1
|
Chambraud B, Byrne C, Meduri G, Baulieu EE, Giustiniani J. FKBP52 in Neuronal Signaling and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Microtubule Story. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031738. [PMID: 35163662 PMCID: PMC8836061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52) belongs to a large family of ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved proteins (FKBPs) that share an FKBP domain and possess Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase (PPIase) activity. PPIase activity catalyzes the isomerization of Peptidyl-Prolyl bonds and therefore influences target protein folding and function. FKBP52 is particularly abundant in the nervous system and is partially associated with the microtubule network in different cell types suggesting its implication in microtubule function. Various studies have focused on FKBP52, highlighting its importance in several neuronal microtubule-dependent signaling pathways and its possible implication in neurodegenerative diseases such as tauopathies (i.e., Alzheimer disease) and alpha-synucleinopathies (i.e., Parkinson disease). This review summarizes our current understanding of FKBP52 actions in the microtubule environment, its implication in neuronal signaling and function, its interactions with other members of the FKBPs family and its involvement in neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Chambraud
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Cillian Byrne
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM7203, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geri Meduri
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Etienne Emile Baulieu
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.B.); (J.G.); Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-72 (J.G.); Fax: +33-1-49-59-92-03 (J.G.)
| | - Julien Giustiniani
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Institut Professeur Baulieu, 80 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (C.B.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.B.); (J.G.); Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-72 (J.G.); Fax: +33-1-49-59-92-03 (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zuo KJ, Saffari TM, Chan K, Shin AY, Borschel GH. Systemic and Local FK506 (Tacrolimus) and its Application in Peripheral Nerve Surgery. J Hand Surg Am 2020; 45:759-765. [PMID: 32359866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) are common and frequently afflict otherwise healthy individuals after traumatic or iatrogenic events. Adjuvant therapies to improve functional outcomes after surgical repair of PNI have been investigated extensively in preclinical studies; however, to date, none have been clinically proven to have a notable therapeutic effect. FK506 (tacrolimus), a US Food and Drug Administration-approved systemic immunosuppressant, has demonstrated promising neuro-regenerative properties in both animal studies and clinical reports, but its adverse effects when systemically administered have precluded its broader applicability for patients with PNI. Recent advances in bioengineered drug delivery systems have made local FK506 delivery to a site of PNI an intriguing method of promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, with promising results in preclinical translational investigations. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence for FK506's beneficial effect in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration when administered systemically and locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Zuo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiam M Saffari
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Katelyn Chan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung JA, Yoon YJ. Development of Non-Immunosuppressive FK506 Derivatives as Antifungal and Neurotrophic Agents. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1-10. [PMID: 31752059 PMCID: PMC9728173 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FK506, also known as tacrolimus, is a clinically important immunosuppressant drug and has promising therapeutic potentials owing to its antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. To generate various FK506 derivatives, the structure of FK506 has been modified by chemical methods or biosynthetic pathway engineering. Herein, we describe the mode of the antifungal action of FK506 and the structure-activity relationship of FK506 derivatives in the context of immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. In addition, we discuss the neurotrophic mechanism of FK506 known to date, along with the neurotrophic FK506 derivatives with significantly reduced immunosuppressive activity. This review suggests the possibility to generate novel FK506 derivatives as antifungal as well as neuroregenerative/neuroprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-3277-4082 Fax: +82-2-3277-3419 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kolos JM, Voll AM, Bauder M, Hausch F. FKBP Ligands-Where We Are and Where to Go? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1425. [PMID: 30568592 PMCID: PMC6290070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many members of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family were increasingly linked to various diseases. The binding domain of FKBPs differs only in a few amino acid residues, but their biological roles are versatile. High-affinity ligands with selectivity between close homologs are scarce. This review will give an overview of the most prominent ligands developed for FKBPs and highlight a perspective for future developments. More precisely, human FKBPs and correlated diseases will be discussed as well as microbial FKBPs in the context of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal therapeutics. The last section gives insights into high-affinity ligands as chemical tools and dimerizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hara K, Uchida K, Fukunaga A, Toya S, Kawase T. Implantation of Xenogeneic Transgenic Neural Plate Tissues into Parkinsonian Rat Brain. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:515-9. [PMID: 9331504 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenografting must be considered as a means of establishing neural transplantation therapy and of securing fetal neural tissues as donor material. The early stage (embryonic day 8.5, E8.5) embryonic mesencephalic neural plate (NP) from transgenic mice was examined for possible application in effective xenografting therapy. As recipients, Parkinsonian rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine were used, and as donors, GT4-2 mice into which a β-galactosidase gene was introduced to allow brain tissue differentiation from the recipients by X-gal staining. Three microscopic pieces of E8.5 GT4-2 mice NP were injected into the striatum of the Parkinsonian rats. Some hosts were given immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide and FK506) (IS group), others were not (non-IS group). Amphetamine-induced rotation was examined at days 11 and 21 after grafting (D11 and D21, respectively), and morphological investigations were performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E), X-gal, and thyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining. The rotations were counted in 30 of the 38 transplanted rats before and after grafting. Histological data were obtained from 19 of these 30 rats. In 11 of them the grafts survived (survival group) and in the remaining 8, the grafts were unsuccessful (rejection group). In the survival group at D11, the mean number of rotations made by transplanted rats expressed as a percentage of the number before grafting (rotation percentage) decreased to 43.8% (n = 9), which, in comparison with the average of 125.9% (n = 6) in the rejection group, reveals significant behavioral recovery (p < 0.01). The rotation percentage at D21 was 23.8% in the survival group (n = 4) and 84.5% in the rejection group (n = 3). Behavioral recovery was thus seen to improve with time in the survival group. In the IS group (n = 19), the rotation percentages averaged 74.9% (D11, n = 15) and 51.1% (D21, n = 7), while the non-IS group averages were 136.7% (D11, n = 9) and 140.7% (D21, n = 9), indicating a tendency for better behavioral recovery in the IS group than in the non-IS group (p < 0.05). Fifteen IS group rats were studied histologically, 10 (sacrificed on D11, D21) from the survival group and 5 (sacrificed on D11, D21) from the rejection group. In the non-IS group (n = 4), there was a graft in only one rat sacrificed on D11. There were many X-gal positive and TH positive cells in the grafts, suggesting that mouse NP survived, and differentiated into TH positive neurons in the rat brain. Xenografted NP has the potential to cure central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim DW, Lee SH, Shin MJ, Kim K, Ku SK, Youn JK, Cho SB, Park JH, Lee CH, Son O, Sohn EJ, Cho SW, Park JH, Kim HA, Han KH, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. PEP-1-FK506BP inhibits alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation on the rat model of corneal alkali injury. BMB Rep 2016; 48:618-23. [PMID: 25817214 PMCID: PMC4911203 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 12 (FK506BP) is a small peptide with a single FK506BP domain that is involved in suppression of immune response and reactive oxygen species. FK506BP has emerged as a potential drug target for several inflammatory diseases. Here, we examined the protective effects of directly applied cell permeable FK506BP (PEP-1-FK506BP) on corneal alkali burn injury (CAI). In the cornea, there was a significant decrease in the number of cells expressing pro-inflammation, apoptotic, and angiogenic factors such as TNF-α, COX-2, and VEGF. Both corneal opacity and corneal neovascularization (CNV) were significantly decreased in the PEP-1-FK506BP treated group. Our results showed that PEP-1-FK506BP can significantly inhibit alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation in rats, possibly by accelerating corneal wound healing and by reducing the production of angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for CAI. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(11): 618-623]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- R&D Center, Lumieye Genetics Co., Ltd. Seoul 06198, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Kibom Kim
- R&D Center, Lumieye Genetics Co., Ltd. Seoul 06198, Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Youn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Chi Hern Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Ora Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Pyongchon 14068, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Timcodar (VX-853) Is a Non-FKBP12 Binding Macrolide Derivative That Inhibits PPARγ and Suppresses Adipogenesis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:6218637. [PMID: 27190501 PMCID: PMC4848453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6218637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient overload and genetic factors have led to a worldwide epidemic of obesity that is the underlying cause of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we used macrolide drugs such as FK506, rapamycin, and macrolide derived, timcodar (VX-853), to determine their effects on lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Rapamycin and FK506 bind to FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), such as FKBP12, which causes suppression of the immune system and inhibition of mTOR. Rapamycin has been previously reported to inhibit the adipogenic process and lipid accumulation. However, rapamycin treatment in rodents caused immune suppression and glucose resistance, even though the mice lost weight. Here we show that timcodar (1 μM), a non-FKBP12-binding drug, significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. A comparison of the same concentration of timcodar (1 μM) and rapamycin (1 μM) showed that both are inhibitors of lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Importantly, timcodar potently (p < 0.01) suppressed transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ and C/EBPα, resulting in the inhibition of genes involved in lipid accumulation. These studies set the stage for timcodar as a possible antiobesity therapy, which is rapidly emerging as a pandemic.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hinds TD, Stechschulte LA, Elkhairi F, Sanchez ER. Analysis of FK506, timcodar (VX-853) and FKBP51 and FKBP52 chaperones in control of glucocorticoid receptor activity and phosphorylation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00076. [PMID: 25505617 PMCID: PMC4186452 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive ligand FK506 and the FK506-binding protein FKBP52 are stimulatory to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity. Here, we explore the underlying mechanism by comparing GR activity and phosphorylation status in response to FK506 and the novel nonimmunosuppressive ligand timcodar (VX-853) and in the presence and absence of FKBP52 and the closely related protein FKBP51. Using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) deficient knockout (KO) in FKBP51 or FKBP52, we show decreased GR activity at endogenous genes in 52KO cells, but increased activity in 51KO cells. In 52KO cells, elevated phosphorylation occurred at inhibitory serine 212 and decreased phosphorylation at the stimulatory S220 residue. In contrast, 51KO cells showed increased GR phosphorylation at the stimulatory residues S220 and S234. In wild-type (WT) MEF cells, timcodar, like FK506, potentiated dexamethasone-induced GR transcriptional activity at two endogenous genes. Using 52KO and 51KO MEF cells, FK506 potentiated GR activity in 51KO cells but could not do so in 52KO cells, suggesting FKBP52 as the major target of FK506 action. Like FK506, timcodar potentiated GR in 51KO cells, but it also increased GR activity in 52KO cells. Knock-down of FKBP51 in the 52KO cells showed that the latter effect of timcodar required FKBP51. Thus, timcodar appears to have a dual specificity for FKBP51 and FKBP52. This work demonstrates phosphorylation as an important mechanism in FKBP control of GR and identifies the first nonimmunosuppressive macrolide capable of targeting GR action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614 ; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Lance A Stechschulte
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Fadel Elkhairi
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Edwin R Sanchez
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu B, Zhu JX, Huo R, Yan ZY, He JL, Deng L, Wang JX, He J, Qiao GF, Chen H, Li BY. Alternations of cardiac IK1 and Ito from FKBP12.6 transgenic mouse heart and potential impact of cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:1017-20. [PMID: 25189487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiu-Xin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rong Huo
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Riley Heart Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, IN University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jian-Li He
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Fen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanying Chen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, IN University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kasinathan N, Jagani HV, Alex AT, Volety SM, Rao JV. Strategies for drug delivery to the central nervous system by systemic route. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:243-57. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.878858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
11
|
Gallay PA, Ptak RG, Bobardt MD, Dumont JM, Vuagniaux G, Rosenwirth B. Correlation of naturally occurring HIV-1 resistance to DEB025 with capsid amino acid polymorphisms. Viruses 2013; 5:981-97. [PMID: 23524389 PMCID: PMC3705307 DOI: 10.3390/v5030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEB025 (alisporivir) is a synthetic cyclosporine with inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). It binds to cyclophilin A (CypA) and blocks essential functions of CypA in the viral replication cycles of both viruses. DEB025 inhibits clinical HIV-1 isolates in vitro and decreases HIV-1 virus load in the majority of patients. HIV-1 isolates being naturally resistant to DEB025 have been detected in vitro and in nonresponder patients. By sequence analysis of their capsid protein (CA) region, two amino acid polymorphisms that correlated with DEB025 resistance were identified: H87Q and I91N, both located in the CypA-binding loop of the CA protein of HIV-1. The H87Q change was by far more abundant than I91N. Additional polymorphisms in the CypA-binding loop (positions 86, 91 and 96), as well as in the N-terminal loop of CA were detected in resistant isolates and are assumed to contribute to the degree of resistance. These amino acid changes may modulate the conformation of the CypA-binding loop of CA in such a way that binding and/or isomerase function of CypA are no longer necessary for virus replication. The resistant HIV-1 isolates thus are CypA-independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael D. Bobardt
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla 92037, California, USA; E-Mails: (P.A.G.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Jean-Maurice Dumont
- Debiopharm, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Mailing address: Debiopharm SA, Forum “après-demain”, Chemin Messidor 5-7, Case postale 5911, CH-1002 Lausanne, Switzerland; Tel. +41 21 3210111; Fax: +41 21 3210169
| | | | - Brigitte Rosenwirth
- Klinisches Institut fuer Virologie, Medizinische Universitaet Wien, 1095 Vienna, Austria; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li BY, Chen H, Maruyama M, Zhang W, Zhang J, Pan ZW, Rubart M, Chen PS, Shou W. The role of FK506-binding proteins 12 and 12.6 in regulating cardiac function. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:988-94. [PMID: 22460357 PMCID: PMC3582179 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specifically, FK506-binding proteins 12 (FKBP12) and 12.6 (FKBP12.6) are cis-trans peptidyl prolyl isomerases that are expressed in the heart. Both FKBP12 and FKBP12.6 were previously known to interact with ryanodine receptors in striated muscles. Although FKBP12 is abundantly present in the heart, its function in the heart is largely uncertain. Recently, by generating FKBP12 transgenic overexpression and cardiac-restricted knockout mice, we showed that FKBP12 is critically important in regulating trans-sarcolemmal ionic currents, predominately the voltage-gated Na+ current, I(Na), but it appears to be less important for regulating cardiac ryanodine receptor function. Similar genetic approaches also confirm the role of FKBP12.6 in regulating cardiac ryanodine receptors. The current study demonstrated that FKBP12 and FKBP12.6 have very different physiologic functions in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Bao Jian Rd, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China,Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hanying Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mitsunori Maruyama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zhen-Wei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Bao Jian Rd, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael Rubart
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Weinian Shou
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Y, Chen H, Ji G, Li B, Mohler PJ, Zhu Z, Yong W, Chen Z, Xu X, Xin H, Shou W. Transgenic analysis of the role of FKBP12.6 in cardiac function and intracellular calcium release. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:620-7. [PMID: 22087651 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FK506 binding protein12.6 (FKBP12.6) binds to the Ca(2+) release channel ryanodine receptor (RyR2) in cardiomyocytes and stabilizes RyR2 to prevent premature sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release. Previously, two different mouse strains deficient in FKBP12.6 were reported to have different abnormal cardiac phenotypes. The first mutant strain displayed sex-dependent cardiac hypertrophy, while the second displayed exercise-induced cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death. In this study, we tested whether FKBP12.6-deficient mice that display hypertrophic hearts can develop exercise-induced cardiac sudden death and whether the hypertrophic heart is a direct consequence of abnormal calcium handling in mutant cardiomyocytes. Our data show that FKBP12.6-deficient mice with cardiac hypertrophy do not display exercise-induced arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death. To investigate the role of FKBP12.6 overexpression for cardiac function and cardiomyocyte calcium release, we generated a transgenic mouse line with cardiac specific overexpression of FKBP12.6 using α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC) promoter. MHC-FKBP12.6 mice displayed normal cardiac development and function. We demonstrated that MHC-FKBP12.6 mice are able to rescue abnormal cardiac hypertrophy and abnormal calcium release in FKBP12.6-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of water-soluble tacrolimus-PEG conjugate on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1301-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Immunophilin, FK506-binding protein 12 (FK506BP), is a receptor protein for the immunosuppressive drug FK506 by the FK506BP/FK506 complex. However, the precise function of FK506BP in inflammatory diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the protective effects of FK506BP on atopic dermatitis (AD) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced HaCaT cells and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD-like dermatitis in Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/Nagoya (NC/Nga) mice using a cell-permeable PEP-1-FK506BP. Transduced PEP-1-FK506BP significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines, as well as the activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, topical application of PEP-1-FK506BP to NC/Nga mice markedly inhibited AD-like dermatitis as determined by a histological examination and assessment of serum IgE levels, as well as cytokines and chemokines. These results indicate that PEP-1-FK506BP inhibits NF-κB and MAPK activation in cells and AD-like skin lesions by reducing the expression levels of cytokines and chemokines, thus suggesting that PEP-1-FK506BP may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Maruyama M, Li BY, Chen H, Xu X, Song LS, Guatimosim S, Zhu W, Yong W, Zhang W, Bu G, Lin SF, Fishbein MC, Lederer WJ, Schild JH, Field LJ, Rubart M, Chen PS, Shou W. FKBP12 is a critical regulator of the heart rhythm and the cardiac voltage-gated sodium current in mice. Circ Res 2011; 108:1042-52. [PMID: 21372286 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.237867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE FK506 binding protein (FKBP)12 is a known cis-trans peptidyl prolyl isomerase and highly expressed in the heart. Its role in regulating postnatal cardiac function remains largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated FKBP12 overexpressing transgenic (αMyHC-FKBP12) mice and cardiomyocyte-restricted FKBP12 conditional knockout (FKBP12(f/f)/αMyHC-Cre) mice and analyzed their cardiac electrophysiology in vivo and in vitro. A high incidence (38%) of sudden death was found in αMyHC-FKBP12 mice. Surface and ambulatory ECGs documented cardiac conduction defects, which were further confirmed by electric measurements and optical mapping in Langendorff-perfused hearts. αMyHC-FKBP12 hearts had slower action potential upstrokes and longer action potential durations. Whole-cell patch-clamp analyses demonstrated an ≈ 80% reduction in peak density of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, voltage-gated sodium current I(Na) in αMyHC-FKBP12 ventricular cardiomyocytes, a slower recovery of I(Na) from inactivation, shifts of steady-state activation and inactivation curves of I(Na) to more depolarized potentials, and augmentation of late I(Na), suggesting that the arrhythmogenic phenotype of αMyHC-FKBP12 mice is attributable to abnormal I(Na). Ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from FKBP12(f/f)/αMyHC-Cre hearts showed faster action potential upstrokes and a more than 2-fold increase in peak I(Na) density. Dialysis of exogenous recombinant FKBP12 protein into FKBP12-deficient cardiomyocytes promptly recapitulated alterations in I(Na) seen in αMyHC-FKBP12 myocytes. CONCLUSIONS FKBP12 is a critical regulator of I(Na) and is important for cardiac arrhythmogenic physiology. FKPB12-mediated dysregulation of I(Na) may underlie clinical arrhythmias associated with FK506 administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Maruyama
- Department of Medicine, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
FK506 inhibition of gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase production induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:903-9. [PMID: 20238216 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gliostatin/thymidine phosphorylase (GLS/TP) is known to have angiogenic and arthritogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of FK506 (tacrolimus) on GLS production in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the modulation of serum GLS by FK506 therapy and the effect of FK506 on the production of GLS in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Serum samples were collected from 11 RA patients with active disease at baseline and after 12 weeks of FK506 treatment. Serum concentrations of GLS and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 were measured by ELISA and found to be down-regulated in responders evaluated with a disease activity score. Patient FLSs were cultured and stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α with or without FK506. The expression levels of GLS were determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme immunoassay and shown to be significantly increased. GLS levels in TNF-α-stimulated FLSs were reduced by FK506 treatment. Our data show a novel mechanism for the action of physiological concentrations of FK506 in RA that regulates the production of GLS in FLSs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein, which is widely expressed in the central nervous system, predominantly in neurons, where it regulates microtubule dynamics, axonal transport, and neurite outgrowth. The aberrant assembly of Tau is the hallmark of several human neurodegenerative diseases, collectively known as tauopathies. They include Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Several abnormalities in Tau, such as hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, alter its function and are central to the pathogenic process. Here, we describe biochemical and functional interactions between FKBP52 and Tau. FKBP52 is a member of the FKBP (FK506-binding protein) family that comprises intracellular protein effectors of immunosuppressive drugs (such as FK506 and rapamycin). We found that FKBP52, which is abundant in brain, binds directly and specifically to Tau, especially in its hyperphosphorylated form. The relevance of this observation was confirmed by the colocalization of both proteins in the distal part of the axons of cortical neurons and by the antagonistic effect of FKBP52 on the ability of Tau to promote microtubule assembly. Overexpression of FKBP52 in differentiated PC12 cells prevented the accumulation of Tau and resulted in reduced neurite length. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for FKBP52 in Tau function and may help to decipher and modulate the events involved in Tau-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaiyasate K, Schaffner A, Jackson IT, Mittal V. Comparing FK-506 with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (b-FGF) on the Repair of a Peripheral Nerve Defect Using an Autogenous Vein Bridge Model. J INVEST SURG 2009; 22:401-5. [DOI: 10.3109/08941930903410775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
22
|
Han J, Kang D. TRESK channel as a potential target to treat T-cell mediated immune dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1102-5. [PMID: 19852929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we propose that TRESK background K(+) channel could serve as a potential therapeutic target for T-cell mediated immune dysfunction. TRESK has many immune function-related properties. TRESK is abundantly expressed in the thymus, the spleen, and human leukemic T-lymphocytes. TRESK is highly activated by Ca(2+), calcineurin, acetylcholine, and histamine which induce hypertrophy, whereas TRESK is inhibited by immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin A and FK506. Cyclosporine A and FK506 target the binding site of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) to inhibit calcineurin. Interestingly, TRESK possesses an NFAT-like docking site that is present at its intracellular loop. Calcineurin has been found to interact with TRESK via specific NFAT-like docking site. When the T-cell is activated, calcineurin can bind to the NFAT-docking site of TRESK. The activation of both TRESK and NFAT via Ca(2+)-calcineurin-NFAT/TRESK pathway could modulate the transcription of new genes in addition to regulating several aspects of T-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Han
- Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Tallini YN, Chen Z, Gan L, Wei B, Doran R, Miao L, Xin HB, Kotlikoff MI, Ji G. Dissociation of FKBP12.6 from ryanodine receptor type 2 is regulated by cyclic ADP-ribose but not beta-adrenergic stimulation in mouse cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:253-62. [PMID: 19578067 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Beta-adrenergic augmentation of Ca(2+) sparks and cardiac contractility has been functionally linked to phosphorylation-dependent dissociation of FK506 binding protein 12.6 (FKBP12.6) regulatory proteins from ryanodine receptors subtype 2 (RYR2). We used FKBP12.6 null mice to test the extent to which the dissociation of FKBP12.6 affects Ca(2+) sparks and mediates the inotropic action of isoproterenol (ISO), and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) regulation of Ca(2+) sparks. METHODS AND RESULTS Ca(2+) sparks and contractility were measured in cardiomyocytes and papillary muscle segments from FKBP12.6 null mice, and western blot analysis was carried out on sarcoplasmic reticulum microsomes prepared from mouse heart. Exposure to ISO resulted in a three- and two-fold increase in Ca(2+) spark frequency in wild-type (WT) and FKBP12.6 knockout (KO) myocytes, respectively, and Ca(2+) spark kinetics were also significantly altered in both types of cells. The effects of ISO on Ca(2+) spark properties in KO cells were inhibited by pre-treatment with thapsigargin or phospholamban inhibitory antibody, 2D12. Moreover, twitch force magnitude and the rate of force development were not significantly different in papillary muscles from WT and KO mice. Unlike beta-adrenergic stimulation, cADPR stimulation increased Ca(2+) spark frequency (2.8-fold) and altered spark kinetics only in WT but not in KO mice. The effect of cADPR on spark properties was not entirely blocked by pre-treatment with thapsigargin or 2D12. In voltage-clamped cells, cADPR increased the peak Ca(2+) of the spark without altering the decay time. We also noticed that basal Ca(2+) spark properties in KO mice were markedly altered compared with those in WT mice. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that dissociation of FKBP12.6 from the RYR2 complex does not play a significant role in beta-adrenergic-stimulated Ca(2+) release in heart cells, whereas this mechanism does underlie the action of cADPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Center for Drug Discovery Research, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by Debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1302-17. [PMID: 18212100 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01324-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Debio-025 is a synthetic cyclosporine with no immunosuppressive capacity but a high inhibitory potency against cyclophilin A (CypA)-associated cis-trans prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity. A lack of immunosuppressive effects compared to that of cyclosporine was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. For three cyclosporines, the inhibitory potential against PPIase activity was quantitatively correlated with that against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Debio-025 selectively inhibited the replication of HIV-1 in a CD4+ cell line and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: potent activity was demonstrated against clinical isolates of various HIV-1 subtypes, including isolates with multidrug resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. Simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV-2 strains were generally resistant to inhibition by Debio-025; however, some notable exceptions of sensitive HIV-2 clinical isolates were detected. In two-drug combination studies, additive inhibitory effects were found between Debio-025 and 19 clinically used drugs of different classes. Clinical HIV-1 isolates that are naturally resistant to Debio-025 and that do not depend on CypA for infection were identified. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the CypA binding domain of the capsid (CA) protein from Debio-025-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 isolates indicated that resistance was mostly associated with an H87Q/P exchange. Mechanistically, cyclosporines competitively inhibit the binding of CypA to the HIV-1 CA protein, which is an essential interaction required for early steps in HIV-1 replication. By real-time PCR we demonstrated that early reverse transcription is reduced in the presence of Debio-025 and that late reverse transcription is almost completely blocked. Thus, Debio-025 seems to interfere with the function of CypA during the progression/completion of HIV-1 reverse transcription.
Collapse
|
27
|
Stebbins JL, Zhang Z, Chen J, Wu B, Emdadi A, Williams ME, Cashman J, Pellecchia M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Fragment-Based Identification of Novel FKBP12 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6607-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0707424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Stebbins
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Ziming Zhang
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Bainan Wu
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Aras Emdadi
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Megan E. Williams
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - John Cashman
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Maurizio Pellecchia
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, University of California at San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, and Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lyutova EM, Kasakov AS, Gurvits BY. Chaperone-like activity of immunophilin FKBP12 from bovine brain, a cytoplasmic receptor of immunosuppressor FK506. NEUROCHEM J+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240703004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Shalbuyeva N, Brustovetsky T, Brustovetsky N. Lithium desensitizes brain mitochondria to calcium, antagonizes permeability transition, and diminishes cytochrome C release. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18057-18068. [PMID: 17485418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous effects of lithium on intracellular targets, its possible action on mitochondria remains poorly explored. In the experiments with suspension of isolated brain mitochondria, replacement of KCl by LiCl suppressed mitochondrial swelling, depolarization, and a release of cytochrome c induced by a single Ca2+ bolus. Li+ robustly protected individual brain mitochondria loaded with rhodamine 123 against Ca2+-induced depolarization. In the experiments with slow calcium infusion, replacement of KCl by LiCl in the incubation medium increased resilience of synaptic and nonsynaptic brain mitochondria as well as resilience of liver and heart mitochondria to the deleterious effect of Ca2+. In LiCl medium, mitochondria accumulated larger amounts of Ca2+ before they lost the ability to sequester Ca2+. However, lithium appeared to be ineffective if mitochondria were challenged by Sr2+ instead of Ca2+. Cyclosporin A, sanglifehrin A, and Mg2+, inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), increased mitochondrial Ca2+ capacity in KCl medium but failed to do so in LiCl medium. This suggests that the mPT might be a common target for Li+ and mPT inhibitors. In addition, lithium protected mitochondria against high Ca2+ in the presence of ATP, where cyclosporin A was reported to be ineffective. SB216763 and SB415286, inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, which is implicated in regulating reactive oxygen species-induced mPT in cardiac mitochondria, did not increase Ca2+ capacity of brain mitochondria. Altogether, these findings suggest that Li+ desensitizes mitochondria to elevated Ca2+ and diminishes cytochrome c release from brain mitochondria by antagonizing the Ca2+-induced mPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shalbuyeva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Tatiana Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Nickolay Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chambraud B, Belabes H, Fontaine-Lenoir V, Fellous A, Baulieu EE. The immunophilin FKBP52 specifically binds to tubulin and prevents microtubule formation. FASEB J 2007; 21:2787-97. [PMID: 17435176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7667com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The FK506 binding protein FKBP52 belongs to the large family of immunophilins and is known as a steroid receptor-associated protein. Previous data suggest that FKBP52 is associated with the motor protein dynein and with the cytoskeleton during mitosis. Here we demonstrate a specific and direct interaction between FKBP52 and tubulin. The region of FKBP52 located between aa 267 and 400, which includes the tetratricopeptide repeat domain, is required for tubulin binding. We provide evidence that FKBP52 prevents tubulin polymerization and that an 84 residue sequence located in the C-terminal part of the molecule (aa 375-458) is necessary and sufficient for its microtubule depolymerization activity. In colocalization experiments in PC12 cells, FKBP52 is associated with tubulin in motile cellular compartments. Furthermore, we suggest that, by using siRNA, a decrease of FKBP52 expression in PC12 cells may lead to differentiated cell phenotype characterized by neurite extensions. Collectively, our data define an unexpected property of FKBP52 as a novel regulator of microtubule dynamics. The possible role of microtubule formation and tubulin binding of other immunophilins such as FKBP12 and FKBP51 is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Chambraud
- INSERM, Unité mixte de recherche 788, Université ParisXI, 80 rue du Général leclerc, Kremlin Bicêtre 94276, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nishimura T, Imai H, Minabe Y, Sawa A, Kato N. Beneficial effects of FK506 for experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:386-90. [PMID: 16989915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
FK506, originally classified as an immunosuppressant, may also be implicated in some events in the central nervous system. FK506 elicits both neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects in vitro. FK506 is neuroprotective for focal cerebral ischemia, but it is not clear whether FK506 has neuroprotective effects for other brain diseases. In this study, we investigated possible neuroprotective effects of FK506 in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) induced by kainic acid (KA) or trimethyltin (TMT). In rat models, we observed marked protection against seizures, abnormal behaviors, and accompanying delayed neuronal damage in the hippocampus by the systemic injection of FK506.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Czirják G, Enyedi P. Targeting of Calcineurin to an NFAT-like Docking Site Is Required for the Calcium-dependent Activation of the Background K+ Channel, TRESK. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14677-82. [PMID: 16569637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602495200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore domain K(+) channel, TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel) is activated in response to the calcium signal by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin. In the present study we report that calcineurin also interacts with TRESK via an NFAT-like docking site, in addition to its enzymatic action. In its intracellular loop, mouse TRESK possesses the amino acid sequence, PQIVID, which is similar to the calcineurin binding consensus motif, PXIXIT (where X denotes any amino acids), necessary for NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) activation and nuclear translocation. Mutations of the PQIVID sequence of TRESK to PQIVIA, PQIVAD, or PQAVAD increasingly deteriorated the calcium-dependent activation in the listed order and correspondingly reduced the benzocaine sensitivity (a property discriminating activated channels from resting ones), when it was measured after the calcium signal in Xenopus oocytes. Microinjection of VIVIT peptide, designed to inhibit the NFAT-calcineurin interaction specifically, also eliminated TRESK activation. The intracellular loop of TRESK, expressed as a GST fusion protein, bound constitutively active calcineurin in vitro. PQAVAD mutation as well as addition of VIVIT peptide to the reaction abrogated this calcineurin binding. Wild type calcineurin was recruited to GST-TRESK-loop in the presence of calcium and calmodulin. These results indicate that the PQIVID sequence is a docking site for calcineurin, and its occupancy is required for the calcium-dependent regulation of TRESK. Immunosuppressive compounds, developed to target the NFAT binding site of calcineurin, are also expected to interfere with TRESK regulation, in addition to their desired effect on NFAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Czirják
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hernández-Espinosa D, Morton AJ. Calcineurin inhibitors cause an acceleration of the neurological phenotype in a mouse transgenic for the human Huntington's disease mutation. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:669-79. [PMID: 16716837 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent protein serine-threonine phosphatase that is thought to play an important role in the neuronal response to changes in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. CaN has been implicated in numerous physiological processes including learning and memory. Decreases in CaN expression are thought to be responsible for some of the pathological features seen in brain ischemia, Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we examined the possibility of CaN playing a role in the progressive neurological phenotype of the R6/2 mouse of Huntington's disease. We studied the effects of the CaN inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506 on the progressive neurological phenotype in the R6/2 mouse. We found that an immunosuppressive dose of both drugs dramatically accelerated the main features of the neurological phenotype in R6/2 mice. This was unlikely to be due solely to the immunosuppressive action of these drugs, since treatment with cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressant drug with a mechanism of action that is not mediated via CaN, did not have deleterious effects on the R6/2 mouse. If anything, cyclophosphamide improved the neurological symptoms in the R6/2 mice. Together, our data suggest a central role for CaN in the deleterious phenotype of the R6/2 mouse. Treatments aimed at preventing the loss of CaN or stimulating its function may be beneficial in the treatment of HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QJ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mullerad M, Donohue JF, Li PS, Scardino PT, Mulhall JP. Functional sequelae of cavernous nerve injury in the rat: is there model dependency. J Sex Med 2006; 3:77-83. [PMID: 16409220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rat model of cavernous nerve (CN) injury has been developed in an effort to define the functional and structural consequences of neural trauma in the corpus cavernosum. However, there is no universally accepted method of inducing nerve injury in this model, with neurotomy and crush models being used currently. To address this issue, we induced CN injury using various techniques in an effort to compare the hemodynamic sequelae of these injuries. METHODS Twenty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: (1) control: laparotomy only; (2) exposure: laparotomy and exposure of cavernous nerves bilaterally without nerve manipulation; (3) neurotomy; bilateral neurotomy; (4) bulldog crush: bilateral nerve crush with bulldog vascular clamp; and (5) hemostat nerve crush: bilateral nerve crush with a hemostat. Ten days later, a second operation was performed during which systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracavernosal pressure (ICP) were measured in response to CN stimulation proximal to the site of injury. Hemodynamic endpoints assessed included ICP/MAP ratio, rate of tumescence, and rate of detumescence. RESULTS The ICP/MAP ratio (mean +/- 95% confidence interval) in the control group was 70 +/- 4%. ICP/MAP ratios were significantly reduced in all CN injury groups compared with control group: exposure: 41 +/- 10% (P < 0.001); neurotomy: 35 +/- 15% (P < 0.001); bulldog crush: 39 +/- 13% (P < 0.001); hemostat crush: 31 +/- 9% (P < 0.0001). No significant difference existed in ICP/MAP ratios between the injury groups. Of note, the exposure group also demonstrated significant functional alterations. The rates of tumescence and detumescence were significantly reduced in all groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION No significant difference in the magnitude and consistency of hemodynamic alterations has been demonstrated in all CN injury models assessed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mullerad
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ganel R, Ho T, Maragakis NJ, Jackson M, Steiner JP, Rothstein JD. Selective up-regulation of the glial Na+-dependent glutamate transporter GLT1 by a neuroimmunophilin ligand results in neuroprotection. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 21:556-67. [PMID: 16274998 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of extracellular glutamate results in neuronal death. Termination of synaptic glutamate transmission and the prevention of excitotoxicity depend on rapid removal of glutamate by high affinity Na+-dependent transporters. The astroglial transporter GLT1 is the predominant subtype, responsible for the bulk of extracellular clearance and for limiting excitotoxicity. This protein is crucial in the prevention of chronic glutamate neurotoxicity, and is markedly decreased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have shown that GLT1 expression can be induced in vitro and in vivo by various factors, but little is known about the signaling pathways mediating its regulation. The FK506-binding protein (FKBP) immunophilins are ubiquitous cytosolic proteins, concentrated in neural tissue (neuroimmunophilins). GPI-1046 is a synthetic, nonimmunosuppressive derivative of FK506 shown to exert neuroprotective and neuroregenerative actions in several systems. In the present study, we demonstrated that GPI-1046 induces selective expression of GLT1 in vitro and in vivo, associated with a marked increase in DHK-sensitive Na+-dependent glutamate transport. Furthermore, treatment with GPI-1046 was shown to protect motor neurons in an in vitro model of chronic excitotoxicity, and to prolong the survival of transgenic ALS mice. These studies suggest that neuroimmunophilins can regulate GLT1 and that their ligands could serve as therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquelli Ganel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nicolaou KC. Joys of Molecules. 2. Endeavors in Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5613-38. [PMID: 16134928 DOI: 10.1021/jm050524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Babine RE, Villafranca JE, Gold BG. FKBP immunophilin patents for neurological disorders. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.5.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
38
|
Rotamase inhibitors for neurological diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.10.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
39
|
McGeown JG. Interactions between inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and ryanodine receptors in smooth muscle: one store or two? Cell Calcium 2004; 35:613-9. [PMID: 15110151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This short review proposes a system of simplified functional models describing possible interactions between Ca(2+)-release channels associated with IP(3)Rs and RyRs in smooth muscle, and considers each of these models in the light of the available experimental evidence. Complete separation of IP(3)R- and RyR-gated stores seems to be unusual. Where both receptors release Ca(2+) from a common pool, simple interactions can occur since changes in the activation of one receptor type affects the availability of Ca(2+) for release through the other. Alterations in [Ca(2+)] within the sarcoplasmic reticulum can also affect the open probability of the release channels, and not just the Ca(2+)-flux through the channels when open, e.g., Ca(2+)-release through tonically active IP(3)Rs appears to limit SR Ca(2+)-content in some myocytes, and this modulates RyR activity, as indicated by changes in Ca(2+)-spark frequency. There is also evidence that intracellular release channels may co-operate, leading to positive feedback during activation. In particular, agonist-dependent activation of IP(3)Rs can promote activation of RyRs, amplifying and shaping the resulting Ca(2+)-signal. While there is little direct evidence as to the mechanism responsible for this interaction, some form of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)-release in response to local increases in [Ca(2+)](c) seems likely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Graham McGeown
- Smooth Muscle Research Group, Department of Physiology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Marsala M, Kakinohana O, Yaksh TL, Tomori Z, Marsala S, Cizkova D. Spinal implantation of hNT neurons and neuronal precursors: graft survival and functional effects in rats with ischemic spastic paraplegia. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2401-14. [PMID: 15525281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transient spinal ischemia, a complication associated with aortic cross-clamp may lead to spastic paraplegia. Once fully developed this deficit is permanent. Quantitative histopathological assessments and pharmacological studies show that the ischemic spasticity is secondary to the loss of lumbar GABA and glycinergic inhibitory interneurons. In the present study, we investigated whether human hNT neurons or committed Sprague-Dawley rat spinal neuronal precursors (SNPs) when grafted into previously ischemic spinal segments depleted of inhibitory neurons would restore local inhibitory tone and ameliorate spasticity. Rats with functionally and electrophysiologically defined spasticity that received spinal graft of hNT neurons or neuronal precursors and immunosuppressive treatment displayed a progressive recovery of motor function that correlated with the improvement of otherwise exacerbated peripheral motor response evoked by stimulation of motor cortex. In contrast, in control, medium-injected or oligodendrocyte-grafted animals no significant therapeutic effect was seen. Stereological quantification of grafted neurons revealed 1-2% survival at three months after transplantation. These surviving neurons displayed a robust axo-dendritic sprouting and expression of markers typical of mature neurons including NSE, NeuN and synaptophysin. In both treatment groups a subpopulation of grafted neurons developed GABA immunoreactivity. These data provide evidence that a region specific grafting of hNT neurons or other neuronally committed cells, which have a potential to develop inhibitory neurotransmitter phenotype, represent an effective treatment modality to modulate ischemia-induced spastic paraplegia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Marsala
- Department of Anaesthesiology -- 0818, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kaminska B, Gaweda-Walerych K, Zawadzka M. Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective action of immunosuppressants--facts and hypotheses. J Cell Mol Med 2004; 8:45-58. [PMID: 15090260 PMCID: PMC6740149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 (Tacrolimus) are short polypeptides which block the activation of lymphocytes and other immune system cells. Immunosuppressants exert neuroprotective and neurotrophic action in traumatic brain injury, sciatic nerve injury, focal and global ischemia in animals. Their neuroprotective actions are not understood and many hypotheses have been formed to explain such effects. We discuss a role of drug target--calcineurin in neuroprotective action of immunosuppressants. Protein dephosphorylation by calcineurin plays an important role in neuronal signal transduction due to its ability to regulate the activity of ion channels, glutamate release, and synaptic plasticity. In vitro FK506 protects cortex neurons from NMDA-induced death, augments NOS phosphorylation inhibiting its activity and NO synthesis. However, in vivo experiments demonstrated that FK506 in neuroprotective doses did not block excitotoxic cell death nor did it alter NO production during ischemia/reperfusion. Tissue damage in ischemia is the result of a complex pathophysiological cascade, which comprises a variety of distinct pathological events. Resident non-neuronal brain cells respond rapidly to neuronal cell death and may have both deleterious and useful role in neuronal damage. There is increasing evidence that reactive gliosis and post-ischemic inflammation involving microglia contribute to ischemic damage. We have demonstrated that FK506 modulates hypertrophic/proliferative responses and proinflammatory cytokine expression in astrocytes and microglia in vitro and in focal transient brain ischemia. Our findings suggest that astrocytes and microglia are direct targets of FK506 and modulation of glial response and inflammation is a possible mechanism of FK506-mediated neuroprotection in ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hafizi S, Mordi VN, Andersson KM, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Differential effects of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, and FK506 on human coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and signalling. Vascul Pharmacol 2004; 41:167-76. [PMID: 15607500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive agents are at the forefront of preventing organ rejection after transplantation. However, their effects on vascular smooth muscle cell-mediated intimal hyperplasia that occurs in post-transplant coronary artery disease are less well known. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the in vitro effects of three immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A (CsA), FK506 (tacrolimus), and rapamycin (sirolimus, Rapa) on cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (cSMC). CsA inhibited both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated DNA synthesis and serum-induced proliferation at high concentrations (> or =1000 ng/ml). The growth-inhibitory effect of CsA was not altered by anti-TGF-beta neutralising antibodies nor was autocrine TGF-beta release detected in CsA-treated culture medium. At inhibitory doses, CsA inhibited ERK kinase activation by PDGF, although cytotoxicity was also apparent. Most notably, CsA visibly prevented PDGF-induced altered cell morphology. Rapa was a highly potent and effective inhibitor of cSMC proliferation (reduction in DNA synthesis by >50% from 0.01 ng/ml), acting through inhibition of 70-kDa S6 kinase (p70S6k). FK506 (1-1000 ng/ml) did not affect cSMC proliferation alone, although a > or =250-fold excess of FK506 over Rapa completely reversed the inhibitory effect of Rapa, confirming that these two agents share a common intracellular receptor, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP). CONCLUSION Rapa is a powerful inhibitor of cSMC proliferation, while CsA slighly inhibits cSMC proliferation, although only at higher concentrations that may be toxic. These results indicate that therapeutic immunosuppression with Rapa may be additionally useful in prevention or delay of posttransplant coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Diaz LM, Steele MH, Guerra AB, Aubert FE, Sloop GD, Diaz HA, Metzinger RC, Blake DB, Delaune CL, Metzinger SE. The Role of Topically Administered FK506 (Tacrolimus) at the Time of Facial Nerve Repair Using Entubulation Neurorrhaphy in a Rabbit Model. Ann Plast Surg 2004; 52:407-13. [PMID: 15084888 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000107780.37285.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral facial nerve palsy is a common sequela of traumatic craniofacial injury, often resulting in dramatic and sometimes permanent functional deficits. Exogenous agents and methods of repair that accelerate axonal regeneration would be of great benefit to the multitude of patients with facial nerve injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of FK506 at the time of facial nerve repair using entubulation neurorrhaphy, and to compare entubulation neurorrhaphy versus interposition autograft in critical facial nerve gap defects. The study design was a prospective, randomized, blinded animal study with a control group. Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits were assigned to 4 experimental groups and a control group. The buccal branch of the facial nerve was used in all procedures. Group 1 was the control group. Rabbits in group 2 underwent sham surgery. Group 3 was an interposition autograft group in which a 6-mm segment of nerve was transacted, flipped, and followed by epineural repair. Groups 4 and 5 underwent transection followed by entubulation neurorrhaphy with topical administration of either a carrier molecule (group 4) or an FK506 carrier molecule (group 5). Outcome measures included daily subjective assessment of upper lip movement; electromyographic studies at weeks 3, 5, and 8 postoperatively; and blinded quantitative histomorphometric evaluation after 8 weeks. All rabbits in all groups were noted to have spontaneous movement after 8 weeks, with 1 rabbit in group 5 obtaining the highest functional score among all study groups. Electrophysiologic studies showed polyphasic potentials, indicating reinnervation in 1 rabbit in group 5. Histomorphometric examination of group 5 rabbits revealed a similar cross-sectional area distal to transection and remyelination. Other groups showed decreased cross-sectional area and/or incomplete remyelination distal to the transection. FK506 applied topically at the time of facial nerve repair using entubulation neurorrhaphy demonstrated superior results in nerve regeneration versus entubulation neurorrhaphy carrier protein alone, and interposition autograft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Michael Diaz
- Department of Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zawadzka M, Kaminska B. A novel mechanism of FK506-mediated neuroprotection: Downregulation of cytokine expression in glial cells. Glia 2004; 49:36-51. [PMID: 15390105 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressant FK506 is neuroprotective in experimental models of cerebral ischemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain unknown. We have demonstrated that FK506 inhibits the signaling pathways that regulate hypertrophic/proliferative responses in cultured astrocytes. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with the proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes and with inflammatory responses. In the present work, we sought to determine whether FK506 neuroprotection after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rat is mediated via suppression of glia activation and changes in cytokine expression. Neurological deficits, infarct size, and astrocyte/microglial response were quantified in rats subjected to 90 min of MCAo. Changes in the mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in ipsilateral and contralateral cortices were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FK506 administered at 1 mg/kg, 60 min after MCAo, produced a significant improvement in neurological function and reduction of infarct volume. In FK506-treated rats, a significant reduction of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression was observed 12 h after reperfusion. FK506 neuroprotection was associated with a significant downregulation of IL-1beta expression in astrocytes and microglia in the injured side. FK506 selectively decreased the levels of TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta mRNAs in astrocytes in vitro, with no effect on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and IL-6 expression. Moreover, FK506 inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation and cytokine expression in microglia in vitro. Our findings suggest that astrocytes and microglia are targets for FK506, and that modulation of glial response and inflammation may be a mechanism of FK506-mediated neuroprotection in ischemia.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/immunology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy
- Cerebral Infarction/immunology
- Cerebral Infarction/pathology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gliosis/drug therapy
- Gliosis/immunology
- Gliosis/prevention & control
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/immunology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/drug therapy
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/immunology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/physiopathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Reperfusion Injury/immunology
- Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zawadzka
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wu YQ, Belyakov S, Choi C, Limburg D, Thomas IV BE, Vaal M, Wei L, Wilkinson DE, Holmes A, Fuller M, McCormick J, Connolly M, Moeller T, Steiner J, Hamilton GS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of non-peptidic cyclophilin ligands. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1112-5. [PMID: 12646018 DOI: 10.1021/jm020409u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylprolyl isomerase cyclophilins play critical roles in a variety of biological processes. Recent findings that cyclophilins are present at high levels in the CNS and that cyclosporin A may possess neuroprotective/neurotrophic effects have prompted us to search for nonimmunosuppressant small molecule cyclophilin ligands. To this end, we report the lead identification through "virtual screening" and the synthesis of our first series of non-peptidic cyclophilin ligands, along with the preliminary biological results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qian Wu
- Department of Research, Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Khan Z, Ferrari G, Kasper M, Tonge DA, Steiner JP, Hamilton GS, Gordon-Weeks PR. The non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand GPI-1046 potently stimulates regenerating axon growth from adult mouse dorsal root ganglia cultured in Matrigel. Neuroscience 2002; 114:601-9. [PMID: 12220563 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used explant cultures of adult mouse dorsal root ganglia with spinal nerve attached growing in Matrigel to assess the effects of the non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand GPI-1046 [Snyder et al. (1998) TIPS 19, 21-26] on the growth rate of regenerating sensory axons and found a potent stimulation of axon growth. In these explant cultures, naked, unfasciculated axons emerge from the cut end of the spinal nerve and continue to grow in the Matrigel for up to eight days [Tonge et al. (1996) Neuroscience 73, 541-551]. Some axons are entirely smooth whilst others show prominent varicosities. Some of the former express the phosphorylated neurofilament epitope recognised by monoclonal antibody RT97, a marker for large calibre, myelinated axons, whilst the latter express calcitonin gene-related peptide, predominantly a marker for unmyelinated, and small diameter myelinated sensory axons. Many of the axons in these cultures also express the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75. GPI-1046 has been shown to have striking stimulatory effects on embryonic primary sensory axons growing in vitro and it was therefore of interest to see whether it could also enhance regenerating sensory axon growth from the adult ganglia in our cultures. GPI-1046 potently stimulated axon growth in our cultures in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulatory effect was not dependent on the class of sensory axon. These observations show that GPI-1046 is a potent stimulator of regenerating axons from adult, primary sensory neurones. The cellular site of action of GPI-1046 is unknown. To distinguish between a direct effect of the drug on neurones and an indirect effect we compared the effects of GPI-1046 on explant and dissociated cultures. In confirmation of previous results, we found that GPI-1046 potently stimulated axon outgrowth from explants of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia. However, the drug was without effect on dissociated embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurones, suggesting that non-neuronal cells are important for axon growth stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Khan
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Room 4.26B, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kupina NC, Detloff MR, Dutta S, Hall ED. Neuroimmunophilin ligand V-10,367 is neuroprotective after 24-hour delayed administration in a mouse model of diffuse traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:1212-21. [PMID: 12368660 DOI: 10.1097/01.wbc.0000037994.34930.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors present two studies that investigate the biochemical and histologic effects of the nonimmunosuppressive neuroimmunophilin (NIMM) ligand V-10,367 in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In study 1, the authors examined the effect of V-10,367 (50 mg/kg x 2 per day, by mouth) on neurofilament M (NFM) protein levels and on alpha-spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) when dosed for 2 days, starting 24 hours after TBI and killed on day 3. In study 2, V-10,367 was given for 10 days, starting 24 hours after TBI and the mice killed 6 weeks after TBI, to measure the extent of neurodegeneration (amino CuAg stain). The results in study 1 revealed that V-10,367-treatment significantly increased NFM protein levels in both sham and TBI mice. In addition, V-10,367 attenuated SBDP 150 levels in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. The results of study 2 indicated that TBI mice treated with V-10,367 demonstrated significantly less neurodegeneration compared to injured, vehicle-treated mice. In summary, these results suggest that NIMMs may be neuroprotective indirectly through inhibition of calpain-mediated cytoskeletal damage and perhaps via maintenance of neuronal plasticity. In the context of this mouse model of TBI, the therapeutic window for V-10,367's positive effects is at least 24 hours after injury, which, in the case of TBI models, is largely unprecedented for a neuroprotective compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Kupina
- CNS Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hamilton GS, Wu YQ, Limburg DC, Wilkinson DE, Vaal MJ, Li JH, Thomas C, Huang W, Sauer H, Ross DT, Soni R, Chen Y, Guo H, Howorth P, Valentine H, Liang S, Spicer D, Fuller M, Steiner JP. Synthesis of N-glyoxyl prolyl and pipecolyl amides and thioesters and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo nerve regenerative effects. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3549-57. [PMID: 12139466 DOI: 10.1021/jm010556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery that small molecule ligands for the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) FKBP12 possess powerful neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties in vitro and in vivo suggests therapeutic utility for such compounds in neurodegenerative disease. The neurotrophic effects of these compounds are independent of the immunosuppressive pathways by which drugs such as FK506 and rapamycin operate. Previous work by ourselves and other groups exploring the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of small molecules that mimic only the FKBP binding domain portion of FK506 has focused on esters of proline and pipecolic acid. We have explored amide and thioester analogues of these earlier structures and found that they too are extremely potent in promoting recovery of lesioned dopaminergic pathways in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Several compounds were shown to be highly effective upon oral administration after lesioning of the dopaminergic pathway, providing further evidence of the potential clinical utility of a variety of structural classes of FKBP12 ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Hamilton
- Department of Research, Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Breiman A, Camus I. The involvement of mammalian and plant FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) in development. Transgenic Res 2002; 11:321-35. [PMID: 12212836 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016331814412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases and the information gathered in the last 10 years reveals their involvement in diverse biological systems affecting the function and structure of target proteins. Members of the FKBP family were shown to be growth-regulated and participate in signal transduction. In this review we have chosen to focus on a few examples of the mammalian and plant systems in which members of the FKBP family have been demonstrated to affect the function of proteins or development. The technologies that enable production of knockout mice, Arabidopsis mutants and overexpression in transgenic organisms have revealed the contribution of FKBP to development in higher eukaryotes. It appears that members of the FKBP family have conserved some of their basic functions in the animal and plant kingdom, whereas other functions became unique. Studies that will take advantage of the full genome sequence available for Arabidopsis and the human genome, DNA chip technologies and the use of transgenic complementation system will contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism and biological function of FKBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Breiman
- Department of Plant Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wu YQ, Wilkinson DE, Limburg D, Li JH, Sauer H, Ross D, Liang S, Spicer D, Valentine H, Fuller M, Guo H, Howorth P, Soni R, Chen Y, Steiner JP, Hamilton GS. Synthesis of ketone analogues of prolyl and pipecolyl ester FKBP12 ligands. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3558-68. [PMID: 12139467 DOI: 10.1021/jm0200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered small-molecule ligands for the peptidyl and prolyl isomerases (PPIase) of FKBP12 have been shown to possess powerful neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects. Ketone analogues of the prolyl and pipecolyl esters, which mimic only the FKBP binding domain portion of FK506, are proposed and an efficient synthetic strategy is presented in this report, along with the preliminary results of in vitro and in vivo biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qian Wu
- Department of Research, Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|