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Li F, Zhou J, Zhang J, Zhao J. Research and Progress on Organic Semiconductor Power Devices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3362. [PMID: 38998442 PMCID: PMC11243007 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor power devices have been attracting increasing attention due to their advantages such as flexibility, low fabrication cost, and sustainability. They have found wide applications in fields such as flexible electronic devices and biomedical devices. However, in the field of power applications, the lack of reliable organic semiconductor power devices is mainly attributed to the limited thermal stability and electrical stability of organic materials. This article provides a detailed review of the development status of organic semiconductor power devices from three aspects: device structure, organic materials, and fabrication methods. It clarifies that the future development goal is to enhance the voltage resistance and thermal stability of organic transistors through higher-performance structure design, higher-mobility materials, and higher-quality fabrication methods. The continuous innovation and development of the structures, materials, and fabrication of these devices will generate more novel devices, offering more possibilities for the application of organic semiconductor power devices. This information is of great reference value and guidance significance for engineers in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Li
- School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Shanghai Qingwei Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Zhang L, Gregory SA, Malinowski KL, Atassi A, Freychet G, Losego MD. Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Oxide into P3HT to Create Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Photocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33259-33269. [PMID: 38904295 PMCID: PMC11231981 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time the use of vapor phase infiltration (VPI) to infuse conducting polymers with inorganic metal oxide clusters that together form a photocatalytic material. While vapor infiltration has previously been used to electrically dope conjugated polymers, this is the first time, to our knowledge, that the resultant hybrid material has been demonstrated to have photocatalytic properties. The system studied is poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) vapor infiltrated with TiCl4 and H2O to create P3HT-TiOx organic-inorganic hybrid photocatalytic materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that P3HT-TiOx VPI films consist of a partially oxidized P3HT matrix, and the infiltrated titanium inorganic is in a 4+ oxidation state with mostly oxide coordination. Upon visible light illumination, these P3HT-TiOx hybrids degrade methylene blue dye molecules. The P3HT-TiOx hybrids are 4.6× more photocatalytically active than either the P3HT or TiO2 individually or when sequentially deposited (e.g., P3HT on TiO2). On a per surface area basis, these hybrid photocatalysts are comparable or better than other best in class polymer semiconductor photocatalysts. VPI of TiCl4 + H2O into P3HT makes a unique hybrid structure and idealized photocatalyst architecture by creating nanoscale TiOx clusters concentrated toward the surface achieving extremely high catalytic rates. The mechanism for this enhanced photocatalytic rate is understood using photoluminescence spectroscopy, which shows significant quenching of excitons in P3HT-TiOx as compared to neat P3HT, indicating that P3HT acts as a photosensitizer for the TiOx catalyst sites in the hybrid material. This work introduces a new approach to designing and synthesizing organic-inorganic hybrid photocatalytic materials, with expansive opportunities for further exploration and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kristina L Malinowski
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mark D Losego
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Xiong M, Deng XY, Tian SY, Liu KK, Fang YH, Wang JR, Wang Y, Liu G, Chen J, Villalva DR, Baran D, Gu X, Lei T. Counterion docking: a general approach to reducing energetic disorder in doped polymeric semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4972. [PMID: 38862491 PMCID: PMC11166965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular doping plays an important role in controlling the carrier concentration of organic semiconductors. However, the introduction of dopant counterions often results in increased energetic disorder and traps due to the molecular packing disruption and Coulomb potential wells. To date, no general strategy has been proposed to reduce the counterion-induced structural and energetic disorder. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) between counterions and polymers. Employing a computer-aided approach, we identified the optimal counterions and discovered that NCIs determine their docking positions, which significantly affect the counterion-induced energetic disorder. With the optimal counterions, we successfully reduced the energetic disorder to levels even lower than that of the undoped polymer. As a result, we achieved a high n-doped electrical conductivity of over 200 S cm-1 and an eight-fold increase in the thermoelectric power factor. We found that the NCIs have substantial effects on doping efficiency, polymer backbone planarity, and Coulomb potential landscape. Our work not only provides a general strategy for identifying the most suitable counterions but also deepens our understanding of the counterion effects on doped polymeric semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai-Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Hui Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juan-Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Diego Rosas Villalva
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Jin W, Yang CY, Pau R, Wang Q, Tekelenburg EK, Wu HY, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Pitzalis F, Liu T, He Q, Li Q, Huang JD, Kroon R, Heeney M, Woo HY, Mura A, Motta A, Facchetti A, Fahlman M, Loi MA, Fabiano S. Photocatalytic doping of organic semiconductors. Nature 2024; 630:96-101. [PMID: 38750361 PMCID: PMC11153156 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical doping is an important approach to manipulating charge-carrier concentration and transport in organic semiconductors (OSCs)1-3 and ultimately enhances device performance4-7. However, conventional doping strategies often rely on the use of highly reactive (strong) dopants8-10, which are consumed during the doping process. Achieving efficient doping with weak and/or widely accessible dopants under mild conditions remains a considerable challenge. Here, we report a previously undescribed concept for the photocatalytic doping of OSCs that uses air as a weak oxidant (p-dopant) and operates at room temperature. This is a general approach that can be applied to various OSCs and photocatalysts, yielding electrical conductivities that exceed 3,000 S cm-1. We also demonstrate the successful photocatalytic reduction (n-doping) and simultaneous p-doping and n-doping of OSCs in which the organic salt used to maintain charge neutrality is the only chemical consumed. Our photocatalytic doping method offers great potential for advancing OSC doping and developing next-generation organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Riccardo Pau
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eelco K Tekelenburg
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Pitzalis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" and INSTM, UdR Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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5
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Ming Z, Liu D, Xiao L, Yang L, Cheng Y, Yang H, Zhou J, Ding H, Yang Z, Wang K. Nondestructive measurement of terahertz optical thin films by machine learning based on physical consistency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16426-16436. [PMID: 38859269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Optical scattering measurement is one of the most commonly used methods for non-contact online measurement of film properties in industrial film manufacturing. Terahertz photons have low energy and are non-ionizing when measuring objects, so combining these two methods can enable online nondestructive testing of thin films. In the visible light band, some materials are transparent, and their thickness and material properties cannot be measured. Therefore, a method based on physical consistency modeling and machine learning is proposed in this paper, which realizes the method of obtaining high-precision thin film parameters through single-frequency terahertz wave measurement, and shows good performance. Through the experimental measurement of organic material thin films, it is proved that the proposed method is an effective terahertz online detection technology with high precision and high throughput.
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Feng L, Li Z, Liu Y, Hua L, Wei Z, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Xu B. Counterion Engineering toward High-Performance and pH-Neutral Polyoxometalates-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Efficient Organic Optoelectronic Devices. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3276-3285. [PMID: 38252155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Although protonated polyoxometalates (POMs) are promising hole-transporting layer (HTL) materials for optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent hole collection/injection property, pH neutrality, and noncorrosiveness, POMs are seldom used as high-performance HTL materials. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of mixed-additive POMs with pH-neutral counterions (NH4+, K+, and Na+) as HTL materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray analyses indicated that the use of the lacunary heteropolyanion [P2W15O56]12- as an intermediate ensured successful incorporation of the counterions into the mixed-addenda POMs without causing deterioration of the POM frameworks. The hole-transporting layer performance of POM-NH4, which was characterized by a high work function and good conductivity and could be prepared using a low-cost method surpassed those of its protonated counterpart POM-4 and many classic HTL materials. An organic solar cell (OSC) modified with POM-NH4 delivered a power conversion efficiency of 18.0%, which was the highest photovoltaic efficiency achieved by POM-based OSCs to date. Moreover, an HTL material based on POM-NH4 reduced the turn-on voltage of an organic light-emitting diode from 4.2 to 3.2 V. The results of this study suggest that POMs are promising alternatives to the classic HTL materials owing to their excellent hole-collection ability, low costs, neutral nature, and high-chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhengrong Wei
- School of physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Hyun Suh E, Beom Kim S, Jung J, Jang J. Extremely Electron-Withdrawing Lewis-Paired CN Groups for Organic p-Dopants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304245. [PMID: 37271729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
P-type chemical doping (p-doping) is a key technique to modulate the optical, electrical, and electronic properties of organic semiconductors. However, typical functional groups in organic p-dopants have insufficient electron-withdrawing strength, and the inevitable diffusion of dopants in host matrices degrades doping stabilities. Herein, we utilize extremely electron-withdrawing Lewis-paired CN groups as a new class of building blocks for designing unprecedentedly strong organic p-dopants with excellent doping stability. Various Lewis acids are paired with CN-functionalized conjugated molecules in the solution state, which strengthens the electron-withdrawing properties of CN groups almost twofold. The large dopants afford outstanding doping stability against continuous heating and long-term atmospheric exposure, which is promising for practical applications in devices. Given the broad applicability of this simple combinatorial approach, it may impact many fields of (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyun Suh
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Jang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Feng L, Chen S, Zhang K, Jing J, Zhou Z, Xue Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Dong S, Huang F, Cao Y. Phosphotungstate-Based Anode Interfacial Material for Constructing High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells with a Fill Factor over 80. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5566-5576. [PMID: 36659861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the field of organic solar cells (OSCs), the interfacial layer plays the role of enhancing carrier extraction/transportation, inhibiting their recombination, etc. In contrast to the wide variety of cathode interfacial materials with good modification ability, much less effort has been reported for anode interfacial materials. In this study, we report a polyoxometalate-based inorganic molecular cluster, zinc phosphotungstate (Zn3P2W24O80, denoted ZnPW), as an anode interfacial layer. Based on the PM6/EH-HD-4F/L8-BO-F ternary system, the device with ZnPW modification achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and a fill factor of up to 18.67 and 80.29%, respectively, which are higher than the counterpart device (PCE of 18.01%) with PEDOT/PSS as the anode interfacial layer. Detailed studies revealed that under the modification of ZnPW, the devices obtained promoted light absorption and suitable energy level matching between the active layer and the electrode, reduced contact resistance, and suppressed charge recombination. In addition, the ZnPW-modified devices had improved photostability and storage stability compared to PEDOT/PSS-modified devices. Our work shows that the polyoxometalate-based inorganic nanocluster ZnPW has great advantages in enhancing the device performance and stability of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Feng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Jing
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Qifan Xue
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
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9
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Guo J, Liu Y, Chen P, Wang X, Wang Y, Guo J, Qiu X, Zeng Z, Jiang L, Yi Y, Watanabe S, Liao L, Bai Y, Nguyen T, Hu Y. Revealing the Electrophilic-Attack Doping Mechanism for Efficient and Universal p-Doping of Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203111. [PMID: 36089649 PMCID: PMC9661849 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Doping is of great importance to tailor the electrical properties of semiconductors. However, the present doping methodologies for organic semiconductors (OSCs) are either inefficient or can only apply to some OSCs conditionally, seriously limiting their general applications. Herein, a novel p-doping mechanism is revealed by investigating the interactions between the dopant trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TrTPFB) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). It is found that electrophilic attack of the trityl cations on thiophenes results in the formation of tritylated thiophenium ions, which subsequently induce electron transfer from neighboring P3HT chains to realize p-doping. This unique p-doping mechanism enables TrTPFB to p-dope various OSCs including those with high ionization energy (IE ≈ 5.8 eV). Moreover, this doping mechanism endows TrTPFB with strong doping capability, leading to doping efficiency of over 80% in P3HT. The discovery and elucidation of this novel doping mechanism not only points out that strong electrophiles are a class of efficient p-dopants for OSCs, but also provides new opportunities toward highly efficient doping of various OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Ping‐An Chen
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Xincan Qiu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Material ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba77‐8561Japan
| | - Lei Liao
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Thuc‐Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic SolidsDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California at Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106USA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan UniversityShenzhen518063P. R. China
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10
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Wang C, Jing Y, Chen L, Xiong W. Direct Interfacial Charge Transfer in All-Polymer Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8733-8739. [PMID: 36095150 PMCID: PMC9511559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct charge transfer at wet-processed organic/organic heterojunction interfaces is observed using femtosecond interfacial sensitive spectroscopy. UV-vis absorption and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy both indicate that a new interfacial energy gap (∼1.2 eV) exists when an interface is formed between regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline). Resonant pumping at 1.2 eV creates an electric field-induced second-order optical signal, suggesting the existence of a transient electric field due to separated electrons and holes at interfaces, which recombine through a nongeminate process. The fact that direct charge transfer exists at wet-processed organic/organic heterojunctions provides a physical foundation for the previously reported ground-state charge transfer phenomenon. Also, it creates new opportunities to better control charge transfer with preserved momentum and spins at organic material interfaces for spintronic applications.
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11
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Xu X, Peng Q. Hole/Electron Transporting Materials for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104453. [PMID: 35224789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonfullerene acceptor based organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) have witnessed rapid progress over the past few years owing to the intensive research efforts on novel electron donor and nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) materials, interfacial engineering, and device processing techniques. Interfacial layers including electron transporting layers (ETL) and hole transporting layers (HTLs) are crucially important in the OSCs for facilitating electron and hole extraction from the photoactive blend to the respective electrodes. In this review, the lates progress in both ETLs and HTLs for the currently prevailing NF-OSCs are discussed, in which the ETLs are summarized from the categories of metal oxides, metal chelates, non-conjugated electrolytes and conjugated electrolytes, and the HTLs are summarized from the categories of inorganic and organic materials. In addition, some bifunctional interlayer materials served as both ETLs and HTLs are also introduced. Finally, the prospects of ETL/HTL materials for NF-OSCs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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12
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Shi H, Niu Z, Wang H, Ye W, Xi K, Huang X, Wang H, Liu Y, Lin H, Shi H, An Z. Endowing matrix-free carbon dots with color-tunable ultralong phosphorescence by self-doping. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4406-4412. [PMID: 35509457 PMCID: PMC9006900 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01167k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Color-tunable ultralong phosphorescence is urgently desired in optoelectronic applications. Herein, we report a new type of full-color-tunable ultralong phosphorescence carbon dots (CDs) without matrix-assistance by a self-doping method under ambient conditions. The phosphorescence color can be rationally tuned from blue to red by changing the excitation wavelength from 310 to 440 nm. The CDs exhibit an ultralong lifetime of up to 1052.23 ms at 484 nm. From the experimental data, we speculate that the excitation-dependent multi-color phosphorescence is attributed to the presence of multiple emitting centers related to carbonyl units. Given the unique color-tunability of CDs, we demonstrate their potential applications in information encryption, light detection ranging from UV to visible light and LED devices. This finding not only takes a step towards the fundamental design of full-color emissive materials, but also provides a broader scope for the applications of phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zuoji Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211800 China
| | - Wenpeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211800 China
| | - Kai Xi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211800 China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hengwei Lin
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Huifang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211800 China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211800 China
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13
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Liu Y, Wang W, Dong X, Chen J, Qin F, Sun L, Zhou X, Zhou Y. Producing p-Doped Surface for Hole Transporting Layer-free Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200201. [PMID: 35363402 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hole transporting layer-free organic solar cells with simplified device structure are desirable for their mass production. In this work, we adopted a p-dopant of organic molybdenum peroxide (OMP) to dope nonfullerene active layers to produce p-doped surface on the active layer. The OMP can effectively dope widely used polymer donors of nonfullerene organic solar cells, i.e., PTB7-Th, PBDB-T, and, even PBDB-T-2F that has a very deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of -5.47 eV. The doping mechanism lies in the strong oxidizing property of peroxide groups of the OMP leading to superior doping properties. In the end, we fabricated hole transporting layer-free nonfullerene organic solar cells with the device structure of ITO/PEI-Zn/PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F/Ag. The cells showed a power conversion efficiency of 12.2% and good thermal stability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinyun Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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14
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Li QY, Yao ZF, Wu HT, Luo L, Ding YF, Yang CY, Wang XY, Shen Z, Wang JY, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge-Transport in n-Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200221. [PMID: 35107203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Strong interchain interactions of conjugated polymers usually result in poor miscibility with molecular dopants, limiting the doping efficiency because of uncontrolled phase separation. We have developed a strategy to achieve efficient charge-transport and high doping miscibility in n-doped conjugated polymers. We solve the miscibility issue through disorder side-chains containing dopants better. Systemic structural characterization reveals a farther side-chain branching point will lead to higher disorders, which provides appropriate sites to accommodate extrinsic molecular dopants without harming original chain packings and charge-transport channels. Therefore, better sustainability of solid-state microstructure is obtained, yielding a stable conductivity even when overloading massive dopants. This work highlights the importance of realizing high host-dopant miscibility in molecular doping of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Liu Z, Li X, Lu Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Huang T, Zhang D, Duan L. In situ-formed tetrahedrally coordinated double-helical metal complexes for improved coordination-activated n-doping. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1215. [PMID: 35260594 PMCID: PMC8904628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ coordination-activated n-doping by air-stable metals in electron-transport organic ligands has proven to be a viable method to achieve Ohmic electron injection for organic optoelectronics. However, the mutual exclusion of ligands with high nucleophilic quality and strong electron affinity limits the injection efficiency. Here, we propose meta-linkage diphenanthroline-type ligands, which not only possess high electron affinity and good electron transport ability but also favour the formation of tetrahedrally coordinated double-helical metal complexes to decrease the ionization energy of air-stable metals. An electron injection layer (EIL) compatible with various cathodes and electron transport materials is developed with silver as an n-dopant, and the injection efficiency outperforms conventional EILs such as lithium compounds. A deep-blue organic light-emitting diode with an optimized EIL achieves a high current efficiency calibrated by the y colour coordinate (0.045) of 237 cd A-1 and a superb LT95 of 104.1 h at 5000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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16
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Li Q, Yao Z, Wu H, Luo L, Ding Y, Yang C, Wang X, Shen Z, Wang J, Pei J. Regulation of High Miscibility for Efficient Charge‐Transport in n‐Doped Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hao‐Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin‐Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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17
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Dahlström S, Wilken S, Zhang Y, Ahläng C, Barlow S, Nyman M, Marder SR, Österbacka R. Cross-Linking of Doped Organic Semiconductor Interlayers for Organic Solar Cells: Potential and Challenges. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:14458-14466. [PMID: 34977476 PMCID: PMC8715538 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable interlayers are important building blocks for the commercialization of organic electronic devices such as organic solar cells. Here, the potential of cross-linking to provide an insoluble, stable, and versatile charge transport layer based on soluble organic semiconductors is studied. For this purpose, a photoreactive tris-azide cross-linker is synthesized. The capability of the small molecular cross-linker is illustrated by applying it to a p-doped polymer used as a hole transport layer in organic solar cells. High cross-linking efficiency and excellent charge extraction properties of the cross-linked doped hole transport layer are demonstrated. However, at high doping levels in the interlayer, the solar cell efficiency is found to deteriorate. Based on charge extraction measurements and numerical device simulations, it is shown that this is due to diffusion of dopants into the active layer of the solar cell. Thus, in the development of future cross-linker materials, care must be taken to ensure that they immobilize not only the host but also the dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Dahlström
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Wilken
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Ahläng
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mathias Nyman
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
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18
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Moon Y, Ha JW, Yoon M, Hwang DH, Lee J. Surface Polarization Doping in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Copolymers Using Cross-Linkable Terpolymer Dielectric Layers Containing Fluorinated Functional Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54227-54236. [PMID: 34734703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to tune the electrical properties of inorganic semiconductors via a doping process in the fabrication of cutting-edge electronic devices; however, the doping in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is limited by the uncontrollable dopant diffusion and low doping efficiencies. This study proposes the use of a fluorinated functional group in a polymer dielectric layer as an effective p-type doping strategy for ambipolar diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor-acceptor (D-A)-type semiconducting copolymer films used in OFETs, without generating structural perturbations. To experimentally verify the surface polarization doping effect of the fluorinated group, two terpolymers─poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (5F-SAPMA), wherein fluorinated units are included, and poly(phenyl-methacrylate-co-3-azidopropyl-methacrylate-co-propargyl-methacrylate) (PhAPMA), without fluorinated units─are designed and synthesized for use in OFETs. The synthesized 5F-SAPMA and PhAPMA films were cross-linked through the click reaction between the alkyne and azide units in the terpolymers at 150 °C to provide chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities and solvent resistance. The electrical characterization of the OFETs with the newly synthesized terpolymer dielectrics reveals that the surface polarization induced by the fluorinated groups of the 5F-SAPMA dielectrics leads to the generation of additional hole charges and helps minimize the broadening of the extended tail states in the vicinity of the valence band (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level). This not only enables a transition from the ambipolar to p-type dominant characteristics but also helps increase the hole mobility from 0.023 to 0.305 cm2/(V·s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Moon
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Yoon
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoul Lee
- Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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19
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Gregory SA, Hanus R, Atassi A, Rinehart JM, Wooding JP, Menon AK, Losego MD, Snyder GJ, Yee SK. Quantifying charge carrier localization in chemically doped semiconducting polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1414-1421. [PMID: 34017120 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in semiconducting polymers ranges from localized (hopping-like) to delocalized (metal-like), yet no quantitative model exists to fully capture this transport spectrum and its dependency on charge carrier density. In this study, using an archetypal polymer-dopant system, we measure the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and extent of oxidation. We then use these measurements to develop a semi-localized transport (SLoT) model, which captures both localized and delocalized transport contributions. By applying the SLoT model to published data, we demonstrate its broad utility. We are able to determine system-dependent parameters such as the maximum localization energy of the system, how this localization energy changes with doping, the amount of dopant required to achieve metal-like conductivity and the conductivity a system could have in the absence of localization effects. This proposed SLoT model improves our ability to predict and tailor electronic properties of doped semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Riley Hanus
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie P Wooding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Akanksha K Menon
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Losego
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Jeffery Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Doping has been widely used to control the charge carrier concentration in organic semiconductors. However, in conjugated polymers, n-doping is often limited by the tradeoff between doping efficiency and charge carrier mobilities, since dopants often randomly distribute within polymers, leading to significant structural and energetic disorder. Here, we screen a large number of polymer building block combinations and explore the possibility of designing n-type conjugated polymers with good tolerance to dopant-induced disorder. We show that a carefully designed conjugated polymer with a single dominant planar backbone conformation, high torsional barrier at each dihedral angle, and zigzag backbone curvature is highly dopable and can tolerate dopant-induced disorder. With these features, the designed diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer can be efficiently n-doped and exhibit high n-type electrical conductivities over 120 S cm−1, much higher than the reference polymers with similar chemical structures. This work provides a polymer design concept for highly dopable and highly conductive polymeric semiconductors. In conjugated polymers, n-doping is often limited by the tradeoff between doping efficiency and charge carrier mobilities, since dopants often randomly distribute within polymers, leading to significant structural and energetic disorder. Here, the authors screen a large number of polymer building block combinations and explore the possibility of designing n-type conjugated polymers with good tolerance to dopant-induced disorder.
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21
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Sakai N, Warren R, Zhang F, Nayak S, Liu J, Kesava SV, Lin YH, Biswal HS, Lin X, Grovenor C, Malinauskas T, Basu A, Anthopoulos TD, Getautis V, Kahn A, Riede M, Nayak PK, Snaith HJ. Adduct-based p-doping of organic semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1248-1254. [PMID: 33888905 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic doping of organic semiconductors is essential for their usage in highly efficient optoelectronic devices. Although molecular and metal complex-based dopants have already enabled significant progress of devices based on organic semiconductors, there remains a need for clean, efficient and low-cost dopants if a widespread transition towards larger-area organic electronic devices is to occur. Here we report dimethyl sulfoxide adducts as p-dopants that fulfil these conditions for a range of organic semiconductors. These adduct-based dopants are compatible with both solution and vapour-phase processing. We explore the doping mechanism and use the knowledge we gain to 'decouple' the dopants from the choice of counterion. We demonstrate that asymmetric p-doping is possible using solution processing routes, and demonstrate its use in metal halide perovskite solar cells, organic thin-film transistors and organic light-emitting diodes, which showcases the versatility of this doping approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Sakai
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ross Warren
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Simantini Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK
- Materials Chemistry Department, CSIR-Institute of Mineral and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sameer V Kesava
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chris Grovenor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tadas Malinauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Moritz Riede
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pabitra K Nayak
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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22
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Le ML, Rawlings D, Danielsen SPO, Kennard RM, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Aqueous Formulation of Concentrated Semiconductive Fluid Using Polyelectrolyte Coacervation. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1008-1014. [PMID: 35549124 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which combine π-conjugated backbones with ionic side chains, are intrinsically soluble in polar solvents and have demonstrated tunability with respect to solution processability and optoelectronic performance. However, this class of polymers often suffers from limited solubility in water. Here, we demonstrate how polyelectrolyte coacervation can be utilized for aqueous processing of conjugated polymers at extremely high polymer loading. Sampling various mixing conditions, we identify compositions that enable the formation of complex coacervates of an alkoxysulfonate-substituted PEDOT (PEDOT-S) with poly(3-methyl-1-propylimidazolylacrylamide) (PA-MPI). The resulting coacervate is a viscous fluid containing 50% w/v polymer and can be readily blade-coated into films of 4 ± 0.5 μm thick. Subsequent acid doping of the film increased the electrical conductivity of the coacervate to twice that of a doped film of neat PEDOT-S. This higher conductivity of the doped coacervate film suggests an enhancement in charge carrier transport along PEDOT-S backbone, in agreement with spectroscopic data, which shows an enhancement in the conjugation length of PEDOT-S upon coacervation. This study illustrates the utilization of electrostatic interactions in aqueous processing of conjugated polymers, which will be useful in large-scale industrial processing of semiconductive materials using limited solvent and with added enhancements to optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Le
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dakota Rawlings
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Rhiannon M. Kennard
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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23
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Zhang Z, Tian R, Lin D, Wu D, Lu C, Duan X. Three-Dimensional Fluorescent Imaging to Identify Multi-Paths in Polymer Aging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10301-10309. [PMID: 34269562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is of great significance to disclose the diverse aging pathways for polymers under multiple factors, so as to predict and control the potential aging evolution. However, the current methods fail to distinguish multiple pathways (multi-paths) of polymer aging due to the lack of spatiotemporal resolution. In this work, using polyimide as a model polymer, the hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups from the polyimide aging process were labeled using specific fluorescent probes through boron-oxygen, imine, and thiourea linkages, respectively. When the excitation and emission wavelengths of each fluorescent probe were controlled, the multi-paths in polyimide aging can be visualized individually and simultaneously in three-dimensional fluorescent images. The overall aging process under hydrothermal treatment was destructured into the pyrolysis and hydrolysis pathways. Three-dimensional dynamic studies discovered that the increased humidity, along with the decreased oxygen content, could hamper the pyrolysis reaction and accelerate the hydrolysis reaction, leading to severe degradation of the overall polyimide aging. More importantly, the oxygen showed a higher regulation coefficient in accelerating the pyrolysis reaction, than the water vapor in motivating the hydrolysis reactions. Such a multidimensional identification methodology is able to guide the long-term use of polymers and control their aging process to a harmless direction in advance by tuning the contents of oxygen and water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daolei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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24
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Larrain FA, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Chang YC, Rodriguez-Toro VA, Abraham S, Kippelen B. Increasing Volume in Conjugated Polymers to Facilitate Electrical Doping with Phosphomolybdic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23260-23267. [PMID: 33957756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular p-type electrical dopants have been proven useful to fine-tune the optoelectronic properties of bulk organic semiconductors and their interfaces. Here, the volume in polymer films and its role in solution-based electrical p-type doping using phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) are studied. The polymer film volume was controlled using two approaches. One is based on heating both the PMA solution and the film prior to immersion. The second is based on coating the polymer film with a liquid blend that contains the PMA solution and a swelling solvent. 31P NMR and FTIR experiments indicate that the Keggin structure appears to be preserved throughout the doping process. Results show that increasing the polymer volume facilitates the infiltration of the PMA Keggin structure, which results in an increased electrical p-type doping level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Larrain
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago 7941169, Chile
| | - Canek Fuentes-Hernandez
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Victor A Rodriguez-Toro
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Silja Abraham
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bernard Kippelen
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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25
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Ye G, Liu J, Qiu X, Stäter S, Qiu L, Liu Y, Yang X, Hildner R, Koster LJA, Chiechi RC. Controlling n-Type Molecular Doping via Regiochemistry and Polarity of Pendant Groups on Low Band Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3886-3896. [PMID: 34054145 PMCID: PMC8154869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We demonstrate the
impact of the type and position of pendant groups
on the n-doping of low-band gap donor–acceptor (D–A)
copolymers. Polar glycol ether groups simultaneously increase the
electron affinities of D–A copolymers and improve the host/dopant
miscibility compared to nonpolar alkyl groups, improving the doping
efficiency by a factor of over 40. The bulk mobility of the doped
films increases with the fraction of polar groups, leading to a best
conductivity of 0.08 S cm–1 and power factor (PF)
of 0.24 μW m–1 K–2 in the
doped copolymer with the polar pendant groups on both the D and A
moieties. We used spatially resolved absorption spectroscopy to relate
commensurate morphological changes to the dispersion of dopants and
to the relative local doping efficiency, demonstrating a direct relationship
between the morphology of the polymer phase, the solvation of the
molecular dopant, and the electrical properties of doped films. Our
work offers fundamental new insights into the influence of the physical
properties of pendant chains on the molecular doping process, which
should be generalizable to any molecularly doped polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stäter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yuru Liu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Xiong M, Yan X, Li J, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang J, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n‐Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution‐State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jia‐Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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27
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Liu J, Zhang D, Yu D, Ren M, Xu J. Machine learning powered ellipsometry. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:55. [PMID: 33707413 PMCID: PMC7952555 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ellipsometry is a powerful method for determining both the optical constants and thickness of thin films. For decades, solutions to ill-posed inverse ellipsometric problems require substantial human-expert intervention and have become essentially human-in-the-loop trial-and-error processes that are not only tedious and time-consuming but also limit the applicability of ellipsometry. Here, we demonstrate a machine learning based approach for solving ellipsometric problems in an unambiguous and fully automatic manner while showing superior performance. The proposed approach is experimentally validated by using a broad range of films covering categories of metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. This method is compatible with existing ellipsometers and paves the way for realizing the automatic, rapid, high-throughput optical characterization of films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Di Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dianqiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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28
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Hu L, You W, Sun L, Yu S, Yang M, Wang H, Li Z, Zhou Y. Surface doping of non-fullerene photoactive layer by soluble polyoxometalate for printable organic solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2689-2692. [PMID: 33595026 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-fullerene photoactive layer (PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F) film is first immersed into a PMA solution to induce an effective surface p-type doping. An improved hole-collection and a high PCE of 11.37% was obtained, although the non-fullerene OSCs were without a commonly evaporated MoO3. This surface doping technique is an effective and feasible strategy for the printable electronics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Wen You
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shen Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Wang
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China. and Centre for Future Materials, The University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (IAMM), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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29
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Xiong M, Yan X, Li JT, Zhang S, Cao Z, Prine N, Lu Y, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Efficient n-Doping of Polymeric Semiconductors through Controlling the Dynamics of Solution-State Polymer Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8189-8197. [PMID: 33403799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Doping of polymeric semiconductors limits the miscibility between polymers and dopants. Although significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing miscibility through chemical modification, the electrical conductivities of n-doped polymeric semiconductors are usually below 10 S cm-1 . We report a different approach to overcome the miscibility issue by modulating the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers. We found that the solution-state aggregates of conjugated polymers not only changed with solvent and temperature but also changed with solution aging time. Modulating the solution-state polymer aggregates can directly influence their solid-state microstructures and miscibility with dopants. As a result, both high doping efficiency and high charge-carrier mobility were simultaneously obtained. The n-doped electrical conductivity of P(PzDPP-CT2) can be tuned up to 32.1 S cm-1 . This method can also be used to improve the doping efficiency of other polymer systems (e.g. N2200) with different aggregation tendencies and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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30
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Visualization of Two-dimensional Single Chains of Hybrid Polyelectrolytes on Solid Surface. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Goel M, Siegert M, Krauss G, Mohanraj J, Hochgesang A, Heinrich DC, Fried M, Pflaum J, Thelakkat M. HOMO-HOMO Electron Transfer: An Elegant Strategy for p-Type Doping of Polymer Semiconductors toward Thermoelectric Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003596. [PMID: 32945031 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the conventional p-doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) using acceptors, here, an efficient doping concept for diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer PDPP[T]2 -EDOT (OSC-1) is presented using an oxidized p-type semiconductor, Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI)2 (OSC-2), exploiting electron transfer from HOMOOSC-1 to HOMOOSC-2 . A shift of work function toward the HOMOOSC-1 upon doping is confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-vis-NIR absorption studies confirm HOMOOSC-1 to HOMOOSC-2 electron transfer. The reduction products of Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI)2 to Spiro-OMeTAD(TFSI) and Spiro-OMeTAD is also confirmed and their relative amounts in doped samples is determined. Mott-Schottky analysis shows two orders of magnitude increase in free charge carrier density and one order of magnitude increase in the charge carrier mobility. The conductivity increases considerably by four orders of magnitude to a maximum of 10 S m-1 for a very low doping ratio of 8 mol%. The doped polymer films exhibit high thermal and ambient stability resulting in a maximum power factor of 0.07 µW m-1 K-2 at a Seebeck coefficient of 140 µV K-1 for a very low doping ratio of 4 mol%. Also, the concept of HOMOOSC-1 to HOMOOSC-2 electron transfer is a highly efficient, stable and generic way to p-dope other conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Goel
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Marie Siegert
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - John Mohanraj
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Adrian Hochgesang
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - David C Heinrich
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Martina Fried
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr. 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitystr.30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
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32
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Wang Z, Ai L, Wu Q. Preparation and photochromism performance of P 2W 16Mo 2/PVA/TiO 2 composite films. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1821194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Wang
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, P.R. China
| | - Limei Ai
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, P.R. China
| | - Qingyin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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33
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Qin F, Wang W, Sun L, Jiang X, Hu L, Xiong S, Liu T, Dong X, Li J, Jiang Y, Hou J, Fukuda K, Someya T, Zhou Y. Robust metal ion-chelated polymer interfacial layer for ultraflexible non-fullerene organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4508. [PMID: 32908141 PMCID: PMC7481191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving high power conversion efficiency and good mechanical robustness is still challenging for the ultraflexible organic solar cells. Interlayers simultaneously having good mechanical robustness and good chemical compatibility with the active layer are highly desirable. In this work, we present an interlayer of Zn2+-chelated polyethylenimine (denoted as PEI-Zn), which can endure a maximum bending strain over twice as high as that of ZnO and is chemically compatible with the recently emerging efficient nonfullerene active layers. On 1.3 μm polyethylene naphthalate substrates, ultraflexible nonfullerene solar cells with the PEI-Zn interlayer display a power conversion efficiency of 12.3% on PEDOT:PSS electrodes and 15.0% on AgNWs electrodes. Furthermore, the ultraflexible cells show nearly unchanged power conversion efficiency during 100 continuous compression-flat deformation cycles with a compression ratio of 45%. At the end, the ultraflexible cell is demonstrated to be attached onto the finger joint and displays reversible current output during the finger bending-spreading. Simultaneously achieving high efficiency and mechanical robustness is challenging for ultraflexible organic solar cells. Here, Qin et al. present a robust interlayer of Zinc-chelated polyethylenimine (PEI-Zn) to facilitate the demonstration of efficient and mechanically robust ultraflexible solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xueshi Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinyun Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Youyu Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Yang Y, Kang Q, Liao Q, Zheng Z, He C, Xu B, Hou J. Inorganic Molecular Clusters with Facile Preparation and Neutral pH for Efficient Hole Extraction in Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39462-39470. [PMID: 32805890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of electrode interlayers for hole extraction is a great challenge in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs). At present, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the only solution-processed anode interlayer (AIL) that can be used to achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 15% in OSC devices, even though there are several well-known drawbacks in practical applications of PEDOT:PSS. Herein, we use an inorganic molecular cluster (IMC) as the AIL for making highly efficient and large-area OSCs. The IMC possesses several advantages in serving as the AIL, such as neutral pH, excellent optical transmittance, high work function, good film-forming properties, and low cost. OSCs using the IMC can achieve a high PCE of 13.38%, which is superior to the PCE of the PEDOT:PSS device. This is among the few examples of OSC devices with solution-processed and pH neutral AILs showing higher PCE than PEDOT:PSS devices. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance results indicate the formation of inorganic-organic heterojunction, which is crucial for efficient hole extraction. More importantly, the IMC is compatible with printing processing. Using a blade-coated IMC film, we fabricated a large-area OSC of 1 cm2 and a high PCE of 9.5% was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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35
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Aubry TJ, Winchell KJ, Salamat CZ, Basile VM, Lindemuth JR, Stauber JM, Axtell JC, Kubena RM, Phan MD, Bird MJ, Spokoyny AM, Tolbert SH, Schwartz BJ. Tunable Dopants with Intrinsic Counterion Separation Reveal the Effects of Electron Affinity on Dopant Intercalation and Free Carrier Production in Sequentially Doped Conjugated Polymer Films. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2001800. [PMID: 32684909 PMCID: PMC7357248 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrier mobility in doped conjugated polymers is limited by Coulomb interactions with dopant counterions. This complicates studying the effect of the dopant's oxidation potential on carrier generation because different dopants have different Coulomb interactions with polarons on the polymer backbone. Here, dodecaborane (DDB)-based dopants are used, which electrostatically shield counterions from carriers and have tunable redox potentials at constant size and shape. DDB dopants produce mobile carriers due to spatial separation of the counterion, and those with greater energetic offsets produce more carriers. Neutron reflectometry indicates that dopant infiltration into conjugated polymer films is redox-potential-driven. Remarkably, X-ray scattering shows that despite their large 2-nm size, DDBs intercalate into the crystalline polymer lamellae like small molecules, indicating that this is the preferred location for dopants of any size. These findings elucidate why doping conjugated polymers usually produces integer, rather than partial charge transfer: dopant counterions effectively intercalate into the lamellae, far from the polarons on the polymer backbone. Finally, it is shown that the IR spectrum provides a simple way to determine polaron mobility. Overall, higher oxidation potentials lead to higher doping efficiencies, with values reaching 100% for driving forces sufficient to dope poorly crystalline regions of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Aubry
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - K. J. Winchell
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Charlene Z. Salamat
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Victoria M. Basile
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | | | - Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Jonathan C. Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Rebecca M. Kubena
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Minh D. Phan
- Neutron Scattering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Chemistry DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
| | - Sarah H. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1595USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
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36
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Kim Y, Broch K, Lee W, Ahn H, Lee J, Yoo D, Kim J, Chung S, Sirringhaus H, Kang K, Lee T. Highly Stable Contact Doping in Organic Field Effect Transistors by Dopant-Blockade Method. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000058. [PMID: 32684904 PMCID: PMC7357569 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In organic device applications, a high contact resistance between metal electrodes and organic semiconductors prevents an efficient charge injection and extraction, which fundamentally limits the device performance. Recently, various contact doping methods have been reported as an effective way to resolve the contact resistance problem. However, the contact doping has not been explored extensively in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) due to dopant diffusion problem, which significantly degrades the device stability by damaging the ON/OFF switching performance. Here, the stability of a contact doping method is improved by incorporating "dopant-blockade molecules" in the poly(2,5-bis(3-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) film in order to suppress the diffusion of the dopant molecules. By carefully selecting the dopant-blockade molecules for effectively blocking the dopant diffusion paths, the ON/OFF ratio of PBTTT OFETs can be maintained over 2 months. This work will maximize the potential of OFETs by employing the contact doping method as a promising route toward resolving the contact resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngrok Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute for Applied PhysicsUniversity of TuebingenAuf der Morgenstelle 10Tuebingen72076Germany
| | - Woocheol Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Heebeom Ahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Daekyoung Yoo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Junwoo Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Photo‐Electronic Hybrids Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Korea
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ. J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Keehoon Kang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
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37
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Chen H, Zhang W, Li M, He G, Guo X. Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2879-2949. [PMID: 32078296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous interfaces that are ubiquitous in optoelectronic devices play a key role in the device performance and have led to the prosperity of today's microelectronics. Interface engineering provides an effective and promising approach to enhancing the device performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and even developing new functions. In fact, researchers from different disciplines have devoted considerable attention to this concept, which has started to evolve from simple improvement of the device performance to sophisticated construction of novel functionalities, indicating great potential for further applications in broad areas ranging from integrated circuits and energy conversion to catalysis and chemical/biological sensors. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of current efficient approaches developed for building various delicate functional interfaces in OFETs, including interfaces within the semiconductor layers, semiconductor/electrode interfaces, semiconductor/dielectric interfaces, and semiconductor/environment interfaces. We also highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular functionalities into electrical circuits, which have been neglected in most previous reviews. This review will provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay between the molecular structure, assembly, and emergent functions at the molecular level and consequently offer novel insights into designing a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weining Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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38
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Qiu L, Zheng X, Zhang J, Yang Y, Cao W, Dong Y, Xia D, Zhou X, Fan R. Insights into the Mechanism of Solid-State Metal Organic Complexes as Controllable and Stable p-Type Dopants in Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:546-555. [PMID: 31805234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on spiro-OMeTAD have achieved efficiencies greater than 20% in recent years; however, poorly designed dopants and ambiguous working mechanisms are still obstacles that restrict the process of commercialization. Various dopants have been introduced to modulate the electrical properties of spiro-OMeTAD, often accompanying some negative problems, such as complex synthetic routes and accelerated degradation of perovskite. Here, two novel metal organic complexes (Cu-2Cl and Cu-4Cl) with similar molecular fragments are designed and synthesized to investigate the effects on the chemical p-doping of spiro-OMeTAD. The unique coordination environment of copper ions and harmless oxidation byproducts make Cu-2Cl superior for oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD, and the possible synergetic mechanism of the heterogeneous reactions with Li-TFSI is also proposed. Utilizing Cu-2Cl-doped hole transport materials to fabricate PSCs will facilitate hole transport, reduce interfacial charge recombination, and passivate the trap states of perovskite, resulting in a champion efficiency of 20.97%. In addition, the intrinsic solid-state hydrophobic characteristics of Cu-2Cl nanoparticles well dispersed in the hole transport layer successfully suppress the invasion of water vapor, and the corresponding device retains 84% of its original efficiency after being stored for 720 h in ambient air condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Qiu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xubin Zheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yayu Dong
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Debin Xia
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqing Fan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
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39
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Todor-Boer O, Petrovai I, Tarcan R, Vulpoi A, David L, Astilean S, Botiz I. Enhancing Photoluminescence Quenching in Donor-Acceptor PCE11:PPCBMB Films through the Optimization of Film Microstructure. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121757. [PMID: 31835595 PMCID: PMC6956202 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We show that a precise control of deposition speed during the fabrication of polyfullerenes and donor polymer films by convective self-assembly leads to an optimized film microstructure comprised of interconnected crystalline polymer domains comparable to molecular dimensions intercalated with similar polyfullerene domains. Moreover, in blended films, we have found a correlation between deposition speed, the resulting microstructure, and photoluminescence quenching. The latter appeared more intense for lower deposition speeds due to a more favorable structuring at the nanoscale of the two donor and acceptor systems in the resulting blend films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Todor-Boer
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M. Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Donath Street 67, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Petrovai
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M. Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Raluca Tarcan
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M. Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Leontin David
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M. Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Simion Astilean
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, M. Kogalniceanu Str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Treboniu Laurian 42, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.T.-B.); (I.P.); (R.T.); (A.V.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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40
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Li H, Wu L. A perspective on polyoxometalates as versatile synthons for precisely hybridized polymer materials. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun China
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41
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Yu SY, Tung TW, Yang HY, Chen GY, Shih CC, Lee YC, Chen CC, Zan HW, Meng HF, Lu CJ, Wang CL, Jian WB, Soppera O. A Versatile Method to Enhance the Operational Current of Air-Stable Organic Gas Sensor for Monitoring of Breath Ammonia in Hemodialysis Patients. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1023-1031. [PMID: 30892019 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) application for monitoring of breath ammonia (BA) in hemodialysis (HD) patients has emerged as a promising noninvasive health monitoring approach. In this context, many organic gas sensors have been reported for BA detection. However, one of the major challenges for its integration with affordable household POC application is to achieve stable performance for accuracy and high operational current at low voltage for low-cost read-out circuitry. Herein, we exploited the stability of the Donor-Acceptor polymer on the cylindrical nanopore structure to realize the sensors with a high sensitivity and stability. Then, we proposed a double active layer (DL) strategy that exploits an ultrathin layer of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) to serve as a work function buffer to enhance the operational current. The DL sensor exhibits a sustainable enhanced operational current of microampere level and a stable sensing response even with the presence of P3HT layer. This effect is carefully examined with different aspects, including vertical composition profile of DL configuration, lifetime testing on different sensing layer, morphological analysis, and the versatility of the DL strategy. Finally, we utilize the DL sensor to conduct a tracing of BA concentration in two HD patients before and after HD, and correlate it with the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. A good correlation coefficient of 0.96 is achieved. Moreover, the feasibility of DL sensor integrated into a low-cost circuitry was also verified. The results demonstrate the potential of this DL strategy to be used to integrate organic sensor for affordable household POC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yu Yu
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chang-Chiang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25, Lane 442, Section 1, Jingguo Road, 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Heping East Road, Section 1, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg cedex, France
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42
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Aydt AP, Qie B, Pinkard A, Yang L, Cheng Q, Billinge SJL, Yang Y, Roy X. Microporous Battery Electrodes from Molecular Cluster Precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:11292-11297. [PMID: 30883077 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel energy storage materials is critical to many renewable energy technologies. In this work, we report on the synthesis and electrochemical properties of materials composed of porous cobalt selenide microspheres prepared from molecular cluster precursors. The cobalt selenide microspheres excel as Na+ ion battery electrode materials, with a specific capacity of ∼550 mA h/g and excellent cycling stability of 85% over 100 cycles, and perform equally well as Li+ ion battery electrodes with a specific capacity of ∼600 mA h/g and cycling stability of 80% over 100 cycles. Materials which reversibly store large amounts of Na+ ions are uncommon, and these performances represent significant advances in the field. More broadly, this work establishes metal chalcogenide molecular clusters as valuable precursors for creating new, tunable energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J L Billinge
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
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43
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Aubry TJ, Axtell JC, Basile VM, Winchell KJ, Lindemuth JR, Porter TM, Liu JY, Alexandrova AN, Kubiak CP, Tolbert SH, Spokoyny AM, Schwartz BJ. Dodecaborane-Based Dopants Designed to Shield Anion Electrostatics Lead to Increased Carrier Mobility in a Doped Conjugated Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805647. [PMID: 30672037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most effective ways to tune the electronic properties of conjugated polymers is to dope them with small-molecule oxidizing agents, creating holes on the polymer and molecular anions. Undesirably, strong electrostatic attraction from the anions of most dopants localizes the holes created on the polymer, reducing their mobility. Here, a new strategy utilizing a substituted boron cluster as a molecular dopant for conjugated polymers is employed. By designing the cluster to have a high redox potential and steric protection of the core-localized electron density, highly delocalized polarons with mobilities equivalent to films doped with no anions present are obtained. AC Hall effect measurements show that P3HT films doped with these boron clusters have conductivities and polaron mobilities roughly an order of magnitude higher than films doped with F4 TCNQ, even though the boron-cluster-doped films have poor crystallinity. Moreover, the number of free carriers approximately matches the number of boron clusters, yielding a doping efficiency of ≈100%. These results suggest that shielding the polaron from the anion is a critically important aspect for producing high carrier mobility, and that the high polymer crystallinity required with dopants such as F4 TCNQ is primarily to keep the counterions far from the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Aubry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jonathan C Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Victoria M Basile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - K J Winchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | | | - Tyler M Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ji-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Center for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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44
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Yan H, Tang Y, Meng X, Xiao T, Lu G, Ma W. Achieving High Doping Concentration by Dopant Vapor Deposition in Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4178-4184. [PMID: 30623646 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the interfacial doping, molecular doping in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) is a more direct but challenging approach to optimize the photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells (OSCs). One of the main obstacles for its success is the low doping concentration because of the morphological damage. Starting from the phase diagram analysis, we discover that the unpreferred good miscibility between the p-type dopant and the acceptor leads to incorrect dopant dispersion, which reduces the achievable doping content. To overcome this, we use sequential doping by vapor annealing instead of blend solution doping, and we achieve the high doping concentration without sacrificing the blend film morphology. Benefiting from the undamaged film, we fulfill improved photovoltaic performance. Our positive results reveal the feasibility of high-level doping in complex organic BHJ films. It is believed that doping at high concentration potentially enlarges the extent of tunable range on electronic properties in OSCs and indicates greater improvement for device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Yabing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
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45
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Zhang J, Zhan M, Zheng L, Zhang C, Liu G, Sha J, Liu S, Tian S. FeOCl/POM Heterojunctions with Excellent Fenton Catalytic Performance via Different Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:250-258. [PMID: 30525536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the Fenton catalytic performance in a neutral solution under indoor sunlight, a novel FeOCl/polyoxometalate (POM) (FeOCl/POM-W and FeOCl/POM-Mo) composite was successfully synthesized for the first time, which shows significantly improved Fenton catalytic activity and stability for phenol degradation compared with FeOCl. Furthermore, the degradation constants ( k) of FeOCl/POM-Mo (0.08 min-1) and FeOCl/POM-W (0.06 min-1) are a factor of 4 and 3 times greater than that of FeOCl (0.02 min-1), respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity is attributed to the formation of FeOCl/POM heterojunctions, which results in efficient separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and electron transfer from POM to FeOCl. Density functional theory calculations indicate a strong interface interaction of Fe-O-Mo and Fe-O-W in the FeOCl/POM heterojunctions. A Z-scheme mechanism for FeOCl/POM-Mo and a double-transfer mechanism for FeOCl/POM-W are proposed for the enhanced catalytic performance. This study sheds new light on the design and fabrication of high-performance photo-Fenton catalysts to overcome the environmental crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jining University , Qufu 273100 , P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P. R. China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Jinan , Jinan 250002 , P. R. China
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46
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Xu Y, Sun H, Liu A, Zhu HH, Li W, Lin YF, Noh YY. Doping: A Key Enabler for Organic Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801830. [PMID: 30101530 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are the central building blocks of organic electronics, but still suffer from low performance and manufacturing difficulties. This is due in part to the absence of doping, which is mostly excluded from OFET applications for the concern about uncontrollable dopant diffusion. Doping enabled the modern semiconductor industry to build essential components like Ohmic contacts and P-N junctions, empowering devices to function as designed. Recent breakthroughs in organic semiconductors and doping techniques demonstrated that doping can also be a key enabler for high-performance OFETs. However, the knowledge of organic doping remains limited particularly for OFET use. Therefore, this review addresses OFET doping from a device perspective. The paper overviews doping basics and roles in advanced complementary technologies. These fundamentals help to understand why and how doping provides the desired transistor characteristics. Typical OFETs without doping are discussed, with consideration for operating principle and problems caused by the absence of doping. Achievements for channel, contact, and overall doping are also examined to clarify the corresponding doping roles. Finally, doping mechanisms, techniques, and dopants associated with OFET applications are reviewed. This paper promotes fundamental understanding of OFET doping for the development of high-performance OFETs with doped components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Huabin Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Hui Zhu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Technical Center for Multifunctional Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy (Shanghai), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yen-Fu Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong, 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
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47
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He W, Patrick BO, Kennepohl P. Identifying the missing link in catalyst transfer polymerization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3866. [PMID: 30250037 PMCID: PMC6155128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed catalyst transfer polycondensation (CTP) of thiophenes is an efficient strategy for the controlled synthesis of polythiophenes. However, a detailed view of its reaction mechanism has remained elusive with unresolved questions regarding the geometry and bonding of critical Ni(0) thiophene intermediates. Herein, we provide experimental and computational evidence of structurally characterized square planar η2-Ni(0)-thiophene species and their relevance to the mechanism of CTP. These results confirm the viability of C,C-η2 bound intermediates in CTP of thiophenes, providing an electronic rationale for the stability of such species, and thus that such processes can proceed as living polymerizations. We further show that C,S-κ2 species may also be relevant in nickel-catalyzed CTP of thiophenes, providing new avenues for exploitation and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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48
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Ibanez JG, Rincón ME, Gutierrez-Granados S, Chahma M, Jaramillo-Quintero OA, Frontana-Uribe BA. Conducting Polymers in the Fields of Energy, Environmental Remediation, and Chemical–Chiral Sensors. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4731-4816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G. Ibanez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, 01219 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina. E. Rincón
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580, Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gutierrez-Granados
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada S/N, Pueblito
de Rocha, 36080 Guanajuato, GTO Mexico
| | - M’hamed Chahma
- Laurentian University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
| | - Oscar A. Jaramillo-Quintero
- CONACYT-Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580 Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca 50200, Estado de México Mexico
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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49
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Liu Y, Cole MD, Jiang Y, Kim PY, Nordlund D, Emrick T, Russell TP. Chemical and Morphological Control of Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705976. [PMID: 29504157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solution-based processing of materials for electrical doping of organic semiconductor interfaces is attractive for boosting the efficiency of organic electronic devices with multilayer structures. To simplify this process, self-doping perylene diimide (PDI)-based ionene polymers are synthesized, in which the semiconductor PDI components are embedded together with electrolyte dopants in the polymer backbone. Functionality contained within the PDI monomers suppresses their aggregation, affording self-doping interlayers with controllable thickness when processed from solution into organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). Optimal results for interfacial self-doping lead to increased power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the fullerene-based OPVs, from 2.62% to 10.64%, and of the nonfullerene-based OPVs, from 3.34% to 10.59%. These PDI-ionene interlayers enable chemical and morphological control of interfacial doping and conductivity, demonstrating that the conductive channels are crucial for charge transport in doped organic semiconductor films. Using these novel interlayers with efficient doping and high conductivity, both fullerene- and nonfullerene-based OPVs are achieved with PCEs exceeding 9% over interlayer thicknesses ranging from ≈3 to 40 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Marcus D Cole
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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50
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Ohisa S, Endo K, Kasuga K, Suzuki M, Chiba T, Pu YJ, Kido J. Post-Treatment-Free Solution-Processed Reduced Phosphomolybdic Acid Containing Molybdenum Oxide Units for Efficient Hole-Injection Layers in Organic Light-Emitting Devices. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1950-1957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ohisa
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Endo
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasuga
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Michinori Suzuki
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Chiba
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Junji Kido
- Department of Organic Materials
Science, ‡Research Center for Organic Electronics, and §Frontier Center for Organic Materials, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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