arises from the oncogenic transformation of developing T cells during T-lymphopoiesis. Although T-ALL prognosis has improved markedly in recent years, relapsing and refractory patients with dismal outcomes still represent a major clinical issue. Consequently, understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to the appearance of this malignancy and developing novel and more effective targeted therapies is an urgent need. Since the discovery in 2004 that a major proportion of T-ALL patients carry activating mutations that turn NOTCH1 into an oncogene, great efforts have been made to decipher the mechanisms underlying constitutive NOTCH1 activation, with the aim of understanding how NOTCH1 dysregulation converts the physiological NOTCH1-dependent T-cell developmental program into a pathological T-cell transformation process. Several molecular players have so far been shown to cooperate with NOTCH1 in this oncogenic process, and different therapeutic strategies have been developed to specifically target NOTCH1-dependent T-ALLs. Here, we comprehensively analyze the molecular bases of the cross-talk between NOTCH1 and cooperating partners critically involved in the generation and/or maintenance and progression of T-ALL and discuss novel opportunities and therapeutic approaches that current knowledge may open for future treatment of T-ALL patients.
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19
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Sadeghalvad M, Rezaei N. Immunodeficiencies. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Hernández-Torres DC, Stehle C. Embryonic ILC-poiesis across tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040624. [PMID: 36605193 PMCID: PMC9807749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), consisting of Group 1 ILCs (natural killer cells and ILC1), ILC2, and ILC3, are critical effectors of innate immunity, inflammation, and homeostasis post-natally, but also exert essential functions before birth. Recent studies during critical developmental periods in the embryo have hinted at complex waves of tissue colonization, and highlighted the breadth of multipotent and committed ILC progenitors from both classic fetal hematopoietic organs such as the liver, as well as tissue sites such as the lung, thymus, and intestine. Assessment of the mechanisms driving cell fate and function of the ILC family in the embryo will be vital to the understanding ILC biology throughout fetal life and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany,Medical Department I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres, ; Christina Stehle,
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany,Medical Department I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Daniela Carolina Hernández-Torres, ; Christina Stehle,
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21
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IL-7: Comprehensive review. Cytokine 2022; 160:156049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Fischer A. Gene therapy for inborn errors of immunity: past, present and future. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00800-6. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Boehme L, Roels J, Taghon T. Development of γδ T cells in the thymus - A human perspective. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101662. [PMID: 36374779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly emerging as crucial immune regulators that can take on innate and adaptive roles in the defence against pathogens. Although they arise within the thymus from the same hematopoietic precursors as conventional αβ T cells, the development of γδ T cells is less well understood. In this review, we focus on summarising the current state of knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of γδ T cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Zebrafish Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Due to JAK3 Mutation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101521. [PMID: 36291730 PMCID: PMC9599616 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK3 is principally activated by members of the interleukin-2 receptor family and plays an essential role in lymphoid development, with inactivating JAK3 mutations causing autosomal-recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This study aimed to generate an equivalent zebrafish model of SCID and to characterize the model across the life-course. Genome editing of zebrafish jak3 created mutants similar to those observed in human SCID. Homozygous jak3 mutants showed reduced embryonic T lymphopoiesis that continued through the larval stage and into adulthood, with B cell maturation and adult NK cells also reduced and neutrophils impacted. Mutant fish were susceptible to lymphoid leukemia. This model has many of the hallmarks of human SCID resulting from inactivating JAK3 mutations and will be useful for a variety of pre-clinical applications.
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25
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Wang C, Kong L, Kim S, Lee S, Oh S, Jo S, Jang I, Kim TD. The Role of IL-7 and IL-7R in Cancer Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810412. [PMID: 36142322 PMCID: PMC9499417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a multipotent cytokine that maintains the homeostasis of the immune system. IL-7 plays a vital role in T-cell development, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in B cell maturation through the activation of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). IL-7 is closely associated with tumor development and has been used in cancer clinical research and therapy. In this review, we first summarize the roles of IL-7 and IL-7Rα and their downstream signaling pathways in immunity and cancer. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss the recent advances in the use of IL-7 and IL-7Rα as cancer immunotherapy tools and highlight their potential for therapeutic applications. This review will help in the development of cancer immunotherapy regimens based on IL-7 and IL-7Rα, and will also advance their exploitation as more effective and safe immunotherapy tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Lingzu Kong
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seokmin Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sechan Oh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Seona Jo
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Inhwan Jang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence:
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26
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Antczak M, Cañete PF, Chen Z, Belle C, Yu D. Evolution of γ chain cytokines: mechanisms, methods and applications. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4746-4755. [PMID: 36147674 PMCID: PMC9465101 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The common γ chain family of cytokines and their receptors play fundamental roles in the immune system. Evolutionary studies of γ chain cytokines have elegantly illustrated how the immune system adapts to ever-changing environmental conditions. Indeed, these studies have revealed the uniqueness of cytokine evolution, which exhibits strong positive selection pressure needed to adapt to rapidly evolving threats whilst still conserving their receptor binding capabilities. In this review, we summarise the evolutionary mechanisms that gave rise to the characteristically diverse family of γ chain cytokines. We also speculate on the benefits of studying cytokine evolution, which may provide alternative ways to design novel cytokine therapeutic strategies. Additionally, we discuss current evolutionary models that elucidate the emergence of distinct cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and cytokine receptors (IL-2Rα and IL-15Rα). Finally, we address and reflect on the difficulties associated with evolutionary studies of rapidly evolving genes and describe a variety of computational methods that have revealed numerous aspects of cytokine evolution.
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27
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Pala F, Notarangelo LD, Bosticardo M. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of thymic development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13832. [PMID: 36003043 PMCID: PMC11077434 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the thymus is to support the establishment of a wide repertoire of T lymphocytes capable of eliminating foreign pathogens, yet tolerant to self-antigens. Thymocyte development in the thymus is dependent on the interaction with thymic stromal cells, a complex mixture of cells comprising thymic epithelial cells (TEC), mesenchymal and endothelial cells. The exchange of signals between stromal cells and thymocytes is referred to as "thymic cross-talk". Genetic defects affecting either side of this interaction result in defects in thymic development that ultimately lead to a decreased output of T lymphocytes to the periphery. In the present review, we aim at providing a summary of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by T-cell lymphopenia due to defects of the thymic stroma, or to hematopoietic-intrinsic defects of T-cell development, with a special focus on recently discovered disorders. Additionally, we review the novel diagnostic tools developed to discover and study new genetic causes of IEI due to defects in thymic development. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to correct thymic defects that are currently available, in addition to potential novel therapies that could be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Galarza-Muñoz G, Kennedy-Boone D, Schott G, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA. Antisense modulation of IL7R splicing to control sIL7R expression in human CD4 + T cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1058-1073. [PMID: 35613883 PMCID: PMC9297843 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079137.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R) is strongly associated with increased risk to develop multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and this association is likely driven by up-regulation of the soluble isoform of IL7R (sIL7R). Expression of sIL7R is determined by exclusion of the alternative exon 6 from IL7R transcripts, and our previous work revealed that the MS risk allele of the SNP rs6897932 within this exon enhances the expression of sIL7R by promoting exclusion of exon 6. sIL7R potentiates the activity of IL7, leading to enhanced expansion of T cells and increased disability in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. This role in modulating T cell-driven immunity positions sIL7R as an attractive therapeutic target whose expression could be reduced for treatment of MS or increased for treatment of cancers. In this study, we identified novel antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that effectively control the inclusion (anti-sIL7R ASOs) or exclusion (pro-sIL7R ASOs) of this exon in a dose-dependent fashion. These ASOs provided excellent control of exon 6 splicing and sIL7R secretion in human primary CD4+ T cells. Supporting their potential for therapeutic targeting, we showed that lead anti-sIL7R ASOs correct the enhanced exon 6 exclusion imposed by the MS risk allele of rs6897932, whereas lead pro-sIL7R ASOs phenocopy it. The data presented here form the foundation for future preclinical studies that will test the therapeutic potential of these ASOs in MS and immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddiel Galarza-Muñoz
- Autoimmunity BioSolutions, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
| | - Debbie Kennedy-Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
| | - Geraldine Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Autoimmunity BioSolutions, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA
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29
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Luo J, Zhang L, Shen F, Luo L, Chen L, Fan Z, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Blood transcriptome analysis revealing aging gene expression profiles in red panda. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13743. [PMID: 35898935 PMCID: PMC9310792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The red panda is an endangered forest species distributed on the edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The species has been conserved in ex-situ in many countries and its survival is threatened by many diseases. Its immune system is vulnerable to age-associated alterations, which accumulate and result in a progressive deterioration that leads to an increased incidence of diseases. We identified 2,219 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between geriatric (11-16 years) and adult individuals (4-8 years), and 1690 DEGs between adults and juveniles (1 year). The gene expression and functional annotation results showed that the innate immunity of red pandas increases significantly in geriatric individuals, whereas its change remains unclear when comparing adults and juveniles. We found that the adaptive immunity of red pandas first increased and then decreased with age. We identified CXCR3, BLNK, and CCR4 as the hub genes in the age-related protein-protein interaction network, which showed their central role in age-related immune changes. Many DNA repair genes were down-regulated in geriatric red pandas, suggesting that the DNA repair ability of the blood tissue in geriatric red pandas is significantly reduced. The significantly up-regulated TLR5 in geriatric individuals also suggests the possibility of enhancing the vaccination immune response by incorporating flagellin, which could be used to address decreased vaccine responses caused by age-related declines in immune system function. This work provides an insight into gene expression changes associated with aging and paves the way for effective disease prevention and treatment strategies for red pandas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Luo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Rasouli J, Casella G, Zhang W, Xiao D, Kumar G, Fortina P, Zhang GX, Ciric B, Rostami A. Transcription Factor RUNX3 Mediates Plasticity of ThGM Cells Toward Th1 Phenotype. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912583. [PMID: 35860266 PMCID: PMC9289370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GM-CSF-producing T helper (Th) cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have identified a distinct population of GM-CSF-producing Th cells, named ThGM cells, that also express cytokines TNF, IL-2, and IL-3, but lack expression of master transcription factors (TF) and signature cytokines of commonly recognized Th cell lineages. ThGM cells are highly encephalitogenic in a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Similar to Th17 cells, in response to IL-12, ThGM cells upregulate expression of T-bet and IFN-γ and switch their phenotype to Th1. Here we show that in addition to T-bet, TF RUNX3 also contributes to the Th1 switch of ThGM cells. T-bet-deficient ThGM cells in the CNS of mice with EAE had low expression of RUNX3, and knockdown of RUNX3 expression in ThGM cells abrogated the Th1-inducing effect of IL-12. Comparison of ThGM and Th1 cell transcriptomes showed that ThGM cells expressed a set of TFs known to inhibit the development of other Th lineages. Lack of expression of lineage-specific cytokines and TFs by ThGM cells, together with expression of TFs that inhibit the development of other Th lineages, suggests that ThGM cells are a non-polarized subset of Th cells with lineage characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Abdolmohamad Rostami,
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31
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Oliveira ML, Veloso A, Garcia EG, Iyer S, Pereira C, Barreto VM, Langenau DM, Barata JT. Mutant IL7R collaborates with MYC to induce T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2022; 36:1533-1540. [PMID: 35581375 PMCID: PMC9162918 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive pediatric cancer. Amongst the wide array of driver mutations, 10% of T-ALL patients display gain-of-function mutations in the IL-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα, encoded by IL7R), which occur in different molecular subtypes of this disease. However, it is still unclear whether IL-7R mutational activation is sufficient to transform T-cell precursors. Also, which genes cooperate with IL7R to drive leukemogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that mutant IL7R alone is capable of inducing T-ALL with long-latency in stable transgenic zebrafish and transformation is associated with MYC transcriptional activation. Additionally, we find that mutant IL7R collaborates with Myc to induce early onset T-ALL in transgenic zebrafish, supporting a model where these pathways collaborate to drive leukemogenesis. T-ALLs co-expressing mutant IL7R and Myc activate STAT5 and AKT pathways, harbor reduced numbers of apoptotic cells and remake tumors in transplanted zebrafish faster than T-ALLs expressing Myc alone. Moreover, limiting-dilution cell transplantation experiments reveal that activated IL-7R signaling increases the overall frequency of leukemia propagating cells. Our work highlights a synergy between mutant IL7R and Myc in inducing T-ALL and demonstrates that mutant IL7R enriches for leukemia propagating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Veloso
- Molecular Pathology Unit, MGH Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- MGH Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Elaine G Garcia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, MGH Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- MGH Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology Unit, MGH Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- MGH Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clara Pereira
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vasco M Barreto
- DNA Breaks Laboratory, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, MGH Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- MGH Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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32
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Leilei Z, Kewen Z, Biao H, Fang H, Yigang W. The Role of Chemokine IL-7 in Tumor and Its Potential Antitumor Immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:243-250. [PMID: 35613386 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine belonging to the chemokine family. It plays a key role in the differentiation, development, and maturation of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which is pivotal to adaptive immunity. In addition to its role in lymphocyte development, recent studies have indicated the antitumor functions of IL-7 in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-7 in tumors and summarize its antitumor potential and clinical application in lymphoma, leukemia, breast cancer, colon cancer, and so on. Furthermore, the combinational strategies of IL-7 and other antitumor drugs have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Leilei
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhou Kewen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Bachelor of Science, Toronto, Canada
| | - Huang Biao
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Yigang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Shaoxing, China
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33
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Minguet S, Nyström A, Kiritsi D, Rizzi M. Inborn errors of immunity and immunodeficiencies: antibody-mediated pathology and autoimmunity as a consequence of impaired immune reactions. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1396-1405. [PMID: 35443081 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B cell tolerance to self-antigen is an active process that requires the temporal and spatial integration of signals of defined intensity. In common variable immune deficiency disorders (CVID), CTLA-4 deficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), or in collagen VII deficiency, genetic defects in molecules regulating development, activation, maturation and extracellular matrix composition alter the generation of B cells, resulting in immunodeficiency. Paradoxically, at the same time, the defective immune processes favor autoantibody production and immunopathology through impaired establishment of tolerance. The development of systemic autoimmunity in the framework of defective BCR signaling is relatively unusual in genetic mouse models. In sharp contrast, such reduced signaling in humans is clearly linked to pathological autoimmunity. The molecular mechanisms by which tolerance is broken in these settings are only starting to be explored resulting in novel therapeutic interventions. For instance, in CTLA-4 deficiency, homeostasis can be restored by CTLA-4 Ig treatment. Following this example, the identification of the molecular targets causing the reduced signals and their restoration is a visionary way to reestablish tolerance and develop novel therapeutic avenues for immunopathologies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University, Clinics, and, Medical, Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University, of, Freiburg
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University, of, Freiburg.,Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Medical, Center, -, University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Medical, Center, -, University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University, Clinics, and, Medical, Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University, of, Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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34
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Mansour R, Bsat YE, Fadel A, El-Orfali Y, Noun D, Tarek N, Kabbara N, Abboud M, Massaad MJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of a Patient With Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Due to a Novel Homozygous Mutation in the IL-7Rα Chain. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867837. [PMID: 35418989 PMCID: PMC8996178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) is expressed on lymphoid cells and plays an important role in the development, homeostasis, survival, and proliferation of T cells. Bi-allelic mutations in the IL-7Rα chain abolish T cell development and function resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. In this manuscript, we investigate a 1 year-old patient born to consanguineous parents, who suffered from autoimmune hemolytic anemia since birth associated with recurrent severe infections. Flow cytometric analysis of the patient’s peripheral blood demonstrated elevated numbers of B and NK cells, decreased numbers of T cells, defective thymic output, a predominance of memory T cells, and absent T cell proliferation. Next Generation Sequencing identified a novel homozygous pathogenic mutation in IL7RA (c.379G>A) that resulted in aberrant IL7RA RNA splicing and absent IL-7Rα expression. The patient was successfully transplanted using her HLA-matched relative as donor. One year after transplant, the patient is clinically stable with normal reconstitution of donor T cells that express IL-7Rα, a significant increase in the percentages of recent thymic emigrant and peripheral T cells, normalization of naïve and memory T cells, and restoration of her T cell’s proliferative response. Therefore, using genetic and functional approaches, we identified a novel deleterious mutation in IL-7Rα that results in T-B+NK+ phenotype, and report successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of the patient. This represents the first bedside-to-bench-and-back case entirely performed on a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency at the American University of Beirut Medical Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Mansour
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yasmin El Bsat
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony Fadel
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youmna El-Orfali
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dolly Noun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nidale Tarek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Kabbara
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.,Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Nord, Zgharta, Lebanon
| | - Miguel Abboud
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Research Center of Excellence in Immunity and Infections, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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35
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Zhou X, Ding S, Wang D, Chen L, Feng K, Huang T, Li Z, Cai Y. Identification of Cell Markers and Their Expression Patterns in Skin Based on Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Profiles. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040550. [PMID: 35455041 PMCID: PMC9025372 DOI: 10.3390/life12040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are members of a family of inflammatory skin disorders. Cellular immune responses in skin tissues contribute to the development of these diseases. However, their underlying immune mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. We developed a computational pipeline for analyzing the single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles of the Human Cell Atlas skin dataset to investigate the pathological mechanisms of skin diseases. First, we applied the maximum relevance criterion and the Boruta feature selection method to exclude irrelevant gene features from the single-cell gene expression profiles of inflammatory skin disease samples and healthy controls. The retained gene features were ranked by using the Monte Carlo feature selection method on the basis of their importance, and a feature list was compiled. This list was then introduced into the incremental feature selection method that combined the decision tree and random forest algorithms to extract important cell markers and thus build excellent classifiers and decision rules. These cell markers and their expression patterns have been analyzed and validated in recent studies and are potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets for skin diseases because their expression affects the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (X.Z.); (S.D.)
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shijian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (X.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Deling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China;
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-21-54923269 (T.H.); +86-21-66136132 (Y.C.)
| | - Zhandong Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-21-54923269 (T.H.); +86-21-66136132 (Y.C.)
| | - Yudong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (X.Z.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Z.L.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-21-54923269 (T.H.); +86-21-66136132 (Y.C.)
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36
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In Utero Development and Immunosurveillance of B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:543-561. [PMID: 35294722 PMCID: PMC8924576 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent type of pediatric cancer with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age. ALL frequently begins in utero with the emergence of clinically silent, preleukemic cells. Underlying leukemia-predisposing germline and acquired somatic mutations define distinct ALL subtypes that vary dramatically in treatment outcomes. In addition to genetic predisposition, a second hit, which usually occurs postnatally, is required for development of overt leukemia in most ALL subtypes. An untrained, dysregulated immune response, possibly due to an abnormal response to infection, may be an important co-factor triggering the onset of leukemia. Furthermore, the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells and T helper (Th) cells in controlling the preleukemic cells has been discussed. Identifying the cell of origin of the preleukemia-initiating event might give additional insights into potential options for prevention. Modulation of the immune system to achieve prolonged immunosurveillance of the preleukemic clone that eventually dies out in later years might present a future directive. Herein, we review the concepts of prenatal origin as well as potential preventive approaches to pediatric B cell precursor (BCP) ALL.
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37
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Wang X, Chang S, Wang T, Wu R, Huang Z, Sun J, Liu J, Yu Y, Mao Y. IL7R Is Correlated With Immune Cell Infiltration in the Tumor Microenvironment of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857289. [PMID: 35264973 PMCID: PMC8899515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the development, progression, and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Exploring new biomarkers based on the immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma can effectively predict the prognosis and provide effective clinical treatment. In this study, we used the ESTIMATE algorithm to score the immune and stromal components in lung adenocarcinoma data downloaded from the TCGA database. The result showed that the immune/stromal score was associated with clinical features and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) is an important prognostic biomarker identified by intersection analysis of protein-protein interaction networks and Cox regression survival analysis. According to TCGA and Oncomine database analysis, IL7R expression in adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in normal lung tissues and was further verified in clinical tissue samples. Survival analysis showed IL7R was an independent prognostic factor of lung adenocarcinoma. IL7R expression was positively correlated with the overall survival and progression-free survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients and negatively correlated with tumor size. Our results suggest that IL7R inhibits tumor growth by regulating the proportion of immune infiltrating cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. IL7R could be a beneficial prognostic marker in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and has great potential in immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shujian Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruirong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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38
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Geron I, Savino AM, Fishman H, Tal N, Brown J, Turati VA, James C, Sarno J, Hameiri-Grossman M, Lee YN, Rein A, Maniriho H, Birger Y, Zemlyansky A, Muler I, Davis KL, Marcu-Malina V, Mattson N, Parnas O, Wagener R, Fischer U, Barata JT, Jamieson CHM, Müschen M, Chen CW, Borkhardt A, Kirsch IR, Nagler A, Enver T, Izraeli S. An instructive role for Interleukin-7 receptor α in the development of human B-cell precursor leukemia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:659. [PMID: 35115489 PMCID: PMC8814001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase signaling fuels growth of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Yet its role in leukemia initiation is unclear and has not been shown in primary human hematopoietic cells. We previously described activating mutations in interleukin-7 receptor alpha (IL7RA) in poor-prognosis "ph-like" BCP-ALL. Here we show that expression of activated mutant IL7RA in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells induces a preleukemic state in transplanted immunodeficient NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rγnull mice, characterized by persistence of self-renewing Pro-B cells with non-productive V(D)J gene rearrangements. Preleukemic CD34+CD10highCD19+ cells evolve into BCP-ALL with spontaneously acquired Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2 A (CDKN2A) deletions, as commonly observed in primary human BCP-ALL. CRISPR mediated gene silencing of CDKN2A in primary human CD34+ cells transduced with activated IL7RA results in robust development of BCP-ALLs in-vivo. Thus, we demonstrate that constitutive activation of IL7RA can initiate preleukemia in primary human hematopoietic progenitors and cooperates with CDKN2A silencing in progression into BCP-ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-7 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/metabolism
- RNA-Seq/methods
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Geron
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Angela Maria Savino
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Hila Fishman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Noa Tal
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - John Brown
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Chela James
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jolanda Sarno
- Department of Pediatrics, Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hameiri-Grossman
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Pediatric Department and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Avigail Rein
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Hillary Maniriho
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yehudit Birger
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Anna Zemlyansky
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Inna Muler
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kara L Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Bass Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Marcu-Malina
- Cytogenetic Unit laboratory of Hematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nicole Mattson
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Oren Parnas
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rabea Wagener
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- UC San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, Ja Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Arnon Nagler
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Hematology Division BMT and Cord Blood Bank Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tariq Enver
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and The Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA.
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39
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Sasaki K, Yamauchi T, Semba Y, Nogami J, Imanaga H, Terasaki T, Nakao F, Akahane K, Inukai T, Verhoeyen E, Akashi K, Maeda T. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies rationally designed combination therapies for CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like ALL. Blood 2022; 139:748-760. [PMID: 34587248 PMCID: PMC9632759 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) harboring the IgH-CRLF2 rearrangement (IgH-CRLF2-r) exhibits poor clinical outcomes and is the most common subtype of Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL). While multiple chemotherapeutic regimens, including ruxolitinib monotherapy and/or its combination with chemotherapy, are being tested, their efficacy is reportedly limited. To identify molecules/pathways relevant for IgH-CRLF2-r ALL pathogenesis, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 dropout screens in the presence or absence of ruxolitinib using 2 IgH-CRLF2-r ALL lines that differ in RAS mutational status. To do so, we employed a baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vector system, which enabled, for the first time, highly efficient transduction of human B cells. While single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting CRLF2, IL7RA, or JAK1/2 significantly affected cell fitness in both lines, those targeting STAT5A, STAT5B, or STAT3 did not, suggesting that STAT signaling is largely dispensable for IgH-CRLF2-r ALL cell survival. We show that regulators of RAS signaling are critical for cell fitness and ruxolitinib sensitivity and that CRKL depletion enhances ruxolitinib sensitivity in RAS wild-type (WT) cells. Gilteritinib, a pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks CRKL phosphorylation, effectively killed RAS WT IgH-CRLF2-r ALL cells in vitro and in vivo, either alone or combined with ruxolitinib. We further show that combining gilteritinib with trametinib, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, is an effective means to target IgH-CRLF2-r ALL cells regardless of RAS mutational status. Our study delineates molecules/pathways relevant for CRLF2-r ALL pathogenesis and could suggest rationally designed combination therapies appropriate for disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imanaga
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Terasaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koshi Akahane
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, Unité 1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France; and
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- CIRI-International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM, Unité 1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France; and
- Division of Precision Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Huang J, Long Z, Jia R, Wang M, Zhu D, Liu M, Chen S, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Tian B, Mao S, Ou X, Sun D, Gao Q, Cheng A. The Broad Immunomodulatory Effects of IL-7 and Its Application In Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680442. [PMID: 34956167 PMCID: PMC8702497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is produced by stromal cells, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells in host tissues or tumors and exerts a wide range of immune effects mediated by the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). IL-7 is primarily involved in regulating the development of B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells via the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK pathways. This cytokine participates in the early generation of lymphocyte subsets and maintain the survival of all lymphocyte subsets; in particular, IL-7 is essential for orchestrating the rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes and T-cell receptor genes in precursor B and T cells, respectively. In addition, IL-7 can aid the activation of immune cells in anti-virus and anti-tumor immunity and plays important roles in the restoration of immune function. These biological functions of IL-7 make it an important molecular adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy as it can promote and extend systemic immune responses against pathogens by prolonging lymphocyte survival, enhancing effector cell activity, and increasing antigen-specific memory cell production. This review focuses on the biological function and mechanism of IL-7 and summarizes its contribution towards improved vaccine efficacy. We hope to provide a thorough overview of this cytokine and provide strategies for the development of the future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyao Long
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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41
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Chen D, Tang TX, Deng H, Yang XP, Tang ZH. Interleukin-7 Biology and Its Effects on Immune Cells: Mediator of Generation, Differentiation, Survival, and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747324. [PMID: 34925323 PMCID: PMC8674869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a molecule known for its growth-promoting effects on progenitors of B cells, remains one of the most extensively studied cytokines. It plays a vital role in health maintenance and disease prevention, and the congenital deficiency of IL-7 signaling leads to profound immunodeficiency. IL-7 contributes to host defense by regulating the development and homeostasis of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. Clinical trials of recombinant IL-7 have demonstrated safety and potent immune reconstitution effects. In this article, we discuss IL-7 and its functions in immune cell development, drawing on a substantial body of knowledge regarding the biology of IL-7. We aim to answer some remaining questions about IL-7, providing insights essential for designing new strategies of immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Xuan Tang
- Class 1901, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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42
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Choi BY, Han M, Kwak JW, Kim TH. Genetics and Epigenetics in Allergic Rhinitis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122004. [PMID: 34946955 PMCID: PMC8700872 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is associated with genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is an advanced technique in the field of molecular genetics that is closely correlated with genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in large population groups with allergic diseases. Many recent studies have paid attention to the role of epigenetics, including alteration of DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and miRNA levels in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. In this review article, genetics and epigenetics of allergic rhinitis, including information regarding functions and significance of previously known and newly-discovered genes, are summarized. Directions for future genetic and epigenetic studies of allergic rhinitis are also proposed.
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43
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Malignant and Benign T Cells Constituting Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312933. [PMID: 34884736 PMCID: PMC8657644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including various clinical manifestations, such as mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS). CTCL mostly develops from CD4 T cells with the skin-tropic memory phenotype. Malignant T cells in MF lesions show the phenotype of skin resident memory T cells (TRM), which reside in the peripheral tissues for long periods and do not recirculate. On the other hand, malignant T cells in SS represent the phenotype of central memory T cells (TCM), which are characterized by recirculation to and from the blood and lymphoid tissues. The kinetics and the functional characteristics of malignant cells in CTCL are still unclear due, in part, to the fact that both the malignant cells and the T cells exerting anti-tumor activity possess the same characteristics as T cells. Capturing the features of both the malignant and the benign T cells is necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of CTCL and would lead to new therapeutic strategies specifically targeting the skin malignant T cells or benign T cells.
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44
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T-ALL and the talented Mr IL7Rα. Blood 2021; 138:1003-1004. [PMID: 34554220 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ducloux D, Legendre M, Bamoulid J, Saas P, Courivaud C, Crepin T. End-Stage Renal Disease-Related Accelerated Immune Senescence: Is Rejuvenation of the Immune System a Therapeutic Goal? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:720402. [PMID: 34540869 PMCID: PMC8446427 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.720402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients exhibit clinical features of premature ageing, including frailty, cardiovascular disease, and muscle wasting. Accelerated ageing also concerns the immune system. Patients with ESRD have both immune senescence and chronic inflammation that are resumed in the so-called inflammaging syndrome. Immune senescence is particularly characterised by premature loss of thymic function that is associated with hyporesponsiveness to vaccines, susceptibility to infections, and death. ESRD-related chronic inflammation has multiple causes and participates to accelerated cardiovascular disease. Although, both characterisation of immune senescence and its consequences are relatively well-known, mechanisms are more uncertain. However, prevention of immune senescence/inflammation or/and rejuvenation of the immune system are major goal to ameliorate clinical outcomes of ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ducloux
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche, SFR FED4234, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Legendre
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Jamal Bamoulid
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche, SFR FED4234, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche, SFR FED4234, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Plateforme de Biomonitoring, CIC 1431/UMR1098, Besançon, France
| | - Cécile Courivaud
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche, SFR FED4234, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Crepin
- Inserm, UMR1098, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
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Ren A, Sun J, Yin W, Westerberg LS, Miller H, Lee P, Candotti F, Guan F, Lei J, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. Signaling networks in B cell development and related therapeutic strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:877-891. [PMID: 34528729 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0221-088rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are essential for Ab production during humoral immune responses. From decades of B cell research, there is now a detailed understanding of B cell subsets, development, functions, and most importantly, signaling pathways. The complicated pathways in B cells and their interactions with each other are stage-dependent, varying with surface marker expression during B cell development. With the increasing understanding of B cell development and signaling pathways, the mechanisms underlying B cell related diseases are being unraveled as well, making it possible to provide more precise and effective treatments. In this review, we describe several essential and recently discovered signaling pathways in B cell development and take a look at newly developed therapeutic strategies targeted at B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qiu K, Li K, Zeng T, Liao Y, Min J, Zhang N, Peng M, Kong W, Chen LL. Integrative Analyses of Genes Associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8263829. [PMID: 34493981 PMCID: PMC8418929 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8263829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is a common autoimmune thyroiditis, which mostly occurs in young and middle-aged women. It can be manifested as hyperthyroidism in the early stage; hypothyroidism may appear with the progression of the disease. Studies have shown that multiple factors such as heredity, environment, and autoimmunity are involved in the pathogenesis, but the specific mechanism is not clear. In our study, we tried to find key genes and potential molecular mechanisms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis to provide new ideas for the therapeutic targets of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. METHOD GSE138198 and GSE54958 were downloaded from the GEO database, and two datasets were combined for analysis. The combined data were normalized to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and hub genes between DEGs were identified. We also used the miRWalk database to identify regulatory miRNAs associated with expressions of DEGs. RESULT We identified 182 DEGs (160 upregulated and 22 downregulated) between Hashimoto's disease patients and the healthy control group. GO analysis showed that DEGs were mostly concentrated in detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception, intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and olfactory receptor activity. KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were mainly related to olfactory transduction. Some members of the KRTAP family and HTR5A, KNG1, DRD3, HTR1D, TAS2R16, INSL5, TAS2R42, and GRM7 are the most important hub genes in the PPI network. In addition, we recognized that OTUD4, LLPH, and ECHDC1 were the most important hub genes in the miRNA-target gene network. CONCLUSION In this study, a series of bioinformatics analyses of DEGs were performed to identify the key genes and pathways associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These genes and pathways provide a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's disease and provide new ideas for the therapeutic targets of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kai Li
- Network and Computing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Miaomiao Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu-lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan 430022, China
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Abdelbaky SB, Ibrahim MT, Samy H, Mohamed M, Mohamed H, Mustafa M, Abdelaziz MM, Forrest ML, Khalil IA. Cancer immunotherapy from biology to nanomedicine. J Control Release 2021; 336:410-432. [PMID: 34171445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the significant drawbacks of conventional cancer chemotherapeutics, cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated the ability to eradicate cancer cells and circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) with fewer side effects than traditional cytotoxic therapies. Various immunotherapeutic agents have been investigated for that purpose including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccines. All these agents aid immune cells to recognize and engage tumor cells by acting on tumor-specific pathways, antigens or cellular targets. However, immunotherapeutics are still associated with some concerns such as off-target side effects and poor pharmacokinetics. Nanomedicine may resolve some limitations of current immunotherapeutics such as localizing delivery, controlling release and enhancing the pharmacokinetic profile. Herein, we discuss recent advances of immunotherapeutic agents with respect to their development and biological mechanisms of action, along with the advantages that nanomedicine strategies lend to immunotherapeutics by possibly improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma B Abdelbaky
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Mayar Tarek Ibrahim
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Center for Scientific Computation, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States of America
| | - Hebatallah Samy
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Menatalla Mohamed
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Hebatallah Mohamed
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Mustafa
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Abdelaziz
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza 12582, Egypt.
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Belaid B, Lamara Mahammed L, Mohand Oussaid A, Migaud M, Khadri Y, Casanova JL, Puel A, Ben Halla N, Djidjik R. Case Report: Interleukin-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain Defect Presented as a Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696350. [PMID: 34248995 PMCID: PMC8264782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin common gamma chain (IL-2Rγ or γc) of cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Hypomorphic mutations of IL2RG may cause combined immunodeficiencies with atypical clinical and immunological presentations. Here, we report a clinical, immunological, and functional characterization of a missense mutation in exon 1 (c.115G>A; p. Asp39Asn) of IL2RG in a 7-year-old boy. The patient suffered from recurrent sinopulmonary infections and refractory eczema. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T cell subsets, with a pronounced serum IgE elevation. Surface expression of IL-2Rγ was reduced on his lymphocytes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 showed a partially preserved receptor function. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. Further analysis revealed a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-17. Studies on the functional consequences of IL-2Rγ variants are important to get more insight into the pathogenesis of atypical phenotypes which may lay the ground for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Belaid
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lydia Lamara Mahammed
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aida Mohand Oussaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Khadri
- Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nafissa Ben Halla
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Reda Djidjik
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
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Zheng HB, de la Morena MT, Suskind DL. The Growing Need to Understand Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675186. [PMID: 34122435 PMCID: PMC8187749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease (VEO-IBD) represents a cohort of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients diagnosed before 6 years of age. Unlike IBD diagnosed at older ages, VEO-IBD can be associated with underlying primary immunodeficiencies. VEO-IBD has been linked to monogenic variations in over 70 genes involved in multiple pathways of immunity. As sequencing technologies and platforms evolve and become readily available, an increasing number of genes linked to VEO-IBD have emerged. Although monogenic defects are rare in VEO-IBD, diagnosis of these variants can often dictate specific treatment. In this mini-review, we set out to describe monogenic variants previously characterized in multiple patients in the literature that contribute to VEO-IBD, diagnostic tools, unique treatment modalities for specific genetic diagnoses, and future directions in the field of VEO-IBD. Although this mini-review is by no means comprehensive of all the novel monogenic variants linked to VEO-IBD, we hope to provide relevant information that is readily accessible to clinicians and educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqi B Zheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Immunology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David L Suskind
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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