1
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Liyanage WLNC, Tang N, Dally RL, Quigley LJ, Buchanan CC, Shu GJ, Butch NP, Krycka K, Bleuel M, Borchers JA, Debeer-Schmitt L, Gilbert DA. Skyrmion lattice formation and destruction mechanisms probed with TR-SANS. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10715-10726. [PMID: 38712993 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected, nanoscale whirls of the spin configuration that tend to form hexagonally ordered arrays. As a topologically non-trivial structure, the nucleation and annihilation of the skyrmion, as well as the interaction between skyrmions, varies from conventional magnetic systems. Recent works have suggested that the ordering kinetics in these materials occur over millisecond or longer timescales, which is unusually slow for magnetic dynamics. The current work investigates the skyrmion ordering kinetics, particularly during lattice formation and destruction, using time-resolved small angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS). Evaluating the time-resolved structure and intensity of the neutron diffraction pattern reveals the evolving real-space structure of the skyrmion lattice and the timeframe of the formation. Measurements were performed on three prototypical skyrmion materials: MnSi, (Fe,Co)Si, and Cu2OSeO3. To probe lattice formation and destruction kinetics, the systems were prepared in the stable skyrmion state, and then a square-wave magnetic field modulation was applied. The measurements show that the skyrmions quickly form ordered domains, with a significant distribution in lattice parameters, which then converge to the final structure; the results confirm the slow kinetics, with formation times between 10 ms and 99 ms. Comparisons are made between the measured formation times and the fundamental material properties, suggesting the ordering temperature, saturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy may be driving the timeframes. Micromagnetic simulations were also performed and support a scaling of the kinetics with sample volume, a behavior which is caused by the reconciling of misaligned domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L N C Liyanage
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Nan Tang
- Materials Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca L Dally
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Lizabeth J Quigley
- Materials Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Guo-Jiun Shu
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas P Butch
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn Krycka
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Markus Bleuel
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Julie A Borchers
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Lisa Debeer-Schmitt
- High Flux Isotope Reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Dustin A Gilbert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
- Materials Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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2
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Zhou H, Dos Santos Dias M, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Lounis S. Kagomerization of transition metal monolayers induced by two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4854. [PMID: 38844776 PMCID: PMC11156855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The kagome lattice is an exciting solid state physics platform for the emergence of nontrivial quantum states driven by electronic correlations: topological effects, unconventional superconductivity, charge and spin density waves, and unusual magnetic states such as quantum spin liquids. While kagome lattices have been realized in complex multi-atomic bulk compounds, here we demonstrate from first-principles a process that we dub kagomerization, in which we fabricate a two-dimensional kagome lattice in monolayers of transition metals utilizing an hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) overlayer. Surprisingly, h-BN induces a large rearrangement of the transition metal atoms supported on a fcc(111) heavy-metal surface. This reconstruction is found to be rather generic for this type of heterostructures and has a profound impact on the underlying magnetic properties, ultimately stabilizing various topological magnetic solitons such as skyrmions and bimerons. Our findings call for a reconsideration of h-BN as merely a passive capping layer, showing its potential for not only reconstructing the atomic structure of the underlying material, e.g. through the kagomerization of magnetic films, but also enabling electronic and magnetic phases that are highly sought for the next generation of device technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Zhou
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulations, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Fert Beijing Institute, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Shenyuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Manuel Dos Santos Dias
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulations, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CENIDE, 47053, Duisburg, Germany
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Youguang Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weisheng Zhao
- Fert Beijing Institute, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Samir Lounis
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulations, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen and CENIDE, 47053, Duisburg, Germany.
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3
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Littlehales MT, Moody SH, Turnbull LA, Huddart BM, Brereton BA, Balakrishnan G, Fan R, Steadman P, Hatton PD, Wilson MN. Demonstration of Controlled Skyrmion Injection Across a Thickness Step. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6813-6820. [PMID: 38781191 PMCID: PMC11157652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Spintronic devices incorporating magnetic skyrmions have attracted significant interest recently. Such devices traditionally focus on controlling magnetic textures in 2D thin films. However, enhanced performance of spintronic properties through the exploitation of higher dimensionalities motivates the investigation of variable-thickness skyrmion devices. We report the demonstration of a skyrmion injection mechanism that utilizes charge currents to drive skyrmions across a thickness step and, consequently, a metastability barrier. Our measurements show that under certain temperature and field conditions skyrmions can be reversibly injected from a thin region of an FeGe lamella, where they exist as an equilibrium state, into a thicker region, where they can only persist as a metastable state. This injection is achieved with a current density of 3 × 108 A m-2, nearly 3 orders of magnitude lower than required to move magnetic domain walls. This highlights the possibility to use such an element as a skyrmion source/drain within future spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Littlehales
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel H. Moody
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul
Scherrer Institute, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Luke A. Turnbull
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Noethnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Huddart
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Brereton
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Geetha Balakrishnan
- University
of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Fan
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul Steadman
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot, OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Hatton
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Murray N. Wilson
- Durham
University, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Memorial
University of Newfoundland, Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, St John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada
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4
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Kazemi M, Kudlis A, Bessarab PF, Shelykh IA. All-optical control of skyrmion configuration in CrI 3 monolayer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11677. [PMID: 38778124 PMCID: PMC11111699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential for manipulating characteristics of skyrmions in a CrI3 monolayer using circularly polarised light is explored. The effective skyrmion-light interaction is mediated by bright excitons whose magnetization is selectively influenced by the polarization of photons. The light-induced skyrmion dynamics is illustrated by the dependencies of the skyrmion size and the skyrmion lifetime on the intensity and polarization of the incident light pulse. Two-dimensional magnets hosting excitons thus represent a promising platform for the control of topological magnetic structures by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kazemi
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - A Kudlis
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia, 121205
| | - P F Bessarab
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, SE-39231, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - I A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia, 121205
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5
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Cui Q, Zhu Y, Jiang J, Cui P, Yang H, Chang K, Wang K. Anatomy of Hidden Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions and Topological Spin Textures in Centrosymmetric Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38739551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is understood to be forbidden by the symmetry of centrosymmetric systems, thus restricting the candidate types for investigating many correlated physical phenomena. Here, we report the hidden DMI existing in centrosymmetric magnets driven by the local inversion symmetry breaking of specific spin sublattices. The opposite DMI spatially localized on the inverse spin sublattice favors the separated spin spiral with opposite chirality. Furthermore, we elucidate that hidden DMI widely exists in many potential candidates, from the first-principles calculations on the mature crystal database. Interestingly, novel topological spin configurations, such as the anti-chirality-locked merons and antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic meron chains, are stabilized as a consequence of hidden DMI. Our understanding enables the effective control of DMI by symmetry operations at the atomic level and enlarges the range of currently useful magnets for topological magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Cui
- Center for Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yingmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spintronics Materials, Devices and Systems of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 311305, China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Center for Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo 315202, China
| | - Hongxin Yang
- Center for Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Chang
- Center for Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Zhang H, Shao YT, Chen X, Zhang B, Wang T, Meng F, Xu K, Meisenheimer P, Chen X, Huang X, Behera P, Husain S, Zhu T, Pan H, Jia Y, Settineri N, Giles-Donovan N, He Z, Scholl A, N'Diaye A, Shafer P, Raja A, Xu C, Martin LW, Crommie MF, Yao J, Qiu Z, Majumdar A, Bellaiche L, Muller DA, Birgeneau RJ, Ramesh R. Spin disorder control of topological spin texture. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3828. [PMID: 38714653 PMCID: PMC11076609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of topological spin textures in layered magnets has the potential to drive the development of advanced low-dimensional spintronics devices. However, achieving reliable and flexible manipulation of the topological spin textures beyond skyrmion in a two-dimensional magnet system remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the introduction of magnetic iron atoms between the van der Waals gap of a layered magnet, Fe3GaTe2, to modify local anisotropic magnetic interactions. Consequently, we present direct observations of the order-disorder skyrmion lattices transition. In addition, non-trivial topological solitons, such as skyrmioniums and skyrmion bags, are realized at room temperature. Our work highlights the influence of random spin control of non-trivial topological spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Center for Neutron Science and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Binhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianye Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fanhao Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Meisenheimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xianzhe Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Piush Behera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sajid Husain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tiancong Zhu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanli Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nick Settineri
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Zehao He
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Scholl
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alpha N'Diaye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Changsong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Bellaiche
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert J Birgeneau
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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7
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Li Z, Yin Q, Lv W, Shen J, Wang S, Zhao T, Cai J, Lei H, Lin SZ, Zhang Y, Shen B. Electron-Assisted Generation and Straight Movement of Skyrmion Bubble in Kagome TbMn 6Sn 6. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309538. [PMID: 38366361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Topological magnetic textures are promising candidates as binary data units for the next-generation memory device. The precise generation and convenient control of nontrivial spin topology at zero field near room temperature endows the critical advantages in skyrmionic devices but is not simultaneously integrated into one material. Here, in the Kagome plane of quantum TbMn6Sn6, the expedient generation of the skyrmion bubbles in versatile forms of lattice, chain, and isolated one by converging the electron beam, where the electron intensity gradient contributes to the dynamic generation from local anisotropy variation near spin reorientation transition (SRT) is reported. Encouragingly, by utilizing the dynamic shift of the SRT domain interface, the straight movement is actualized with the skyrmion bubble slave to the SRT domain interface forming an elastic composite object, avoiding the usual deflection from the skyrmion Hall effect. The critical contribution of the SRT domain interface via conveniently electron-assisted heating is further theoretically validated in micromagnetic simulation, highlighting the compatible application possibility in advanced devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Qiangwei Yin
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & MicroNano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Wenxin Lv
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & MicroNano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Tongyun Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jianwang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Hechang Lei
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & MicroNano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shi-Zeng Lin
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Open Access Research Infrastrucure, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Baogen Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
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8
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Liu C, Zhang S, Hao H, Algaidi H, Ma Y, Zhang XX. Magnetic Skyrmions above Room Temperature in a van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe 3GaTe 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311022. [PMID: 38290153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
2D van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic crystals are a promising platform for innovative spintronic devices based on magnetic skyrmions, thanks to their high flexibility and atomic thickness stability. However, room-temperature skyrmion-hosting vdW materials are scarce, which poses a challenge for practical applications. In this study, a chemical vapor transport (CVT) approach is employed to synthesize Fe3GaTe2 crystals and room-temperature Néel skyrmions are observed in Fe3GaTe2 nanoflakes above 58 nm in thickness through in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (L-TEM). Upon an optimized field cooling procedure, zero-field hexagonal skyrmion lattices are successfully generated in nanoflakes with an extended thickness range (30-180 nm). Significantly, these skyrmion lattices remain stable up to 355 K, setting a new record for the highest temperature at which skyrmions can be hosted. The research establishes Fe3GaTe2 as an emerging above-room-temperature skyrmion-hosting vdW material, holding great promise for future spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Senfu Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hanin Algaidi
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yinchang Ma
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Lu SJ, Gao ZO. Structural evolution and bonding properties of Nb1-2Gen-/0 (n = 3-7) clusters: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164306. [PMID: 38647305 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a collaborative experimental and theoretical investigation into the structures and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. Anion photoelectron spectra for Nb1-2Gen- (n = 3-7) clusters were acquired using 266 nm photon energies, enabling the determination of adiabatic detachment energies and vertical detachment energies. In conjunction with these experimental measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to validate the experimentally obtained electron detachment energies and elucidate the geometric and electronic structures of each anionic cluster. The agreement between DFT calculations and experimental data establishes a solid foundation for assessing the structural evolution and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. It is noted that both neutral and anionic clusters exhibit predominantly similar overall structural characteristics, with the exception of Nb2Ge6- and Nb2Ge6. Furthermore, this investigation emphasizes the exceptional chemical stability of the D3d symmetric chair-shaped structure in Nb2Ge6-, providing insights into its bonding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong Province 274015, China
| | - Zhao-Ou Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Tang J, Wu Y, Shi M, Xu X, Wang S, Tian M, Du H. Stable skyrmion bundles at room temperature and zero magnetic field in a chiral magnet. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3391. [PMID: 38649678 PMCID: PMC11035646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Topological spin textures are characterized by magnetic topological charges, Q, which govern their electromagnetic properties. Recent studies have achieved skyrmion bundles with arbitrary integer values of Q, opening possibilities for exploring topological spintronics based on Q. However, the realization of stable skyrmion bundles in chiral magnets at room temperature and zero magnetic field - the prerequisite for realistic device applications - has remained elusive. Here, through the combination of pulsed currents and reversed magnetic fields, we experimentally achieve skyrmion bundles with different integer Q values - reaching a maximum of 24 at above room temperature and zero magnetic field - in the chiral magnet Co8Zn10Mn2. We demonstrate the field-driven annihilation of high-Q bundles and present a phase diagram as a function of temperature and field. Our experimental findings are consistently corroborated by micromagnetic simulations, which reveal the nature of the skyrmion bundle as that of skyrmion tubes encircled by a fractional Hopfion.
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Grants
- This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Grant No. 2022YFA1403603 (H.D.); the Natural Science Foundation of China, Grants No. 12174396 (J.T.), 12104123 (Y.W.), and 12241406 (H.D.); the National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar, Grant No. 52325105 (H.D.); the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Grant No. 2308085Y32 (J.T.); the Natural Science Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province, Grant No. 2022AH030011 (J.T.); the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDB33030100 (H.D.); CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research, Grant No. YSBR-084 (H.D.); Systematic Fundamental Research Program Leveraging Major Scientific and Technological Infrastructure, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. JZHKYPT-2021-08 (H.D.);Anhui Province Excellent Young Teacher Training Project Grant No. YQZD2023067 (Y.W.); and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant No. 2023M743543 (Y.W.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsen Zhang
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jin Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Yaodong Wu
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xitong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Mingliang Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low-Energy Quantum Materials and Devices, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Xing J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Jiang X. Alloying Driven Antiferromagnetic Skyrmions on NiPS 3 Monolayer: A First-Principles Calculation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401048. [PMID: 38647400 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Topological magnetic states are promising information carriers for ultrahigh-density and high-efficiency magnetic storage. Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) magnets provide powerful platforms for stabilizing various nanometer-size topological spin textures within a wide range of magnetic field and temperature. However, non-centrosymmetric 2D magnets with broken inversion symmetry are scarce in nature, making direct observations of the chiral spin structure difficult, especially for antiferromagnetic (AFM) skyrmions. In this work, it is theoretically predicted that intrinsic AFM skyrmions can be easily triggered in XY-type honeycomb magnet NiPS3 monolayer by alloying of Cr atoms, due to the presence of a sizable Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. More interestingly, the diameter of the AFM skyrmions in Ni3/4Cr1/4PS3 decreases from 12 to 4.4 nm as the external magnetic field increases and the skyrmion phases remain stable up to an external magnetic field of 4 T. These results highlight an effective strategy to generate and modulate the topological spin texture in 2D magnets by alloying with magnetic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianpei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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12
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Lv X, Lv H, Huang Y, Zhang R, Qin G, Dong Y, Liu M, Pei K, Cao G, Zhang J, Lai Y, Che R. Distinct skyrmion phases at room temperature in two-dimensional ferromagnet Fe 3GaTe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3278. [PMID: 38627376 PMCID: PMC11021542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinct skyrmion phases at room temperature hosted by one material offer additional degree of freedom for the design of topology-based compact and energetically-efficient spintronic devices. The field has been extended to low-dimensional magnets with the discovery of magnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals magnets. However, creating multiple skyrmion phases in 2D magnets, especially above room temperature, remains a major challenge. Here, we report the experimental observation of mixed-type skyrmions, exhibiting both Bloch and hybrid characteristics, in a room-temperature ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2. Analysis of the magnetic intensities under varied imaging conditions coupled with complementary simulations reveal that spontaneous Bloch skyrmions exist as the magnetic ground state with the coexistence of hybrid stripes domain, on account of the interplay between the dipolar interaction and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Moreover, hybrid skyrmions are created and their coexisting phases with Bloch skyrmions exhibit considerably high thermostability, enduring up to 328 K. The findings open perspectives for 2D spintronic devices incorporating distinct skyrmion phases at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Lv
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Hualiang Lv
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yalei Huang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | | | - Guanhua Qin
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Yihui Dong
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Min Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Ke Pei
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Guixin Cao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
| | | | - Yuxiang Lai
- Pico Electron Microscopy Center, Innovation Institute for Ocean Materials Characterization, Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China.
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13
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Wang ZQ, Xue F, Qiu L, Wang Z, Wu R, Hou Y. Switching Intrinsic Magnetic Skyrmions with Controllable Magnetic Anisotropy in van der Waals Multiferroic Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4117-4123. [PMID: 38509030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions, topologically nontrivial whirling spin textures at nanometer scales, have emerged as potential information carriers for spintronic devices. The ability to efficiently create and erase magnetic skyrmions is vital yet challenging for such applications. Based on first-principles studies, we find that switching between intrinsic magnetic skyrmion and high-temperature ferromagnetic states can be achieved in the two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) multiferroic heterostructure CrSeI/In2Te3 by reversing the ferroelectric polarization of In2Te3. The core mechanism of this switching is traced to the controllable magnetic anisotropy of CrSeI influenced by the ferroelectric polarization of In2Te3. We propose a useful descriptor linking the presence of magnetic skyrmions to magnetic parameters and validate this connection through studies of a variety of similar vdW multiferroic heterostructures. Our work demonstrates that manipulating magnetic skyrmions via tunable magnetic anisotropies in vdW multiferroic heterostructures represents a highly promising and energy-efficient strategy for the future development of spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Quan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, Center for Neutron Science and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Physics, College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, Center for Neutron Science and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Yusheng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, Center for Neutron Science and Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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14
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Aramberri H, Íñiguez-González J. Brownian Electric Bubble Quasiparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:136801. [PMID: 38613274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Recent works on electric bubbles (including the experimental demonstration of electric skyrmions) constitute a breakthrough akin to the discovery of magnetic skyrmions some 15 years ago. So far research has focused on obtaining and visualizing these objects, which often appear to be immobile (pinned) in experiments. Thus, critical aspects of magnetic skyrmions-e.g., their quasiparticle nature, Brownian motion-remain unexplored (unproven) for electric bubbles. Here we use predictive atomistic simulations to investigate the basic dynamical properties of these objects in pinning-free model systems. We show that it is possible to find regimes where the electric bubbles can present long lifetimes (∼ns) despite being relatively small (diameter <2 nm). Additionally, we find that they can display stochastic dynamics with large and highly tunable diffusion constants. We thus establish the quasiparticle nature of electric bubbles and put them forward for the physical effects and applications (e.g., in token-based probabilistic computing) considered for magnetic skyrmions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Aramberri
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jorge Íñiguez-González
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Rue du Brill 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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15
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Urrestarazu Larrañaga J, Sisodia N, Guedas R, Pham VT, Di Manici I, Masseboeuf A, Garello K, Disdier F, Fernandez B, Wintz S, Weigand M, Belmeguenai M, Pizzini S, Sousa RC, Buda-Prejbeanu LD, Gaudin G, Boulle O. Electrical Detection and Nucleation of a Magnetic Skyrmion in a Magnetic Tunnel Junction Observed via Operando Magnetic Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3557-3565. [PMID: 38499397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures which are envisioned as nanometer scale information carriers in magnetic memory and logic devices. The recent demonstrations of room temperature skyrmions and their current induced manipulation in ultrathin films were first steps toward the realization of such devices. However, important challenges remain regarding the electrical detection and the low-power nucleation of skyrmions, which are required for the read and write operations. Here, we demonstrate, using operando magnetic microscopy experiments, the electrical detection of a single magnetic skyrmion in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) and its nucleation and annihilation by gate voltage via voltage control of magnetic anisotropy. The nucleated skyrmion can be manipulated by both gate voltages and external magnetic fields, leading to tunable intermediate resistance states. Our results unambiguously demonstrate the readout and voltage controlled write operations in a single MTJ device, which is a major milestone for low power skyrmion based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Sisodia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rodrigo Guedas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Van Tuong Pham
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ilaria Di Manici
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Masseboeuf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kevin Garello
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Disdier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Fernandez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian Wintz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Belmeguenai
- LSPM (CNRS-UPR 3407), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Stefania Pizzini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ricardo C Sousa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gilles Gaudin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Boulle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France
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16
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Li D, Haldar S, Heinze S. Proposal for All-Electrical Skyrmion Detection in van der Waals Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2496-2502. [PMID: 38350134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
A major challenge for magnetic skyrmions in atomically thin van der Waals (vdW) materials is reliable skyrmion detection. Here, based on rigorous first-principles calculations, we show that all-electrical skyrmion detection is feasible in two-dimensional vdW magnets via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and in planar tunnel junctions. We use the nonequilibrium Green's function method for quantum transport in planar junctions, including self-energy due to electrodes and working conditions, going beyond the standard Tersoff-Hamann approximation. We obtain a very large tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) around the Fermi energy for a graphite/Fe3GeTe2/germanene/graphite vdW tunnel junction. For atomic-scale skyrmions, the noncollinear magnetoresistance (NCMR) reaches giant values. We trace the origin of the NCMR to spin mixing between spin-up and -down states of pz and dz2 character at the surface atoms. Both TAMR and NCMR are drastically enhanced in tunnel junctions with respect to STM geometry due to orbital symmetry matching at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Li
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Soumyajyoti Haldar
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 15, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinze
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 15, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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17
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Bhukta M, Dohi T, Bharadwaj VK, Zarzuela R, Syskaki MA, Foerster M, Niño MA, Sinova J, Frömter R, Kläui M. Homochiral antiferromagnetic merons, antimerons and bimerons realized in synthetic antiferromagnets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1641. [PMID: 38409221 PMCID: PMC10897388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing demand for device miniaturization and energy efficiency in data storage and computing technology has prompted a shift towards antiferromagnetic topological spin textures as information carriers. This shift is primarily owing to their negligible stray fields, leading to higher possible device density and potentially ultrafast dynamics. We realize in this work such chiral in-plane topological antiferromagnetic spin textures namely merons, antimerons, and bimerons in synthetic antiferromagnets by concurrently engineering the effective perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the interlayer exchange coupling, and the magnetic compensation ratio. We demonstrate multimodal vector imaging of the three-dimensional Néel order parameter, revealing the topology of those spin textures and a globally well-defined chirality, which is a crucial requirement for controlled current-induced dynamics. Our analysis reveals that the interplay between interlayer exchange and interlayer magnetic dipolar interactions plays a key role to significantly reduce the critical strength of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction required to stabilize topological spin textures, such as antiferromagnetic merons, in synthetic antiferromagnets, making them a promising platform for next-generation spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bhukta
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Takaaki Dohi
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | | | - Ricardo Zarzuela
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Andromachi Syskaki
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Singulus Technologies AG, Hanauer Landstrasse 107, 63796, Kahl am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Foerster
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Niño
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jairo Sinova
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Frömter
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Bera S. Role of isotropic and anisotropic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction on skyrmions, merons and antiskyrmions in the Cnvsymmetric system. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:195805. [PMID: 38316047 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad266f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The lattice Hamiltonian with the presence of a chiral magnetic isotropic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in a square and hexagonal lattice is numerically solved to give the full phase diagram consisting of skyrmions and merons in different parameter planes. The phase diagram provides the actual regions of analytically unresolved asymmetric skyrmions and merons, and it is found that these regions are substantially larger than those of symmetric skyrmions and merons. With magnetic field, a change from meron or spin spiral (SS) to skyrmion is seen. The complete phase diagram for theCnvsymmetric system with anisotropic DMI is drawn and it is shown that this DMI helps to change the SS propagation direction. Finally, the well-defined region of a thermodynamically stable antiskyrmion phase in theCnvsymmetric system is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Bera
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
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19
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Meng Y, Meng F, Hou M, Zheng Q, Wang B, Zhu R, Feng C, Yu G. Regulation of interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in ferromagnetic multilayers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:193001. [PMID: 38286006 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (i-DMI) exists in the film materials with inversion symmetry breaking, which can stabilize a series of nonlinear spin structures and control their chirality, such as Néel-type domain wall, magnetic skyrmion and spin spiral. In addition, the strength and chirality of i-DMI are directly related to the dynamic behavior of these nonlinear spin structures. Therefore, regulating the strength and chirality of i-DMI not only has an important scientific significance for enriching spintronics and topological physics, but also has a significant practical value for constructing a new generation of memorizer, logic gate, and brain-like devices with low-power. This review summarizes the research progress on the regulation of i-DMI in ferromagnetic films and provides some prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxuan Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqi Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronggui Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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20
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Jiang J, Tang J, Bai T, Wu Y, Qin J, Xia W, Chen R, Yan A, Wang S, Tian M, Du H. Thermal Stability of Skyrmion Tubes in Nanostructured Cuboids. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1587-1593. [PMID: 38259044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions in bulk materials are typically regarded as two-dimensional structures. However, they also exhibit three-dimensional configurations, known as skyrmion tubes, that elongate and extend in-depth. Understanding the configurations and stabilization mechanism of skyrmion tubes is crucial for the development of advanced spintronic devices. However, the generation and annihilation of skyrmion tubes in confined geometries are still rarely reported. Here, we present direct imaging of skyrmion tubes in nanostructured cuboids of a chiral magnet FeGe using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while applying an in-plane magnetic field. It is observed that skyrmion tubes stabilize in a narrow field-temperature region near the Curie temperature (Tc). Through a field cooling process, metastable skyrmion tubes can exist in a larger region of the field-temperature diagram. Combining these experimental findings with micromagnetic simulations, we attribute these phenomena to energy differences and thermal fluctuations. Our results could promote topological spintronic devices based on skyrmion tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Jiang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jin Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tian Bai
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yaodong Wu
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiazhuan Qin
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weixing Xia
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Aru Yan
- CISRI & NIMTE Joint Innovation Center for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingliang Tian
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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21
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Gopi AK, Srivastava AK, Sharma AK, Chakraborty A, Das S, Deniz H, Ernst A, Hazra BK, Meyerheim HL, Parkin SSP. Thickness-Tunable Zoology of Magnetic Spin Textures Observed in Fe 5GeTe 2. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38315563 PMCID: PMC10883052 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The family of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials provides a playground for tuning structural and magnetic interactions to create a wide variety of spin textures. Of particular interest is the ferromagnetic compound Fe5GeTe2 that we show displays a range of complex spin textures as well as complex crystal structures. Here, using a high-brailliance laboratory X-ray source, we show that the majority (1 × 1) Fe5GeTe2 (FGT5) phase exhibits a structure that was previously considered as being centrosymmetric but rather lacks inversion symmetry. In addition, FGT5 exhibits a minority phase that exhibits a long-range ordered (√3 × √3)-R30° superstructure. This superstructure is highly interesting in that it is innately 2D without any lattice periodicity perpendicular to the vdW layers, and furthermore, the superstructure is a result of ordered Te vacancies in one of the topmost layers of the FGT5 sheets rather than being a result of vertical Fe ordering as earlier suggested. We show, from direct real-space magnetic imaging, evidence for three distinct magnetic ground states in lamellae of FGT5 that are stabilized with increasing lamella thickness, namely, a multidomain state, a stripe phase, and an unusual fractal state. In the stripe phase we also observe unconventional type-I and type-II bubbles where the spin texture in the central region of the bubbles is nonuniform, unlike conventional bubbles. In addition, we find a bobber or a cocoon-like spin texture in thick (∼170 μm) FGT5 that emerges from the fractal state in the presence of a magnetic field. Among all the 2D vdW magnets we have thus demonstrated that FGT5 hosts perhaps the richest variety of magnetic phases that, thereby, make it a highly interesting platform for the subtle tuning of magnetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajesh K Gopi
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Abhay K Srivastava
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Ankit K Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Souvik Das
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Hakan Deniz
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Arthur Ernst
- Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstraβe 69, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Binoy K Hazra
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Holger L Meyerheim
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
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22
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Zhu H, Xiang G, Feng Y, Zhang X. Dynamics of Elliptical Magnetic Skyrmion in Defective Racetrack. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:312. [PMID: 38334583 PMCID: PMC10857043 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that the skyrmion Hall effect can be suppressed in an elliptical skyrmion-based device. Given that defects are unavoidable in materials, it is necessary and important to investigate the dynamics of an elliptical skyrmion in a defective racetrack device. In this work, the current-driven dynamics of an elliptical skyrmion in a defective racetrack device are systematically studied using micromagnetic simulations. The system energy analysis reveals that the magnetic parameters of the circular defect play critical roles in determining the type (repulsive or attractive) and the magnitude of the force on the elliptical skyrmion. The simulated trajectories show that the primary motion modes of the elliptical skyrmion in the defective racetrack can be divided into four types, which are dependent on the values of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) constant Dd, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant Kd, the magnitude of the driving current density J, and the size d of the defect. Further investigation of the motion-mode phases of the skyrmion reveals the synthetic effects of Dd, Kd, J, and d. Finally, the minimum depinning current density J, which linearly depends on the parameters of Dd and Kd, is obtained for a skyrmion completely pinned in the defect. Our findings give insights into the dynamics of an elliptical skyrmion in the presence of a defect with different magnetic parameters in a racetrack device and may be useful for performance enhancement of skyrmion-based racetrack memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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23
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Yang Y, Zhao L, Yi D, Xu T, Chai Y, Zhang C, Jiang D, Ji Y, Hou D, Jiang W, Tang J, Yu P, Wu H, Nan T. Acoustic-driven magnetic skyrmion motion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1018. [PMID: 38310112 PMCID: PMC10838300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions have great potential for developing novel spintronic devices. The electrical manipulation of skyrmions has mainly relied on current-induced spin-orbit torques. Recently, it was suggested that the skyrmions could be more efficiently manipulated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs), an elastic wave that can couple with magnetic moment via the magnetoelastic effect. Here, by designing on-chip piezoelectric transducers that produce propagating SAW pulses, we experimentally demonstrate the directional motion of Néel-type skyrmions in Ta/CoFeB/MgO/Ta multilayers. We find that the shear horizontal wave effectively drives the motion of skyrmions, whereas the elastic wave with longitudinal and shear vertical displacements (Rayleigh wave) cannot produce the motion of skyrmions. A longitudinal motion along the SAW propagation direction and a transverse motion due to topological charge are simultaneously observed and further confirmed by our micromagnetic simulations. This work demonstrates that acoustic waves could be another promising approach for manipulating skyrmions, which could offer new opportunities for ultra-low power skyrmionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chai
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenye Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingsong Jiang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhi Hou
- ICQD, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanjun Jiang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianshi Tang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Yu
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Nan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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24
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Gong B, Wang L, Wang S, Yu Z, Xiong L, Xiong R, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Optimizing skyrmionium movement and stability via stray magnetic fields in trilayer nanowire constructs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4716-4723. [PMID: 38251958 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Skyrmioniums, known for their unique transport and regulatory properties, are emerging as potential cornerstones for future data storage systems. However, the stability of skyrmionium movement faces considerable challenges due to the skyrmion Hall effect, which is induced by deformation. In response, our research introduces an innovative solution: we utilized micro-magnetic simulations to create a sandwiched trilayer nanowire structure augmented with a stray magnetic field. This combination effectively guides the skyrmionium within the ferromagnetic (FM) layer. Our empirical investigations reveal that the use of a stray magnetic field not only reduces the size of the skyrmionium but also amplifies its stability. This dual-effect proficiently mitigates the deformation of skyrmionium movement and boosts their thermal stability. We find these positive outcomes are most pronounced at a particular intensity of the stray magnetic field. Importantly, the required stray magnetic field can be generated using a heavy metal (HM1) layer of suitable thickness, rendering the practical application of this approach plausible in real-world experiments. Additionally, we analyze the functioning mechanism based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation and energy variation. We also develop a deep spiking neural network (DSNN), which achieves a remarkable recognition accuracy of 97%. This achievement is realized through supervised learning via the spike timing dependent plasticity rule (STDP), considering the nanostructure as an artificial synapse device that corresponds to the electrical properties of the nanostructure. In conclusion, our study provides invaluable insights for the design of innovative information storage devices utilizing skyrmionium technology. By tackling the issues presented by the skyrmion Hall effect, we outline a feasible route for the practical application of this advanced technology. Our research, therefore, serves as a robust platform for continued investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductors and Applications, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Luowen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Sunan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Lun Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, School of Optical Information and Energy Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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25
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Zhang YC, Zhao LM, Zhou YS. Modulation of photonic skyrmions in a thin metal film structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3157-3166. [PMID: 38297543 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Photonic skyrmions have been a hot topic in recent years. However, modulating the spin distributions of the skyrmions is still a challenging topic. In this paper, we investigate the detailed spin distributions of photonic skyrmions in thin metal film sandwiched by different dielectrics. We find that the ratios of different spin components can be adjusted by the thickness of the metal film, while the absolute value of total spin can be controlled by the frequency of the light source. Therefore, by choosing proper metal thickness in the preparation process and certain beam frequency in actual experiment, we can get the exact type of spin distribution we prefer. In addition, when the dielectric layers are arranged asymmetrically, the spin distributions can also be modulated significantly by adjustig the ratio of the dielectric constants of the upper and lower dielectric layers. Our results provide a new pathway for the modulation of photonic skyrmions.
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26
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Sara S, Murapaka C, Haldar A. Voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy gradient-driven skyrmion-based half-adder and full-adder. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1843-1852. [PMID: 38168698 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Spintronic devices have revolutionized the way we process or store information compared to dissipative charge-based electronics. Among various spin-based technologies, skyrmions - topologically protected nano-size spin textures - have emerged as the most promising alternative for future data processing. Here, we have proposed binary adder circuits - central to most digital logic circuits - based on skyrmions. Using micromagnetic simulations, we have demonstrated half-adder and full-adder logic functionalities by precisely driving the skyrmions through voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy gradient, besides taking advantage of the physical effects such as the skyrmion Hall effect, skyrmion-skyrmion topological repulsion and skyrmion-edge repulsions. The proposed voltage-control-based method of driving the skyrmions is energy efficient compared to the electrical current-driven approach, and it also overcomes the issue of Joule heating. A reliable operation in a wide range of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction strengths, magnetic anisotropy gradient, and dimensional parameters has been shown, which offers robustness to the device design. The results pave the way for the skyrmion-based computational architecture, which is significant for next-generation non-volatile data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwath Sara
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Chandrasekhar Murapaka
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Arabinda Haldar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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27
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Hassan M, Koraltan S, Ullrich A, Bruckner F, Serha RO, Levchenko KV, Varvaro G, Kiselev NS, Heigl M, Abert C, Suess D, Albrecht M. Dipolar skyrmions and antiskyrmions of arbitrary topological charge at room temperature. NATURE PHYSICS 2024; 20:615-622. [PMID: 38638455 PMCID: PMC11021192 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-02358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are localized, stable topological magnetic textures that can move and interact with each other like ordinary particles when an external stimulus is applied. The efficient control of the motion of spin textures using spin-polarized currents opened an opportunity for skyrmionic devices such as racetrack memory and neuromorphic or reservoir computing. The coexistence of skyrmions with high topological charge in the same system promises further possibilities for efficient technological applications. In this work, we directly observe dipolar skyrmions and antiskyrmions with arbitrary topological charge in Co/Ni multilayers at room temperature. We explore the dipolar-stabilized spin objects with topological charges of up to 10 and characterize their nucleation process, their energy dependence on the topological charge and the effect of the material parameters on their stability. Furthermore, our micromagnetic simulations demonstrate spin-transfer-induced motion of these spin objects, which is important for their potential device application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hassan
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- ISM – CNR, nM2-Lab, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - Sabri Koraltan
- Physics of Functional Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM Mathematics – Magnetism – Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aladin Ullrich
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bruckner
- Physics of Functional Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rostyslav O. Serha
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Nikolai S. Kiselev
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Heigl
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claas Abert
- Physics of Functional Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM Mathematics – Magnetism – Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Suess
- Physics of Functional Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM Mathematics – Magnetism – Materials, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Fakhrul T, Khurana B, Lee BH, Huang S, Nembach HT, Beach GSD, Ross CA. Damping and Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in Thulium Iron Garnet/Bismuth-Substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet Bilayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2489-2496. [PMID: 38180749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Thin films of ferrimagnetic iron garnets can exhibit useful magnetic properties, including perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and high domain wall velocities. In particular, bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet (BiYIG) films grown on garnet substrates have a low Gilbert damping but zero Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), whereas thulium iron garnet (TmIG) films have higher damping but a nonzero DMI. We report the damping and DMI of thulium-substituted BiYIG (BiYTmIG) and TmIG|BiYIG bilayer thin films deposited on (111) substituted gadolinium gallium garnet and neodymium gallium garnet (NGG) substrates. The films are epitaxial and exhibit PMA. BiYIG|TmIG bilayers have a damping value that is an order of magnitude lower than that of TmIG, and BiYIG|TmIG|NGG have DMI of 0.0145 ± 0.0011 mJ/m2, similar to that of TmIG|NGG. The bilayer therefore provides a combination of DMI and moderate damping, useful for the development of high-speed spin orbit torque-driven devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takian Fakhrul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bharat Khurana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Byung Hun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Siying Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hans T Nembach
- Associate, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Geoffrey S D Beach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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29
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Gao L, Prokhorenko S, Nahas Y, Bellaiche L. Dynamical Control of Topology in Polar Skyrmions via Twisted Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:026902. [PMID: 38277608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.026902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Twisted light carries a nonzero orbital angular momentum, that can be transferred from light to electrons and particles ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Up to now, the interplay between twisted light with dipolar systems has scarcely been explored, though the latter bear abundant forms of topologies such as skyrmions and embrace strong light-matter coupling. Here, using first-principles-based simulations, we show that twisted light can excite and drive dynamical polar skyrmions and transfer its nonzero winding number to ferroelectric ultrathin films. The skyrmion is successively created and annihilated alternately at the two interfaces, and experiences a periodic transition from a markedly "Bloch" to "Néel" character, accompanied with the emergence of a "Bloch point" topological defect with vanishing polarization. The dynamical evolution of skyrmions is connected to a constant jump of topological number between "0" and "1" over time. These intriguing phenomena are found to have an electrostatic origin. Our study thus demonstrates that, and explains why this unique light-matter interaction can be very powerful in creating and manipulating topological solitons in functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Gao
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Sergei Prokhorenko
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Yousra Nahas
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Laurent Bellaiche
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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30
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Liu C, Wang J, He W, Zhang C, Zhang S, Yuan S, Hou Z, Qin M, Xu Y, Gao X, Peng Y, Liu K, Qiu ZQ, Liu JM, Zhang X. Strain-Induced Reversible Motion of Skyrmions at Room Temperature. ACS NANO 2024; 18:761-769. [PMID: 38127497 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected swirling spin textures with great potential for future spintronic applications. The ability to induce skyrmion motion using mechanical strain not only stimulates the exploration of exotic physics but also affords the opportunity to develop energy-efficient spintronic devices. However, the experimental realization of strain-driven skyrmion motion remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that the inhomogeneous uniaxial compressive strain can induce the movement of isolated skyrmions from regions of high strain to regions of low strain at room temperature, which was directly observed using an in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscope with a specially designed nanoindentation holder. We discover that the uniaxial compressive strain can transform skyrmions into a single domain with in-plane magnetization, resulting in the coexistence of skyrmions with a single domain along the direction of the strain gradient. Through comprehensive micromagnetic simulations, we reveal that the repulsive interactions between skyrmions and the single domain serve as the driving force behind the skyrmion motion. The precise control of skyrmion motion through strain provides exciting opportunities for designing advanced spintronic devices that leverage the intricate interplay between strain and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junlin Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Wa He
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Senfu Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Xingsen Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Zi Qiang Qiu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jun-Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Prokhorenko S, Nahas Y, Govinden V, Zhang Q, Valanoor N, Bellaiche L. Motion and teleportation of polar bubbles in low-dimensional ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:412. [PMID: 38195617 PMCID: PMC10776862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Electric bubbles are sub-10nm spherical vortices of electric dipoles that can spontaneously form in ultra-thin ferroelectrics. While the static properties of electric bubbles are well established, little to nothing is known about the dynamics of these particle-like structures. Here, we reveal pathways to realizing both the spontaneous and controlled dynamics of electric bubbles in ultra-thin Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3 films. In low screening conditions, we find that electric bubbles exhibit thermally-driven chaotic motion giving rise to a liquid-like state. In the high screening regime, we show that bubbles remain static but can be continuously displaced by a local electric field. Additionally, we predict and experimentally demonstrate the possibility of bubble teleportation - a process wherein a bubble is transferred to a new location via a single electric field pulse of a PFM tip. Finally, we attribute the discovered phenomena to the hierarchical structure of the energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prokhorenko
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Y Nahas
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - V Govinden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Q Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW, 2070, Australia.
| | - N Valanoor
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - L Bellaiche
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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32
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Silva RL, Silva RC, Pereira AR. Releasing antiferromagnetic skyrmions from local magnetic-anisotropy defects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 36:135803. [PMID: 38100826 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Lattice defects may work as a kind of apparatus for catching topological excitations, preventing their escape. So, the problem of removing skyrmions from eventual local defects in magnetic materials must be closely related to new technologies such as skyrmionic. Here, we examine the conditions for drawing a skyrmion from a magnetic impurity in a two-dimensional antiferromagnetic system by applying spin-polarized currents (SPC). Two types of impurities are investigated (local easy-axis and easy-plane anisotropy defects). Also, two methods to release the skyrmion with SPC are explored. In principle, our results could be qualitatively relevant to any other type of lattice defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 60, Bairro Litorâneo, São Mateus, ES CEP 29932-540, Brazil
| | - R C Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 60, Bairro Litorâneo, São Mateus, ES CEP 29932-540, Brazil
| | - A R Pereira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-000, Brazil
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33
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Liu L, Chen W, Zheng Y. Emergent Mechanics of Magnetic Skyrmions Deformed by Defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:246701. [PMID: 38181138 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.246701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
While magnetic skyrmions are often modeled as rigid particles, both experiments and micromagnetic simulations indicate their easy-to-deform characteristic, especially when their motion is restricted by defects. Here we establish a theoretical framework for the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions by incorporating the degrees of freedom related to deformation and predict well the current-driven dynamics of deformable skyrmions in the presence of line defects without any parameter fitting, where classical theories based on rigid-particle assumption deviate significantly. Further, we define an emergent property of magnetic skyrmions-flexibility and show that this property strongly modulates the depinning dynamics of skyrmions along a line defect with breaches. Our work explores the emergent mechanics of magnetic skyrmions and extends the current understanding on the dynamics of skyrmions interacted with defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Zhang Y, Shi M, Wang W, Xu X, Tian M, Song D, Du H. Room-Temperature Zero-Field kπ-Skyrmions and Their Field-Driven Evolutions in Chiral Nanodisks. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10205-10212. [PMID: 37942916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Target skyrmion, characterized by a central skyrmion surrounded by a series of concentric cylinder domains known as kπ-skyrmions (k ≥ 2), holds promise as a novel storage state in next-generation memories. However, target skyrmions comprising one or more concentric cylindrical domains have not been observed in chiral magnets, particularly at room temperature. In this study, we experimentally achieved kπ-skyrmions (k = 2, 3, and 4) with diameters of ∼220, 320, and 410 nm, respectively, and room-temperature stability under zero magnetic field by tightly confining these topological spin textures in β-Mn-type Co8Zn10Mn2 nanodisks. The magnetic configurations and their field-driven evolutions were simultaneously investigated by using in situ off-axis electron holography. In combination with numerical simulations, we further investigated the dependence of kmax on the nanodisk diameter. These findings highlight the potential of kπ-skyrmions as information carriers and offer insights into manipulation of kπ-skyrmions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsen Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Meng Shi
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xitong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Mingliang Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Dongsheng Song
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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35
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Cai N, Zhang X, Hu Y, Liu Y. Nontraditional Movement Behavior of Skyrmion in a Circular-Ring Nanotrack. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2977. [PMID: 37999331 PMCID: PMC10675125 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are considered promising candidates for use as information carriers in future spintronic devices. To achieve the development of skyrmion-based spintronic devices, a reasonable and feasible nanotrack is essential. In this paper, we conducted a study on the current-driven skyrmion movement in a circular-ring-shaped nanotrack. Our results suggest that the asymmetry of the inside and outside boundary of the circular ring changed the stable position of the skyrmion, causing it to move like the skyrmion Hall effect when driven by currents. Moreover, the asymmetric boundaries have advantages in enhancing or weakening the skyrmion Hall effect. Additionally, we also compared the skyrmion Hall effect from the asymmetric boundary of circular-ring nanotracks with that from the inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. It was found that the skyrmion Hall effect in the circular ring is significantly greater than that caused by the inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. These results contribute to our understanding of the skyrmion dynamics in confined geometries and offer an alternative method for controlling the skyrmion Hall effect of skyrmion-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Hu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (N.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (N.C.); (X.Z.)
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36
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Chen J, Ji B, Lang P, Zhang Y, Lin J. Impact of the geometry of the excitation structure on optical skyrmion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37929-37942. [PMID: 38017912 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical skyrmions have attracted great attention for the potential applications in novel information storage and communication. It is of great significance to get insight into the generation of optical skyrmions by surface waves. Here, we have paid greater emphasis on the influence of the geometry of the coupling structure on the formation of optical skyrmions. Optical skyrmions are constructed from the superposition of the interfering surface plasmons excited by polygon trenches on Ag film. The results show the field texture of optical skyrmions is mainly determined by the excitation structure, with distinct properties revealed with various closed and non-closed geometries. Moreover, the ratio between the electric field strengths of the optical skyrmions can be larger than 4 between the optimized and unoptimized coupling structures. The pattern of the optical skyrmion shows a strong dependence on the excitation structure, implying the significant role in skyrmion topology it plays.
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37
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Yasin FS, Masell J, Karube K, Shindo D, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y, Yu X. Heat current-driven topological spin texture transformations and helical q-vector switching. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7094. [PMID: 37925467 PMCID: PMC10625536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of magnetic states in memory devices has a history dating back decades, and the experimental discovery of magnetic skyrmions and subsequent demonstrations of their control via magnetic fields, heat, and electric/thermal currents have ushered in a new era for spintronics research and development. Recent studies have experimentally discovered the antiskyrmion, the skyrmion's antiparticle, and while several host materials have been identified, control via thermal current remains elusive. In this work, we use thermal current to drive the transformation between skyrmions, antiskyrmions and non-topological bubbles, as well as the switching of helical states in the antiskyrmion-hosting ferromagnet (Fe0.63Ni0.3Pd0.07)3P at room temperature. We discover that a temperature gradient [Formula: see text] drives a transformation from antiskyrmions to non-topological bubbles to skyrmions while under a magnetic field and observe the opposite, unidirectional transformation from skyrmions to antiskyrmions at zero-field, suggesting that the antiskyrmion, more so than the skyrmion, is robustly metastable at zero field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fehmi Sami Yasin
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Jan Masell
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kosuke Karube
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shindo
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Taguchi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xiuzhen Yu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
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38
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Leonov AO. Precursor skyrmion states near the ordering temperatures of chiral magnets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28691-28702. [PMID: 37849353 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In noncentrosymmetric magnets, chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMI) provide a distinctive mechanism for the stabilization of localized skyrmion states in two and three dimensions with a fixed sense of rotation. Near the ordering transition, the skyrmion strings develop attractive skyrmion-skyrmion interactions and ultimately become confined in extended clusters or textures [A. O. Leonov and U. K. Rößler, Nanomaterials, 2023, 13, 891], which is a consequence of the coupling between the magnitude and the angular part of the order parameter. Multi-skyrmionic states built from isolated skyrmions (IS) can form multiple modulated magnetic phases that may underlie the exotic magnetic phenomena of "partial order" or the field-driven "A-phase" observed in MnSi and other cubic helimagnets. Based on the standard phenomenological Dzyaloshinskii model, we obtain numerically exact solutions for skyrmion lattices (SkL), formulate their basic properties, and elucidate physical mechanisms of their formation and stability. Our detailed numerical studies show that the bound skyrmion states arise as hexagonal lattices of ±π-skyrmions (with the magnetization in the center along or opposite to the magnetic field) or square staggered lattices of π/2-skyrmions, which contain defect lines with zero modulus value and thus may form thermodynamically stable states only near the ordering temperature. In the simplest case of a two-dimensional (2D) skyrmionic texture, the structure is homogeneous in the third dimension (3D). The skyrmions preserve an ideal axisymmetric "double twist" core in condensed phases, while continuation into a space-filling texture is frustrated. The evolution of skyrmion lattices in an increasing magnetic field leads to a succession of phase transitions of first or second kind between diverse textures and finally ends due to the formation of isolated skyrmion-filaments with fixed radius and shape embedded in a homogeneously magnetized matrix. In the framework of the phenomenological model including only isotropic interactions (exchange, Zeeman, and DM energy contributions), the considered skyrmion lattices are only metastable states as the competing conical one-dimensional spiral forms the equilibrium state. But due to the weak couplings between skyrmions, secondary effects like anisotropies can stabilize skyrmionic textures as compared to simple helices. Also the topological nature of skyrmion condensates makes the magnetization processes in chiral magnets history-dependent and hysteretic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O Leonov
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter, Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- IFW Dresden, Postfach 270016, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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39
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Du W, Dou K, He Z, Dai Y, Huang B, Ma Y. Bloch-type magnetic skyrmions in two-dimensional lattices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5071-5078. [PMID: 37668420 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions in two-dimensional lattices are a prominent topic of condensed matter physics and materials science. Current research efforts in this field are exclusively constrained to Néel-type and antiskyrmions, while Bloch-type magnetic skyrmions are rarely explored. Here, we report the discovery of Bloch-type magnetic skyrmions in a two-dimensional lattice of MnInP2Te6, using first-principles calculations and Monte-Carlo simulations. Arising from the joint effect of broken inversion symmetry and strong spin-orbit coupling, monolayer MnInP2Te6 presents large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This, along with ferromagnetic exchange interaction and out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy, gives rise to skyrmion physics in monolayer MnInP2Te6, in the absence of a magnetic field. Remarkably, different from all previous works on two-dimensional lattices, the resultant magnetic skyrmions feature Bloch-type magnetism, which is protected by D3 symmetry. Furthermore, Bloch-type magnetic bimerons are also identified in monolayer MnTlP2Te6. The phase diagrams of these Bloch-type topological magnetisms under a magnetic field, temperature and strain are mapped out. Our results greatly enrich the research on magnetic skyrmions in two-dimensional lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Du
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Kaiying Dou
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhonglin He
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Baibiao Huang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yandong Ma
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, China.
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40
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Galvez D, Castro M, Bittencourt G, Carvalho V, Allende S. Magnetic Bimerons in Cylindrical Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2841. [PMID: 37947687 PMCID: PMC10648566 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the analysis of the stability of magnetic bimerons in a cylindrical nanotube. Through micromagnetic simulations, we study the influence of magnetic and geometrical parameters on the bimeron existence and size. The obtained results allow us to present diagram states showing the stability region of a bimeron as a function of the nanotube's height and radius for different anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction strengths. We also obtain two other magnetic states in the range of parameters where the bimeron is not stable: helicoidal and saturated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galvez
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Mario Castro
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Guilherme Bittencourt
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil; (G.B.)
| | - Vagson Carvalho
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil; (G.B.)
| | - Sebastian Allende
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile
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41
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He B, Tomasello R, Luo X, Zhang R, Nie Z, Carpentieri M, Han X, Finocchio G, Yu G. All-Electrical 9-Bit Skyrmion-Based Racetrack Memory Designed with Laser Irradiation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9482-9490. [PMID: 37818857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Racetrack memories with magnetic skyrmions have recently been proposed as a promising storage technology. To be appealing, several challenges must still be faced for the deterministic generation of skyrmions, their high-fidelity transfer, and accurate reading. Here, we realize the first proof-of-concept of a 9-bit skyrmion racetrack memory with all-electrical controllable functionalities implemented in the same device. The key ingredient is the generation of a tailored nonuniform distribution of magnetic anisotropy via laser irradiation in order to (i) create a well-defined skyrmion nucleation center, (ii) define the memory cells hosting the information coded as the presence/absence of skyrmions, and (iii) improve the signal-to-noise ratio of anomalous Hall resistance measurements. This work introduces a strategy to unify previous findings and predictions for the development of a generation of racetrack memories with robust control of skyrmion nucleation and position, as well as effective skyrmion electrical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Riccardo Tomasello
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico of Bari, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Xuming Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuyang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mario Carpentieri
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico of Bari, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Xiufeng Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Giovanni Finocchio
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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42
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Goodge B, Gonzalez O, Xie LS, Bediako DK. Consequences and Control of Multiscale Order/Disorder in Chiral Magnetic Textures. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19865-19876. [PMID: 37801330 PMCID: PMC10604074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising platforms for next-generation spintronic devices based on their wide range of electronic and magnetic phases, which can be tuned by varying the host lattice or intercalant's identity, stoichiometry, or spatial order. Some of these compounds host a chiral magnetic phase in which the helical winding of magnetic moments propagates along a high-symmetry crystalline axis. Previous studies have demonstrated that variation in intercalant concentrations can have a dramatic effect on the formation of chiral domains and ensemble magnetic properties. However, a systematic and comprehensive study of how atomic-scale order and disorder impact these chiral magnetic textures is so far lacking. Here, we leverage a combination of imaging modes in the (scanning) transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) to directly probe (dis)order across multiple length scales and show how subtle changes in the atomic lattice can tune the mesoscale spin textures and bulk magnetic response in Cr1/3NbS2, with direct implications for the fundamental understanding and technological implementation of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit
H. Goodge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oscar Gonzalez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lilia S. Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D. Kwabena Bediako
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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43
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Cho J, Jung J, Kim SB, Ju WR, Kim DH, Byun M, Kim JS. The Stack Optimization of Magnetic Heterojunction Structures for Next-Generation Spintronic Logic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6418. [PMID: 37834555 PMCID: PMC10573172 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic heterojunction structures with a suppressed interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and a sustainable long-range interlayer exchange coupling are achieved with an ultrathin platinum insertion layer. The systematic inelastic light scattering spectroscopy measurements indicate that the insertion layer restores the symmetry of the system and, then, the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, which can prevent the identical magnetic domain wall motions, is obviously minimized. Nevertheless, the strong interlayer exchange coupling of the system is maintained. Consequently, synthetic ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange couplings as a function of the ruthenium layer thickness are observed as well. Therefore, these optimized magnetic multilayer stacks can avoid crucial issues, such as domain wall tilting and position problems, for next-generation spintronic logic applications. Moreover, the synthetic antiferromagnetic coupling can open a new path to develop a radically different NOT gate via current-induced magnetic domain wall motions and inversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehun Cho
- Division of Nanotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyong Jung
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bok Kim
- Division of Nanotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ri Ju
- Division of Nanotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Kim
- Division of Nanotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Byun
- Department of Materials Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Seo Kim
- Division of Nanotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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44
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Castell-Queralt J, Abad-López G, González-Gómez L, Del-Valle N, Navau C. Survival of skyrmions along granular racetracks at room temperature. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4728-4734. [PMID: 37705781 PMCID: PMC10496888 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00464c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Skyrmions can be envisioned as bits of information that can be transported along nanoracetracks. However, temperature, defects, and/or granularity can produce diffusion, pinning, and, in general, modification in their dynamics. These effects may cause undesired errors in information transport. We present simulations of a realistic system where both the (room) temperature and sample granularity are taken into account. Key feasibility magnitudes, such as the success probability of a skyrmion traveling a given distance along the racetrack, are calculated. The results are evaluated in terms of the eventual loss of skyrmions by pinning, destruction at the edges, or excessive delay due to granularity. The model proposed is based on the Fokker-Planck equation resulting from Thiele's rigid model for skyrmions. The results could serve to establish error detection criteria and, in general, to discern the dynamics of skyrmions in realistic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Castell-Queralt
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Guillermo Abad-López
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Leonardo González-Gómez
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Nuria Del-Valle
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Carles Navau
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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45
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Xie L, Gonzalez O, Li K, Michiardi M, Gorovikov S, Ryu SH, Fender SS, Zonno M, Jo NH, Zhdanovich S, Jozwiak C, Bostwick A, Husremović S, Erodici MP, Mollazadeh C, Damascelli A, Rotenberg E, Ping Y, Bediako DK. Comparative Electronic Structures of the Chiral Helimagnets Cr 1/3NbS 2 and Cr 1/3TaS 2. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:7239-7251. [PMID: 37719035 PMCID: PMC10500995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic materials with noncollinear spin textures are promising for spintronic applications. To realize practical devices, control over the length and energy scales of such spin textures is imperative. The chiral helimagnets Cr1/3NbS2 and Cr1/3TaS2 exhibit analogous magnetic-phase diagrams with different real-space periodicities and field dependence, positioning them as model systems for studying the relative strengths of the microscopic mechanisms giving rise to exotic spin textures. Although the electronic structure of the Nb analogue has been experimentally investigated, the Ta analogue has received far less attention. Here, we present a comprehensive suite of electronic structure studies on both Cr1/3NbS2 and Cr1/3TaS2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory. We show that bands in Cr1/3TaS2 are more dispersive than their counterparts in Cr1/3NbS2, resulting in markedly different Fermi wavevectors. The fact that their qualitative magnetic phase diagrams are nevertheless identical shows that hybridization between the intercalant and host lattice mediates the magnetic exchange interactions in both of these materials. We ultimately find that ferromagnetic coupling is stronger in Cr1/3TaS2, but larger spin-orbit coupling (and a stronger Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction) from the heavier host lattice ultimately gives rise to shorter spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia
S. Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oscar Gonzalez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kejun Li
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Matteo Michiardi
- Quantum
Matter Institute, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sergey Gorovikov
- Canadian
Light Source, Inc., 44
Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Sae Hee Ryu
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shannon S. Fender
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marta Zonno
- Canadian
Light Source, Inc., 44
Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Na Hyun Jo
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sergey Zhdanovich
- Quantum
Matter Institute, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Jozwiak
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron Bostwick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samra Husremović
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew P. Erodici
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cameron Mollazadeh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrea Damascelli
- Quantum
Matter Institute, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuan Ping
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - D. Kwabena Bediako
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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46
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Dohi T, Weißenhofer M, Kerber N, Kammerbauer F, Ge Y, Raab K, Zázvorka J, Syskaki MA, Shahee A, Ruhwedel M, Böttcher T, Pirro P, Jakob G, Nowak U, Kläui M. Enhanced thermally-activated skyrmion diffusion with tunable effective gyrotropic force. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5424. [PMID: 37696785 PMCID: PMC10495465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions, topologically-stabilized spin textures that emerge in magnetic systems, have garnered considerable interest due to a variety of electromagnetic responses that are governed by the topology. The topology that creates a microscopic gyrotropic force also causes detrimental effects, such as the skyrmion Hall effect, which is a well-studied phenomenon highlighting the influence of topology on the deterministic dynamics and drift motion. Furthermore, the gyrotropic force is anticipated to have a substantial impact on stochastic diffusive motion; however, the predicted repercussions have yet to be demonstrated, even qualitatively. Here we demonstrate enhanced thermally-activated diffusive motion of skyrmions in a specifically designed synthetic antiferromagnet. Suppressing the effective gyrotropic force by tuning the angular momentum compensation leads to a more than 10 times enhanced diffusion coefficient compared to that of ferromagnetic skyrmions. Consequently, our findings not only demonstrate the gyro-force dependence of the diffusion coefficient but also enable ultimately energy-efficient unconventional stochastic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Dohi
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Markus Weißenhofer
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, DE-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, S-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nico Kerber
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuqing Ge
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Raab
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakub Zázvorka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague, 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Maria-Andromachi Syskaki
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Singulus Technologies AG, 63796, Kahl am Main, Germany
| | - Aga Shahee
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Ruhwedel
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Philipp Pirro
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jakob
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nowak
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, DE-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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47
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Song Y, Xu T, Zhao G, Xu Y, Zhong Z, Zheng X, Shi N, Zhou C, Hao Y, Huang Q, Xing X, Zhang Y, Chen J. High-density, spontaneous magnetic biskyrmions induced by negative thermal expansion in ferrimagnets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1984. [PMID: 37672584 PMCID: PMC10482331 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected quasiparticles that are promising for applications in spintronics. However, the low stability of most magnetic skyrmions leads to either a narrow temperature range in which they can exist, a low density of skyrmions, or the need for an external magnetic field, which greatly limits their wide application. In this study, high-density, spontaneous magnetic biskyrmions existing within a wide temperature range and without the need for a magnetic field were formed in ferrimagnets owing to the existence of a negative thermal expansion of the lattice. Moreover, a strong connection between the atomic-scale ferrimagnetic structure and nanoscale magnetic domains in Ho(Co,Fe)3 was revealed via in situ neutron powder diffraction and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy measurements. The critical role of the negative thermal expansion in generating biskyrmions in HoCo3 based on the magnetoelastic coupling effect is further demonstrated by comparing the behavior of HoCo2.8Fe0.2 with a positive thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tiankuo Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Institute of Solid State Physics, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuanji Xu
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials Devices & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xinqi Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Naike Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiqing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingzhen Huang
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Xianran Xing
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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48
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Kato YD, Okamura Y, Hirschberger M, Tokura Y, Takahashi Y. Topological magneto-optical effect from skyrmion lattice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5416. [PMID: 37669971 PMCID: PMC10480175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The magnetic skyrmion is a spin-swirling topological object characterized by its nontrivial winding number, holding potential for next-generation spintronic devices. While optical readout has become increasingly important towards the high integration and ultrafast operation of those devices, the optical response of skyrmions has remained elusive. Here, we show the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) induced by the skyrmion formation, i.e., topological MOKE, in Gd2PdSi3. The significantly enhanced optical rotation found in the skyrmion phase demonstrates the emergence of topological MOKE, exemplifying the light-skyrmion interaction arising from the emergent gauge field. This gauge field in momentum space causes a dramatic reconstruction of the electronic band structure, giving rise to magneto-optical activity ranging up to the sub-eV region. The present findings pave a way for photonic technology based on skyrmionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro D Kato
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okamura
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Max Hirschberger
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Youtarou Takahashi
- Department of Applied Physics and Quantum Phase Electronics Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
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49
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Liu C, Jiang J, Zhang C, Wang Q, Zhang H, Zheng D, Li Y, Ma Y, Algaidi H, Gao X, Hou Z, Mi W, Liu J, Qiu Z, Zhang X. Controllable Skyrmionic Phase Transition between Néel Skyrmions and Bloch Skyrmionic Bubbles in van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe 3-δ GeTe 2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303443. [PMID: 37505392 PMCID: PMC10520623 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnet Fe3-δ GeTe2 has garnered significant research interest as a platform for skyrmionic spin configurations, that is, skyrmions and skyrmionic bubbles. However, despite extensive efforts, the origin of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in Fe3-δ GeTe2 remains elusive, making it challenging to acquire these skyrmionic phases in a controlled manner. In this study, it is demonstrated that the Fe content in Fe3-δ GeTe2 has a profound effect on the crystal structure, DMI, and skyrmionic phase. For the first time, a marked increase in Fe atom displacement with decreasing Fe content is observed, transforming the original centrosymmetric crystal structure into a non-centrosymmetric symmetry, leading to a considerable DMI. Additionally, by varying the Fe content and sample thickness, a controllable transition between Néel-type skyrmions and Bloch-type skyrmionic bubbles is achieved, governed by a delicate interplay between dipole-dipole interaction and the DMI. The findings offer novel insights into the variable skyrmionic phases in Fe3-δ GeTe2 and provide the impetus for developing vdW ferromagnet-based spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low‐Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300354China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingping Wang
- College of Electronic Information and AutomationAba Teachers UniversityPixian StreetSichuan623002China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced MaterialsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Huai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced MaterialsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Dongxing Zheng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Yinchang Ma
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin Algaidi
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Xingsen Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced MaterialsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced MaterialsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low‐Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of ScienceTianjin UniversityTianjin300354China
| | - Jun‐ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced MaterialsSouth China Academy of Advanced OptoelectronicsSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing211102China
| | - Ziqiang Qiu
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
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50
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Zelent M, Moalic M, Mruczkiewicz M, Li X, Zhou Y, Krawczyk M. Stabilization and racetrack application of asymmetric Néel skyrmions in hybrid nanostructures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13572. [PMID: 37604926 PMCID: PMC10442414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions, topological quasiparticles, are small stable magnetic textures that possess intriguing properties and potential for data storage applications. Hybrid nanostructures comprised of skyrmions and soft magnetic material can offer additional advantages for developing skyrmion-based spintronic and magnonic devices. We show that a Néel-type skyrmion confined within a nanodot placed on top of a ferromagnetic in-plane magnetized stripe produces a unique and compelling platform for exploring the mutual coupling between magnetization textures. The skyrmion induces an imprint upon the stripe, which, in turn, asymmetrically squeezes the skyrmion in the dot, increasing their size and the range of skyrmion stability at small values of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, as well as introducing skyrmion bi-stability. Finally, by exploiting the properties of the skyrmion in a hybrid system, we demonstrate unlimited skyrmion transport along a racetrack, free of the skyrmion Hall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Zelent
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mathieu Moalic
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Mruczkiewicz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 841-04, Slovakia
- Centre For Advanced Materials Application CEMEA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 845 11, Slovakia
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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