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Sunada S. Chemical-Induced DNA Damage Identification by High-Throughput Detection of DNA Double-Strand Break. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2933:113-117. [PMID: 40418481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4574-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals cause diverse types of DNA damage in cells. However, the failure of DNA repair associated with the formation of these lesions converts the diverse forms of DNA damage into the more severe form of damage, the DNA double-strand break (DSB). The DSB is also considered an early factor in the carcinogenic process. Therefore, analytical methods for detecting DSBs can contribute to the detection of carcinogenic chemicals. γH2AX has been widely used as a highly sensitive marker for DSB, and analytical methods using flow cytometry have excellent quantitative properties. I further attempted to simplify and expedite the method while maintaining its quantitative performance and established a high-throughput DSB quantification method. In this section, I present a simple method for evaluating the DNA damage potential of chemicals in terms of DSB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Sunada
- Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Yoshimoto M, Washiyama K, Ohnuki K, Doi A, Inokuchi M, Kojima M, Miller BW, Yoshii Y, Inaki A, Fujii H. Long-Term Therapeutic Effects of 225Ac-DOTA-E[c(RGDfK)] 2 Induced by Radiosensitization via G2/M Arrest in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 17:9. [PMID: 39861661 PMCID: PMC11768328 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2024] [Revised: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Alpha radionuclide therapy has emerged as a promising novel strategy for cancer treatment; however, the therapeutic potential of 225Ac-labeled peptides in pancreatic cancer remains uninvestigated. Methods: In the cytotoxicity study, tumor cells were incubated with 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2. DNA damage responses (γH2AX and 53BP1) were detected using flowcytometry or immunohistochemistry analysis. Biodistribution and therapeutic studies were carried out in BxPC-3-bearing mice. Results: 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against cells expressing αvβ3 or αvβ6 integrins and induced G2/M arrest and γH2AX expression as a marker of double-stranded DNA breaks. 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 (20, 40, 65, or 90 kBq) showed favorable pharmacokinetics and remarkable tumor growth inhibition without severe side effects in the BxPC-3 mouse model. In vitro studies revealed that 5 and 10 kBq/mL of 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 swiftly induced G2/M arrest and elevated γH2AX expression. Furthermore, to clarify the mechanism of successful tumor growth inhibition for a long duration in vivo, we investigated whether short-term high radiation exposure enhances radiation sensitivity. Initially, a 4 h induction treatment with 5 and 10 kBq/mL of 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 enhanced both cytotoxicity and γH2AX expression with 0.5 kBq/mL of 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 compared to a treatment with only 0.5 kBq/mL of 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2. Meanwhile, the γH2AX expression induced by 5 or 10 kBq/mL of 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 alone decreased over time. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of using 225Ac-DOTA-RGD2 in the treatment of intractable pancreatic cancers, as its ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest enhances radiosensitization, resulting in notable growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Yoshimoto
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kohshin Washiyama
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Kazunobu Ohnuki
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Ayano Doi
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Miki Inokuchi
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Brian W. Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Anri Inaki
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujii
- Division of Functional Imaging, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
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3
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Tuktarova RA, Dzhemileva LU, Dzhemilev UM, D'yakonov VA. New Synthetic Analogs of Natural 5Z,9Z-Dienoic Acids-Hybrid Molecules Based on Oleanolic Acid: Synthesis and Study of Antitumor Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3893. [PMID: 39682082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16233893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: A series of synthetic analogs of natural (5Z,9Z)-diene acids were synthesized for the first time in the form of hybrid molecules containing an oleanolic acid fragment. This fragment was simultaneously linked by an amide bond to various hetero- and carbocyclic amines and a complex ester bond to (5Z,9Z)-tetradeca-5,9-dienecarboxylic acid, which was synthesized by a new reaction of Ti-catalyzed homocyclomagnification of 1,2-dienes. Results: Among the synthesized hybrids, the highest cytotoxic activity was observed for compound 9a in the series of Jurkat, K562, U937, and HEK293, with IC50 values of 4.5; 3.1; 2.8; and 26.17 μM/L, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized compound 9a has been observed to induce apoptosis and exhibit genotoxicity in Jurkat culture, which suggests that it may be a promising candidate for further investigation as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Tuktarova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Chemical Engineering Center, ITMO University, Kronverksky Prospekt 49, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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4
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Allen LH, Fenech M, LeVatte MA, West KP, Wishart DS. Multiomics: Functional Molecular Biomarkers of Micronutrients for Public Health Application. Annu Rev Nutr 2024; 44:125-153. [PMID: 39207879 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062322-022751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Adequate micronutrient intake and status are global public health goals. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are widespread and known to impair health and survival across the life stages. However, knowledge of molecular effects, metabolic pathways, biological responses to variation in micronutrient nutriture, and abilities to assess populations for micronutrient deficiencies and their pathology remain lacking. Rapidly evolving methodological capabilities in genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics offer unparalleled opportunities for the nutrition research community to link micronutrient exposure to cellular health; discover new, arguably essential micronutrients of microbial origin; and integrate methods of molecular biology, epidemiology, and intervention trials to develop novel approaches to assess and prevent micronutrient deficiencies in populations. In this review article, we offer new terminology to specify nutritional application of multiomic approaches and encourage collaboration across the basic to public health sciences to advance micronutrient deficiency prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Fenech
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcia A LeVatte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Sotomayor CG, González C, Soto M, Moreno-Bertero N, Opazo C, Ramos B, Espinoza G, Sanhueza Á, Cárdenas G, Yévenes S, Díaz-Jara J, de Grazia J, Manterola M, Castro D, Gajardo AAIJ, Rodrigo R. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Computed Tomography-Effect of Vitamin C on Prevention of DNA Damage: PREVIR-C Randomized Controlled Trial Study Protocol. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3866. [PMID: 38999430 PMCID: PMC11242585 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is inevitable in various X-ray imaging examinations, with computed tomography (CT) being a major contributor to increased human radiation exposure. Ionizing radiation may cause structural damage to macromolecules, particularly DNA, mostly through an indirect pathway in diagnostic imaging. The indirect pathway primarily involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to water radiolysis induced by IR, leading to DNA damage, including double-strand breaks (DSB), which are highly cytotoxic. Antioxidants, substances that prevent oxidative damage, are proposed as potential radioprotective agents. This Study Protocol article presents the rationale for selecting vitamin C as a preventive measure against CT-associated IR-induced DNA damage, to be investigated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial, with a full in vivo design, using an oral easy-to-use schedule administration in the outpatient setting, for the single CT examination with the highest total global IR dose burden (contrast-enhanced abdomen and pelvis CT). The study also aims to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress, and it has been written in adherence to the Standard Protocol Items recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G. Sotomayor
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila González
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Miki Soto
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - Claudina Opazo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Baltasar Ramos
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Espinoza
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Álvaro Sanhueza
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cárdenas
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Sebastián Yévenes
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Jorge Díaz-Jara
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - José de Grazia
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Marcia Manterola
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniel Castro
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Abraham A. I. J. Gajardo
- Intensive Care Unit, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
- Program of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
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Johnstone BH, Gu D, Lin CH, Du J, Woods EJ. Identification of a fundamental cryoinjury mechanism in MSCs and its mitigation through cell-cycle synchronization prior to freezing. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104592. [PMID: 37827209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical development of cellular therapies, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) treatments, has been hindered by ineffective cryopreservation methods that result in substantial loss of post-thaw cell viability and function. Proposed solutions to generate high potency MSC for clinical testing include priming cells with potent cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) prior to cryopreservation, which has been shown to enhance post-thaw function, or briefly culturing to allow recovery from cryopreservation injury prior to administering to patients. However, both solutions have disadvantages: cryorecovery increases the complexity of manufacturing and distribution logistics, while the pleiotropic effects of IFNγ may have uncharacterized and unintended consequences on MSC function. To determine specific cellular functions impacted by cryoinjury, we first evaluated cell cycle status. It was discovered that S phase MSC are exquisitely sensitive to cryoinjury, demonstrating heightened levels of delayed apoptosis post-thaw and reduced immunomodulatory function. Blocking cell cycle progression at G0/G1 by growth factor deprivation (commonly known as serum starvation) greatly reduced post-thaw dysfunction of MSC by preventing apoptosis induced by double-stranded breaks in labile replicating DNA that form during the cryopreservation and thawing processes. Viability, clonal growth and T cell suppression function were preserved at pre-cryopreservation levels and were no different than cells prior to freezing or frozen after priming with IFNγ. Thus, we have developed a robust and effective strategy to enhance post-thaw recovery of therapeutic MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongsheng Gu
- Ossium Health, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chieh-Han Lin
- Ossium Health, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jianguang Du
- Ossium Health, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Erik J Woods
- Ossium Health, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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7
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Dzhemileva LU, Tuktarova RA, Dzhemilev UM, D’yakonov VA. Natural Acetogenins, Chatenaytrienins-1, -2, -3 and -4, Mitochondrial Potential Uncouplers and Autophagy Inducers-Promising Anticancer Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1528. [PMID: 37627523 PMCID: PMC10451668 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper details the complete stereoselective synthesis of four natural acetogenins, chatenaytrienins-1, -2, -3 and -4, previously isolated from the roots of fruit trees of the family Annonaceae (A. nutans and A. muricata), as an inseparable mixture. The novel organometallic reactions, developed by the authors, of Ti-catalyzed cross-cyclomagnesiation of O-containing and aliphatic allenes using available Grignard reagents were applied at the key stage of synthesis. We have studied the biological activity of the synthesized individual chatenaytrienins-1, -2, -3 and -4 in vitro, including their cytotoxicity in a panel of tumor lines and their ability to induce apoptosis, affect the cell cycle and mitochondria, and activate the main apoptotic signaling pathways in the cell, applying modern approaches of flow cytometry and multiplex analysis with Luminex xMAP technology. It has been shown that chatenaytrienins affect mitochondria by uncoupling the processes of mitochondrial respiration, causing the accumulation of ROS ions, followed by the initiation of apoptosis. The most likely mechanism for the death of cortical neurons from the consumption of tea from the seeds of Annona fruit is long-term chronic hypoxia, which leads to the development of an atypical form of Parkinson's disease that is characteristic of the indigenous inhabitants of Guam and New Caledonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilya U. Dzhemileva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.T.); (U.M.D.)
| | | | | | - Vladimir A. D’yakonov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.T.); (U.M.D.)
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8
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Standards for Quantitative Measurement of DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065427. [PMID: 36982502 PMCID: PMC10051712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the potential applications of DNA diagnostics continue to expand, there is a need for improved methods and standards for DNA analysis. This report describes several methods that could be considered for the production of reference materials for the quantitative measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells. With the focus on DNA strand breaks, potentially useful methods for assessing DNA damage in mammalian cells are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of each method, as well as additional concerns with respect to reference material development, are also discussed. In conclusion, we outline strategies for developing candidate DNA damage reference materials that could be adopted by research laboratories in a wide variety of applications.
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9
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Zhang D, Shimokawa T, Guo Q, Dan S, Miki Y, Sunada S. Discovery of novel DNA-damaging agents through phenotypic screening for DNA double-strand break. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:1108-1117. [PMID: 36385507 PMCID: PMC9986057 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) seriously damage DNA and promote genomic instability that can lead to cell death. They are the source of conditions such as carcinogenesis and aging, but also have important applications in cancer therapy. Therefore, rapid detection and quantification of DSBs in cells are necessary for identifying carcinogenic and anticancer factors. In this study, we detected DSBs using a flow cytometry-based high-throughput method to analyze γH2AX intensity. We screened a chemical library containing 9600 compounds and detected multiple DNA-damaging compounds, although we could not identify mechanisms of action through this procedure. Thus, we also profiled a representative compound with the highest DSB potential, DNA-damaging agent-1 (DDA-1), using a bioinformatics-based method we termed "molecular profiling." Prediction and verification analysis revealed DDA-1 as a potential inhibitor of topoisomerase IIα, different from known inhibitors such as etoposide and doxorubicin. Additional investigation of DDA-1 analogs and xenograft models suggested that DDA-1 is a potential anticancer drug. In conclusion, our findings established that combining high-throughput DSB detection and molecular profiling to undertake phenotypic analysis is a viable method for efficient identification of novel DNA-damaging compounds for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Lee Y, Wang Q, Seong KM, Turner HC. High-Throughput γ-H2AX Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:123-134. [PMID: 37074660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The γ-H2AX assay is a sensitive and reliable method to evaluate radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks. The conventional γ-H2AX assay detects individual nuclear foci manually, but is labor-intensive and time-consuming, and hence unsuitable for high-throughput screening in cases of large-scale radiation accidents. We have developed a high-throughput γ-H2AX assay using imaging flow cytometry. This method comprises (1) sample preparation from small volumes of blood in the Matrix™ 96-tube format, (2) automated image acquisition of cells stained with immunofluorescence-labeled γ-H2AX using ImageStream®X, and (3) quantification of γ-H2AX levels and batch processing using the Image Data Exploration and Analysis Software (IDEAS®). This enables the rapid analysis of γ-H2AX levels in several thousand of cells from a small volume of blood with accurate and reliable quantitative measurements for γ-H2AX foci and mean fluorescence levels. This high-throughput γ-H2AX assay could be a useful tool not only for radiation biodosimetry in mass casualty events, but also for large-scale molecular epidemiological studies and individualized radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Lee
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Biological Dosimetry, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Targets, Mechanisms and Cytotoxicity of Half-Sandwich Ir(III) Complexes Are Modulated by Structural Modifications on the Benzazole Ancillary Ligand. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010107. [PMID: 36612104 PMCID: PMC9818021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are driven by multiple genetic mutations but evolve to evade treatments targeting specific mutations. Nonetheless, cancers cannot evade a treatment that targets mitochondria, which are essential for tumor progression. Iridium complexes have shown anticancer properties, but they lack specificity for their intracellular targets, leading to undesirable side effects. Herein we present a systematic study on structure-activity relationships of eight arylbenzazole-based Iridium(III) complexes of type [IrCl(Cp*)], that have revealed the role of each atom of the ancillary ligand in the physical chemistry properties, cytotoxicity and mechanism of biological action. Neutral complexes, especially those bearing phenylbenzimidazole (HL1 and HL2), restrict the binding to DNA and albumin. One of them, complex 1[C,NH-Cl], is the most selective one, does not bind DNA, targets exclusively the mitochondria, disturbs the mitochondria membrane permeability inducing proton leak and increases ROS levels, triggering the molecular machinery of regulated cell death. In mice with orthotopic lung tumors, the administration of complex 1[C,NH-Cl] reduced the tumor burden. Cancers are more vulnerable than normal tissues to a treatment that harnesses mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, complex 1[C,NH-Cl] characterization opens the way to the development of new compounds to exploit this vulnerability.
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12
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Wang L, Dou J, Jiang W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Enhanced Intracellular Transcytosis of Nanoparticles by Degrading Extracellular Matrix for Deep Tissue Radiotherapy of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6877-6887. [PMID: 36036792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transcytosis can enhance the penetration of nanomedicines to deep avascular tumor tissues, but strategies that can improve transcytosis are limited. In this study, we discovered that pyknomorphic extracellular matrix (ECM) is a shield that impairs endocytosis of nanoparticles and their movement between adjacent cells and thus limits their active transcytosis in tumors. We further showed that degradation of pivotal constituent of ECM (i.e., collagen) effectively enhances intracellular transcytosis of nanoparticles. Specifically, a collagenase conjugating transcytosis nanoparticle (Col-TNP) can dissociate into collagenase and cationized gold nanoparticles in response to tumor acidity, which enables their ECM tampering ability and active transcytosis in tumors. The breakage of ECM further enhances the active transcytosis of cationized nanoparticles into deep tumor tissues as well as radiosensitization efficacy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our study opens up new paths to enhance the active transcytosis of nanomedicines for the treatment of cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Jiaxiang Dou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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13
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Hammarsten O, Lyytikäinen A, Thunström S, Ek T, Fasth A, Ekwall O, Cajander S, Borgström EW, Smith CIE, Johansson P. Clinical measurement of cellular DNA damage hypersensitivity in patients with DNA repair defects. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35164800 PMCID: PMC8842932 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA repair deficiency disorders are rare inherited diseases arising from pathogenic (disease-causing) variants in genes involved in DNA repair. There are no standardized diagnostic assays for the investigation of pathological significance of unknown variants in DNA repair genes. We hypothesized that our assays for measuring in vitro patient blood cell hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents can be used to establish the pathological significance of unknown variants in DNA repair genes. Six patients with variants in the DNA repair genes PRKDC (two siblings), DCLRE1C (two siblings), NBN, and MSH6 were included. Here, we used the cell division assay (CDA) and the γ-H2AX assay, which were both developed and clinically validated by us, to measure patient cell hypersensitivity in response to ionizing radiation, mitomycin C, cytarabine and doxorubicin. Results Radiation hypersensitivity was detected in the two patients with variants in the PRKDC gene (p < 0.0001 for both at 3.5 Gy), and the two patients with DCLRE1C variants (p < 0.0001 at 3.5 Gy for sibling 1 and p < 0.0001 at 1 Gy for sibling 2). The cells from the patients with the PRKDC variant were also deficient in removing γ-H2AX (p < 0.001). The cells from the patient with variants in the NBN gene were hypersensitive to mitomycin C (p = 0.0008) and deficient in both induction and removal of γ-H2AX in response to radiation. Conclusions The combination of the CDA and the γ-H2AX assay is useful in investigating the significance of unknown variants in some DNA repair genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02199-8.
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14
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Akhmetova VR, Bikbulatova EM, Mescheryakova ES, Gil'manova EN, Dzhemileva LU, D'yakonov VA. Synthesis, crystal structure, and in vitro evaluation of the anticancer activity of new Pt (Pd) complexes with 1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-naphthol ligand. Metallomics 2021; 13:6420263. [PMID: 34734292 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with 1-aminomethyl-2-naphtol ligands has been first performed. The adducts of [PtCl4]2- and [PdCl4]2- anions with the 1-aminomethyl-2-naphtol NH cation were synthesized. The structure for four Pt (Pd)-containing compounds was investigated using X-ray diffraction. The obtained compounds were examined for in vitro cytotoxic activity against Jurkat and K562 human leukemia cells, lymphoma U937cells, A2780 and the cisplatin-resistant A2780cis lines of human ovarian cancer, and normal fibroblasts. Study of induction of apoptosis and the effect of new palladium and platinum complexes on the cell cycle was carried out. The cells showed a higher sensitivity to Pt(II) compounds than to Pd(II) ones. All the synthesized metal complexes show much more antitumor activity compared with a platinum-containing cisplatin drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vnira R Akhmetova
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - El'mira M Bikbulatova
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S Mescheryakova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Elina N Gil'manova
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Department of Biology, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Department of Biology, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktybrya, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
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15
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Guhlich M, Hubert L, Mergler CPN, Rave-Fraenk M, Dröge LH, Leu M, Schmidberger H, Rieken S, Hille A, Schirmer MA. Identification of Risk Loci for Radiotoxicity in Prostate Cancer by Comprehensive Genotyping of TGFB1 and TGFBR1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215585. [PMID: 34771749 PMCID: PMC8582951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variability in transforming growth factor beta pathway (TGFB) was suggested to affect adverse events of radiotherapy. We investigated comprehensive variability in TGFB1 (gene coding for TGFβ1 ligand) and TGFBR1 (TGFβ receptor-1) in relation to radiotoxicity. Prostate cancer patients treated with primary radiotherapy (n = 240) were surveyed for acute and late toxicity. Germline polymorphisms (n = 40) selected to cover the common genetic variability in TGFB1 and TGFBR1 were analyzed in peripheral blood cells. Human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were used to evaluate a possible impact of TGFB1 and TGFBR1 genetic polymorphisms to DNA repair capacity following single irradiation with 3 Gy. Upon adjustment for multiplicity testing, rs10512263 in TGFBR1 showed a statistically significant association with acute radiation toxicity. Carriers of the Cytosine (C)-variant allele (n = 35) featured a risk ratio of 2.17 (95%-CI 1.41-3.31) for acute toxicity ≥ °2 compared to Thymine/Thymine (TT)-wild type individuals (n = 205). Reduced DNA repair capacity in the presence of the C-allele of rs10512263 might be a mechanistic explanation as demonstrated in LCLs following irradiation. The risk for late radiotoxicity was increased by carrying at least two risk genotypes at three polymorphic sites, including Leu10Pro in TGFB1. Via comprehensive genotyping of TGFB1 and TGFBR1, promising biomarkers for radiotoxicity in prostate cancer were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Guhlich
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Laura Hubert
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (L.H.); (C.P.N.M.)
| | | | - Margret Rave-Fraenk
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Leif Hendrik Dröge
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin Leu
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Stefan Rieken
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrea Hille
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Markus Anton Schirmer
- Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (M.G.); (M.R.-F.); (L.H.D.); (M.L.); (S.R.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (L.H.); (C.P.N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-64505
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16
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Biomarkers of DNA Damage Response Enable Flow Cytometry-Based Diagnostic to Identify Inborn DNA Repair Defects in Primary Immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:286-298. [PMID: 34716846 PMCID: PMC8821069 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant event in every cell caused by exogenous factors such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation (UVR/IR) and intercalating drugs, or endogenous metabolic and replicative stress. Proteins of the DNA damage response (DDR) network sense DNA lesions and induce cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Genetic defects of DDR or DNA repair proteins can be associated with immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure syndromes, and cancer susceptibility. Although various diagnostic tools are available to evaluate DNA damage, their quality to identify DNA repair deficiencies differs enormously and depends on affected pathways. In this study, we investigated the DDR biomarkers γH2AX (Ser139), p-ATM (Ser1981), and p-CHK2 (Thr68) using flow cytometry on peripheral blood cells obtained from patients with combined immunodeficiencies due to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) defects and ataxia telangiectasia (AT) in response to low-dose IR. Significantly reduced induction of all three markers was observed in AT patients compared to controls. However, delayed downregulation of γH2AX was found in patients with NHEJ defects. In contrast to previous reports of DDR in cellular models, these biomarkers were not sensitive enough to identify ARTEMIS deficiency with sufficient reliability. In summary, DDR biomarkers are suitable for diagnosing NHEJ defects and AT, which can be useful in neonates with abnormal TREC levels (T cell receptor excision circles) identified by newborn screening. We conclude that DDR biomarkers have benefits and some limitations depending on the underlying DNA repair deficiency.
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17
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Felgentreff K, Schuetz C, Baumann U, Klemann C, Viemann D, Ursu S, Jacobsen EM, Debatin KM, Schulz A, Hoenig M, Schwarz K. Differential DNA Damage Response of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Populations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739675. [PMID: 34594342 PMCID: PMC8478158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage occurs constantly in every cell triggered by endogenous processes of replication and metabolism, and external influences such as ionizing radiation and intercalating chemicals. Large sets of proteins are involved in sensing, stabilizing and repairing this damage including control of cell cycle and proliferation. Some of these factors are phosphorylated upon activation and can be used as biomarkers of DNA damage response (DDR) by flow and mass cytometry. Differential survival rates of lymphocyte subsets in response to DNA damage are well established, characterizing NK cells as most resistant and B cells as most sensitive to DNA damage. We investigated DDR to low dose gamma radiation (2Gy) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 26 healthy donors and 3 patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) using mass cytometry. γH2AX, p-CHK2, p-ATM and p53 were analyzed as specific DDR biomarkers for functional readouts of DNA repair efficiency in combination with cell cycle and T, B and NK cell populations characterized by 20 surface markers. We identified significant differences in DDR among lymphocyte populations in healthy individuals. Whereas CD56+CD16+ NK cells showed a strong γH2AX response to low dose ionizing radiation, a reduced response rate could be observed in CD19+CD20+ B cells that was associated with reduced survival. Interestingly, γH2AX induction level correlated inversely with ATM-dependent p-CHK2 and p53 responses. Differential DDR could be further noticed in naïve compared to memory T and B cell subsets, characterized by reduced γH2AX, but increased p53 induction in naïve T cells. In contrast, DDR was abrogated in all lymphocyte populations of AT patients. Our results demonstrate differential DDR capacities in lymphocyte subsets that depend on maturation and correlate inversely with DNA damage-related survival. Importantly, DDR analysis of peripheral blood cells for diagnostic purposes should be stratified to lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Felgentreff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Catharina Schuetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Klemann
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simona Ursu
- Core Facility Cytometry, Ulm University Medical Faculty, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Hoenig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Core Facility Cytometry, Ulm University Medical Faculty, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,The Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Roux B, Vaganay C, Vargas JD, Alexe G, Benaksas C, Pardieu B, Fenouille N, Ellegast JM, Malolepsza E, Ling F, Sodaro G, Ross L, Pikman Y, Conway AS, Tang Y, Wu T, Anderson DJ, Le Moigne R, Zhou HJ, Luciano F, Hartigan CR, Galinsky I, DeAngelo DJ, Stone RM, Auberger P, Schenone M, Carr SA, Guirouilh-Barbat J, Lopez B, Khaled M, Lage K, Hermine O, Hemann MT, Puissant A, Stegmaier K, Benajiba L. Targeting acute myeloid leukemia dependency on VCP-mediated DNA repair through a selective second-generation small-molecule inhibitor. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg1168. [PMID: 33790022 PMCID: PMC8672851 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and survival of cancer cells require adaptive mechanisms to stress. Such adaptations can confer intrinsic vulnerabilities, enabling the selective targeting of cancer cells. Through a pooled in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen, we identified the adenosine triphosphatase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA-ATPase) valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a top stress-related vulnerability in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We established that AML was the most responsive disease to chemical inhibition of VCP across a panel of 16 cancer types. The sensitivity to VCP inhibition of human AML cell lines, primary patient samples, and syngeneic and xenograft mouse models of AML was validated using VCP-directed shRNAs, overexpression of a dominant-negative VCP mutant, and chemical inhibition. By combining mass spectrometry-based analysis of the VCP interactome and phospho-signaling studies, we determined that VCP is important for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activation and subsequent DNA repair through homologous recombination in AML. A second-generation VCP inhibitor, CB-5339, was then developed and characterized. Efficacy and safety of CB-5339 were validated in multiple AML models, including syngeneic and patient-derived xenograft murine models. We further demonstrated that combining DNA-damaging agents, such as anthracyclines, with CB-5339 treatment synergizes to impair leukemic growth in an MLL-AF9-driven AML murine model. These studies support the clinical testing of CB-5339 as a single agent or in combination with standard-of-care DNA-damaging chemotherapy for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Roux
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Camille Vaganay
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chaima Benaksas
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bryann Pardieu
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nina Fenouille
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jana M Ellegast
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edyta Malolepsza
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank Ling
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Gaetano Sodaro
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Linda Ross
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yana Pikman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amy S Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Tony Wu
- Cleave Therapeutics Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | | | | | - Han-Jie Zhou
- Cleave Therapeutics Inc., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | | | - Christina R Hartigan
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ilene Galinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard M Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrick Auberger
- C3M, INSERM U1065, Team Cell Death, Differentiation, Inflammation and Cancer, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Monica Schenone
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lopez
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Khaled
- INSERM U1186, Gustave-Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Kasper Lage
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1163 and CNRS 8254, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, APHP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lina Benajiba
- Université de Paris, INSERM U944 and CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, APHP, 75010 Paris, France.
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19
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D’yakonov VA, Tuktarova RA, Dzhemileva LU, Ishmukhametova SR, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Hybrid Molecules Based on Lithocholic and (5 Z,9 Z)-Tetradeca-5,9-dienedioic Acids Linked via Mono(di,tri,tetra)ethylene Glycol and α,ω-Diaminoalkane Units. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020084. [PMID: 33498764 PMCID: PMC7911507 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, hybrid molecules were synthesized on the basis of lithocholic and (5Z,9Z)-1,14-tetradeca-5,9-dienedicarboxylic acids, obtained in two stages using the homo-cyclomagnesiation reaction of 2-(hepta-5,6-diene-1-yloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran at the key stage. The resulting hybrid molecules containing 5Z,9Z-dienoic acids are of interest as novel synthetic biologically active precursors to create modern drugs for the treatment of human oncological diseases. The synthesized hybrid molecules were found to exhibit extremely high in vitro inhibitory activity against human topoisomerase I, which is 2-4 times higher than that of camptothecin, a known topoisomerase I inhibitor. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, it was first shown that these new molecules are efficient apoptosis inducers in HeLa, U937, Jurkat, K562, and Hek293 cell cultures. In addition, the results of investigations into the effect of the synthesized acids on mitochondria and studies of possible DNA damage in Jurkat tumor cells are also presented.
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20
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Lin ZX, Zhou F, Schoepf UJ, Pillai B, Zhou CS, Quan W, Bao XQ, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. Tube Voltage, DNA Double-Strand Breaks, and Image Quality in Coronary CT Angiography. Korean J Radiol 2020; 21:967-977. [PMID: 32677381 PMCID: PMC7369208 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of tube voltage on image quality in coronary CT angiography (CCTA), the estimated radiation dose, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes to optimize the use of CCTA in the era of low radiation doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 240 patients who were divided into 2 groups according to the DNA DSB analysis methods, i.e., immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Each group was subdivided into 4 subgroups: those receiving CCTA only with different tube voltages of 120, 100, 80, or 70 kVp. Objective and subjective image quality was evaluated by analysis of variance. Radiation dosages were also recorded and compared. RESULTS There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics between the 2 groups and 4 subgroups in each group (all p > 0.05). As tube voltage decreased, both image quality and radiation dose decreased gradually and significantly. After CCTA, γ-H2AX foci and mean fluorescence intensity in the 120-, 100-, 80-, and 70-kVp groups increased by 0.14, 0.09, 0.07, and 0.06 foci per cell and 21.26, 9.13, 8.10, and 7.13 (all p < 0.05), respectively. The increase in the DNA DSB level in the 120-kVp group was higher than those in the other 3 groups (all p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the DSBs levels among these latter groups (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The 100-kVp tube voltage may be optimal for CCTA when weighing DNA DSBs against the estimated radiation dose and image quality, with further reductions in tube voltage being unnecessary for CCTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xiao Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - U Joseph Schoepf
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Balakrishnan Pillai
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chang Sheng Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Qin Bao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Ming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Dzhemileva LU, D'yakonov VA, Makarov AA, Makarova EK, Andreev EN, Dzhemilev UM. Total Synthesis of Natural Lembehyne C and Investigation of Its Cytotoxic Properties. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2399-2409. [PMID: 32672460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first Z-stereoselective method for the synthesis of the natural marine alkynol lembehyne C, containing a 1Z,5Z,9Z-triene moiety, in 41% yield was developed using the new Ti-catalyzed cross-coupling of oxygenated and aliphatic 1,2-dienes as the key step. It was found for the first time that lembehyne C exhibits moderate cytotoxicity against Jurkat, K562, U937, and HL60 cancer cells and also efficiently induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells, with the cell death mechanism being activated by the mitochondrial pathway. The lembehyne C inhibition of the cell cycle follows the mitotic catastrophe mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Elina Kh Makarova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny N Andreev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
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Sayed AEDH, Watanabe-Asaka T, Oda S, Kashiwada S, Mitani H. γ-H2AX foci as indication for the DNA damage in erythrocytes of medaka (Oryzias latipes) intoxicated with 4-nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18966-18971. [PMID: 30144013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the genotoxicity in erythrocytes induced after exposure of medaka (Oryzias latipes) to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). Adult female medaka fish were exposed to 4-NP at three sublethal concentrations for 15 days to compare their sensitivity with that of catfish as an aquatic model. Comet assay and γ-H2AX were used as biomarkers to detect DNA damage in erythrocytes. Exposure to 4-NP resulted in an increase in the tail moment in a dose-dependent manner. The highest level of DNA damage was recorded after exposure to 100 μg/l 4-NP. The number of foci was increased after exposure to 4-NP, indicating damage to DNA. The present results confirmed the high level of morphological alterations and apoptosis of erythrocytes detected in the first part of this study. 4-NP induced genotoxic effects in medaka, which were found to be more sensitive than catfish after exposure to 4-nonylphenol. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
- Research Center of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Dzhemileva LU, D'yakonov VA, Islamov II, Yunusbaeva MM, Dzhemilev UM. New 1Z,5Z-diene macrodiolides: Catalytic synthesis, anticancer activity, induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, and effect on the cell cycle. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103832. [PMID: 32315897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An original scheme was developed for the synthesis of previously undescribed unsaturated macrodiolides containing a 1Z,5Z-diene moiety in 44-80% yields and with high stereoselectivity (>95%) based on the intermolecular esterification of α,ω-diols with α,ω-alka-nZ,(n + 4)Z-dienedicarboxylic acids (1,12-dodeca-4Z,8Z-dienedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradeca-5Z,9Z-dienedicarboxylic acid, 1,18-octadeca-7Z,11Z-dienedicarboxylic acid) catalyzed by hafnium triflate [Hf(OTf)4]. The unsaturated dicarboxylic acids were prepared via homo-cyclomagnesiation of tetrahydropyran ethers of O-containing 1,2-dienes with EtMgBr in the presence of Mg metal and the Cp2TiCl2 catalyst (10 mol.%) and the subsequent Jones oxidation of pyran ethers formed after the acid hydrolysis of magnesacyclopentanes. The thus prepared macrodiolides exhibit high cytotoxic activity in vitro against Jurkat, K562, U937, Hek293 and HeLa cancer cell lines. It was found that induction of the programmed cell death in Jurkat cells by macrodiolides corresponds to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Also, it was shown that the prepared macrodiolides efficiently suppress phosphorylation of Akt and p38 kinases and CREB transcription factor in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Ilgiz I Islamov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Milyausha M Yunusbaeva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS), Prospect Oktyabrya, 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
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24
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Ortega E, Zamora A, Basu U, Lippmann P, Rodríguez V, Janiak C, Ott I, Ruiz J. An Erlotinib gold(I) conjugate for combating triple-negative breast cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110910. [PMID: 31683128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An Erlotinib triphenylphosphane gold(I) conjugate has been prepared from AuCl(PPh3) and its crystal structure has been established by X-ray diffraction, showing a metallo-helicate formation. IC50 values of the new gold conjugate were calculated towards a panel of human tumor cell lines representative of breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and colon (HT-29) cancer cells. Overall, the gold conjugate exhibited higher cytotoxic activity than that of Erlotinib against the cancer cells studied. Particularly, the antiproliferative effect of the conjugate demonstrated to be 68-fold higher than Erlotinib in highly metastatic and triple negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. The gold conjugate caused DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and induced apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the conjugate induces significant arrest in S and G2/M phases primarily, whereas Erlotinib, as an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), blocks G1/S transition and increases G1 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortega
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Zamora
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Venancio Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - José Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Murcia and Institute for Bio-Health Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
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25
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Lin H, Shen Z, Liu H, Yang M, Lin J, Luo L, Liu L, Chen H. Upregulation of GRIM‐19 augments the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel by targeting Rad23b. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:76-84. [PMID: 31531888 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haili Lin
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang China
| | - Zaixiong Shen
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Hongjie Liu
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Minggen Yang
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Jiangui Lin
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Liutao Luo
- Department of Urology Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Linyong Liu
- Department of Medical Statistics Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Zhangzhou China
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26
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Sayed AH, Kitamura D, Oda S, Kashiwada S, Mitani H. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of arsenic on erythrocytes of Oryzias latipes: Bioremediation using Spirulina platensis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:82-88. [PMID: 31345371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the environmental pollutants poses a serious threat to aquatic organism. The arsenic exposure in fish increases the risk of developing serious alterations from embryo to adult. OBJECTIVES The present investigation was done to study the toxic effects of heavy metal arsenic [As(III)] on medaka (Oryzias latipes). Morphological alterations, apoptosis, nuclear abnormalities, and genotoxic biomarkers in erythrocytes were used to determine the stress caused by arsenic (As) exposure. METHODS Medaka was exposed to As for 15 days at two toxic sublethal concentrations (7 ppm and 10 ppm) in combination with Spirulina platensis (SP) treatment as antioxidant algae at 200 mg/L. RESULTS Results were consistent with a previous study results on tilapia. Exposure of medaka to As resulted in a dose-dependent increase in most the biomarkers used in the current study. Fish exposed to10 ppm As showed highest level of DNA damage. For the first time to our knowledge, using SP to counter the As toxicity in medaka, DNA damage restored to control levels. CONCLUSION Accordingly, those results suggests that SP can protect medaka in aquaculture against As-induced damage by its ability as reactive oxygen species (ROS) reducer, antioxidant role, and DNA damage scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H Sayed
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Daiki Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shosaku Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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27
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The low dose effects of human mammary epithelial cells induced by internal exposure to low radioactive tritiated water. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104608. [PMID: 31348984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tritium is an important radioactive waste which needs to be monitored for radiation protection. Due to long biological half-life of organically bound tritium (OBT), the adverse consequence caused by chronic exposure of tritiated water (HTO) attracts concern. In this study, fibroblast cells were exposed to 2 × 106 Bq/ml HTO to investigate the cellular behaviors. The dose relationship of survival fraction and γH2AX foci was a "U-shaped" curve. And the results of γH2AX intensity produced by ICCM, which was obtained from different doses, demonstrated bystander signal accounted for the protective effects induced by intermediate dose of 100 mGy. The comparison of temporal kinetics and spatial dynamics of DNA repair between tritium β-rays and γ-rays showed longer time was need for the dephosphorylation of H2AX protein after HTO exposure. It indicated complex cluster DSBs induced by tritium β-rays at the low dose impaired efficient recovery of DNA damage, which bear responsibility for the persistence of residual foci after low dose expsoure. It suggests after exposed to low dose radiation cells prefer to eliminate damage population to avoid DNA damage increasing the mutation potential.
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28
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Vernon EL, Jha AN. Assessing relative sensitivity of marine and freshwater bivalves following exposure to copper: Application of classical and novel genotoxicological biomarkers. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Ruprecht N, Hungerbühler MN, Böhm IB, Heverhagen JT. Improved identification of DNA double strand breaks: γ-H2AX-epitope visualization by confocal microscopy and 3D reconstructed images. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:295-302. [PMID: 30799523 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, in the context of radiology, irradiation-induced and other genotoxic effects are determined by visualizing DSB-induced DNA repair through γ-H2AX immunofluorescence and direct counting of the foci by epifluorescence microscopy. This procedure, however, neglects the 3D nature of the nucleus. The aim of our study was to use confocal microscopy and 3D reconstructed images to improve documentation and analysis of γ-H2AX fluorescence signals after diagnostic examinations. Confluent, non-dividing MRC-5 lung fibroblasts were irradiated in vitro with a Cs-137 source and exposed to radiation doses up to 1000 mGy before fixation and staining with an antibody recognizing the phosphorylated histone variant γ-H2AX. The 3D distribution of γ-H2AX foci was visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. 3D reconstruction of the optical slices and γ-H2AX foci counting were performed using Imaris Image Analysis software. In parallel, γ-H2AX foci were counted visually by epifluorescence microscopy. In addition, whole blood was exposed ex vivo to the radiation doses from 200 to 1600 mGy. White blood cells (WBCs) were isolated and stained for γ-H2AX. In fibroblasts, epifluorescence microscopy alone visualized the entirety of fluorescence signals as integral, without correct demarcation of single foci, and at 1000 mGy yielded on average 11.1 foci by manual counting of 2D images in comparison to 36.1 foci with confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction (p < 0.001). The procedure can also be applied for studies on WBCs. In contrast to epifluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction enables an improved identification of DSB-induced γ-H2AX foci, allowing for an unbiased, ameliorated quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Ruprecht
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin N Hungerbühler
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid B Böhm
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes T Heverhagen
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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30
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MEK-inhibitor PD184352 enhances the radiosensitizing effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922: the role of cell type and drug-irradiation schedule. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37379-37392. [PMID: 30647839 PMCID: PMC6324777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting MEK protein in cancer cells usually leads to acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors and activation of the prosurvival protein Akt. Since both MEK and Akt are clients of the Hsp90 chaperone system, the present study explores the responses of irradiated lung carcinoma A549 and glioblastoma SNB19 cell lines to combined MEK and Hsp90 inhibition. Unexpectedly, the MEK inhibitor PD184352 administered 24 h prior to irradiation, enhanced cell survival through upregulation of not only MEK and Erk1/2 but also of Akt. In contrast, PD184352 added 1 h before irradiation strongly reduced the expression of Erk and did not upregulate Akt in both cell lines. As a result, the MEK inhibitor increased the radiosensitizing effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in glioblastoma SNB19 cells. Possible reasons for the enhanced cell killing under this short-term pretreatment schedule may be a down-regulation of Erk during or directly after irradiation, increased DNA damage and/or a strong G2/M arrest 24 h after irradiation. In addition, an 1-h pretreatment with PD184352 and/or NVP-AUY922 under schedule II induced neither G1 arrest nor up-regulation of p-Akt in both cell lines as it did under schedule I. Yet, a long-term treatment with the MEK inhibitor alone caused a strong cytostatical effect. We conclude that the duration of drug pretreatment before irradiation plays a key role in the targeting of MEK in tumor cells. However, due to an aberrant activation of prosurvival proteins, the therapeutic window needs to be carefully defined, or a combination of inhibitors should be considered.
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Huang CY, Hung MH, Shih CT, Hsieh FS, Kuo CW, Tsai MH, Chang SS, Hsiao YJ, Chen LJ, Chao TI, Chen KF. Antagonizing SET Augments the Effects of Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Reactivation of PP2A-Mediated Akt Downregulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:410-421. [PMID: 29914877 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that SET functions as an oncoprotein and promotes cancer survival and therapeutic resistance. However, whether SET affects radiation therapy (RT)-mediated anticancer effects has not yet been explored. We investigated the impact of SET on RT sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using colony and hepatosphere formation assays, we found that RT-induced proliferative inhibition was critically associated with SET expression. We next tested a novel SET antagonist, N4-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-N2-(4-phenoxyphenyl) quinazoline-2,4-diamine (EMQA), in combination with RT. We showed that additive use of EMQA significantly enhanced the effects of RT against HCC in vitro and in vivo. Notably, compared with mice receiving either RT or EMQA alone, the growth of PLC5 xenografted tumor in mice receiving RT plus EMQA was significantly reduced without compromising treatment tolerability. Furthermore, we proved that antagonizing SET to restore protein phosphatase 2A-mediated phospho-Akt (p-AKT) downregulation was responsible for the synergism between EMQA and RT. Our data demonstrate a new oncogenic property of SET and provide preclinical evidence that combining a SET antagonist and RT may be effective for treatment of HCC. Further investigation is warranted to validate the clinical relevance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Huang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Man-Hsin Hung
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Chi-Ting Shih
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Feng-Shu Hsieh
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Chiung-Wen Kuo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Shih-Shin Chang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Yung-Jen Hsiao
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Li-Ju Chen
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Tzu-I Chao
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
| | - Kuen-Feng Chen
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (M.-H.H.); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (C.-T.S.) and School of Medicine (M.-H.H.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research (F.-S.H., M.-H.T., S.-S.C., Y.-J.H, L.-J.C., K.-F.C.) and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (K.-F.C.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., C.-W.K.); and SupremeCure Pharma Inc., Taipei, Taiwan (T.-I.C.)
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32
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Kolbinger FR, Koeneke E, Ridinger J, Heimburg T, Müller M, Bayer T, Sippl W, Jung M, Gunkel N, Miller AK, Westermann F, Witt O, Oehme I. The HDAC6/8/10 inhibitor TH34 induces DNA damage-mediated cell death in human high-grade neuroblastoma cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2649-2664. [PMID: 29947893 PMCID: PMC6063332 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High histone deacetylase (HDAC) 8 and HDAC10 expression levels have been identified as predictors of exceptionally poor outcomes in neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. HDAC8 inhibition synergizes with retinoic acid treatment to induce neuroblast maturation in vitro and to inhibit neuroblastoma xenograft growth in vivo. HDAC10 inhibition increases intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutics through interference with lysosomal homeostasis, ultimately leading to cell death in cultured neuroblastoma cells. So far, no HDAC inhibitor covering HDAC8 and HDAC10 at micromolar concentrations without inhibiting HDACs 1, 2 and 3 has been described. Here, we introduce TH34 (3-(N-benzylamino)-4-methylbenzhydroxamic acid), a novel HDAC6/8/10 inhibitor for neuroblastoma therapy. TH34 is well-tolerated by non-transformed human skin fibroblasts at concentrations up to 25 µM and modestly impairs colony growth in medulloblastoma cell lines, but specifically induces caspase-dependent programmed cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in several human neuroblastoma cell lines. In addition to the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, HDAC6/8/10 inhibition also leads to mitotic aberrations and cell-cycle arrest. Neuroblastoma cells display elevated levels of neuronal differentiation markers, mirrored by formation of neurite-like outgrowths under maintained TH34 treatment. Eventually, after long-term treatment, all neuroblastoma cells undergo cell death. The combination of TH34 with plasma-achievable concentrations of retinoic acid, a drug applied in neuroblastoma therapy, synergistically inhibits colony growth (combination index (CI) < 0.1 for 10 µM of each). In summary, our study supports using selective HDAC inhibitors as targeted antineoplastic agents and underlines the therapeutic potential of selective HDAC6/8/10 inhibition in high-grade neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R Kolbinger
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emily Koeneke
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ridinger
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tino Heimburg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bayer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Research Group Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Djuzenova CS, Fiedler V, Katzer A, Michel K, Deckert S, Zimmermann H, Sukhorukov VL, Flentje M. Dual PI3K- and mTOR-inhibitor PI-103 can either enhance or reduce the radiosensitizing effect of the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in tumor cells: The role of drug-irradiation schedule. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38191-38209. [PMID: 27224913 PMCID: PMC5122382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Hsp90 can increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. However, inhibition of Hsp90 alone induces the anti-apoptotic Hsp70 and thereby decreases radiosensitivity. Therefore, preventing Hsp70 induction can be a promising strategy for radiosensitization. PI-103, an inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, has previously been shown to suppress the up-regulation of Hsp70. Here, we explore the impact of combining PI-103 with the Hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in irradiated glioblastoma and colon carcinoma cells. We analyzed the cellular response to drug-irradiation treatments by colony-forming assay, expression of several marker proteins, cell cycle progression and induction/repair of DNA damage. Although PI-103, given 24 h prior to irradiation, slightly suppressed the NVP-AUY922-mediated up-regulation of Hsp70, it did not cause radiosensitization and even diminished the radiosensitizing effect of NVP-AUY922. This result can be explained by the activation of PI3K and ERK pathways along with G1-arrest at the time of irradiation. In sharp contrast, PI-103 not only exerted a radiosensitizing effect but also strongly enhanced the radiosensitization by NVP-AUY922 when both inhibitors were added 3 h before irradiation and kept in culture for 24 h. Possible reasons for the observed radiosensitization under this drug-irradiation schedule may be a down-regulation of PI3K and ERK pathways during or directly after irradiation, increased residual DNA damage and strong G2/M arrest 24 h thereafter. We conclude that duration of drug treatment before irradiation plays a key role in the concomitant targeting of PI3K/mTOR and Hsp90 in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Fiedler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Michel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, St. Ingbert and Lehrstuhl für Molekulare und Zelluläre Biotechnologie/Nanotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Viktorisson A, Mathew ST, Hammarsten O, Johansson P. A control for the day-to-day normalization of the flow cytometry γ-H2AX assay for clinical routine. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 94:946-949. [PMID: 29415368 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) at the DNA double-strand break (DSB) site is frequently used for quantifying DSBs and may be useful as a biomarker for clinical applications. We have previously reported a flow cytometry-based quantification of γ-H2AX for clinical routine. One major challenge, however, is the lack of a control sample for normalization of the day-to-day variation of the flow cytometry γ-H2AX assay. METHODS Here, we report development of a mix-control sample containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 10 control individuals, for normalization of day-to-day variation of the flow cytometry-γ-H2AX assay. RESULTS We showed that control individuals sampled on different days show an average day-to-day variation (CV) of 34%, which was reduced to 12% after normalization to the control sample. The normalization allowed detection of radiosensitivity of lymphoblastoid cell lines from ataxia telangiectasia patients, sampled over three days. CONCLUSION The mix-control sample, consisting of 10 control individuals' PBMC, can be used as a control sample to normalize for day-to-day variation of the γ-H2AX assay. The use of this sample will facilitate integration of the γ-H2AX assay into clinical routine. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Viktorisson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sherin T Mathew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Hammarsten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pegah Johansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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DNA double-strand breaks in blood lymphocytes induced by two-day 99mTc-MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:3075-3081. [PMID: 29383524 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in blood lymphocytes induced by two-day 99mTc-MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) using y-H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy and to correlate the results with 99mTc activity in blood samples. METHODS Eleven patients who underwent two-day MPS were included. DSB blood sampling was performed before and 5min, 1h and 24h after the first and second radiotracer injections. 99mTc activity was measured in each blood sample. For immunofluorescence microscopy, distinct foci representing DSBs were quantified in lymphocytes after staining for the phosphorylated histone variant y-H2AX. RESULTS The 99mTc-MIBI activity measured on days one and two was similar (254±25 and 258±27 MBq; p=0.594). Compared with baseline DSB foci (0.09±0.05/cell), a significant increase was found at 5min (0.19±0.04/cell) and 1h (0.18±0.04/cell) after the first injection and at 5min and 1h after the second injection (0.21±0.03 and 0.19±0.04/cell, respectively; p=0.003 for both). At 24h after the first and second injections, the number of DSB foci had returned to baseline (0.06±0.02 and 0.12±0.05/cell, respectively). 99mTc activity levels in peripheral blood samples correlated well with DSB counts (r=0.451). CONCLUSIONS DSB counts reflect 99mTc-MIBI activity after injection for two-day MPS, and might allow individual monitoring of biological effects of cardiac nuclear imaging. KEY POINTS • Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy using 99mTc induces time-dependent double-strand breaks (DSBs) • γ-H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy shows DSB as an early response to radiotracer injection • Activity measurements of 99mTc correlate well with detected DSB • DSB foci induced by 99mTc return to baseline 24h after radiotracer injection.
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36
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Pascucci B, Fragale A, Marabitti V, Leuzzi G, Calcagnile AS, Parlanti E, Franchitto A, Dogliotti E, D'Errico M. CSA and CSB play a role in the response to DNA breaks. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11581-11591. [PMID: 29545921 PMCID: PMC5837770 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CS proteins have been involved in the repair of a wide variety of DNA lesions. Here, we analyse the role of CS proteins in DNA break repair by studying histone H2AX phosphorylation in different cell cycle phases and DNA break repair by comet assay in CS-A and CS-B primary and transformed cells. Following methyl methane sulphate treatment a significant accumulation of unrepaired single strand breaks was detected in CS cells as compared to normal cells, leading to accumulation of double strand breaks in S and G2 phases. A delay in DSBs repair and accumulation in S and G2 phases were also observed following IR exposure. These data confirm the role of CSB in the suppression of NHEJ in S and G2 phase cells and extend this function to CSA. However, the repair kinetics of double strand breaks showed unique features for CS-A and CS-B cells suggesting that these proteins may act at different times along DNA break repair. The involvement of CS proteins in the repair of DNA breaks may play an important role in the clinical features of CS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pascucci
- Institute of Cristallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.,Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Section of Tumor Immunology, Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Veronica Marabitti
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelo Salvatore Calcagnile
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Parlanti
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Annapaola Franchitto
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria D'Errico
- Section of Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models, Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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37
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Zárate S, Stevnsner T, Gredilla R. Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29311911 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00430/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of aging are observed in all tissues, the brain being the most important one due to its main role in the homeostasis of the organism. As our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of brain aging increases, potential approaches to preserve brain function rise significantly. Accumulating evidence suggests that loss of genomic maintenance may contribute to aging, especially in the central nervous system (CNS) owing to its low DNA repair capacity. Sex hormones, particularly estrogens, possess potent antioxidant properties and play important roles in maintaining normal reproductive and non-reproductive functions. They exert neuroprotective actions and their loss during aging and natural or surgical menopause is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic decline, cognitive impairment and increased risk of age-related disorders. Moreover, loss of sex hormones has been suggested to promote an accelerated aging phenotype eventually leading to the development of brain hypometabolism, a feature often observed in menopausal women and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although data on the relation between sex hormones and DNA repair mechanisms in the brain is still limited, various investigations have linked sex hormone levels with different DNA repair enzymes. Here, we review estrogen anti-aging and neuroprotective mechanisms, which are currently an area of intense study, together with the effect they may have on the DNA repair capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Danish Center for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Gredilla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Zárate S, Stevnsner T, Gredilla R. Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:430. [PMID: 29311911 PMCID: PMC5743731 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of aging are observed in all tissues, the brain being the most important one due to its main role in the homeostasis of the organism. As our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of brain aging increases, potential approaches to preserve brain function rise significantly. Accumulating evidence suggests that loss of genomic maintenance may contribute to aging, especially in the central nervous system (CNS) owing to its low DNA repair capacity. Sex hormones, particularly estrogens, possess potent antioxidant properties and play important roles in maintaining normal reproductive and non-reproductive functions. They exert neuroprotective actions and their loss during aging and natural or surgical menopause is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic decline, cognitive impairment and increased risk of age-related disorders. Moreover, loss of sex hormones has been suggested to promote an accelerated aging phenotype eventually leading to the development of brain hypometabolism, a feature often observed in menopausal women and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although data on the relation between sex hormones and DNA repair mechanisms in the brain is still limited, various investigations have linked sex hormone levels with different DNA repair enzymes. Here, we review estrogen anti-aging and neuroprotective mechanisms, which are currently an area of intense study, together with the effect they may have on the DNA repair capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Danish Center for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Gredilla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Sunada S, Hirakawa H, Fujimori A, Uesaka M, Okayasu R. Oxygen Enhancement Ratio in Radiation-Induced Initial DSBs by an Optimized Flow Cytometry-based Gamma-H2AX Analysis in A549 Human Cancer Cells. Radiat Res 2017; 188:591-594. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14824.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Uesaka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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40
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Fasshauer M, Krüwel T, Zapf A, Stahnke VC, Rave-Fränk M, Staab W, Sohns JM, Steinmetz M, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Schuster A, Ritter C, Lotz J. Absence of DNA double-strand breaks in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging assessed by γH2AX flow cytometry. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:1149-1156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks in individuals from high level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast, south-west India. Mutat Res 2017; 806:39-50. [PMID: 28963924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High level natural radiation areas (HLNRA) of Kerala coastal strip (55km long and 0.5km wide) in southwest India exhibit wide variations in the level of background dose (< 1.0-45.0mGy/year) due to thorium deposits in the beach sand. The areas with ≤1.5mGy/year are considered as normal level natural radiation area (NLNRA), whereas areas with >1.5mGy/year are HLNRA. Individuals belonging to HLNRA were stratified into two groups, Low dose group (LDG: 1.51-5.0mGy/year) and high dose group (HDG: >5.0mGy/year). The mean annual dose received by the individuals from NLNRA, LDG and HDG was 1.3±0.1, 2.7±0.9 and 9.4±2.3mGy/year, respectively. Induction and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in terms of gamma-H2AX positive cells were analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using flow cytometry. Induction of DSBs was studied at low (0.25Gy) and high challenge doses (1.0 and 2.0Gy) of gamma radiation in 78 individuals {NLNRA, N=23; HLNRA (LDG, N=21 and HDG, N=34)}. Repair kinetics of DSBs were evaluated in PBMCs of 30 individuals belonging to NLNRA (N=8), LDG (N=7) and HDG (N=15) at low (0.25Gy) and high doses (2.0Gy) of gamma radiation. Transcription profile of DNA damage response (DDR) and DSB repair genes involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways was analysed after a challenge dose of 2.0Gy in PBMCs of NLNRA (N=10) and HDG, HLNRA (N=10) group. Our results revealed significantly lower induction and efficient repair of DSBs in HLNRA groups as compared to NLNRA. Transcription profile of DCLRE1C, XRCC4, NBS1 and CDK2 showed significant up-regulation (p≤0.05) in HDG at a challenge dose of 2.0Gy indicating active involvement of DDR and DSB repair pathways. In conclusion, lower induction and efficient repair of DNA DSBs in HLNRA groups is suggestive of an in vivo radio-adaptive response due to priming effect of chronic low dose radiation prevailing in this area.
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Tahara K, Takizawa M, Yamane A, Osaki Y, Ishizaki T, Mitsui T, Yokohama A, Saitoh T, Tsukamoto N, Matsumoto M, Murakami H, Nojima Y, Handa H. Overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 6 alters gene expression profile in a myeloma cell line and is associated with decreased DNA damage response. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1556-1564. [PMID: 28544233 PMCID: PMC5543477 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) attenuates DNA damage response (DDR) through gene repression and facilitates tolerance to genomic instability during immunoglobulin affinity maturation in germinal center (GC) B cells. Although BCL6 expression is repressed through normal differentiation of GC B cells into plasma cells, a recent study showed the ectopic expression of BCL6 in primary multiple myeloma (MM) cells. However, the functional roles of BCL6 in MM cells are largely unknown. Here, we report that overexpression of BCL6 in a MM cell line, KMS12PE, induced transcriptional repression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a DDR signaling kinase, which was associated with a reduction in γH2AX formation after DNA damage. In contrast, transcription of known targets of BCL6 in GC B cells was not affected, suggesting a cell type-specific function of BCL6. To further investigate the effects of BCL6 overexpression on the MM cell line, we undertook mRNA sequence analysis and found an upregulation in the genomic mutator activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) with alteration in the gene expression profile, which is suggestive of de-differentiation from plasma cells. Moreover, interleukin-6 exposure to KMS12PE led to upregulation of BCL6 and AID, downregulation of ATM, and attenuation of DDR, which were consistent with the effects of BCL6 overexpression in this MM cell line. Taken together, these results indicated that overexpression of BCL6 alters gene expression profile and confers decreased DDR in MM cells. This phenotypic change could be reproduced by interleukin-6 stimulation, suggesting an important role of external stimuli in inducing genomic instability, which is a hallmark of MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tahara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Makiko Takizawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Arito Yamane
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Yohei Osaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Takuma Ishizaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Takeki Mitsui
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Akihiko Yokohama
- Division of Blood Transfusion ServiceGunma University HospitalGunmaJapan
| | - Takayuki Saitoh
- Department of Laboratory SciencesGunma University Graduate School of Health SciencesGunmaJapan
| | | | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of HematologyNational Hospital Organization Nishigunma National HospitalGunmaJapan
| | - Hirokazu Murakami
- Department of Laboratory SciencesGunma University Graduate School of Health SciencesGunmaJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Nojima
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGunma University Graduate School of MedicineGunmaJapan
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43
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Plant flavonoids in cancer chemoprevention: role in genome stability. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 45:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Sayed AEDH, Mitani H. Immunostaining of UVA-induced DNA damage in erythrocytes of medaka (Oryzias latipes). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2017; 171:90-95. [PMID: 28482225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some authors have recently reported that UVA induces double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. Only a few researchers have reported on the induction of DSBs upon UVA exposure, as measured using the Comet assay and γ-H2AX as markers of DSB formation. In the present study, we have investigated for the first time the dose-dependent induction of DSBs by UVA in medaka (Oryzias latipes) erythrocytes. Adult female medaka fish were exposed to UVA for 15, 30, and 60min/day for three continuous days; an unirradiated control group was kept in the same laboratory conditions. At 0h and 24h after UVA exposure, blood was collected to detect DNA damage and repair. The number of γ-H2AX foci was higher than the control value at 0h after UVA exposure and decreased within a 24h. the comet assay showed that DNA repair began during the recovery period. These findings confirm our pervious findings of genotoxic effects after UVA exposure in medaka erythrocytes and suggest that the replication-independent formation of UVA-induced DSBs is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, these results suggest that DNA damage and repair occur after UVA exposure in medaka fish. UVA is the main component of solar UV radiation and is used for artificial UV exposure. Our results may have implications for skin cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din Hamid Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516Assiut, Egypt; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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45
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Folate rescues vitamin B 12 depletion-induced inhibition of nuclear thymidylate biosynthesis and genome instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4095-E4102. [PMID: 28461497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619582114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical vitamin B12 deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia, which results from the inhibition of DNA synthesis by trapping folate cofactors in the form of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) and subsequent inhibition of de novo thymidylate (dTMP) biosynthesis. In the cytosol, vitamin B12 functions in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, which regenerates THF from 5-methylTHF. In the nucleus, THF is required for de novo dTMP biosynthesis, but it is not understood how 5-methylTHF accumulation in the cytosol impairs nuclear dTMP biosynthesis. The impact of vitamin B12 depletion on nuclear de novo dTMP biosynthesis was investigated in methionine synthase-null human fibroblast and nitrous oxide-treated HeLa cell models. The nucleus was the most sensitive cellular compartment to 5-methylTHF accumulation, with levels increasing greater than fourfold. Vitamin B12 depletion decreased de novo dTMP biosynthesis capacity by 5-35%, whereas de novo purine synthesis, which occurs in the cytosol, was not affected. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, was increased in vitamin B12 depletion, and this effect was exacerbated by folate depletion. These studies also revealed that 5-formylTHF, a slow, tight-binding inhibitor of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), was enriched in nuclei, accounting for 35% of folate cofactors, explaining previous observations that nuclear SHMT is not a robust source of one-carbons for de novo dTMP biosynthesis. These findings indicate that a nuclear 5-methylTHF trap occurs in vitamin B12 depletion, which suppresses de novo dTMP biosynthesis and causes DNA damage, accounting for the pathophysiology of megaloblastic anemia observed in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.
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46
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Sayed AEDH, Igarashi K, Watanabe-Asaka T, Mitani H. Double strand break repair and γ-H2AX formation in erythrocytes of medaka (Oryzias latipes) after γ-irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:35-43. [PMID: 28347471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the DNA damage response in erythrocytes after γ-irradiation may provide evidence for its effectiveness as a biomarkers for genotoxic environmental stress. We previously reported various malformations in erythrocytes of medaka irradiated with10 Gy, but not in their micronuclei. In this study, we optimized an assay method for γ-H2AX and double strand breaks in erythrocytes of adult medaka fish after 15 Gy of γ-irradiation. The highest level of apoptosis and nuclear abnormalities, including in micronuclei, were recorded 4 h after γ-irradiation, as was the highest level of γ-H2AX foci in erythrocytes. These results suggest that recognition and repair processes occur as a response to DNA damage in erythrocytes in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din Hamid Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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47
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Firsanov D, Solovjeva L, Lublinskaya O, Zenin V, Kudryavtsev I, Serebryakova M, Svetlova M. Rapid Detection of γ-H2AX by Flow Cytometry in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1644:129-138. [PMID: 28710759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7187-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methods commonly used for detection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and analysis of cell death are generally time-consuming, and, therefore, any improvements in these techniques are important for researchers and clinicians. At present, flow cytometry is the most rapid method for detection of DSBs and cell viability. In this chapter, we provide our experience and methodological modification of flow cytometry protocol for the detection of γ-H2AX, a well-known marker of DSBs, in fixed mammalian fibroblasts. The modifications permit a reduction in the time required for DSB detection by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Firsanov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Liudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Lublinskaya
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Valeriy Zenin
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria Serebryakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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48
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Shi Q, Maas L, Veith C, Van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RW. Acidic cellular microenvironment modifies carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2425-2441. [PMID: 28005143 PMCID: PMC5429366 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation creates an acidic microenvironment, which plays an important role in cancer development. To investigate how low pH changes the cellular response to the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), we incubated human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549 and BEAS-2B) with nontoxic doses of B[a]P using culturing media of various pH’s (extracellular pH (pHe) of 7.8, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0 and 5.5) for 6, 24 and 48 h. In most incubations (pHe 7.0–6.5), the pH in the medium returned to the physiological pH 7.8 after 48 h, but at the lowest pH (pHe < 6.0), this recovery was incomplete. Similar changes were observed for the intracellular pH (pHi). We observed that acidic conditions delayed B[a]P metabolism and at t = 48 h, and the concentration of unmetabolized extracellular B[a]P and B[a]P-7,8-diol was significantly higher in acidic samples than under normal physiological conditions (pHe 7.8) for both cell lines. Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1/CYP1B1) expression and its activity (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity) were repressed at low pHe after 6 and 24 h, but were significantly higher at t = 48 h. In addition, a DNA repair assay showed that the incision activity was ~80% inhibited for 6 h at low pHe and concomitant exposure to B[a]P. However, at t = 48 h, the incision activity recovered to more than 100% of the initial activity observed at neutral pHe. After 48 h, higher B[a]P-DNA adduct levels and γ-H2AX foci were observed at low pH samples than at pHe 7.8. In conclusion, acidic pH delayed the metabolism of B[a]P and inhibited DNA repair, ultimately leading to increased B[a]P-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Maas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Veith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F J Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R W Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Bigarella CL, Li J, Rimmelé P, Liang R, Sobol RW, Ghaffari S. FOXO3 Transcription Factor Is Essential for Protecting Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells from Oxidative DNA Damage. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:3005-3015. [PMID: 27994057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of damaged DNA in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is associated with chromosomal abnormalities, genomic instability, and HSC aging and might promote hematological malignancies with age. Despite this, the regulatory pathways implicated in the HSC DNA damage response have not been fully elucidated. One of the sources of DNA damage is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by both exogenous and endogenous insults. Balancing ROS levels in HSC requires FOXO3, which is an essential transcription factor for HSC maintenance implicated in HSC aging. Elevated ROS levels result in defective Foxo3-/- HSC cycling, among many other deficiencies. Here, we show that loss of FOXO3 leads to the accumulation of DNA damage in primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), associated specifically with reduced expression of genes implicated in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. We provide further evidence that Foxo3-/- HSPC are defective in DNA damage repair. Specifically, we show that the base excision repair pathway, the main pathway utilized for the repair of oxidative DNA damage, is compromised in Foxo3-/- primitive hematopoietic cells. Treating mice in vivo with N-acetylcysteine reduces ROS levels, rescues HSC cycling defects, and partially mitigates HSPC DNA damage. These results indicate that DNA damage accrued as a result of elevated ROS in Foxo3-/- mutant HSPC is at least partially reversible. Collectively, our findings suggest that FOXO3 serves as a protector of HSC genomic stability and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Bigarella
- From the Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Jianfeng Li
- the Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Pauline Rimmelé
- From the Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Raymond Liang
- From the Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029.,the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area
| | - Robert W Sobol
- the Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- From the Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, .,the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and, Oncology.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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50
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Sunada S, Kanai H, Lee Y, Yasuda T, Hirakawa H, Liu C, Fujimori A, Uesaka M, Okayasu R. Nontoxic concentration of DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 radio-sensitizes lung tumor cells with little effect on double strand break repair. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1250-5. [PMID: 27341700 PMCID: PMC5021029 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ions have been increasingly employed as a useful alternative to conventional photon radiotherapy. As recent studies suggested that high LET radiation mainly affects the nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair, we further investigated this concept by evaluating the combined effect of an NHEJ inhibitor (NU7441) at a non‐toxic concentration and carbon ions. NU7441‐treated non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 and H1299 cells were irradiated with X‐rays and carbon ions (290 MeV/n, 50 keV/μm). Cell survival was measured by clonogenic assay. DNA DSB repair, cell cycle distribution, DNA fragmentation and cellular senescence induction were studied using a flow cytometer. Senescence‐associated protein p21 was detected by western blotting. In the present study, 0.3 μM of NU7441, nontoxic to both normal and tumor cells, caused a significant radio‐sensitization in tumor cells exposed to X‐rays and carbon ions. This concentration did not seem to cause inhibition of DNA DSB repair but induced a significant G2/M arrest, which was particularly emphasized in p53‐null H1299 cells treated with NU7441 and carbon ions. In addition, the combined treatment induced more DNA fragmentation and a higher degree of senescence in H1299 cells than in A549 cells, indicating that DNA‐PK inhibitor contributes to various modes of cell death in a p53‐dependent manner. In summary, NSCLC cells irradiated with carbon ions were radio‐sensitized by a low concentration of DNA‐PK inhibitor NU7441 through a strong G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our findings may contribute to further effective radiotherapy using heavy ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanai
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Uesaka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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