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Daeschler SC, So KJW, Feinberg K, Manoraj M, Cheung J, Zhang J, Mirmoeini K, Santerre JP, Gordon T, Borschel GH. A functional tacrolimus-releasing nerve wrap for enhancing nerve regeneration following surgical nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:291-304. [PMID: 38767493 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-22-01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00036/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Axonal regeneration following surgical nerve repair is slow and often incomplete, resulting in poor functional recovery which sometimes contributes to lifelong disability. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapies available to promote nerve regeneration. Tacrolimus accelerates axonal regeneration, but systemic side effects presently outweigh its potential benefits for peripheral nerve surgery. The authors describe herein a biodegradable polyurethane-based drug delivery system for the sustained local release of tacrolimus at the nerve repair site, with suitable properties for scalable production and clinical application, aiming to promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery with minimal systemic drug exposure. Tacrolimus is encapsulated into co-axially electrospun polycarbonate-urethane nanofibers to generate an implantable nerve wrap that releases therapeutic doses of bioactive tacrolimus over 31 days. Size and drug loading are adjustable for applications in small and large caliber nerves, and the wrap degrades within 120 days into biocompatible byproducts. Tacrolimus released from the nerve wrap promotes axon elongation in vitro and accelerates nerve regeneration and functional recovery in preclinical nerve repair models while off-target systemic drug exposure is reduced by 80% compared with systemic delivery. Given its surgical suitability and preclinical efficacy and safety, this system may provide a readily translatable approach to support axonal regeneration and recovery in patients undergoing nerve surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon C Daeschler
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn J W So
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Konstantin Feinberg
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marina Manoraj
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Cheung
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- SickKids Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Theodosis-Nobelos P, Marc G, Rekka EA. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and NSAID Derivatives with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Plasma Lipid Lowering Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:1016. [PMID: 38474528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Amides containing methyl esters of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), L-proline and L-tyrosine, and esters containing 3-(pyridin-3-yl)propan-1-ol were synthesized by conjugation with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic, an NSAID (tolfenamic acid), or 3-phenylacrylic (cinnamic, (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic and caffeic) acids. The rationale for the conjugation of such moieties was based on the design of structures with two or more molecular characteristics. The novel compounds were tested for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties. Several compounds were potent antioxidants, comparable to the well-known antioxidant, Trolox. In addition, the radical scavenging activity of compound 6 reached levels that were slightly better than that of Trolox. All the tested compounds demonstrated remarkable activity in the reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, up to 59% (compound 2, a dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule, with almost 2.5-times higher activity in this experiment than the parent NSAID). Additionally, the compounds caused a significant decrease in the plasma lipidemic indices in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Compound 2 decreased total cholesterol by 75.1% and compound 3 decreased triglycerides by 79.3% at 150 μmol/kg (i.p.). The hypocholesterolemic effect of the compounds was comparable to that of simvastatin, a well-known hypocholesterolemic drug. Additionally, all compounds lowered blood triglycerides. The synthesized compounds with multiple activities, as designed, may be useful as potential candidates for conditions involving inflammation, lipidemic deregulation and oxygen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Marc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, RO-400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eleni A Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wilson SE, Goshe JM. Prevention and Treatment of Persistent Epithelial Defects After Common Refractive Surgery Procedures. J Refract Surg 2024; 40:e117-e124. [PMID: 38346121 DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20240102-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the prevention and treatment of persistent epithelial defects after the most common refractive surgeries-photorefractive keratectomy, laser in situ keratomileusis, or small incision lenticule extraction. METHODS PubMed was used to search the medical literature. RESULTS Persistent epithelial defects are infrequent after photorefractive keratectomy, laser in situ keratomileusis, or small incision lenticule extraction. In the authors' opinion, any persistent epithelial defect present at 1 week or beyond after surgery should be treated aggressively with a properly fit bandage contact lens, lubrication with non-preserved artificial tears, and treatment of any eyelid abnormalities, including nocturnal lagophthalmos. Consideration should be given for presumptive treatment for herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster virus infection. If the persistent epithelial defect does not close within 2 weeks, then other measures should be considered, such as autologous serum drops, topical losartan, amniotic membranes, and topical human recombinant nerve growth factor to limit corneal scarring fibrosis and microbial infection. CONCLUSIONS Persistent epithelial defects are among the most feared complications of refractive surgery. Timely and aggressive treatment should be instituted to close the epithelium prior to the development of scarring fibrosis and/or microbial corneal infection. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(2):e117-e124.].
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Zhao L, Chen J, Duan H, Yang T, Ma B, Zhou Y, Bian L, Cai X, Qi H. Efficacy of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate in post-refractive surgery chronic dry eye patients with ocular pain. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:28. [PMID: 38247010 PMCID: PMC10802022 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of post-refractive surgery dry eye disease (DED) can be challenging in clinical practice, and patients usually show an incomplete response to traditional artificial tears, especially when it is complicated with ocular pain. Therefore, we aim to investigate the efficacy of combined topical 0.05% cyclosporine A and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate treatment in post-refractive surgery DED patients with ocular pain unresponsive to traditional artificial tears. METHODS We enrolled 30 patients with post-refractive surgery DED with ocular pain who were unresponsive to traditional artificial tears. Topical 0.05% cyclosporine A and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate were used for 3 months. They were evaluated at baseline and 1 and 3 months for dry eye and ocular pain symptoms and objective parameters, including Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory modified for the Eye (NPSI-Eye), tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test (SIt), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), corneal sensitivity, and corneal nerve morphology. In addition, tear levels of inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides were measured using the Luminex assay. RESULTS After 3 months of treatment, patients showed a statistically significant improvement in the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), TBUT, SIt, CFS, and corneal sensitivity (all P < 0.01) using linear mixed models. As for ocular pain parameters, the NRS and NPSI-Eye scores were significantly reduced (both P < 0.05) and positively correlated with the OSDI and CFS scores. Additionally, tear IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were improved better than pre-treatment (P = 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION In patients with post-refractive surgery DED with ocular pain, combined topical 0.05% cyclosporine A and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate treatment improved tear film stability, dry eye discomfort, and ocular pain, effectively controlling ocular inflammation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: NCT06043908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyu Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baikai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - LinBo Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiying Cai
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Xiao B, Feturi F, Su AJA, Van der Merwe Y, Barnett JM, Jabbari K, Khatter NJ, Li B, Katzel EB, Venkataramanan R, Solari MG, Wagner WR, Steketee MB, Simons DJ, Washington KM. Nerve Wrap for Local Delivery of FK506/Tacrolimus Accelerates Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:847. [PMID: 38255920 PMCID: PMC10815243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) occur frequently and can lead to devastating and permanent sensory and motor function disabilities. Systemic tacrolimus (FK506) administration has been shown to hasten recovery and improve functional outcomes after PNI repair. Unfortunately, high systemic levels of FK506 can result in adverse side effects. The localized administration of FK506 could provide the neuroregenerative benefits of FK506 while avoiding systemic, off-target side effects. This study investigates the utility of a novel FK506-impregnated polyester urethane urea (PEUU) nerve wrap to treat PNI in a previously validated rat infraorbital nerve (ION) transection and repair model. ION function was assessed by microelectrode recordings of trigeminal ganglion cells responding to controlled vibrissae deflections in ION-transected and -repaired animals, with and without the nerve wrap. Peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) having 1 ms bins were constructed from spike times of individual single units. Responses to stimulus onsets (ON responses) were calculated during a 20 ms period beginning 1 ms after deflection onset; this epoch captures the initial, transient phase of the whisker-evoked response. Compared to no-wrap controls, rats with PEUU-FK506 wraps functionally recovered earlier, displaying larger response magnitudes. With nerve wrap treatment, FK506 blood levels up to six weeks were measured nearly at the limit of quantification (LOQ ≥ 2.0 ng/mL); whereas the drug concentrations within the ION and muscle were much higher, demonstrating the local delivery of FK506 to treat PNI. An immunohistological assessment of ION showed increased myelin expression for animals assigned to neurorrhaphy with PEUU-FK506 treatment compared to untreated or systemic-FK506-treated animals, suggesting that improved PNI outcomes using PEUU-FK506 is mediated by the modulation of Schwann cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
| | - Firuz Feturi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
| | - An-Jey A. Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Joshua M. Barnett
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
| | - Kayvon Jabbari
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neil J. Khatter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Evan B. Katzel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
| | | | - Mario G. Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
| | - William R. Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (W.R.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Michael B. Steketee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA 90095, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (W.R.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Daniel J. Simons
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (W.R.W.); (D.J.S.)
| | - Kia M. Washington
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (B.X.); (F.F.)
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (W.R.W.); (D.J.S.)
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Zaichick S, Caraveo G. Harnessing IGF-1 and IL-2 as biomarkers for calcineurin activity to tailor optimal FK506 dosage in α-synucleinopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1292555. [PMID: 38094080 PMCID: PMC10716490 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1292555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rise in Calcium (Ca2+) and hyperactive Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin represent two key determinants of a-synuclein (a-syn) pathobiology implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Calcineurin activity can be inhibited with FK506, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound. Our previous work demonstrated a protective effect of low doses of FK506 against a-syn pathology in various models of a-syn related pathobiology. Methods: Control and a-syn-expressing mice (12-18 months old) were injected with vehicle or two single doses of FK506 administered 4 days apart. Cerebral cortex and serum from these mice were collected and assayed using a meso scale discovery quickplex SQ 120 for cytokines and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IGF-1. Results: In this study we present evidence that reducing calcineurin activity with FK506 in a-syn transgenic mice increased insulin growth factor (IGF-1), while simultaneously decreasing IL-2 levels in both cerebral cortex and serum. Discussion: The highly conserved Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathway is known to be affected in a-syn-dependent human disease. FK506, an already approved drug for other uses, exhibits high brain penetrance and a proven safety profile. IL-2 and IGF-1 are produced throughout life and can be measured using standard clinical methods. Our findings provide two potential biomarkers that could guide a clinical trial of FK506 in PD patients, without posing significant logistical or regulatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Daeschler SC, Feinberg K, Harhaus L, Kneser U, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Advancing Nerve Regeneration: Translational Perspectives of Tacrolimus (FK506). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12771. [PMID: 37628951 PMCID: PMC10454725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries have far-reaching implications for individuals and society, leading to functional impairments, prolonged rehabilitation, and substantial socioeconomic burdens. Tacrolimus, a potent immunosuppressive drug known for its neuroregenerative properties, has emerged in experimental studies as a promising candidate to accelerate nerve fiber regeneration. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of tacrolimus by exploring the postulated mechanisms of action in relation to biological barriers to nerve injury recovery. By mapping both the preclinical and clinical evidence, the benefits and drawbacks of systemic tacrolimus administration and novel delivery systems for localized tacrolimus delivery after nerve injury are elucidated. Through synthesizing the current evidence, identifying practical barriers for clinical translation, and discussing potential strategies to overcome the translational gap, this review provides insights into the translational perspectives of tacrolimus as an adjunct therapy for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon C. Daeschler
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital, D-67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leila Harhaus
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital, D-67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, BG Trauma Hospital, D-67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Feinberg K, Tajdaran K, Mirmoeini K, Daeschler SC, Henriquez MA, Stevens KE, Mulenga CM, Hussain A, Hamrah P, Ali A, Gordon T, Borschel GH. The Role of Sensory Innervation in Homeostatic and Injury-Induced Corneal Epithelial Renewal. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12615. [PMID: 37628793 PMCID: PMC10454376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the window through which we see the world. Corneal clarity is required for vision, and blindness occurs when the cornea becomes opaque. The cornea is covered by unique transparent epithelial cells that serve as an outermost cellular barrier bordering between the cornea and the external environment. Corneal sensory nerves protect the cornea from injury by triggering tearing and blink reflexes, and are also thought to regulate corneal epithelial renewal via unknown mechanism(s). When protective corneal sensory innervation is absent due to infection, trauma, intracranial tumors, surgery, or congenital causes, permanent blindness results from repetitive epithelial microtraumas and failure to heal. The condition is termed neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), with an incidence of 5:10,000 people worldwide. In this report, we review the currently available therapeutic solutions for NK and discuss the progress in our understanding of how the sensory nerves induce corneal epithelial renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Feinberg
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kiana Tajdaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simeon C. Daeschler
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Hospital, Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mario A. Henriquez
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Stevens
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chilando M. Mulenga
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arif Hussain
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Sun CC, Chan YH. Efficacy and safety of topical cyclosporine 0.1% in moderate-to-severe dry eye disease refractory to topical cyclosporine 0.05% regimen. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:68-74. [DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-22-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Schiene‐Fischer C, Fischer G, Braun M. Non-Immunosuppressive Cyclophilin Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201597. [PMID: 35290695 PMCID: PMC9804594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilins, enzymes with peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity, are relevant to a large variety of biological processes. The most abundant member of this enzyme family, cyclophilin A, is the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA). As a consequence of the pathophysiological role of cyclophilins, particularly in viral infections, there is a broad interest in cyclophilin inhibition devoid of immunosuppressive activity. This Review first gives an introduction into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of cyclophilins. The presentation of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors will commence with drugs based on chemical modifications of CsA. The naturally occurring macrocyclic sanglifehrins have become other lead structures for cyclophilin-inhibiting drugs. Finally, de novo designed compounds, whose structures are not derived from or inspired by natural products, will be presented. Relevant synthetic concepts will be discussed, but the focus will also be on biochemical studies, structure-activity relationships, and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Schiene‐Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg06099Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Manfred Braun
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf40225DüsseldorfGermany
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11
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Daeschler SC, Mirmoeini K, Gordon T, Chan K, Zhang J, Ali A, Feinberg K, Borschel GH. Sustained Release of Tacrolimus From a Topical Drug Delivery System Promotes Corneal Reinnervation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:20. [PMID: 35984668 PMCID: PMC9419461 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal nerve fibers provide sensation and maintain the epithelial renewal process. Insufficient corneal innervation can cause neurotrophic keratopathy. Here, topically delivered tacrolimus is evaluated for its therapeutic potential to promote corneal reinnervation in rats. Methods A compartmentalized neuronal cell culture was used to determine the effect of locally delivered tacrolimus on sensory axon regeneration in vitro. The regenerating axons but not the cell bodies were exposed to tacrolimus (50 ng/mL), nerve growth factor (50 ng/mL), or a vehicle control. Axon area and length were measured after 48 hours. Then, a biodegradable nanofiber drug delivery system was fabricated via electrospinning of a tacrolimus-loaded polycarbonate–urethane polymer. Biocompatibility, degradation, drug biodistribution, and therapeutic effectiveness were tested in a rat model of neurotrophic keratopathy induced by stereotactic trigeminal nerve ablation. Results Sensory neurons whose axons were exposed to tacrolimus regenerated significantly more and longer axons compared to vehicle-treated cultures. Trigeminal nerve ablation in rats reliably induced corneal denervation. Four weeks after denervation, rats that had received tacrolimus topically showed similar limbal innervation but a significantly higher nerve fiber density in the center of the cornea compared to the non-treated control. Topically applied tacrolimus was detectable in the ipsilateral vitreal body, the plasma, and the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion but not in their contralateral counterparts and vital organs after 4 weeks of topical release. Conclusions Locally delivered tacrolimus promotes axonal regeneration in vitro and corneal reinnervation in vivo with minimal systemic drug exposure. Translational Relevance Topically applied tacrolimus may provide a readily translatable approach to promote corneal reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon C Daeschler
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mirmoeini
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katelyn Chan
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantin Feinberg
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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12
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Braun M, Schiene-Fischer C, Fischer G. Non‐Immunosuppressive Cyclophilin Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Braun
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf Organic CHemistry Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf GERMANY
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, GERMANY
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Abteilung Meiosis: Max-Planck-Institut fur Multidisziplinare Naturwissenschaften Abteilung Meiosis Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry GERMANY
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13
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Degrugillier L, Prautsch KM, Schaefer DJ, Guzman R, Kalbermatten DF, Schären S, Madduri S. Systematic investigation and comparison of US FDA-approved immunosuppressive drugs FK506, cyclosporine and rapamycin for neuromuscular regeneration following chronic nerve compression injury. Regen Med 2021; 16:989-1003. [PMID: 34633207 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare therapeutic benefits of different immunophilin ligands for treating nerve injuries. Materials & methods: Cyclosporine, FK506 and rapamycin, were evaluated first in vitro on a serum-free culture of embryonic dorsal root ganglia followed by a new in vivo model of chronic nerve compression. Results: Outcomes of the in vitro study have shown a potent effect of cyclosporine and FK506, on dorsal root ganglia axonal outgrowth, comparable to the effect of nerve growth factor. Rapamycin exhibited only a moderate effect. The in vivo study revealed the beneficial effects of cyclosporine, FK506 and rapamycin for neuromuscular regeneration. Cyclosporine showed the better maintenance of the tissues and function. Conclusion: Cyclosporine, FK506 and rapamycin drugs showed potential for treating peripheral nerve chronic compression injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Degrugillier
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4021, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Katharina M Prautsch
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4021, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, 4021, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, 4021, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Kalbermatten
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, 4021, Switzerland.,Bioengineering & Neuroregeneration, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.,Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, 14, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schären
- Department of Spinal Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4021, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, 4021, Switzerland.,Bioengineering & Neuroregeneration, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.,Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, 14, Switzerland
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14
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Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115804. [PMID: 34071600 PMCID: PMC8199315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. Under stressful conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency or chemotherapy, this process can also become the strategy for cell survival. Autophagy can be nonselective or selective in removing specific organelles, ribosomes, and protein aggregates, although the complete mechanisms that regulate aspects of selective autophagy are not fully understood. This review summarizes the most recent research into understanding the different types and mechanisms of autophagy. The relationship between apoptosis and autophagy on the level of molecular regulation of the expression of selected proteins such as p53, Bcl-2/Beclin 1, p62, Atg proteins, and caspases was discussed. Intensive studies have revealed a whole range of novel compounds with an anticancer activity that inhibit or activate regulatory pathways involved in autophagy. We focused on the presentation of compounds strongly affecting the autophagy process, with particular emphasis on those that are undergoing clinical and preclinical cancer research. Moreover, the target points, adverse effects and therapeutic schemes of autophagy inhibitors and activators are presented.
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15
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Jung JA, Lee HJ, Song MC, Hwangbo A, Beom JY, Lee SJ, Park DJ, Oh JH, Ha SJ, Cheong E, Yoon YJ. Biosynthesis of Nonimmunosuppressive ProlylFK506 Analogues with Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenic Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:195-203. [PMID: 33534559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Separating the immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (1) from its neurotrophic activity is required to develop FK506 analogues as drugs for the treatment of neuronal diseases. Two new FK506 analogues, 9-deoxo-36,37-dihydro-prolylFK506 (2) and 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-36,37-dihydro-prolylFK506 (3) containing a proline moiety instead of the pipecolate ring at C-1 and modifications at the C-9/C-31 and C-36-C-37 positions, respectively, were biosynthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated. The proline substitution in 9-deoxo-36,37-dihydroFK506 and 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-36,37-dihydroFK506 reduced immunosuppressive activity by more than 120-fold, as previously observed. Compared with FK506 (1), 2 and 3 exhibited ∼1.2 × 105- and 2.2 × 105-fold reductions in immunosuppressive activity, respectively, whereas they retained almost identical neurite outgrowth activity. Furthermore, these compounds significantly increased the strength of synaptic transmission, confirming that replacement of the pipecolate ring with a proline is critical to reduce the strong immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (1) while enhancing its neurotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Joo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Hwangbo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Beom
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Jung JA, Yoon YJ. Development of Non-Immunosuppressive FK506 Derivatives as Antifungal and Neurotrophic Agents. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1-10. [PMID: 31752059 PMCID: PMC9728173 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FK506, also known as tacrolimus, is a clinically important immunosuppressant drug and has promising therapeutic potentials owing to its antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. To generate various FK506 derivatives, the structure of FK506 has been modified by chemical methods or biosynthetic pathway engineering. Herein, we describe the mode of the antifungal action of FK506 and the structure-activity relationship of FK506 derivatives in the context of immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. In addition, we discuss the neurotrophic mechanism of FK506 known to date, along with the neurotrophic FK506 derivatives with significantly reduced immunosuppressive activity. This review suggests the possibility to generate novel FK506 derivatives as antifungal as well as neuroregenerative/neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-3277-4082 Fax: +82-2-3277-3419 E-mail:
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17
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Glial Cells-The Strategic Targets in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010261. [PMID: 31963681 PMCID: PMC7020059 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disease, which is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the spinal cord and subsequently by muscle atrophy. To date, numerous gene mutations have been linked to both sporadic and familial ALS, but the effort of many experimental groups to develop a suitable therapy has not, as of yet, proven successful. The original focus was on the degenerating motor neurons, when researchers tried to understand the pathological mechanisms that cause their slow death. However, it was soon discovered that ALS is a complicated and diverse pathology, where not only neurons, but also other cell types, play a crucial role via the so-called non-cell autonomous effect, which strongly deteriorates neuronal conditions. Subsequently, variable glia-based in vitro and in vivo models of ALS were established and used for brand-new experimental and clinical approaches. Such a shift towards glia soon bore its fruit in the form of several clinical studies, which more or less successfully tried to ward the unfavourable prognosis of ALS progression off. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge regarding the involvement of each glial cell type in the progression of ALS, currently available treatments, and to provide an overview of diverse clinical trials covering pharmacological approaches, gene, and cell therapies.
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18
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Saffari TM, Bedar M, Zuidam JM, Shin AY, Baan CC, Hesselink DA, Hundepool CA. Exploring the neuroregenerative potential of tacrolimus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:1047-1057. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1675507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Saffari
- Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M. Bedar
- Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J. M. Zuidam
- Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Y. Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C. C. Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. A. Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Hundepool
- Department of Plastic-, Reconstructive- and Hand Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Tajdaran K, Chan K, Shoichet MS, Gordon T, Borschel GH. Local delivery of FK506 to injured peripheral nerve enhances axon regeneration after surgical nerve repair in rats. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:211-221. [PMID: 31141732 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Administration of FK506, an FDA approved immunosuppressant, has been shown to enhance nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injuries. However, the severe side effects of the systemically delivered FK506 has prevented clinicians from the routine use of the drug. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of our fibrin gel-based FK506 delivery system to promote axon regeneration in a rat peripheral nerve transection and immediate surgical repair model. In addition, biodistribution of FK506 from the local delivery system to the surrounding tissues was analyzed in vivo. Rats in the negative control groups either did not receive any delivery system treatment or received fibrin gel with empty microspheres. The experimental groups included rats treated with fibrin gel loaded with solubilized, particulate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres-encapsulated FK506. Rats in experimental groups receiving FK506 microspheres and the particulate FK506 regenerated the highest number of motor and sensory neurons. Histomorphometric analysis also demonstrated greater numbers of myelinated axons following particulate FK506 and FK506 microspheres treatment compared to the negative control groups. In biodistribution studies, FK506 was found at the nerve repair site, the sciatic nerve, and spinal cord, with little to no drug detection in other vital organs. Hence, the local application of FK506 via our delivery systems enhanced axon regeneration whilst avoiding the toxicity of systemic FK506. This local delivery strategy represents a new opportunity for clinicians to use for cases of peripheral nerve injuries. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work for the first time investigated the influence of locally administered FK506 to the site of nerve injury and immediate repair directly on the number of motor and sensory neurons that regenerated their axons. Furthermore, using the immediate nerve repair model, we obtained valuable information about the biodistribution of FK506 within the nervous system following its release from the delivery system implanted at the site of nerve injury and repair. The strategy of local FK506 delivery holds a great promise in the clinical translation, as the localized delivery circumvents the main limitation of the systemic delivery of FK506, that of immunosuppression and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Tajdaran
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Katelyn Chan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory H Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Stagni F, Salvalai ME, Giacomini A, Emili M, Uguagliati B, Xia E, Grilli M, Bartesaghi R, Guidi S. Neonatal treatment with cyclosporine A restores neurogenesis and spinogenesis in the Ts65Dn model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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21
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Dutta S, Bhunia B, Raju A, Maity N, Dey A. Enhanced rapamycin production through kinetic and purification studies by mutant strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NTG-30-27. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Yin Y, Xiao G, Zhang K, Ying G, Xu H, De Melo BAG, Li S, Liu F, Yetisen AK, Jiang N. Tacrolimus- and Nerve Growth Factor-Treated Allografts for Neural Tissue Regeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1411-1419. [PMID: 30525428 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of injured peripheral nerves, especially long-distance nerve defects, remains a significant challenge in regenerative medicine due to complex biological conditions and a lack of biomaterials for effective nerve reconstruction. Without proper treatment, nerve injury leads to motor and sensory dysfunction. Here, we have developed an efficacious nerve allograft treated with a dual drug containing acrolimus and nerve growth factor to bridge the nerve gap and achieve rapid neural tissue recovery without immunological rejection. The recovery of the structure, activity, and function of rats treated with the dual drug-treated allograft was investigated by walking track analysis and electrophysiological measurement. The sciatic functional index was measured to be -3.0 after a 12-week treatment. The nerve conduction velocity, peak latency, and peak amplitude of the nerve action potentials demonstrate the functional recovery of the nerve. To study the synergistic effect of the dual drug on the growth of neurites, a neural cell hypoxia model was created. The dual drug exhibited a high efficiency in promoting the growth of nerve cells under the nerve injury-induced hypoxic condition. The dual drug could protect the cells against antioxidative damage from hypoxia by the expression of heat shock protein, hypoxia-inducible factor, β-tubulin, and vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gao Xiao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Guoliang Ying
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Haixing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bruna A. G. De Melo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shipu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nan Jiang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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23
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Stallings NR, O'Neal MA, Hu J, Kavalali ET, Bezprozvanny I, Malter JS. Pin1 mediates Aβ 42-induced dendritic spine loss. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/522/eaap8734. [PMID: 29559586 PMCID: PMC6136423 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aap8734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early-stage Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of dendritic spines in the neocortex of the brain. This phenomenon precedes tau pathology, plaque formation, and neurodegeneration and likely contributes to synaptic loss, memory impairment, and behavioral changes in patients. Studies suggest that dendritic spine loss is induced by soluble, multimeric amyloid-β (Aβ42), which, through postsynaptic signaling, activates the protein phosphatase calcineurin. We investigated how calcineurin caused spine pathology and found that the cis-trans prolyl isomerase Pin1 was a critical downstream target of Aβ42-calcineurin signaling. In dendritic spines, Pin1 interacted with and was dephosphorylated by calcineurin, which rapidly suppressed its isomerase activity. Knockout of Pin1 or exposure to Aβ42 induced the loss of mature dendritic spines, which was prevented by exogenous Pin1. The calcineurin inhibitor FK506 blocked dendritic spine loss in Aβ42-treated wild-type cells but had no effect on Pin1-null neurons. These data implicate Pin1 in dendritic spine maintenance and synaptic loss in early Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Stallings
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Melissa A O'Neal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James S Malter
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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24
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Caraveo G, Soste M, Cappelleti V, Fanning S, van Rossum DB, Whitesell L, Huang Y, Chung CY, Baru V, Zaichick S, Picotti P, Lindquist S. FKBP12 contributes to α-synuclein toxicity by regulating the calcineurin-dependent phosphoproteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11313-E11322. [PMID: 29229832 PMCID: PMC5748183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711926115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is an essential Ca2+-dependent phosphatase. Increased calcineurin activity is associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) toxicity, a protein implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Calcineurin can be inhibited with Tacrolimus through the recruitment and inhibition of the 12-kDa cis-trans proline isomerase FK506-binding protein (FKBP12). Whether calcineurin/FKBP12 represents a native physiologically relevant assembly that occurs in the absence of pharmacological perturbation has remained elusive. We leveraged α-syn as a model to interrogate whether FKBP12 plays a role in regulating calcineurin activity in the absence of Tacrolimus. We show that FKBP12 profoundly affects the calcineurin-dependent phosphoproteome, promoting the dephosphorylation of a subset of proteins that contributes to α-syn toxicity. Using a rat model of PD, partial elimination of the functional interaction between FKBP12 and calcineurin, with low doses of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound Tacrolimus, blocks calcineurin's activity toward those proteins and protects against the toxic hallmarks of α-syn pathology. Thus, FKBP12 can endogenously regulate calcineurin activity with therapeutic implications for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Caraveo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Martin Soste
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cappelleti
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele, Italy
| | - Saranna Fanning
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Chee Yeun Chung
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Valeriya Baru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sofia Zaichick
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Paola Picotti
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Gao W, He X, Li Y, Wen J. The effects of FK1706 on nerve regeneration and bladder function recovery following an end-to-side neurorrhaphy in rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94345-94357. [PMID: 29212232 PMCID: PMC5706878 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunophilin ligands are neuroregenerative agents binding to FK506 binding proteins, by which stimulate recovery of neurons in a variety of injury nerves. FK1706 is a novel immunophilin ligand which has neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects but without immunosuppressive activity. At present, most reports about FK1706 in ameliorating nerve injury and functional recovery are limited to cavernous nerve injury and erectile function recovery. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of FK1706 on nerve regeneration and bladder function recovery following an end-to-side neurorrhaphy in rat models. METHOD The numbers of regenerated myelinated axons of the pelvic parasympathetic nerve (PPN) in the three groups' rats (FK1706 + ETS, ETS and control groups) were evaluated. Their intravesical pressure (IVP), S100β and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) expressions were also compared. RESULTS In FK1706 + ETS group, 90% the rats showed that the frequency of FG labeled neurons was larger than the 3.5 cutoff value, 100% the rats showed that the frequency of FG-FB double-labeled neurons was larger than the 5.5 cutoff value. The average maximum of IVP in FK1706 + ETS group reached 76.3% of the value in control group. Their average number of myelinated axons of regenerated PPN reached 80% of the amount in control group. The nerve regeneration-associated markers data indicated that the expression level of S100β and GAP43 in FK1706 + ETS group was approximately 2-fold higher than that of ETS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS After end-to-side neurorrhaphy, FK1706 effectively enhanced the nerve regeneration and bladder function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansheng Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Xiangfei He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
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Juvvadi PR, Lee SC, Heitman J, Steinbach WJ. Calcineurin in fungal virulence and drug resistance: Prospects for harnessing targeted inhibition of calcineurin for an antifungal therapeutic approach. Virulence 2017; 8:186-197. [PMID: 27325145 PMCID: PMC5354160 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in the incidence and mortality due to the major invasive fungal infections such as aspergillosis, candidiasis and cryptococcosis caused by the species of Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus, are a growing threat to the immunosuppressed patient population. In addition to the limited armamentarium of the current classes of antifungal agents available (pyrimidine analogs, polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins), their toxicity, efficacy and the emergence of resistance are major bottlenecks limiting successful patient outcomes. Although these drugs target distinct fungal pathways, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungals that are more efficacious, fungal-specific, with reduced or no toxicity and simultaneously do not induce resistance. Here we review several lines of evidence which indicate that the calcineurin signaling pathway, a target of the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporine A, orchestrates growth, virulence and drug resistance in a variety of fungal pathogens and can be exploited for novel antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen R. Juvvadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William J. Steinbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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The immunologic considerations in human head transplantation. Int J Surg 2017; 41:196-202. [PMID: 28130190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The idea of head transplantation appears at first as unrealistic, unethical, and futile. Here we discuss immunological considerations in human head transplantation. In a separate accompanying article we discuss surgical, ethical, and psychosocial issues concerned in body-to-head transplantation (BHT) [1]. The success of such an unusual allograft, where the donor and the recipient can reject each other, depends on prevention of complex immunologic reactions, especially rejection of the head by the body (graft-vs-host) or probably less likely, the possibility of the head rejecting the total body allograft (host-vs-graft). The technical and immunologic difficulties are enormous, especially since rapid nerve and cord connections and regeneration have not yet been possible to achieve. In this article we begin by briefly reviewing neuro-immunologic issues that may favor BHT such as the blood brain barrier (BBB) and point out its shortcomings. And we touch on the cellular and humoral elements in the brain proper that differ in some respects from those in other organs and in the periphery. Based on recent successes in vascular composite allografts (VCAs), we will elaborate on potential specific advantages and difficulties in BHT of various available immunosuppressive medications already utilized in VCAs. The risk/benefit ratio of these drugs will be emphasized in relation to direct brain toxicity such as seizure disorders, interference, or promotion of nerve regeneration, and potentiation of cerebral viral infections. The final portion of this article will focus on pre-transplant immunologic manipulation of the deceased donor body along with pretreatment of the recipient.
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Levy O, Labbé A, Borderie V, Hamiche T, Dupas B, Laroche L, Baudouin C, Bouheraoua N. Increased corneal sub-basal nerve density in patients with Sjögren syndrome treated with topical cyclosporine A. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 45:455-463. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ora Levy
- Department V, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; UPMC-Sorbonne Universities; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Antoine Labbé
- Department III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Vision Institute; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7210; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Vincent Borderie
- Department V, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; UPMC-Sorbonne Universities; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Vision Institute; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7210; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Taous Hamiche
- Department V, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; UPMC-Sorbonne Universities; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Bénédicte Dupas
- Department III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Laurent Laroche
- Department V, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; UPMC-Sorbonne Universities; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Vision Institute; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7210; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Department III, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Vision Institute; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7210; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
| | - Nacim Bouheraoua
- Department V, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; UPMC-Sorbonne Universities; Paris France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 968, Vision Institute; Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7210; Paris France
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital; DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC; Paris France
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Lin AL, Jahrling JB, Zhang W, DeRosa N, Bakshi V, Romero P, Galvan V, Richardson A. Rapamycin rescues vascular, metabolic and learning deficits in apolipoprotein E4 transgenic mice with pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:217-226. [PMID: 26721390 PMCID: PMC5167110 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15621575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele is a common susceptibility gene for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain vascular and metabolic deficits can occur in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers decades before the onset of Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this study was to determine whether early intervention using rapamycin could restore neurovascular and neurometabolic functions, and thus impede pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in pre-symptomatic Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 transgenic mice. Using in vivo, multimodal neuroimaging, we found that apolipoprotein E ɛ4 mice treated with rapamycin had restored cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier integrity and glucose metabolism, compared to age- and gender-matched wild-type controls. The preserved vasculature and metabolism were associated with amelioration of incipient learning deficits. We also found that rapamycin restored the levels of the proinflammatory cyclophilin A in vasculature, which may contribute to the preservation of cerebrovascular function in the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 transgenics. Our results show that rapamycin improves functional outcomes in this mouse model and may have potential as an effective intervention to block progression of vascular, metabolic and early cognitive deficits in human Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 carriers. As rapamycin is FDA-approved and neuroimaging is readily used in humans, the results of the present study may provide the basis for future Alzheimer's disease intervention studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA .,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jordan B Jahrling
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas DeRosa
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vikas Bakshi
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Romero
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Labroo P, Shea J, Sant H, Gale B, Agarwal J. Effect Of combining FK506 and neurotrophins on neurite branching and elongation. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:570-581. [PMID: 27503321 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a clinical need to improve the outcomes of peripheral nerve regeneration and repair after injury. In addition to its immunosuppressive effects, FK506 (tacrolimus) has been shown to have neuroregenerative properties. To determine biologically relevant local FK506 and growth factor concentrations, we performed an in vitro bioassay using dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from chicken embryos. METHODS Neurite elongation and neurite branching were analyzed microscopically after addition of FK506, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), each alone and in combination. RESULTS FK506 induced modest neurite elongation (∼500-800 µm) without improving neurite branching significantly. The combination of FK506 with NGF, GDNF, or both, exerted a potentiating or competitive effect on neurite elongation (∼700-1100 µm) based on dosage and competitive effect on neurite branching (∼0.2-0.4). CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that the interaction of FK506 with GDNF and NGF mediates distinct enhancement of neurite growth. Muscle Nerve 55: 570-581, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Labroo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jill Shea
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 E, 3b400, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
| | - Himanshu Sant
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jayant Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 E, 3b400, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
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Hellenbrand DJ, Kaeppler KE, Ehlers ME, Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Buchholz MM, Springer AR, Thompson DL, Ibrahim RK, Hanna A. Immunohistochemical assessment of rat nerve isografts and immunosuppressed allografts. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1094-1101. [PMID: 27809726 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1248626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous peripheral nerve grafts are commonly used clinically as a treatment for peripheral nerve injuries. However, in research using an autologous graft is not always feasible due to loss of function, which in many cases is assessed to determine the efficacy of the peripheral nerve graft. In addition, using allografts for research require the use of an immunosuppressant, which creates unwanted side effects and another variable within the experiment that can affect regeneration. The objective of this study was to analyze graft rejection in peripheral nerve grafts and the effects of cyclosporine A (CSA) on axonal regeneration. METHODS Peripheral nerve grafts in inbred Lewis rats were compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to assess graft rejection, CSA side effects, immune responses, and regenerative capability. Macrophages and CD8+ cells were labeled to determine graft rejection, and neurofilaments were labeled to determine axonal regeneration. RESULTS SD rats without CSA had significantly more macrophages and CD8+ cells compared to Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD allografts treated with CSA. Lewis autografts, Lewis isografts, and SD autografts had significantly more regenerated axons than SD rat allografts. Moreover, allografts in immunosuppressed SD rats had significantly less axons than Lewis rat autograft and isografts. DISCUSSION Autografts have long been the gold standard for treating major nerve injuries and these data suggest that even though CSA is effective at reducing graft rejection, axon regeneration is still superior in autografts versus immunosuppressed allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Katie E Kaeppler
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mark E Ehlers
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Colton D Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Joanna C Zurko
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Morgan M Buchholz
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Alexandra R Springer
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Daniel L Thompson
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Rami K Ibrahim
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Amgad Hanna
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
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Bollini S, Herbst JJ, Gaughan GT, Verdoorn TA, Ditta J, Dubowchik GM, Vinitsky A. High-Throughput Fluorescence Polarization Method for Identification of FKBP12 Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:526-30. [PMID: 14599350 DOI: 10.1177/1087057102238626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FKBP12 is best known as the target of the widely used immunosuppressive drug FK506 but may also play a role in neuronal survival. Nonimmunosuppressive ligands of FKBP12 have been shown to have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative activity both in vitro and in vivo, stimulating interest in the development of high-throughput screens to rapidly identify novel ligands. FKBP12 was expressed as a His6-fusion in bacteria and purified by metal ion affinity and gel filtration chromatography. A high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay was developed to identify novel ligands of FKBP12. Dissociation constant values of known FKBP12 ligands measured by the new method agreed closely with Kivalues obtained by assaying inhibition of the rotamase activity of the enzyme. The fluorescence polarization assay is rapid, robust, and inexpensive and does not generate radioactive waste. It is very well suited for high-throughput screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bollini
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., Wallingford, CT, USA
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Herdegen T, Mielke K, Kallunki T. Review : c-Jun and the c-Jun Amino-Terminal Kinases: Bipotential Components of the Neuronal Stress Response. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Jun in neurons is a common finding after neuronal injury or 'stress,' such as ischemia, excitotoxicity, axon transection, UV irradiation, stimulation by cytokines, or production of such lipid messengers as ceramide. The neuronal 'stress response' displays striking similarities to the stress response of other cell types such as lymphocytes or tumor cells and is characterized by the activation of programs that lead to apoptosis or survival. It is accepted knowledge that c-Jun can act as neuronal 'killer' under in vitro conditions (with the death inducing ligand fas-ligand as novel AP-1 controlled target gene), but there is also growing evidence that c-Jun is linked to neuronal repair or survival. The control of this dichotomous function of c-Jun is not fully understood. Similar to the expression of c-Jun, the transcriptional activation of c-Jun by amino-terminal phosphorylation and the activation of the catalyzing c- Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), also called stress activated protein kinases, can also be linked to both neuronal survival and apoptosis. We suggest a model for the control of gene transcription after neuronal stress with activation of JNK and phosphorylation of c-Jun as transcriptional prerequisites, and with asso ciated partners as transcriptional effectors, e.g., by the expression and/or suppression of other transcription factors as activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2), c-Fos, or JunD. This scenario is complicated by the observation that activity of JNK does not lead automatically to c-Jun phosphorylation. This review summa rizes the role of c-Jun and JNK as down-stream mediators of neuronal stressors and places the function of these molecules in the context of other stressful stimuli and intraneuronal responses. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:147-154, 1999
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Mielke
- Department of Pharmacology University of Kiel Kiel,
Germany
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Department of Pharmacology University of San Diego La
Jolla, California
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Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson's Disease: Recent Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060904. [PMID: 27338353 PMCID: PMC4926438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a progressive motor disease that affects 1.5 million Americans and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. Typical neuropathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigro-striatal pathway) and depositions of cytoplasmic fibrillary inclusions (Lewy bodies) which contain ubiquitin and α-synuclein. The cardinal motor signs of PD are tremors, rigidity, slow movement (bradykinesia), poor balance, and difficulty in walking (Parkinsonian gait). In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms that include autonomic and psychiatric as well as cognitive impairments are pressing issues that need to be addressed. Several different mechanisms play an important role in generation of Lewy bodies; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced unfolded proteins, neuroinflammation and eventual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mid brain in PD. Moreover, these diverse processes that result in PD make modeling of the disease and evaluation of therapeutics against this devastating disease difficult. Here, we will discuss diverse mechanisms that are involved in PD, neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies currently in clinical trial or in preclinical stages, and impart views about strategies that are promising to mitigate PD pathology.
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Levy O, Labbé A, Borderie V, Laroche L, Bouheraoua N. La ciclosporine topique en ophtalmologie : pharmacologie et indications thérapeutiques. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:292-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tamburrino A, Churchill MJ, Wan OW, Colino-Sanguino Y, Ippolito R, Bergstrand S, Wolf DA, Herz NJ, Sconce MD, Björklund A, Meshul CK, Decressac M. Cyclosporin promotes neurorestoration and cell replacement therapy in pre-clinical models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:84. [PMID: 26666562 PMCID: PMC4678733 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early clinical trials using fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) allografts in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have shown efficacy (albeit not in all cases) and have paved the way for further development of cell replacement therapy strategies in PD. The preclinical work that led to these clinical trials used allografts of fetal VM tissue placed into 6-OHDA lesioned rats, while the patients received similar allografts under cover of immunosuppression in an α-synuclein disease state. Thus developing models that more faithfully replicate the clinical scenario would be a useful tool for the translation of such cell-based therapies to the clinic. RESULTS Here, we show that while providing functional recovery, transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons into the AAV-α-synuclein rat model of PD resulted in smaller-sized grafts as compared to similar grafts placed into the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. Additionally, we found that cyclosporin treatment was able to promote the survival of the transplanted cells in this allografted state and surprisingly also provided therapeutic benefit in sham-operated animals. We demonstrated that delayed cyclosporin treatment afforded neurorestoration in three complementary models of PD including the Thy1-α-synuclein transgenic mouse, a novel AAV-α-synuclein mouse model, and the MPTP mouse model. We then explored the mechanisms for this benefit of cyclosporin and found it was mediated by both cell-autonomous mechanisms and non-cell autonomous mechanisms. CONCLUSION This study provides compelling evidence in favor for the use of immunosuppression in all grafted PD patients receiving cell replacement therapy, regardless of the immunological mismatch between donor and host cells, and also suggests that cyclosporine treatment itself may act as a disease-modifying therapy in all PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tamburrino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Madeline J Churchill
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oi W Wan
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Colino-Sanguino
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rossana Ippolito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sofie Bergstrand
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Daniel A Wolf
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niculin J Herz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, USA
| | - Michelle D Sconce
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charles K Meshul
- Veterans Hospital/Research Services/Portland and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health &, Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mickael Decressac
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.
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Tajdaran K, Shoichet MS, Gordon T, Borschel GH. A novel polymeric drug delivery system for localized and sustained release of tacrolimus (FK506). Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1948-53. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Tajdaran
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; The Hospital for Sick Children; 555 University Ave Toronto Ontario Canada M5G1X8
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; The Hospital for Sick Children; 555 University Ave Toronto Ontario Canada M5G1X8
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Program in Neuroscience; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gregory H. Borschel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; The Hospital for Sick Children; 555 University Ave Toronto Ontario Canada M5G1X8
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Program in Neuroscience; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Identification of Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors Disrupting Signaling between Rgg and Short Hydrophobic Peptides in Streptococci. mBio 2015; 6:e00393-15. [PMID: 25968646 PMCID: PMC4436074 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00393-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria coordinate a variety of social behaviors, important for both environmental and pathogenic bacteria, through a process of intercellular chemical signaling known as quorum sensing (QS). As microbial resistance to antibiotics grows more common, a critical need has emerged to develop novel anti-infective therapies, such as an ability to attenuate bacterial pathogens by means of QS interference. Rgg quorum-sensing pathways, widespread in the phylum Firmicutes, employ cytoplasmic pheromone receptors (Rgg transcription factors) that directly bind and elicit gene expression responses to imported peptide signals. In the human-restricted pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, the Rgg2/Rgg3 regulatory circuit controls biofilm development in response to the short hydrophobic peptides SHP2 and SHP3. Using Rgg-SHP as a model receptor-ligand target, we sought to identify chemical compounds that could specifically inhibit Rgg quorum-sensing circuits. Individual compounds from a diverse library of known drugs and drug-like molecules were screened for their ability to disrupt complexes of Rgg and FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-conjugated SHP using a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay. The best hits were found to bind Rgg3 in vitro with submicromolar affinities, to specifically abolish transcription of Rgg2/3-controlled genes, and to prevent biofilm development in S. pyogenes without affecting bacterial growth. Furthermore, the top hit, cyclosporine A, as well as its nonimmunosuppressive analog, valspodar, inhibited Rgg-SHP pathways in multiple species of Streptococcus. The Rgg-FITC-peptide-based screen provides a platform to identify inhibitors specific for each Rgg type. Discovery of Rgg inhibitors constitutes a step toward the goal of manipulating bacterial behavior for purposes of improving health. The global emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections necessitates discovery not only of new antimicrobials but also of novel drug targets. Since antibiotics restrict microbial growth, strong selective pressures to develop resistance emerge quickly in bacteria. A new strategy to fight microbial infections has been proposed, namely, development of therapies that decrease pathogenicity of invading organisms while not directly inhibiting their growth, thus decreasing selective pressure to establish resistance. One possible means to this goal is to interfere with chemical communication networks used by bacteria to coordinate group behaviors, which can include the synchronized expression of genes that lead to disease. In this study, we identified chemical compounds that disrupt communication pathways regulated by Rgg proteins in species of Streptococcus. Treatment of cultures of S. pyogenes with the inhibitors diminished the development of biofilms, demonstrating an ability to control bacterial behavior with chemicals that do not inhibit growth.
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Rao PSS, Bell RL, Engleman EA, Sari Y. Targeting glutamate uptake to treat alcohol use disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:144. [PMID: 25954150 PMCID: PMC4407613 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a serious public health concern that is characterized by the development of tolerance to alcohol's effects, increased consumption, loss of control over drinking and the development of physical dependence. This cycle is often times punctuated by periods of abstinence, craving and relapse. The development of tolerance and the expression of withdrawal effects, which manifest as dependence, have been to a great extent attributed to neuroadaptations within the mesocorticolimbic and extended amygdala systems. Alcohol affects various neurotransmitter systems in the brain including the adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, peptidergic, and serotonergic systems. Due to the myriad of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems affected by alcohol, the efficacies of current pharmacotherapies targeting alcohol dependence are limited. Importantly, research findings of changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission induced by alcohol self- or experimenter-administration have resulted in a focus on therapies targeting glutamatergic receptors and normalization of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Glutamatergic receptors implicated in the effects of ethanol include the ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA) and some metabotropic glutamate receptors. Regarding glutamatergic homeostasis, ceftriaxone, MS-153, and GPI-1046, which upregulate glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression in mesocorticolimbic brain regions, reduce alcohol intake in genetic animal models of alcoholism. Given the hyperglutamatergic/hyperexcitable state of the central nervous system induced by chronic alcohol abuse and withdrawal, the evidence thus far indicates that a restoration of glutamatergic concentrations and activity within the mesocorticolimbic system and extended amygdala as well as multiple memory systems holds great promise for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S S Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
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Hausch F. FKBPs and their role in neuronal signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2035-40. [PMID: 25615537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligands for FK506-binding proteins, also referred to as neuroimmunophilin ligands, have repeatedly been described as neuritotrophic, neuroprotective or neuroregenerative agents. However, the precise molecular mechanism of action underlying the observed effects has remained elusive, which eventually led to a reduced interest in FKBP ligand development. SCOPE OF REVIEW A survey is presented on the pharmacology of neuroimmunophilin ligands, of the current understanding of individual FKBP homologs in neuronal processes and an assessment of their potential as drug targets for CNS disorders. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS FKBP51 is the major target accounting for the neuritotrophic effect of neuroimmunophilin ligands. Selectivity against the homolog FKBP52 is essential for optimal neuritotrophic efficacy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Selectivity within the FKBP family, in particular selective inhibition of FKBP12 or FKBP51, is possible. FKBP51 is a pharmacologically tractable target for stress-related disorders. The role of FKBPs in neurodegeneration remains to be clarified. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Yoo YJ, Hwang JY, Shin HL, Cui H, Lee J, Yoon YJ. Characterization of negative regulatory genes for the biosynthesis of rapamycin in Streptomyces rapamycinicus and its application for improved production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:125-35. [PMID: 25424695 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces rapamycinicus ATCC 29253 identified several putative regulatory genes. The deduced product of rapY, rapR, and rapS showed high sequence similarity to the TetR family transcription regulators, response regulators and histidine kinases of two-component systems, respectively. Overexpression of each of the three genes resulted in a significant reduction in rapamycin production, while in-frame deletion of rapS and rapY from the S. rapamycinicus chromosome improved the levels of rapamycin production by approximately 4.6-fold (33.9 mg l(-1)) and 3.7-fold (26.7 mg l(-1)), respectively, compared to that of the wild-type strain. Gene expression analysis by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in the wild-type and mutant strains indicated that most of the rapamycin biosynthetic genes are regulated negatively by rapS (probably through its partner response regulator RapR) and rapY. Interestingly, RapS negatively regulates the expression of the rapY gene, and in turn, rapX encoding an ABC-transporter is negatively controlled by RapY. Finally, overexpression of rapX in the rapS deletion mutant resulted in a 6.7-fold (49 mg l(-1)) increase in rapamycin production compared to that of wild-type strain. These results demonstrate the role of RapS/R and RapY as negative regulators of rapamycin biosynthesis and provide valuable information to both understand the complex regulatory mechanism in S. rapamycinicus and exploit the regulatory genes to increase the level of rapamycin production in industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ji Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Korkes HA, Sass N, Moron AF, Câmara NOS, Bonetti T, Cerdeira AS, Da Silva IDCG, De Oliveira L. Lipidomic assessment of plasma and placenta of women with early-onset preeclampsia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110747. [PMID: 25329382 PMCID: PMC4201564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose tissue is responsible for triggering chronic systemic inflammatory response and these changes may be involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Objective To characterize the lipid profile in the placenta and plasma of patients with preeclampsia. Methodology Samples were collected from placenta and plasma of 10 pregnant women with preeclampsia and 10 controls. Lipids were extracted using the Bligh–Dyer protocol and were analysed by MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. Results Approximately 200 lipid signals were quantified. The most prevalent lipid present in plasma of patients with preeclampsia was the main class Glycerophosphoserines-GP03 (PS) representing 52.30% of the total lipid composition, followed by the main classes Glycerophosphoethanolamines-GP02 (PEt), Glycerophosphocholines-GP01 (PC) and Flavanoids-PK12 (FLV), with 24.03%, 9.47% and 8.39% respectively. When compared to the control group, plasma samples of patients with preeclampsia showed an increase of PS (p<0.0001), PC (p<0.0001) and FLV (p<0.0001). Placental analysis of patients with preeclampsia, revealed the PS as the most prevalent lipid representing 56.28%, followed by the main class Macrolides/polyketides-PK04 with 32.77%, both with increased levels when compared with patients control group, PS (p<0.0001) and PK04 (p<0.0001). Conclusion Lipids found in placenta and plasma from patients with preeclampsia differ from those of pregnant women in the control group. Further studies are needed to clarify if these changes are specific and a cause or consequence of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Augusto Korkes
- Department of Obstetrics – Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Investigation – School Maternity Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nelson Sass
- Department of Obstetrics – Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Investigation – School Maternity Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio F. Moron
- Department of Obstetrics – Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Bonetti
- Department of Gynecology - Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Cerdeira
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Leandro De Oliveira
- Department of Obstetrics – Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Investigation – School Maternity Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology – University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Qi H, Zhao S, Fu H, Wen J, Jia X. Coupled cell morphology investigation and metabolomics analysis improves rapamycin production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liu FL, Liu TY, Kung FL. FKBP12 regulates the localization and processing of amyloid precursor protein in human cell lines. J Biosci 2014; 39:85-95. [PMID: 24499793 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of insoluble extracellular amyloid plaques. These plaques are mainly constituted of amyloid beta peptide (A beta), a proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP processing also generates the APP intracellular domain (AICD). We have previously demonstrated that AICD interacts with FKBP12, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) ubiquitous in nerve systems. This interaction was interfered by FK506, a clinically used immunosuppressant that has recently been reported to be neuroprotective. To elucidate the roles of FKBP12 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the effect of FKBP12 overexpression on APP processing was evaluated. Our results revealed that APP processing was shifted towards the amyloidogenic pathway, accompanied by a change in the subcellular localization of APP, upon FKBP12 overexpression. This FKBP12-overexpression-induced effect was reverted by FK506. These findings support our hypothesis that FKBP12 may participate in the regulation of APP processing. FKBP12 overexpression may lead to the stabilization of a certain isomer (presumably the cis form) of the Thr668-Pro669 peptide bond in AICD, therefore change its affinity to flotillin-1 or other raft-associated proteins, and eventually change the localization pattern and cause a shift in the proteolytic processing of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Lun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Liu F, Zhang H, Zhang K, Wang X, Li S, Yin Y. Rapamycin promotes Schwann cell migration and nerve growth factor secretion. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:602-9. [PMID: 25206862 PMCID: PMC4146242 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, similar to FK506, can promote neural regeneration in vitro. We assumed that the mechanisms of action of rapamycin and FK506 in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration were similar. This study compared the effects of different concentrations of rapamycin and FK506 on Schwann cells and investigated effects and mechanisms of rapamycin on improving peripheral nerve regeneration. Results demonstrated that the lowest rapamycin concentration (1.53 nmol/L) more significantly promoted Schwann cell migration than the highest FK506 concentration (100μmol/L). Rapamycin promoted the secretion of nerve growth factors and upregulated growth-associated protein 43 expression in Schwann cells, but did not significantly affect Schwann cell proliferation. Therefore, rapamycin has potential application in peripheral nerve regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and Biomedical Materials and Engineering Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shipu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and Biomedical Materials and Engineering Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yixia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and Biomedical Materials and Engineering Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hunan Province, China
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Calcineurin determines toxic versus beneficial responses to α-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3544-52. [PMID: 25122673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a highly conserved Ca(2+)-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphatase that senses Ca(2+) concentrations and transduces that information into cellular responses. Ca(2+) homeostasis is disrupted by α-synuclein (α-syn), a small lipid binding protein whose misfolding and accumulation is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. We report that α-syn, from yeast to neurons, leads to sustained highly elevated levels of cytoplasmic Ca(2+), thereby activating a CaM-CN cascade that engages substrates that result in toxicity. Surprisingly, complete inhibition of CN also results in toxicity. Limiting the availability of CaM shifts CN's spectrum of substrates toward protective pathways. Modulating CN or CN's substrates with highly selective genetic and pharmacological tools (FK506) does the same. FK506 crosses the blood brain barrier, is well tolerated in humans, and is active in neurons and glia. Thus, a tunable response to CN, which has been conserved for a billion years, can be targeted to rebalance the phosphatase's activities from toxic toward beneficial substrates. These findings have immediate therapeutic implications for synucleinopathies.
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47
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Bauer A, Brönstrup M. Industrial natural product chemistry for drug discovery and development. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:35-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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AlDakheel A, Kalia LV, Lang AE. Pathogenesis-targeted, disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson disease. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:6-23. [PMID: 24085420 PMCID: PMC3899477 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is an inexorably progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Multiple attempts have been made to establish therapies for Parkinson disease which provide neuroprotection or disease modification-two related, but not identical, concepts. However, to date, none of these attempts have succeeded. Many challenges exist in this field of research, including a complex multisystem disorder that includes dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic features; poorly understood and clearly multifaceted disease pathogenic mechanisms; a lack of reliable animal models; an absence of effective biomarkers of disease state, progression, and target engagement; and the confounding effects of potent symptomatic therapy. In this article, we will review previous, ongoing, and potential future trials designed to alter the progressive course of the disease from the perspective of the targeted underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaal AlDakheel
- />Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lorraine V. Kalia
- />Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- />Movement Disorders Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 7 McLaughlin Wing, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON Canada
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Myckatyn TM, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE. The effects of cold preservation and subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 on axonal regeneration in murine peripheral nerve isografts. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE CHIRURGIE PLASTIQUE 2013; 11:15-22. [PMID: 24115844 DOI: 10.1177/229255030301100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FK506 is a frequently used immunosuppressant with neuroregenerative effects. The neuroregenerative and immunosuppressive mechanisms of FK506, however, are distinct, suggesting that FK506 may stimulate nerve regeneration at lower doses than are needed to induce immunosuppression. The effects of cold preservation, a technique known to improve axonal regeneration through nerve allografts, are not well studied in nerve isografts and are also reported here. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 and cold preservation on nerve regeneration in isografts. METHODS The neuroregenerative properties of immunosuppressive and subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 were compared in a murine model receiving either fresh or cold preserved nerve isografts. Sixty female BALB/cJ mice were randomized into six groups. Animals in groups I, III and V received fresh nerve isografts. Animals in groups II, IV and VI received cold-preserved nerve isografts. Mice in groups I and II received no medical therapy, while those in groups III and IV received subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506, and those in groups V and VI received immunosuppressive doses as confirmed by mixed lymphocyte reactivity assays. Nerve regeneration was evaluated with histomorphometry and functional recovery was evaluated with walking track analysis. RESULTS Pretreatment with cold preservation did not significantly affect neural regeneration. The potent neuroregenerative effect of immunosuppressive doses of FK506 was confirmed, and the ability of subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 to stimulate axonal regeneration in murine nerve isografts is reported. CONCLUSIONS Less toxic subimmunosuppressive doses of FK506 retaining some neuroregenerative properties may have a clinical role in treating extensive nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence M Myckatyn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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50
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Molecular Dissection of Cyclosporin A's Neuroprotective Effect Reveals Potential Therapeutics for Ischemic Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1325-56. [PMID: 24961531 PMCID: PMC4061870 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
After the onset of brain ischemia, a series of events leads ultimately to the death of neurons. Many molecules can be pharmacologically targeted to protect neurons during these events, which include glutamate release, glutamate receptor activation, excitotoxicity, Ca2+ influx into cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of intracellular enzymes, free radical production, nitric oxide production, and inflammation. There have been a number of attempts to develop neuroprotectants for brain ischemia, but many of these attempts have failed. It was reported that cyclosporin A (CsA) dramatically ameliorates neuronal cell damage during ischemia. Some researchers consider ischemic cell death as a unique process that is distinct from both apoptosis and necrosis, and suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction and Δψ collapse are key steps for ischemic cell death. It was also suggested that CsA has a unique neuroprotective effect that is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, I will exhibit examples of neuroprotectants that are now being developed or in clinical trials, and will discuss previous researches about the mechanism underlying the unique CsA action. I will then introduce the results of our cDNA subtraction experiment with or without CsA administration in the rat brain, along with our hypothesis about the mechanism underlying CsA’s effect on transcriptional regulation.
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