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Boecker H, Daamen M, Kunz L, Geiß M, Müller M, Neuss T, Henschel L, Stirnberg R, Upadhyay N, Scheef L, Martin JA, Stöcker T, Radbruch A, Attenberger U, Axmacher N, Maurer A. Hippocampal subfield plasticity is associated with improved spatial memory. Commun Biol 2024; 7:271. [PMID: 38443439 PMCID: PMC10914736 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise studies are generally underrepresented in young adulthood. Seventeen subjects were randomized into an intervention group (24.2 ± 3.9 years; 3 trainings/week) and 10 subjects into a passive control group (23.7 ± 4.2 years), over a duration of 6 months. Every two months, performance diagnostics, computerized spatial memory tests, and 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging were conducted. Here we find that the intervention group, compared to controls, showed increased cardiorespiratory fitness, spatial memory performance and subregional hippocampal volumes over time. Time-by-condition interactions occurred in right cornu ammonis 4 body and (trend only) dentate gyrus, left hippocampal tail and left subiculum. Increases in spatial memory performance correlated with hippocampal body volume changes and, subregionally, with left subicular volume changes. In conclusion, findings support earlier reports of exercise-induced subregional hippocampal volume changes. Such exercise-related plasticity may not only be of interest for young adults with clinical disorders of hippocampal function, but also for sedentary normal cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Boecker
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Geiß
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Moritz Müller
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Neuss
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonie Henschel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Stirnberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Neeraj Upadhyay
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Scheef
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jason A Martin
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tony Stöcker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Radbruch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Attenberger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angelika Maurer
- Clinical Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Venusberg-Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Norling AM, Gerstenecker A, Bolding MS, Hoef LV, Buford T, Walden R, An H, Ying C, Myers T, Jones BS, Del Bene V, Lazar RM. Effects of a brief HIIT intervention on cognitive performance in older women. GeroScience 2024; 46:1371-1384. [PMID: 37581755 PMCID: PMC10828265 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) mitigates age-related decline in cognition and brain volume. Little is known, however, about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive aging and the relationship between HIIT, cognition, hippocampal subfield volumes, and cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Older sedentary women participated in an 8-week HIIT intervention. We conducted cognitive assessments, fitness assessments (VO2max), MRI scans: asymmetric spin echo oxygen extraction fraction (ASE-OEF), high-resolution multiple image co-registration and averaging (HR-MICRA) imaging, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography before and after the intervention. VO2max increased from baseline (M = 19.36, SD = 2.84) to follow-up (M = 23.25, SD = 3.61), Z = - 2.93, p < .001, r = 0.63. Composite cognitive (Z = - 2.05, p = 0.041), language (Z = - 2.19, p = 0.028), and visuospatial memory (Z = - 2.22, p = 0.026), z-scores increased significantly. Hippocampal subfield volumes CA1 and CA3 dentate gyrus and subiculum decreased non-significantly (all p > 0.05); whereas a significant decrease in CA2 (Z = - 2.045, p = 0.041, r = 0.436) from baseline (M = 29.51; SD = 24.50) to follow-up (M = 24.50; SD = 13.38) was observed. Right hemisphere gray matter was correlated with language z-scores (p = 0.025; r = 0.679). The subiculum was correlated with attention (p = 0.047; r = 0.618) and verbal memory (p = 0.020; r = 0.700). The OEF and CBF were unchanged at follow-up (all p > .05). Although we observed cognitive improvements following 8 weeks of our HIIT intervention, they were not explained by hippocampal, OEF, or CBF changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M Norling
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Adam Gerstenecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lawrence Ver Hoef
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Randall Walden
- School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hongyu An
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chunwei Ying
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Terina Myers
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin S Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronald M Lazar
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 650 Sparks Center, 1720 7Th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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AO YAWEN, LI YUSHUANG, ZHAO YILIN, ZHANG LIANG, YANG RENJIE, ZHA YUNFEI. Hippocampal Subfield Volumes in Amateur Marathon Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1208-1217. [PMID: 36878015 PMCID: PMC10241426 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous studies have implicated the involvement of structure and function of the hippocampus in physical exercise, and the larger hippocampal volume is one of the relevant benefits reported in exercise. It remains to be determined how the different subfields of hippocampus respond to physical exercise. METHODS A 3D T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 73 amateur marathon runners (AMR) and 52 healthy controls (HC) matched with age, sex, and education. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Fatigue Severity Scale were assessed in all participants. We obtained hippocampal subfield volumes using FreeSurfer 6.0. We compared the volumes of the hippocampal subfield between the two groups and ascertained correlation between the significant subfield metrics and the significant behavioral measure in AMR group. RESULTS The AMR had significantly better sleep than HC, manifested as with lower score of PSQI. Sleep duration in AMR and HC was not significantly different from each other. In the AMR group, the left and right hippocampus, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), CA4, granule cell and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus, molecular layer, left CA2-3, and left hippocampal-amygdaloid transition area volumes were significantly larger compared with those in the HC group. In AMR group, the correlations between the PSQI and the hippocampal subfield volumes were not significant. No correlations were found between hippocampal subfield volumes and sleep duration in AMR group. CONCLUSIONS We reported larger volumes of specific hippocampal subfields in AMR, which may provide a hippocampal volumetric reserve that protects against age-related hippocampal deterioration. These findings should be further investigated in longitudinal studies.
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Reitlo LS, Mihailovic JM, Stensvold D, Wisløff U, Hyder F, Håberg AK. Hippocampal neurochemicals are associated with exercise group and intensity, psychological health, and general cognition in older adults. GeroScience 2023; 45:1667-1685. [PMID: 36626020 PMCID: PMC10400748 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the premise that physical activity/exercise impacts hippocampal structure and function, we investigated if hippocampal metabolites for neuronal viability and cell membrane density (i.e., N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr)) were higher in older adults performing supervised exercise compared to following national physical activity guidelines. Sixty-three participants (75.3 ± 1.9 years after 3 years of intervention) recruited from the Generation 100 study (NCT01666340_date:08.16.2012) were randomized into a supervised exercise group (SEG) performing twice weekly moderate- to high-intensity training, and a control group (CG) following national physical activity guidelines of ≥ 30-min moderate physical activity ≥ 5 days/week. Hippocampal body and head volumes and NAA, Cho, and Cr levels were acquired at 3T with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging. Sociodemographic data, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), exercise characteristics, psychological health, and cognition were recorded. General linear models were used to assess group differences and associations corrected for age, sex, education, and hippocampal volume. Both groups adhered to their training, where SEG trained at higher intensity. SEG had significantly lower NAA/Cr in hippocampal body than CG (p = 0.04). Across participants, higher training intensity was associated with lower Cho/Cr in hippocampal body (p < 0.001). Change in VO2peak, increasing VO2peak from baseline to 3 years, or VO2peak at 3 years were not associated with hippocampal neurochemicals. Lower NAA/Cr in hippocampal body was associated with poorer psychological health and slightly higher cognitive scores. Thus, following the national physical activity guidelines and not training at the highest intensity level were associated with the best neurochemical profile in the hippocampus at 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line S Reitlo
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jelena M Mihailovic
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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5
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Jin Y, Kim T, Kang H. Forced treadmill running modifies gut microbiota with alleviations of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114145. [PMID: 36889489 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been recommended as a non-pharmacologic treatment for delaying the onset or slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The therapeutic potential of exercise training-induced changes in symbiotic gut microbiota against AD neuropathology is not well understood, yet. This study investigated the effects of a 20-week forced treadmill exercise program on the makeup of the gut microbiota, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the development of AD-like cognitive deficits and neuropathology in triple transgenic AD mice. Our findings show that forced treadmill running causes symbiotic changes in the gut microbiota, such as increased Akkermansia muciniphila and decreased Bacteroides species, as well as increased BBB-related protein expression and reduced AD-like cognitive impairments and neuropathology progression. The current findings of this animal study suggest that the interaction between the gut microbiota and the brain, possibly via the BBB, is responsible for exercise training-induced cognitive benefits and alleviation of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyun Jin
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kang
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Valkenborghs SR, Hillman CH, Al‐Iedani O, Nilsson M, Smith JJ, Leahy AA, Harries SK, Ramadan S, Lubans DR. Effect of high-intensity interval training on hippocampal metabolism in older adolescents. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14090. [PMID: 35599295 PMCID: PMC9787522 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although well-evidenced in older adults, the effects of exercise on the hippocampus in youth are relatively unknown. This study examined the impact of a 6-month school-based physical activity intervention on hippocampal metabolism in adolescents using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A subset of lower fit older adolescents [N = 56, 61% female, 16.1 ± 0.4 years] was included from four secondary schools (10 classes) in New South Wales, Australia, who were participating in a larger cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention (five classes, 30 participants) or a control group (five classes, 26 participants). Changes in hippocampal metabolism were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for clustering at the class level. We observed group-by-time effects for the B2L intervention on N-acetylaspartate (NAA) (+2.66 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.20 to 5.11, d = 0.66) and glutamate+glutamine (Glx) (+3.38 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.34 to 6.42, d = 0.67) in the left hippocampus. Increases in left hippocampal NAA and Glx concentrations were associated with improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (NAA: rs = 0.52, p = .016; Glx: rs = 0.57, p = .007), lower body muscular fitness (NAA: rs = 0.49, p = .018; Glx: rs = 0.59, p = .003), and working memory (NAA: rs = 0.42, p = .032; Glx: rs = 0.43, p = .028) in the intervention group. Our findings suggest physical activity may improve hippocampal metabolism in lower fit older adolescents with implications for working memory. Further studies involving larger samples are needed to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ruth Valkenborghs
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive & Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Oun Al‐Iedani
- School of Health SciencesThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Centre for Rehab InnovationsThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain InjuryThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of Medicine and Public HealthThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jordan J. Smith
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Angus Aaron Leahy
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon K. Harries
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health SciencesThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and LearningThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia,School of EducationThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
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7
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Zhou B, Wang Z, Zhu L, Huang G, Li B, Chen C, Huang J, Ma F, Liu TC. Effects of different physical activities on brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A systematic review and bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:981002. [PMID: 36092802 PMCID: PMC9461137 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.981002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that exercise is a simple and effective method for maintaining brain function. Aims This review evaluates the effects of five physical exercises, including aerobic training (AT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), combined training (CT), resistance training (RT), and AT+RT, on the serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy and non-healthy populations. Methods We searched CNKI, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to review randomized controlled studies on exercise interventions for BDNF. Quantitative merging analysis of the resulting data using Bayesian network meta-analysis. Results The screening and exclusion of the searched literature resulted in the inclusion of 39 randomized controlled trials containing 5 exercise interventions with a total of 2031 subjects. The AT, RT, AT+RT, HIIT, and CT groups (intervention groups) and the CG group (conventional control group) were assigned to 451, 236, 102, 84, 293, and 865 subjects, respectively. The Bayesian network meta-analysis ranked the effect of exercise on BDNF level improvement in healthy and non-healthy subjects as follows: RT > HIIT > CT > AT+RT > AT > CG. Better outcomes were observed in all five intervention groups than in the CG group, with RT having the most significant effect [MD = 3.11 (0.33, 5.76), p < 0.05]. Conclusions RT at moderate intensity is recommended for children and older adults in the case of exercise tolerance and is effective in maintaining or modulating BDNF levels for promoting brain health. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com, INPLASY202250164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianghao Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Business College, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Huang
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Bing Li
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Chen
- School of Physical Education, College of Art and Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Junda Huang
- School of Physical Education, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, China
| | - Fuhai Ma
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Institute of Sports Science Limited Company, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Fuhai Ma
| | - Timon Chengyi Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Timon Chengyi Liu
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8
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Grasser LR. Addressing Mental Health Concerns in Refugees and Displaced Populations: Is Enough Being Done? Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:909-922. [PMID: 35573980 PMCID: PMC9094640 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s270233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 82.4 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, about a quarter of whom are resettling as refugees. In the wake of the global refugee crisis spurred by conflict, religious and political persecution, human rights violations, and climate disasters, a mental health has crisis followed. Not only does trauma experienced in home countries and as part of forced migration affect mental health, so too do post-migration traumatic events, discrimination, lack of access to quality and affordable healthcare and housing, and acculturation. To address mental health concerns in refugees and displaced populations, collective action is needed not only from health care providers but also from mental health researchers, funders, journals, resettlement agencies, government entities, and humanitarian organizations. The present review highlights the work of numerous scholars and organizations with the goal of understanding the mental health concerns of forcibly displaced persons within and across ecological systems. The present review seeks to bring attention to the experiences of forcibly displaced persons, summarize the growing body of research understanding the acute and chronic effects of forced displacement and possible interventions, and give a call to action for all members of the global community at every level to engage in joint efforts to improve mental health in refugees and displaced persons. Notably, there is a need for more interventions at the familial and community level that serve not only as treatment but also as prevention. Smartphone-based interventions, mind-body modalities, and interventions delivered by lay and non-clinician community members hold promise. Numerous strides could be made in refugee mental health and treatment when funding agencies include these goals in their research priorities. Despite the challenges they have faced, persons who resettle as refugees are incredibly resilient and deserve to be afforded every right, opportunity, dignity, and respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Lana Ruvolo Grasser, 3901 Chrysler Dr., Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA, Tel +1 248 535 6371, Email
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9
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Hendrikse J, Chye Y, Thompson S, Rogasch NC, Suo C, Coxon JP, Yücel M. Regular aerobic exercise is positively associated with hippocampal structure and function in young and middle-aged adults. Hippocampus 2021; 32:137-152. [PMID: 34961996 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise has numerous benefits for brain health, including the structure and function of the hippocampus. The hippocampus plays a critical role in memory function, and is altered in a number of psychiatric disorders associated with memory impairments (e.g., depression and schizophrenia), as well as healthy aging. While many studies have focused on how regular exercise may improve hippocampal integrity in older individuals, less is known about these effects in young to middle-aged adults. Therefore, we assessed the associations of regular exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness with hippocampal structure and function in these age groups. We recruited 40 healthy young to middle-aged adults, comprised of two groups (n = 20) who self-reported either high or low levels of exercise, according to World Health Organization guidelines. We assessed cardiorespiratory fitness using a graded exercise test (VO2 max) and hippocampal structure via manual tracing of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. We also assessed hippocampal function using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to derive estimates of N-acetyl-aspartate concentration and hippocampal-dependent associative memory and pattern separation tasks. We observed evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate concentration and associative memory performance in individuals engaging in high levels of exercise. However, no differences in hippocampal volume or pattern separation capacity were observed between groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with left and right hippocampal volume and N-acetyl-aspartate concentration. However, no associations were observed between cardiorespiratory fitness and associative memory or pattern separation. Therefore, we provide evidence that higher levels of exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improved hippocampal structure and function. Exercise may provide a low-risk, effective method of improving hippocampal integrity in an early-to-mid-life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hendrikse
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yann Chye
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Thompson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Yu F, Mathiason MA, Han S, Gunter JL, Jones D, Botha H, Jack C. Mechanistic Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease: Imaging Findings From the Pilot FIT-AD Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:703691. [PMID: 34690736 PMCID: PMC8530186 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.703691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite strong evidence from animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) supporting aerobic exercise as a disease-modifying treatment for AD, human mechanistic studies are limited with mixed findings. The objective of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of 6-month aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume, temporal meta-regions of interest (ROI) cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and network failure quotient (NFQ), measured with MRI, in community-dwelling older adults with AD dementia. Additionally, the relationships between 6- and 12-month changes in MRI biomarkers and the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) were examined. Sixty participants were randomized, but one was excluded because baseline MRI failed quality control: 38 randomized to cycling and 21 to stretching. The intervention was moderate-intensity cycling for 20–50 mins, three times a week for 6 months. Control was low-intensity stretching. The study outcomes include hippocampal volume, temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness, WMH volume, and NFQ. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The sample averaged 77.3 ± 6.3 years old with 15.6 ± 2.9 years of education and 53% men. Both groups experienced significant declines over 6 months in hippocampal volume (2.64% in cycling vs. 2.89% in stretching) and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness (0.94 vs. 1.54%), and over 12 months in hippocampal volume (4.47 vs. 3.84%) and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness (2.27 vs. 1.79%). These declines did not differ between groups. WMH volume increased significantly with the cycling group increasing less (10.9%) than stretching (24.5%) over 6 months (f = 4.47, p = 0.04) and over 12 months (12.1 vs. 27.6%, f = 5.88, p = 0.02). NFQ did not change significantly over time. Pairwise correlational analyses showed a significant negative correlation between 6-month changes in hippocampal volume and ADAS-Cog (r = −0.34, p < 0.05). To conclude, aerobic exercise may reduce the decline in hippocampal volume and temporal meta-ROI cortical thickness during the intervention period, but the effect sizes are likely to be very small and dose-dependent and reverse once the intervention stops. Aerobic exercise is effective on slowing down WMH progression but has no effect on NFQ. Hippocampal atrophy was associated with cognitive decline during the intervention period. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01954550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Arizona State University Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - SeungYong Han
- Arizona State University Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Gunter
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - David Jones
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hugo Botha
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Clifford Jack
- Mayo Clinic Department of Radiology, Rochester, MN, United States
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11
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Combination effect of exercise and environmental enrichment on cognitive functions and hippocampal neurogenesis markers of rat. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1234-1240. [PMID: 34494991 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive decline is one of the most prevalent health problems and is associated with increased healthcare utilization and economic burden. Physical and cognitive training both have positive effects on cognition but have been less applied in combination. We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive-physical components would yield greater cognitive benefits than single-domain interventions in rats. METHODS A total of 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four treatment groups: the control, enriched environment (EE), exercise (EX), and EE + EX. Animals in EE groups housed in the large cages (50 × 50 × 50 cm) contained differently shaped objects for 3 weeks. EX animals were forced to run on a treadmill once daily for 3 consecutive weeks. Morris water maze test was used for the assessment of spatial learning and memory. Real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of nestin, and Sox2 in the hippocampus. RESULTS EX and EE animals separately did not show a significantly enhanced function in spatial memory in comparison with the control group. When animals were treated with EE and EX simultaneously, they exhibited significantly superior performance in spatial memory than control, EX, or EE groups separately. The hippocampal expression of Sox2 was significantly higher in EE + EX group than in the control, EX, and EE alone. CONCLUSIONS These results may have clinical implications for behavioral interventions in conditions with cognitive deficiencies.
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12
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Pani J, Reitlo LS, Evensmoen HR, Lydersen S, Wisløff U, Stensvold D, Håberg AK. Effect of 5 Years of Exercise Intervention at Different Intensities on Brain Structure in Older Adults from the General Population: A Generation 100 Substudy. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:1485-1501. [PMID: 34408409 PMCID: PMC8366938 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s318679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim was to examine the effect of a 5-year exercise intervention at different intensities on brain structure in older adults from the general population partaking in the randomized controlled trial Generation 100 Study. Participants and Methods Generation 100 Study participants were invited to a longitudinal neuroimaging study before randomization. A total of 105 participants (52 women, 70–77 years) volunteered. Participants were randomized into supervised exercise twice a week performing high intensity interval training in 4×4 intervals at ~90% peak heart rate (HIIT, n = 33) or 50 minutes of moderate intensity continuous training at ~70% of peak heart rate (MICT, n = 24). The control group (n = 48) followed the national physical activity guidelines of ≥30 min physical activity daily. Brain MRI at 3T, clinical and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured as peak oxygen uptake, were collected at baseline, and after 1, 3, and 5 years of intervention. Brain volumes and cortical thickness were derived from T1 weighted 3D MRI data using FreeSurfer. The effect of HIIT or MICT on brain volumes over time was investigated with linear mixed models, while linear regressions examined the effect of baseline CRF on brain volumes at later time points. Results Adherence in each group was between 79 and 94% after 5 years. CRF increased significantly in all groups during the first year. Compared to controls, the HIIT group had significantly increased hippocampal atrophy located to CA1 and hippocampal body, though within normal range, and the MICT group greater thalamic atrophy. No other effects of intervention group were found. CRF across the intervention was not associated with brain structure, but CRF at baseline was positively associated with cortical volume at all later time points. Conclusion Higher baseline CRF reduced 5-year cortical atrophy rate in older adults, while following physical activity guidelines was associated with the lowest hippocampal and thalamic atrophy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pani
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Line S Reitlo
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hallvard Røe Evensmoen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway.,School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Tong J, Qi X, He Z, Chen S, Pedersen SJ, Cooley PD, Spencer-Rodgers J, He S, Zhu X. The immediate and durable effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:675-683. [PMID: 31944898 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1705840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress and the underlying mechanisms. Participants: Healthy undergraduates from four yoga and four fitness classes participated in Study 1 (n = 191) and Study 2 (n = 143), respectively (in 2017 Fall). Methods: Study 1 evaluated the immediate effect (a 60-minute practice) while Study 2 evaluated the durable effect (a 12-week intervention). Results: Results showed that immediate stress reduction was more salient in the yoga group than that in the fitness group in Study 1. Yoga group had a greater increase in mindfulness, which predicted stress reduction. Similar observations were made in Study 2 showing the durable effect of yoga on stress reduction through mindfulness. Conclusions: Yoga intervention is better than fitness exercises in helping undergraduates cultivate mindfulness and reduce stress. These findings may guide future interventions in stress management in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Tong
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui He
- Department of Physical Education and Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Senlin Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Scott J Pedersen
- Active Work Laboratory, School of Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Dean Cooley
- Education and Arts, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Spencer-Rodgers
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Shuchang He
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Ferguson L, Giza CC, Serpa RO, Greco T, Robert H, Folkerts M, Prins ML. Sex Differences in Neurophysiological Changes Following Voluntary Exercise in Adolescent Rats. Front Neurol 2021; 12:685822. [PMID: 34367052 PMCID: PMC8339288 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.685822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adolescence is a period of time characterized by the onset of puberty and is marked by cognitive and social developments and gross physical changes that can play a role in athletic performance. Sex differences are present with differences in body size, height, physiology and behavior which contribute to differences in athletic performance as well. Pre-clinical studies representing this active group are lacking. Methods: Acute and chronic effects of exercise were evaluated. Male and female adolescent rats were given voluntary access to a running wheel for 10 consecutive days. Running behavior (males and females) and estrous cycling (females only) were analyzed daily. A second group was given 10 days of voluntary access to a running wheel, then rested for 10 days to determine the long-term effects of exercise on the adolescent brain. Brain and muscle tissue were harvested at 10 and 20 day time points to understand exercise-dependent changes in mitochondrial activity and neuroplasticity. Animal cohorts were carried out at two different sites: University of California Los Angeles and Pepperdine University. Results: On average, running distance, intensity of run, and length of running bout increased for both male and female rats across the 10 days measured. Females ran significantly further and for longer intervals compared to males. Cortical and muscle expression of PGC1α showed similar levels at 10 days regardless of sex and exercise. There was a significant increase in expression at 20 days in all groups correlating with body size (p's < 0.05). Cortical and hippocampal levels of BDNF were similar across all groups, however, BDNF was significantly higher in exercised females at the acute compared to long-term time point. Discussion: Adolescent rats allowed 10 days of exercise show changes in physiologic function. There are sex differences in running behavior not impacted by sex hormones. These results are important to further our understanding of how exercise impacts the adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecka O Serpa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany Greco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Robert
- Department of Psychology, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States
| | - Michael Folkerts
- Department of Psychology, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Grasser LR, Jovanovic T. Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113297. [PMID: 33862062 PMCID: PMC8102395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function-including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
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16
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Tong J, Zhang Z, Chen W, He Z, Yang X. How physical fitness influences academic burnout in elementary students: an interpersonal perspective. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hacker S, Reichel T, Hecksteden A, Weyh C, Gebhardt K, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Meyer T, Krüger K. Recovery-Stress Response of Blood-Based Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115776. [PMID: 34072201 PMCID: PMC8199256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate blood-based biomarkers and their regulation with regard to different recovery-stress states. A total of 35 male elite athletes (13 badminton, 22 soccer players) were recruited, and two venous blood samples were taken: one in a ‘recovered’ state (REC) after a minimum of one-day rest from exercise and another one in a ‘non-recovered’ state (NOR) after a habitual loading microcycle. Overall, 23 blood-based biomarkers of different physiologic domains, which address inflammation, muscle damage, and tissue repair, were analyzed by Luminex assays. Across all athletes, only creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL-) 6, and IL-17A showed higher concentrations at NOR compared to REC time points. In badminton players, higher levels of CK and IL-17A at NOR were found. In contrast, a higher value for S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) at REC was found in badminton players. Similar differences were found for BDNF in soccer players. Soccer players also showed increased levels of CK, and IL-6 at NOR compared to REC state. Several molecular markers were shown to be responsive to differing recovery-stress states, but their suitability as biomarkers in training must be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hacker
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Kristina Gebhardt
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Unit of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-641-9925-211
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18
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Zahr NM, Pohl KM, Kwong AJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship between Elevated Plasma TNFα and Smaller Subcortical White Matter Volume in HCV Infection Irrespective of HIV or AUD Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094953. [PMID: 34067023 PMCID: PMC8124321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical inflammation in response to bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections such as HIV includes local recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Proposed biomarkers of organ integrity in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) include elevations in peripheral plasma levels of proinflammatory proteins. In testing this proposal, previous work included a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as positive controls and identified elevations in the soluble proteins TNFα and IP10; these cytokines were only elevated in AUD individuals seropositive for hepatitis C infection (HCV). The current observational, cross-sectional study evaluated whether higher levels of these proinflammatory cytokines would be associated with compromised brain integrity. Soluble protein levels were quantified in 86 healthy controls, 132 individuals with AUD, 54 individuals seropositive for HIV, and 49 individuals with AUD and HIV. Among the patient groups, HCV was present in 24 of the individuals with AUD, 13 individuals with HIV, and 20 of the individuals in the comorbid AUD and HIV group. Soluble protein levels were correlated to regional brain volumes as quantified with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to higher levels of TNFα and IP10 in the 2 HIV groups and the HCV-seropositive AUD group, this study identified lower levels of IL1β in the 3 patient groups relative to the control group. Only TNFα, however, showed a relationship with brain integrity: in HCV or HIV infection, higher peripheral levels of TNFα correlated with smaller subcortical white matter volume. These preliminary results highlight the privileged status of TNFα on brain integrity in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-859-5243
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
| | - Allison J. Kwong
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94350, USA;
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
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19
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López-Ortiz S, Pinto-Fraga J, Valenzuela PL, Martín-Hernández J, Seisdedos MM, García-López O, Toschi N, Di Giuliano F, Garaci F, Mercuri NB, Nisticò R, Emanuele E, Lista S, Lucia A, Santos-Lozano A. Physical Exercise and Alzheimer's Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062897. [PMID: 33809300 PMCID: PMC7999827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cellular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and membrane proteins; (8) Synaptic plasticity. Moreover, we highlighted the increasingly relevant role played by advanced neuroimaging technologies, including structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labelling, in exploring the link between AD and physical exercise. Regular physical exercise seems to have a protective effect against AD by inhibiting different pathophysiological molecular pathways implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-O.); (J.P.-F.); (J.M.-H.); (M.M.S.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Jose Pinto-Fraga
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-O.); (J.P.-F.); (J.M.-H.); (M.M.S.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.V.); (O.G.-L.); (S.L.)
| | - Juan Martín-Hernández
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-O.); (J.P.-F.); (J.M.-H.); (M.M.S.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - María M. Seisdedos
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-O.); (J.P.-F.); (J.M.-H.); (M.M.S.); (A.S.-L.)
| | - Oscar García-López
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.V.); (O.G.-L.); (S.L.)
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.T.); (F.G.)
- Department of Radiology, “Athinoula A. Martinos” Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Di Giuliano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (N.T.); (F.G.)
- Casa di Cura “San Raffaele Cassino”, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simone Lista
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.V.); (O.G.-L.); (S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (P.L.V.); (O.G.-L.); (S.L.)
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (“imas12”), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomeédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (S.L.-O.); (J.P.-F.); (J.M.-H.); (M.M.S.); (A.S.-L.)
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (“imas12”), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031261. [PMID: 33572495 PMCID: PMC7908590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of physical activity—endurance, resistance or dynamic power—stimulate cytokine release from various tissues to the bloodstream. Receptors for exercise-induced cytokines are present in muscle tissue, adipose tissue, liver, brain, bones, cardiovascular system, immune system, pancreas, and skin. They have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Many of them regulate the myocyte growth and differentiation necessary for muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis. They also modify energy homeostasis, lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, regulate inflammation and exchange information (crosstalk) between remote organs. So far, interleukin 6 and irisin have been the best studied exercise-induced cytokines. However, many more can be grouped into myokines, hepatokines and adipomyokines. This review focuses on the less known exercise-induced cytokines such as myostatin, follistatin, decorin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 and interleukin 15, and their relation to various forms of exercise, i.e., acute vs. chronic, regular training in healthy people.
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21
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Kaiser A, Reneman L, Solleveld MM, Coolen BF, Scherder EJA, Knutsson L, Bjørnerud A, van Osch MJP, Wijnen JP, Lucassen PJ, Schrantee A. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of a 12-Week High- vs. Low-Intensity Exercise Intervention on Hippocampal Structure and Function in Healthy, Young Adults. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:780095. [PMID: 35126199 PMCID: PMC8814653 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise affects hippocampal structure and function, but the underlying neural mechanisms and the effects of exercise intensity remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive, multi-modal 3T and 7T MRI randomized controlled trial (Netherlands Trial Register - NL5847) in which we randomized 52 young, non-athletic volunteers to a 12-week low- or high-intensity exercise program. Using state-of-the-art methods, we investigated changes in hippocampal volume, as well as changes in vasculature, neuro-metabolites, and peripheral growth factors as potential underpinnings. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved over time (p < 0.001), but no interaction with exercise intensity was found (p = 0.48). Accordingly, we did not observe significant interactions between exercise condition and time on MRI measures (all p > 0.06). However, we found a significant decrease in right hippocampal volume (p < 0.01), an increase in left hippocampal glutathione (p < 0.01), and a decrease of left hippocampal cerebral blood volume (p = 0.01) over time, regardless of exercise condition. Additional exploratory analyses showed that changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p = 0.01), insulin-like growth-factor (p = 0.03), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex N-acetyl-aspartate levels (p = 0.01) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness changes. Furthermore, a trend toward a positive association of fitness and gray-matter cerebral blood flow (p = 0.06) was found. Our results do not provide evidence for differential effects between high-intensity (aerobic) and low-intensity (toning) exercise on hippocampal structure and function in young adults. However, we show small but significant effects of exercise on hippocampal volume, neurometabolism and vasculature across exercise conditions. Moreover, our exploratory results suggest that exercise might not specifically only benefit hippocampal structure and function, but rather has a more widespread effect. These findings suggest that, in agreement with previous MRI studies demonstrating moderate to strong effects in elderly and diseased populations, but none to only mild effects in young healthy cohorts, the benefits of exercise on the studied brain measures may be age-dependent and restorative rather than stimulatory. Our study highlights the importance of a multi-modal, whole-brain approach to assess macroscopic and microscopic changes underlying exercise-induced brain changes, to better understand the role of exercise as a potential non-pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaiser
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Solleveld
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bram F Coolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik J A Scherder
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Knutsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Atle Bjørnerud
- Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Wilckens KA, Stillman CM, Waiwood AM, Kang C, Leckie RL, Peven JC, Foust JE, Fraundorf SH, Erickson KI. Exercise interventions preserve hippocampal volume: A meta-analysis. Hippocampus 2020; 31:335-347. [PMID: 33315276 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal volume is a marker of brain health and is reduced with aging and neurological disease. Exercise may be effective at increasing and preserving hippocampal volume, potentially serving as a treatment for conditions associated with hippocampal atrophy (e.g., dementia). This meta-analysis aimed to identify whether exercise training has a positive effect on hippocampal volume and how population characteristics and exercise parameters moderate this effect. Studies met the following criteria: (a) controlled trials; (b) interventions of physical exercise; (c) included at least one time-point of hippocampal volume data before the intervention and one after; (d) assessed hippocampal volume using either manual or automated segmentation algorithms. Animal studies, voxel-based morphometry analyses, and multi-modal interventions (e.g., cognitive training or meditation) were excluded. The primary analysis in n = 23 interventions from 22 published studies revealed a significant positive effect of exercise on total hippocampal volume. The overall effect was significant in older samples (65 years of age or older) and in interventions that lasted over 24 weeks and had less than 150 min per week of exercise. These findings suggest that moderate amounts of exercise for interventions greater than 6 months have a positive effect on hippocampal volume including in older populations vulnerable to hippocampal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Wilckens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aashna M Waiwood
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chaeryon Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina L Leckie
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie C Peven
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jill E Foust
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott H Fraundorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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23
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Wade NE, Wallace AL, Sullivan RM, Swartz AM, Lisdahl KM. Association between brain morphometry and aerobic fitness level and sex in healthy emerging adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242738. [PMID: 33259511 PMCID: PMC7707547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aerobic fitness may be beneficial for neuroanatomical structure. However, few have investigated this in emerging adults while also accounting for potential sex differences. Here we examine aerobic fitness level, sex, and their interaction in relation to cortical thickness, surface area, and volume. METHOD Sixty-three young adults between the ages of 16-26 were balanced for sex and demonstrated a wide range of aerobic fitness levels. Exclusion criteria included left-handedness, past-year independent Axis-I disorders, major medical/neurologic disorders, prenatal medical issues, prenatal alcohol/illicit drug exposure, or excessive substance use. Participants completed an MRI scan and a graded exercise test to volitional fatigue (VO2 max). Data analyses were run in Freesurfer and data was corrected for multiple comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations at .05. RESULTS Males demonstrated higher VO2 values. Higher VO2 values were statistically independently related to thinner lateral occipital, superior parietal, cuneus, precuneus, and inferior parietal regions, smaller lateral occipital volume, and larger inferior parietal surface area. Compared to females, males had larger volume in rostral anterior cingulate, lateral occipital, and superior frontal regions, and greater surface area in fusiform, inferior parietal, rostral and caudal anterior cingulate, and superior parietal regions. VO2*Sex interactions revealed higher-fit females had higher inferior parietal, paracentral, and supramarginal surface area, while lower-fit males showed larger surface area in these same regions. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with higher aerobic fitness performance had thinner cortices, lower volume, and larger surface area in sensorimotor regions than lower fit individuals, perhaps suggesting earlier neuromaturation in higher fit individuals. Larger surface area was associated with higher-fit females and lower-fit males. Thus both sex and aerobic fitness are important in shaping brain health in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Swartz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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24
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Małczyńska-Sims P, Chalimoniuk M, Sułek A. The Effect of Endurance Training on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy People and Parkinson's Disease. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:578981. [PMID: 33329027 PMCID: PMC7711132 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.578981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One purpose of the training conducted by people is to lose bodyweight and improve their physical condition. It is well-known that endurance training provides many positive changes in the body, not only those associated with current beauty standards. It also promotes biochemical changes such as a decreased inflammatory status, memory improvements through increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and reduced stress hormone levels. The positive effects of training may provide a novel solution for people with Parkinson's disease, as a way to reduce the inflammatory status and decrease neurodegeneration through stimulation of neuroplasticity and improved motor conditions. Aim: This narrative review aims to focus on the relationship between an acute bout of endurance exercise, endurance training (continuous and interval), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory status in the three subject groups (young adults, older adult, and patients with Parkinson's disease), and to review the current state of knowledge about the possible causes of the differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory status response to a bout of endurance exercise and endurance training. Furthermore, short practical recommendations for PD patients were formulated for improving the efficacy of the training process during rehabilitation. Methods: A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of the database PubMed/Medline and Web of Science for English-language articles between January 2010 and January 2020. Results: Analysis of the available publications with partial results revealed (1) a possible connection between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and inflammatory status, and (2) a more beneficial influence of endurance training compared with acute bouts of endurance exercise. Conclusion: Despite the lack of direct evidence, the results from studies show that endurance training may have a positive effect on inflammatory status and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Introducing endurance training as part of the rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease might provide benefits for patients in addition to pharmacological therapy supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sułek
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Micielska K, Kortas JA, Gmiat A, Jaworska J, Kozlowska M, Lysak-Radomska A, Rodziewicz-Flis E, Zychowska M, Ziemann E. Habitually inactive physically - a proposed procedure of counteracting cognitive decline in women with diminished insulin sensitivity through a high-intensity circuit training program. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113235. [PMID: 33130034 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study verified the impact of five weeks of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on changes in concentration of exerkines in relation to cognitive functions. Sedentary women (n = 33; age=39±13 years) were randomly assigned into the HICT (n = 21) group or the control group (n = 12). The HICT group performed 15 training sessions; meanwhile, the control group performed the HICT twice, only at baseline and at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected before, 1 h and 24 h after the first and last HICT, to evaluate the concentration of exerkines: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cathepsin B (CATB) using enzyme immunoassay method. Cognitive functions and quality of life were assessed using the Vienna Test System and the Short Form Health Survey. HICT induced improvement of cognitive function and quality of life, and these changes were accompanied by an increase of BDNF and shifts in CATB concentration. HICT program caused a decrease in FGF-21 concentration, which was modified by age and insulin sensitivity. The improvement of cognitive functions was more pronounced in females, who experienced a drop in FGF-21. In summary, HICT program, that can be performed during pandemic, enhanced cognitive functions and this response was related to changes in exerkines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Micielska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan 61-871, Poland; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Jakub Antoni Kortas
- Department of Sport, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Anna Gmiat
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan 61-871, Poland
| | - Marta Kozlowska
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Anna Lysak-Radomska
- Department of Occupation Therapy, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Ewa Rodziewicz-Flis
- Department of Physiotherapy, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk 80-336, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zychowska
- Institute of Physical Education, Department of Sport, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz 85-064, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan 61-871, Poland.
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26
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Intrinsic Connectivity Changes Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Sustained Visual Attention. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa075. [PMID: 34296135 PMCID: PMC8152900 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is an evidence-based healthy lifestyle strategy. Yet, little is known about its effects on brain and cognition in young adults. Furthermore, evidence supporting a causal path linking CE to human cognitive performance via neuroplasticity is currently lacking. To understand the brain networks that mediate the CE-cognition relationship, we conducted a longitudinal, controlled trial with healthy human participants to compare the effects of a 2-week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on cognitive performance. Concomitantly, we used structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and cognition. On the behavioral level, we found that CE improved sustained attention, but not processing speed or short-term memory. Using graph theoretical measures and statistical mediation analysis, we found that a localized increase in eigenvector centrality in the left middle frontal gyrus, probably reflecting changes within an attention-related network, conveyed the effect of CE on cognition. Finally, we found CE-induced changes in white matter microstructure that correlated with intrinsic connectivity changes (intermodal correlation). These results suggest that CE is a promising intervention strategy to improve sustained attention via brain plasticity in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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27
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Berns C, Brüchle W, Scho S, Schneefeld J, Schneider U, Rosenkranz K. Intensity dependent effect of cognitive training on motor cortical plasticity and cognitive performance in humans. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2805-2818. [PMID: 33025030 PMCID: PMC7644474 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Intervention-induced neuroplastic changes within the motor or cognitive system have been shown in the human brain. While cognitive and motor brain areas are densely interconnected, it is unclear whether this interconnectivity allows for a shared susceptibility to neuroplastic changes. Using the preparation for a theoretical exam as training intervention that primarily engages the cognitive system, we tested the hypothesis whether neuroplasticity acts across interconnected brain areas by investigating the effect on excitability and synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex. 39 healthy students (23 female) underwent 4 weeks of cognitive training while revision time, physical activity, concentration, fatigue, sleep quality and stress were monitored. Before and after cognitive training, cognitive performance was evaluated, as well as motor excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation and long-term-potentiation-like (LTP-like) plasticity using paired-associative-stimulation (PAS). Cognitive training ranged individually from 1 to 7 h/day and enhanced attention and verbal working memory. While motor excitability did not change, LTP-like plasticity increased in an intensity-depending manner: the longer the daily revision time, the smaller the increase of neuroplasticity, and vice versa. This effect was not influenced by physical activity, concentration, fatigue, sleep quality or stress. Motor cortical plasticity is strengthened by a behavioural intervention that primarily engages cognitive brain areas. We suggest that this effect is due to an enhanced susceptibility to LTP-like plasticity, probably induced by heterosynaptic activity that modulates postsynaptic excitability in motorcortical neurones. The smaller increase of PAS efficiency with higher cognitive training intensity suggests a mechanism that balances and stabilises the susceptibility for synaptic potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Berns
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Wanja Brüchle
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scho
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Jessica Schneefeld
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Karin Rosenkranz
- Ruhr- University of Bochum, Medical Faculty, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus East-Westphalia, Virchowstraße 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany.
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28
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Feter N, Alt R, Häfele CA, Silva MC, Rombaldi AJ. Effect of combined physical training on cognitive function in people with epilepsy: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1649-1658. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natan Feter
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health School of Human Movement and Nutritional Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Superior School of Physical Education Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alt
- Superior School of Physical Education Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - César A. Häfele
- Superior School of Physical Education Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. Silva
- Superior School of Physical Education Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Airton J. Rombaldi
- Superior School of Physical Education Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
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29
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Stillman CM, Esteban-Cornejo I, Brown B, Bender CM, Erickson KI. Effects of Exercise on Brain and Cognition Across Age Groups and Health States. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:533-543. [PMID: 32409017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to benefit brain structure and function, particularly in aging populations. However, the mechanisms by which exercise exerts its effects, especially in humans, are not fully understood. This review argues that one reason for this knowledge gap is that exercise likely operates through multiple levels of mechanisms. Furthermore, the mechanisms of exercise may vary depending on factors such as age and health state. We discuss the state of evidence at each of three levels of analysis (molecular/cellular, brain structure/function, and mental states and higher-order behaviors) and highlight consistencies across these levels, inconsistencies within them, and knowledge gaps. Lastly, based on these, we speculate about which mechanisms of exercise may be universal across age groups and populations versus those that might be distinct to specific age ranges or populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity' Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belinda Brown
- College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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30
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The impact of endurance training and table soccer on brain metabolites in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:515-526. [PMID: 31686308 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher glutamate and glutamine (together: Glx) and lower N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels were reported in schizophrenia. Endurance training normalizes NAA in the hippocampus, but its effects on other metabolites in the brain and the relationship of metabolites to clinical symptoms remain unknown. For 12 weeks, 20 schizophrenia inpatients (14 men, 6 women) and 23 healthy controls (16 men, 7 women) performed endurance training and a control group of 21 schizophrenia inpatients (15 men, 6 women) played table soccer. A computer-assisted cognitive performance training program was introduced after 6 weeks. We assessed cognitive performance, psychopathological symptoms, and everyday functioning at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks and performed single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hippocampus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and thalamus. We quantified NAA, Glx, total creatine (tCr), calculated NAA/tCr and Glx/tCr and correlated these ratios with physical fitness, clinical and neurocognitive scores, and everyday functioning. At baseline, in both schizophrenia groups NAA/tCr was lower in the left DLPFC and left hippocampus and Glx/tCr was lower in the hippocampus than in the healthy controls. After 6 weeks, NAA/tCr increased in the left DLPFC in both schizophrenia groups. Brain metabolites did not change significantly in the hippocampus or thalamus, but the correlation between NAA/tCr and Glx/tCr normalized in the left DLPFC. Global Assessment of Functioning improvements correlated with NAA/tCr changes in the left DLPFC. In our study, endurance training and table soccer induced normalization of brain metabolite ratios in the brain circuitry associated with neuronal and synaptic elements, including metabolites of the glutamatergic system.
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31
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Norman JE, Rutkowsky J, Bodine S, Rutledge JC. The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Cognitive Protection: A Literature Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:1827-1831. [PMID: 29623829 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180406105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dementia has become a major health concern for the aging population of the United States. Studies indicate that participation in moderate exercise, with training, has been shown to have a beneficial impact on cognition. Thus, exercise and its effects on cognitive function has become an important area of research. This review summarizes the current literature on the potential mechanisms of the benefits of exercise for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Norman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sue Bodine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John C Rutledge
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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32
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Nauer RK, Dunne MF, Stern CE, Storer TW, Schon K. Improving fitness increases dentate gyrus/CA3 volume in the hippocampal head and enhances memory in young adults. Hippocampus 2019; 30:488-504. [PMID: 31588607 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests a relationship between aerobic exercise and hippocampal neuroplasticity that interactively impacts hippocampally dependent memory. The majority of human studies have focused on the potential for exercise to reduce brain atrophy and attenuate cognitive decline in older adults, whereas animal studies often center on exercise-induced neurogenesis and hippocampal plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of young adult animals. In the present study, initially sedentary young adults (18-35 years) participated in a moderate-intensity randomized controlled exercise intervention trial (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02057354) for a duration of 12 weeks. The aims of the study were to investigate the relationship between change in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as determined by estimated V ˙ O 2 MAX , hippocampally dependent mnemonic discrimination, and change in hippocampal subfield volume. Results show that improving CRF after exercise training is associated with an increased volume in the left DG/CA3 subregion in young adults. Consistent with previous studies that found exercise-induced increases in anterior hippocampus in older adults, this result was specific to the hippocampal head, or most anterior portion, of the subregion. Our results also demonstrate a positive relationship between change in CRF and change in corrected accuracy for trials requiring the highest level of discrimination on a putative behavioral pattern separation task. This relationship was observed in individuals who were initially lower-fit, suggesting that individuals who show greater improvement in their CRF may receive greater cognitive benefit. This work extends animal models by providing evidence for exercise-induced neuroplasticity specific to the neurogenic zone of the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Nauer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew F Dunne
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas W Storer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karin Schon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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How do different physical exercise parameters modulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy and non-healthy adults? A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Seidel O, Carius D, Roediger J, Rumpf S, Ragert P. Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2957-2972. [PMID: 31506708 PMCID: PMC6794243 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that endurance exercise modulates the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about its effects on brain function and structure is rather sparse. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate exercise-dependent adaptations in neurovascular coupling to different intensity levels in motor-related brain regions. Moreover, expertise effects between trained endurance athletes (EA) and active control participants (ACP) during a cycling test were investigated using multi-distance functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Initially, participants performed an incremental cycling test (ICT) to assess peak values of power output (PPO) and cardiorespiratory parameters such as oxygen consumption volume (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). In a second session, participants cycled individual intensity levels of 20, 40, and 60% of PPO while measuring cardiorespiratory responses and neurovascular coupling. Our results revealed exercise-induced decreases of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), indicating an increased activation in motor-related brain areas such as primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex (PMC). However, we could not find any differential effects in brain activation between EA and ACP. Future studies should extend this approach using whole-brain configurations and systemic physiological augmented fNIRS measurements, which seems to be of pivotal interest in studies aiming to assess neural activation in a sports-related context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seidel
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Daniel Carius
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Roediger
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rumpf
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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35
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Frodl T, Strehl K, Carballedo A, Tozzi L, Doyle M, Amico F, Gormley J, Lavelle G, O’Keane V. Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal subfield volumes in younger adults and prevents volume decline in the elderly. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1577-1587. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Den Ouden L, Kandola A, Suo C, Hendrikse J, Costa RJS, Watt MJ, Lorenzetti V, Chye Y, Parkes L, Sabaroedin K, Yücel M. The Influence of Aerobic Exercise on Hippocampal Integrity and Function: Preliminary Findings of a Multi-Modal Imaging Analysis. Brain Plast 2018; 4:211-216. [PMID: 30598871 PMCID: PMC6311350 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-170053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) interventions represent promising therapeutic approaches in disorders that compromise hippocampal integrity, but a more comprehensive account of the neural mechanisms stimulated by AE in the human brain is needed. We conducted a longitudinal pilot-study to assess the impact of a 12-week AE intervention on hippocampal structure and function in 10 healthy, human participants (50% females; 25–59 years). Using a novel combination of multimodal MRI techniques, we found significant increases in left hippocampal volume, Cornu Ammonis subfield area 1, NAA concentration and immediate verbal recall performance. Our preliminary findings highlight the utility of a multimodal approach in assessing hippocampal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Den Ouden
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Aaron Kandola
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Suo
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, and The Department of Physiology, Monash University, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychological Health and Society, The University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Yann Chye
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Linden Parkes
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Kristina Sabaroedin
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Lab, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
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Feter N, Spanevello RM, Soares MSP, Spohr L, Pedra NS, Bona NP, Freitas MP, Gonzales NG, Ito LGMS, Stefanello FM, Rombaldi AJ. How does physical activity and different models of exercise training affect oxidative parameters and memory? Physiol Behav 2018; 201:42-52. [PMID: 30552921 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chronic effects of different physical exercise and physical activity models on cognitive function, cholinergic activity, and oxidative stress markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Eighty 60-day old C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following five groups: Sedentary (SED), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), and physical activity (RW, for "running wheel"). Cognitive function (recognition and spatial memory), oxidative stress parameters, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were evaluated. MICT mice exhibited enhanced recognition memory compared to SED mice (p = .046) and other exercised groups (HIIT: p < .001; RW: p = .003; RT: p < .001). The RT group showed better spatial memory compared to the SED (p = .004), MICT (p = .019), and RW (p = .003) groups. RW, MICT, HIIT, and RT training models reduced nitrites in the hippocampus compared to the SED group. RT led to a significant increase in both lipid peroxidation (p = .01) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < .001) levels compared to the SED group in the hippocampus. MICT promoted an increase in catalase (CAT) activity (p = .002), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was diminished by RT compared to MICT and HIIT (p = .008). In the cerebral cortex, RT increased ROS levels, but exhibited the lowest lipid peroxidation level among the groups (p < .001). The RW group showed an activity-induced increase in lipid peroxidation level compared to the SED group, and the highest level of CAT activity among all groups (p < .001). AChE activity was higher in the RT group compared to the SED, MICT, and RW groups (p = .039) in the cerebral cortex. In summary, nitrite levels in the hippocampus were decreased in all intervention groups regardless of activity or exercise model. Likewise, MICT improved recognition memory besides increasing CAT activity. We conclude that the MICT and RT protocols seem to act as oxidative stress regulators and non-pharmacological strategies to improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Feter
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Luiza Spohr
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Post-graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Airton José Rombaldi
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96055-630, Brazil
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38
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Feter N, Penny J, Freitas M, Rombaldi A. Effect of physical exercise on hippocampal volume in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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39
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Frederiksen KS, Larsen CT, Hasselbalch SG, Christensen AN, Høgh P, Wermuth L, Andersen BB, Siebner HR, Garde E. A 16-Week Aerobic Exercise Intervention Does Not Affect Hippocampal Volume and Cortical Thickness in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:293. [PMID: 30319397 PMCID: PMC6167961 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain imaging studies in healthy elderly subjects suggest a positive effect of aerobic exercise on both brain structure and function, while the effects of aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been scarcely investigated. Methods: In a single-blinded randomized MRI study, we assessed the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention on brain volume as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its correlation to cognitive functioning in patients with AD. The study was a sub-study of a larger randomized controlled trial (ADEX study). Forty-one patients were assigned to a control or exercise group. The exercise group performed 60-min of aerobic exercise three times per week for 16 weeks. All participants underwent whole-brain MRI at 3 Tesla and cognitive assessment at baseline and after 16 weeks. Attendance and intensity were monitored providing a total exercise load. Changes in regional brain volumes and cortical thickness were analyzed using Freesurfer software. Results: There was no effect of the type of intervention on MRI-derived brain volumes. In the entire group with and without training, Exercise load showed a positive correlation with changes in volume in the hippocampus, as well as frontal cortical thickness. Volume changes in frontal cortical thickness correlated with changes in measures of mental speed and attention and exercise load in the exercise group. Conclusion: We did not find evidence to support an effect of 16 weeks of aerobic exercise on brain volume changes in patients with AD. Longer intervention periods may be needed to affect brain structure as measured with volumetric MRI. Clinical Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01681602, registered September 10th, 2012 (Retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Thode Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Nymark Christensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Høgh
- Regional Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Wermuth
- Dementia Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bo Andersen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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40
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Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, McKinley PS, Bartels M, Shimbo D, Lauriola V, Karmally W, Pavlicova M, Choi CJ, Choo T, Scodes JM, Flood P, Tracey KJ. Aerobic Exercise Training and Inducible Inflammation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy, Young Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e010201. [PMID: 30371169 PMCID: PMC6201415 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Consensus panels regularly recommend aerobic exercise for its health-promoting properties, due in part to presumed anti-inflammatory effects, but many studies show no such effect, possibly related to study differences in participants, interventions, inflammatory markers, and statistical approaches. This variability makes an unequivocal determination of the anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic training elusive. Methods and Results We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training or a wait list control condition followed by 4 weeks of sedentary deconditioning on lipopolysaccharide (0, 0.1, and 1.0 ng/mL)-inducible tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and on toll-like receptor 4 in 119 healthy, sedentary young adults. Aerobic capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise testing was measured at study entry (T1) and after training (T2) and deconditioning (T3). Despite a 15% increase in maximal oxygen consumption, there were no changes in inflammatory markers. Additional analyses revealed a differential longitudinal aerobic exercise training effect by lipopolysaccharide level in inducible TNF -α ( P=0.08) and IL-6 ( P=0.011), showing T1 to T2 increases rather than decreases in inducible (lipopolysaccharide 0.1, 1.0 versus 0.0 ng/mL) TNF- α (51% increase, P=0.041) and IL-6 (42% increase, P=0.11), and significant T2 to T3 decreases in inducible TNF- α (54% decrease, P=0.007) and IL-6 (55% decrease, P<0.001). There were no significant changes in either group at the 0.0 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide level for TNF- α or IL-6. Conclusions The failure to support the primary hypotheses and the unexpected post hoc findings of an exercise-training-induced proinflammatory response raise questions about whether and under what conditions exercise training has anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 01335737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Sloan
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
- New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNY
| | - Peter A. Shapiro
- Division of Consultation/Liaison PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Paula S. McKinley
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Matthew Bartels
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of MedicineColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Vincenzo Lauriola
- Division of Behavioral MedicineDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Wahida Karmally
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- Department of BiostatisticsMailman School of Public HealthColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Flood
- Department of AnesthesiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchNorthwell HealthManhassettNY
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41
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Frederiksen KS, Gjerum L, Waldemar G, Hasselbalch SG. Effects of Physical Exercise on Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:359-372. [PMID: 29154278 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise may be an important adjunct to pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal studies indicate that exercise may be disease modifying through several mechanisms including reduction of AD pathology. We carried out a systematic review of intervention studies of physical exercise with hippocampal volume (on MRI), amyloid-β, total tau, phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 18F-FDG-PET or amyloid PET as outcome measures in healthy subjects, patients with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, or AD. We identified a total of 8 studies of which 6 investigated the effects of exercise on hippocampal volume in healthy subjects and 1 on CSF biomarkers and 1 on hippocampal volume in AD, and none investigating the remaining outcome measures or patient groups. Methodological quality of identified studies was generally low. One study found a detrimental effect on hippocampal volume and one found a positive effect, whereas the remaining studies did not find an effect of exercise on outcome measures. The present systematic study identified a relatively small number of studies, which did not support an effect of exercise on hippocampal volume. Methodological issues such small to moderate sample sizes and inadequate ramdomization procedures further limits conclusions. Our findings highlight the difficulties in conducting high quality studies of exercise and further studies are needed before definite conclusions may be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Le Gjerum
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Corlier F, Hafzalla G, Faskowitz J, Kuller LH, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Thompson PM, Braskie MN. Systemic inflammation as a predictor of brain aging: Contributions of physical activity, metabolic risk, and genetic risk. Neuroimage 2018; 172:118-129. [PMID: 29357308 PMCID: PMC5954991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes may contribute to risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related brain degeneration. Metabolic and genetic risk factors, and physical activity may, in turn, influence these inflammatory processes. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, and interact with each other. Understanding how these processes together relate to brain aging will help to inform future interventions to treat or prevent cognitive decline. We used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to scan 335 older adult humans (mean age 77.3 ± 3.4 years) who remained non-demented for the duration of the 9-year longitudinal study. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) in a subset of 226 adults to evaluate whether measures of baseline peripheral inflammation (serum C-reactive protein levels; CRP), mediated the baseline contributions of genetic and metabolic risk, and physical activity, to regional cortical thickness in AD-relevant brain regions at study year 9. We found that both baseline metabolic risk and AD risk variant apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4), modulated baseline serum CRP. Higher baseline CRP levels, in turn, predicted thinner regional cortex at year 9, and mediated an effect between higher metabolic risk and thinner cortex in those regions. A higher polygenic risk score composed of variants in immune-associated AD risk genes (other than APOE) was associated with thinner regional cortex. However, CRP levels did not mediate this effect, suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the elevated AD risk. We found interactions between genetic and environmental factors and structural brain health. Our findings support the role of metabolic risk and peripheral inflammation in age-related brain decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Corlier
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - George Hafzalla
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Joshua Faskowitz
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15139, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA; Depts. of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, & Ophthalmology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA.
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43
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van der Stouwe ECD, van Busschbach JT, de Vries B, Cahn W, Aleman A, Pijnenborg GHM. Neural correlates of exercise training in individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:287-301. [PMID: 30023171 PMCID: PMC6050351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A body of evidence has revealed positive effects of physical exercise on behavioral, cognitive and physical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Notably, the effect of exercise at the neural level may be particularly relevant as well as it is hypothesized that exercise may stimulate the brain in a way that might normalize neural alterations related to the disorder. The aim of the current systematic review was to provide an up to date overview of studies investigating the neural effects of exercise in individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy individuals. The majority of included studies focused on hippocampal effects, reporting beneficial effects of exercise. In addition, in schizophrenia increased extrastriate body area (EBA) activation and increased white matter fiber integrity in tracts relevant to the disorder were found and in healthy individuals decreased connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) indicating greater cognitive efficiency was reported. Comparing individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and healthy individuals within a similar age range, most studies found similar effects on hippocampal volume and white matter tracts for both groups, although the effect in schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be attenuated which is in line with previous literature on brain plasticity. The current review indicates a lack of studies investigating neural correlates other than the hippocampus. Although those studies that did focus on other neural correlates revealed promising results, these have not been replicated in other studies and call for replication. Furthermore, future studies should expand their focus, by investigating neural mechanisms underlying positive effects of physical exercise on positive symptoms, negative symptoms and symptoms such as depression, social withdrawal and social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C D van der Stouwe
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J T van Busschbach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Rob Giel Onderzoekcentrum, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, 8017, CA, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
| | - B de Vries
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - W Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heigelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G H M Pijnenborg
- Department of Neuroscience, BCN Neuroimaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychotic Disorders, GGZ-Drenthe, Dennenweg 9, 9404, LA, Assen, The Netherlands.
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44
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Kurebayashi Y, Otaki J. Association between altered physical activity and neurocognitive function among people with schizophrenia: A minimum 6-months' follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28623813 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term benefits of physical activity on neurocognitive function among patients with schizophrenia, specifically among inpatients, remain unclear. This preliminary study, with a minimum of 6-months' follow-up, examined alterations in physical activity and neurocognitive function in both inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS Symptoms and neurocognitive function were assessed at 2 intervals using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and Cognitrax, respectively. After each testing period, participants wore an accelerometer for 1week to measure their levels and duration of physical activity. After the 6-months' follow-up (average duration, 235.9±36.2days), participants were divided into 2 groups based on either increased or decreased activity, as compared with baseline: increased-activity and decreased-activity groups. RESULTS Of the 29 initially enrolled participants, 25 (mean age, 56.8±11.8years) completed the follow-up. Reaction times in the increased-activity group in daily activity (n=10) improved as compared with the decreased-activity group (n=15). Moreover, cognitive flexibility and executive function improved in the increased-activity group in steps (n=7) compared with the decreased-activity group (n=18). Finally, there was no association between the duration of moderate or vigorous exercise and neurocognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results suggest that increased daily activity and walking, but not high intensity activity, are associated with improved neurocognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kurebayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichi Otaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka City, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Matura S, Fleckenstein J, Deichmann R, Engeroff T, Füzéki E, Hattingen E, Hellweg R, Lienerth B, Pilatus U, Schwarz S, Tesky VA, Vogt L, Banzer W, Pantel J. Effects of aerobic exercise on brain metabolism and grey matter volume in older adults: results of the randomised controlled SMART trial. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1172. [PMID: 28934191 PMCID: PMC5538117 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that aerobic exercise has a positive effect on cognitive functions in older adults. To date, little is known about the neurometabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying this positive effect. The present study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantitative MRI to systematically explore the effects of physical activity on human brain metabolism and grey matter (GM) volume in healthy aging. This is a randomised controlled assessor-blinded two-armed trial (n=53) to explore exercise-induced neuroprotective and metabolic effects on the brain in cognitively healthy older adults. Participants (age >65) were allocated to a 12-week individualised aerobic exercise programme intervention (n=29) or a 12-week waiting control group (n=24). The main outcomes were the change in cerebral metabolism and its association to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels as well as changes in GM volume. We found that cerebral choline concentrations remained stable after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise in the intervention group, whereas they increased in the waiting control group. No effect of training was seen on cerebral N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations, nor on markers of neuronal energy reserve or BDNF levels. Further, we observed no change in cortical GM volume in response to aerobic exercise. The finding of stable choline concentrations in the intervention group over the 3 month period might indicate a neuroprotective effect of aerobic exercise. Choline might constitute a valid marker for an effect of aerobic exercise on cerebral metabolism in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matura
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. E-mail:
| | - J Fleckenstein
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R Deichmann
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - T Engeroff
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - E Füzéki
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - E Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R Hellweg
- Neurobiology and Neurotrophins Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Lienerth
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - U Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - S Schwarz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - V A Tesky
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - L Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - W Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - J Pantel
- Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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46
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Papiol S, Popovic D, Keeser D, Hasan A, Schneider-Axmann T, Degenhardt F, Rossner MJ, Bickeböller H, Schmitt A, Falkai P, Malchow B. Polygenic risk has an impact on the structural plasticity of hippocampal subfields during aerobic exercise combined with cognitive remediation in multi-episode schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1159. [PMID: 28654095 PMCID: PMC5537649 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies suggest that, besides improving cognition, aerobic exercise might increase hippocampal volume in schizophrenia patients; however, results are not consistent. Individual mechanisms of volume changes are unknown but might be connected to the load of risk genes. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered the polygenic architecture of schizophrenia. The secondary analysis presented here aimed to determine the modulatory role of schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) on volume changes in the total hippocampus and cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum over time. We studied 20 multi-episode schizophrenia patients and 23 healthy controls who performed aerobic exercise (endurance training) combined with cognitive remediation for 3 months and 21 multi-episode schizophrenia patients allocated to a control intervention (table soccer) combined with cognitive remediation. Magnetic resonance imaging-based assessments were performed at baseline and after 3 months with FreeSurfer. No effects of PRSs were found on total hippocampal volume change. Subfield analyses showed that the volume changes between baseline and 3 months in the left CA4/DG were significantly influenced by PRSs in schizophrenia patients performing aerobic exercise. A larger genetic risk burden was associated with a less pronounced volume increase or a decrease in volume over the course of the exercise intervention. Results of exploratory enrichment analyses reinforced the notion of genetic risk factors modulating biological processes tightly related to synaptic ion channel activity, calcium signaling, glutamate signaling and regulation of cell morphogenesis. We hypothesize that a high polygenic risk may negatively influence neuroplasticity in CA4/DG during aerobic exercise in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Papiol
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Popovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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47
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Venezia AC, Quinlan E, Roth SM. A single bout of exercise increases hippocampal Bdnf: influence of chronic exercise and noradrenaline. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:800-811. [PMID: 28556463 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research in human subjects suggests that acute exercise can improve memory performance, but the qualities of the exercise necessary to promote improved memory, and the signaling pathways that mediate these effects are unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), noradrenergic signaling, and post-translational modifications to AMPA receptors have all been implicated in the enhancement of memory following emotional or physical arousal; however, it is not known if a single bout of exercise is sufficient to engage these pathways. Here we use a rodent model to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on hippocampal transcript-specific Bdnf expression and phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor. A single bout of treadmill exercise was insufficient to mimic the increased expression of GluR1 protein and phosphorylation at Ser845 observed following 1 month of voluntary wheel running. However, acute exercise was sufficient to increase Bdnf transcript IV messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in sedentary subjects, but not subjects housed for 1 month with a running wheel. High-intensity acute exercise increased total Bdnf mRNA in sedentary mice, but not above levels observed following chronic access to the running wheel. Although depletion of central noradrenergic signaling with DSP-4 reduced Bdnf IV mRNA, the effect of acute exercise on Bdnf mRNA persisted. Our characterization of the effects of acute exercise on Bdnf expression and persistence in the absence of noradrenergic modulation may inform strategies to employ physical activity to combat cognitive aging and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Venezia
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - E Quinlan
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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48
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Schwarb H, Johnson CL, Daugherty AM, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Cohen NJ, Barbey AK. Aerobic fitness, hippocampal viscoelasticity, and relational memory performance. Neuroimage 2017; 153:179-188. [PMID: 28366763 PMCID: PMC5637732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive relationship between hippocampal structure, aerobic fitness, and memory performance is often observed among children and older adults; but evidence of this relationship among young adults, for whom the hippocampus is neither developing nor atrophying, is less consistent. Studies have typically relied on hippocampal volumetry (a gross proxy of tissue composition) to assess individual differences in hippocampal structure. While volume is not specific to microstructural tissue characteristics, microstructural differences in hippocampal integrity may exist even among healthy young adults when volumetric differences are not diagnostic of tissue health or cognitive function. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an emerging noninvasive imaging technique for measuring viscoelastic tissue properties and provides quantitative measures of tissue integrity. We have previously demonstrated that individual differences in hippocampal viscoelasticity are related to performance on a relational memory task; however, little is known about health correlates to this novel measure. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal viscoelasticity and cardiovascular health, and their mutual effect on relational memory in a group of healthy young adults (N=51). We replicated our previous finding that hippocampal viscoelasticity correlates with relational memory performance. We extend this work by demonstrating that better aerobic fitness, as measured by VO2max, was associated with hippocampal viscoelasticity that mediated the benefits of fitness on memory function. Hippocampal volume, however, did not account for individual differences in memory. Therefore, these data suggest that hippocampal viscoelasticity may provide a more sensitive measure to microstructural tissue organization and its consequences to cognition among healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Schwarb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA.
| | - Curtis L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61081, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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49
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Changes in fMRI activation in anterior hippocampus and motor cortex during memory retrieval after an intense exercise intervention. Biol Psychol 2017; 124:65-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Auger H, Bherer L, Boucher É, Hoge R, Lesage F, Dehaes M. Quantification of extra-cerebral and cerebral hemoglobin concentrations during physical exercise using time-domain near infrared spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3826-3842. [PMID: 27867696 PMCID: PMC5102543 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fitness is known to have beneficial effects on brain anatomy and function. However, the understanding of mechanisms underlying immediate and long-term neurophysiological changes due to exercise is currently incomplete due to the lack of tools to investigate brain function during physical activity. In this study, we used time-domain near infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) to quantify and discriminate extra-cerebral and cerebral hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation (SO2) in young adults at rest and during incremental intensity exercise. In extra-cerebral tissue, an increase in deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) and a decrease in SO2 were observed while only cerebral HbR increased at high intensity exercise. Results in extra-cerebral tissue are consistent with thermoregulatory mechanisms to dissipate excess heat through skin blood flow, while cerebral changes are in agreement with cerebral blood flow (CBF) redistribution mechanisms to meet oxygen demand in activated regions during exercise. No significant difference was observed in oxy- (HbO2) and total hemoglobin (HbT). In addition HbO2, HbR and HbT increased with subject's peak power output (equivalent to the maximum oxygen volume consumption; VO2 peak) supporting previous observations of increased total mass of red blood cells in trained individuals. Our results also revealed known gender differences with higher hemoglobin in men. Our approach in quantifying both extra-cerebral and cerebral absolute hemoglobin during exercise may help to better interpret past and future continuous-wave NIRS studies that are prone to extra-cerebral contamination and allow a better understanding of acute cerebral changes due to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Auger
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC,
Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada
| | - Richard Hoge
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC,
Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
| | - Mathieu Dehaes
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC,
Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC,
Canada
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