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Holmes LR, Garside JC, Frank J, Livingston E, Snyder J, Abu Khalaf N, Yuan H, Branca RT. In-vivo detection of white adipose tissue browning: a multimodality imaging approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15485. [PMID: 37726379 PMCID: PMC10509182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection and differentiation of brown fat in humans poses several challenges, as this tissue is sparse and often mixed with white adipose tissue. Non-invasive detection of beige fat represents an even greater challenge as this tissue is structurally and functionally more like white fat than brown fat. Here we used positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, computed tomography, xenon-enhanced computed tomography, and dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound, to non-invasively detect functional and structural changes associated with the browning process of inguinal white fat, induced in mice by chronic stimulation with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243. These studies reveal a very heterogeneous increase in baseline tissue radiodensity and xenon-enhanced radiodensity, indicative of both an increase in adipocytes water and protein content as well as tissue perfusion, mostly in regions that showed enhanced norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion before CL-316243 treatment. No statistically significant increase in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or norepinephrine-stimulated tissue perfusion were observed in the mice after the CL-316243 treatment. The increase in tissue-water content and perfusion, along with the negligible increase in the tissue glucose uptake and norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion deserve more attention, especially considering the potential metabolic role that this tissue may play in whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John C Garside
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan Frank
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eric Livingston
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonas Snyder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nada Abu Khalaf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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2
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Li YJ, Wu RY, Liu RP, Wu KY, Ding MN, Sun R, Gu YQ, Zhou F, Wu JZ, Zheng Q, Duan SN, Li RR, Zhang YH, Li FH, Li X. Aurantio-obtusin ameliorates obesity by activating PPARα-dependent mitochondrial thermogenesis in brown adipose tissues. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1826-1840. [PMID: 37095199 PMCID: PMC10462708 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to the progression of various chronic diseases, and shortens life expectancy. With abundant mitochondria, brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy through heat to limit weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Our previous studies have shown that aurantio-obtusin (AO), a bioactive ingredient in Chinese traditional medicine Cassiae semen significantly improves hepatic lipid metabolism in a steatotic mouse model. In the current study we investigated the effects of AO on lipid metabolism in the BAT of diet-induced obesity mice and in oleic acid and palmitic acid (OAPA)-stimulated primary mature BAT adipocytes. Obese mice were established by feeding a HFHS diet for 4 weeks, and then administered AO (10 mg/kg, i.g.) for another 4 weeks. We showed that AO administration significantly increased the weight of BAT and accelerated energy expenditure to protect the weight increase in the obese mice. Using RNA sequencing and molecular biology analysis we found that AO significantly enhanced mitochondrial metabolism and UCP1 expression by activating PPARα both in vivo and in vitro in the primary BAT adipocytes. Interestingly, AO administration did not improve metabolic dysfunction in the liver and white adipose tissue of obese mice after interscapular BAT excision. We demonstrated that low temperature, a trigger of BAT thermogenesis, was not a decisive factor for AO to stimulate the growth and activation of BATs. This study uncovers a regulatory network of AO in activating BAT-dependent lipid consumption and brings up a new avenue for the pharmaceutical intervention in obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui-Yu Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Run-Ping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Kai-Yi Wu
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250033, China
| | - Ming-Ning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250033, China
| | - Yi-Qing Gu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shu-Ni Duan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong-Rong Li
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250033, China
| | - Yin-Hao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang-Hong Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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3
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Shang Y, Li Z, Cai P, Li W, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Xia S, Shao Q, Wang H. Megamitochondria plasticity: function transition from adaption to disease. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00053-3. [PMID: 37276954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the cell's energy factory and metabolic hub, mitochondria are critical for ATP synthesis to maintain cellular function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to alter their size, shape, and position, with mitochondrial fusion and fission being interdependent to maintain the balance of mitochondrial morphological changes. However, in response to metabolic and functional damage, mitochondria can grow in size, resulting in a form of abnormal mitochondrial morphology known as megamitochondria. Megamitochondria are characterized by their considerably larger size, pale matrix, and marginal cristae structure and have been observed in various human diseases. In energy-intensive cells like hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, the pathological process can lead to the growth of megamitochondria, which can further cause metabolic disorders, cell damage and aggravates the progression of the disease. Nonetheless, megamitochondria can also form in response to short-term environmental stimulation as a compensatory mechanism to support cell survival. However, extended stimulation can reverse the benefits of megamitochondria leading to adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on the findings of the different roles of megamitochondria, and their link to disease development to identify promising clinical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhanghui Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peiyang Cai
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wuhao Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Immunity, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an 223002, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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4
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Li M, Li X, Wu Z, Zhang G, Wang N, Dou M, Liu S, Yang C, Meng G, Sun H, Hvilsom C, Xie G, Li Y, Li ZH, Wang W, Jiang Y, Heller R, Wang Y. Convergent molecular evolution of thermogenesis and circadian rhythm in Arctic ruminants. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230538. [PMID: 37253422 PMCID: PMC10229229 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The muskox and reindeer are the only ruminants that have evolved to survive in harsh Arctic environments. However, the genetic basis of this Arctic adaptation remains largely unclear. Here, we compared a de novo assembled muskox genome with reindeer and other ruminant genomes to identify convergent amino acid substitutions, rapidly evolving genes and positively selected genes among the two Arctic ruminants. We found these candidate genes were mainly involved in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and circadian rhythm. Furthermore, by integrating transcriptomic data from goat adipose tissues (white and brown), we demonstrated that muskox and reindeer may have evolved modulating mitochondrion, lipid metabolism and angiogenesis pathways to enhance BAT thermogenesis. In addition, results from co-immunoprecipitation experiments prove that convergent amino acid substitution of the angiogenesis-related gene hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha (HIF2A), resulting in weakening of its interaction with prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), may increase angiogenesis of BAT. Altogether, our work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in Arctic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Nini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingle Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chentao Yang
- BGI Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hailu Sun
- BGI Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Guoxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
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5
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Pan J, Yin J, Gan L, Xue J. Two-sided roles of adipose tissue: Rethinking the obesity paradox in various human diseases from a new perspective. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13521. [PMID: 36349390 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity, as a result of excess fat accumulation, have become a worldwide public health issue. Recent studies have shown that obesity is closely related to many human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which adipose tissue plays a dual role. In addition to thermal and mechanical insulation and a critical role in energy storage and heat production, adipose tissue is also a highly plastic endocrine and signaling organ that secretes multiple bioactive molecules for inter-organ crosstalk. The phenotypic and biological changes of adipose tissue under pathological conditions, especially in obesity, increase the challenge of deciphering the positive or negative effects of adipose tissue in disease. Despite numerous studies on obesity and adipose tissue, the ambiguous role of adipose tissue on specific organs or tissues in different diseases is not fully understood, and the definite mechanisms remain obscure. In this review, we first summarize the basic biological characteristics of adipose tissue in the physiological state and the abnormal remodeling of adipose tissue during obesity. We then discuss the complex and disparate effects of obesity on various human diseases, with a particular focus on the dual roles and underlying mechanisms of adipose tissue, a quintessential player in obesity, in this process. More importantly, rethinking the causes of the "obesity paradox" phenomenon in diseases from the perspective of adipose homeostasis and dysfunction provides a novel strategy for disease treatment by intervening in fat function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianqiong Yin
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Research Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Thoracic Oncology Ward, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Li L, Sun Y, Zha W, Li L, Li H. Novel insights into the N 6-methyladenosine RNA modification and phytochemical intervention in lipid metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 457:116323. [PMID: 36427654 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epitranscriptome (RNA modification) plays a vital role in a variety of biological events. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells. Dynamic and reversible m6A modification affects the plasticity of epitranscriptome, which plays an essential role in lipid metabolism. In this review, we comprehensively delineated the role and mechanism of m6A modification in the regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver, and summarized phytochemicals that improve lipid metabolism disturbance by targeting m6A regulator, providing potential lead candidates for drug therapeutics. Moreover, we discussed the main challenges and possible future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghuan Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuanhai Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lingqing Li
- Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, PR China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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7
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Guijas C, To A, Montenegro-Burke JR, Domingo-Almenara X, Alipio-Gloria Z, Kok BP, Saez E, Alvarez NH, Johnson KA, Siuzdak G. Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics Identifies Myristoylglycine as a Potent Endogenous Metabolite for Human Brown Fat Differentiation. Metabolites 2022; 12:749. [PMID: 36005620 PMCID: PMC9415469 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, obesity rates have doubled since the 1980s and in the USA alone, almost 40% of adults are obese, which is closely associated with a myriad of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Obesity is derived from an imbalance between energy intake and consumption, therefore balancing energy homeostasis is an attractive target for metabolic diseases. One therapeutic approach consists of increasing the number of brown-like adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT). Whereas WAT stores excess energy, brown adipose tissue (BAT) can dissipate this energy overload in the form of heat, increasing energy expenditure and thus inhibiting metabolic diseases. To facilitate BAT production a high-throughput screening approach was developed on previously known drugs using human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes. The screening allowed us to discover that zafirlukast, an FDA-approved small molecule drug commonly used to treat asthma, was able to differentiate adipocyte precursors and white-biased adipocytes into functional brown adipocytes. However, zafirlukast is toxic to human cells at higher dosages. Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics (DIAM) was used to investigate zafirlukast as a BAT inducer, and the endogenous metabolite myristoylglycine was then discovered to mimic the browning properties of zafirlukast without impacting cell viability. Myristoylglycine was found to be bio-synthesized upon zafirlukast treatment and was unique in inducing brown adipocyte differentiation, raising the possibility of using endogenous metabolites and bypassing the exogenous drugs to potentially alleviate disease, in this case, obesity and other related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew To
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J. Rafael Montenegro-Burke
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xavier Domingo-Almenara
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Computational Metabolomics for Systems Biology Lab, Omics Sciences Unit, Eurecat—Technology Centre of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Alipio-Gloria
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernard P. Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole H. Alvarez
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A. Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular, and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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8
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Zhou H, Zhang H, Ye R, Yan C, Lin J, Huang Y, Jiang X, Yuan S, Chen L, Jiang R, Zheng K, Cheng Z, Zhang Z, Dong M, Jin W. Pantothenate protects against obesity via brown adipose tissue activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E69-E79. [PMID: 35575231 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00293.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the primary site of adaptive thermogenesis, which is involved in energy expenditure and has received much attention in the field of obesity treatment. By screening a small-molecule compound library of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration, pantothenic acid was identified as being able to significantly upregulate the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a key thermogenic protein found in BAT. Pantothenate (PA) treatment decreased adiposity, reversed hepatic steatosis, and improved glucose homeostasis by increasing energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. PA also significantly increased BAT activity and induced beige adipocytes formation. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects were mediated by UCP1 because PA treatment was unable to ameliorate obesity in UCP1 knockout mice. In conclusion, we identified PA as an effective BAT activator that can prevent obesity and may represent a promising strategy for the clinical treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY PA treatment effectively and safely protected against obesity via the BAT-UCP1 axis. PA has therapeutic potential for treating obesity and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlong Yan
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zheng
- Institutes of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Transdermal Delivery of Metformin Using Dissolving Microneedles and Iontophoresis Patches for Browning Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040879. [PMID: 35456713 PMCID: PMC9029293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious public health problem that is strongly associated with increased multiple comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. While current anti-obesity treatments have various issues, locally transforming energy-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) into energy-burning brown-like/beige adipose tissue, the so-called browning of WAT, has been suggested to enhance obesity treatment efficiency with minimized side effects. Metformin is a first-line antidiabetes drug and a potent activator of AMP-activated protein kinase. Emerging evidence has suggested that metformin might enhance energy expenditure via the browning of WAT and hence reduce body weight. Subcutaneous WAT is easier to access and has a stronger browning potential than other WAT depots. In this study, we used dissolvable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microneedles (MN) to deliver metformin to the subcutaneous WAT in obese C57BL/6J mice with the assistance of iontophoresis (INT), and then investigated metformin-induced WAT browning and its subsequent thermogenesis effects. Compared with MN alone or INT alone, MN + INT had better anti-obesity activity, as indicated by decreasing body weight and fat gain, increased energy expenditure, decreased fat pad size, and improved energy metabolism through the browning of WAT. Browning subcutaneous WAT by delivering metformin and other browning agents using this MN + INT approach might combat obesity in an effective, easy, and safe regimen.
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10
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Zhao Y, Li H, Donelan W, Li S, Tang D. Expression of Recombinant Rat Secretable FNDC5 in Pichia Pastoris and Detection of Its Biological Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:852015. [PMID: 35321332 PMCID: PMC8936140 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.852015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC5 is the precursor of the myokine irisin proposed to exhibit favorable metabolic activity, including anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. The diversity of FNDC5 transcripts has been reported by several studies, but the role and existence of these transcripts are not well defined. In our previous study, a novel secretable FNDC5 (sFNDC5) isoform lacking the transmembrane region was found in rat INS-1 cells and multiple rat tissues. In the current study, we established a high-yield system for the expression and purification of sFNDC5 in Pichia pastoris, and functional investigations were undertaken using 3T3-L1 cells. We discovered that this new isoform has similar and even stronger biological functions than irisin, which may be due to its more complete structure without cleavage. Hence, we believe that sFNDC5, as the first identified readily secretable derivative, can better induce lipolysis and can potentially prevent obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqi Tang,
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Tournissac M, Leclerc M, Valentin-Escalera J, Vandal M, Bosoi CR, Planel E, Calon F. Metabolic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on thermoregulation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101462. [PMID: 34534683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease, associated with central and peripheral metabolic anomalies, such as impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance. These observations led to a considerable interest not only in lifestyle-related interventions, but also in repurposing insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs to prevent or treat dementia. Body temperature is the oldest known metabolic readout and mechanisms underlying its maintenance fail in the elderly, when the incidence of AD rises. This raises the possibility that an age-associated thermoregulatory deficit contributes to energy failure underlying AD pathogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in thermogenesis and maintenance of body temperature. In recent years, the modulation of BAT activity has been increasingly demonstrated to regulate energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, which could also provide benefits for AD. Here, we review the evidence linking thermoregulation, BAT and insulin-related metabolic defects with AD, and we propose mechanisms through which correcting thermoregulatory impairments could slow the progression and delay the onset of AD.
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12
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Shokrollahi B, Shang JH, Saadati N, Ahmad HI, Yang CY. Reproductive roles of novel adipokines apelin, visfatin, and irisin in farm animals. Theriogenology 2021; 172:178-186. [PMID: 34175524 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue has a substantial impact on reproduction in mammals, specifically in females. As an energy depository organ, it is precisely associated with the reproductive success of mammals. Adipose tissue secretes many single molecules that are called 'adipokines' which mainly act as endocrine hormones. Adipokines homeostasis is fundamental to energy regulation, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The endocrine function of adipokines is influential for the long-term control of energy metabolism and performs an important function in metabolic state and fertility modulation. During the last years, new roles for adipokines have been appearing in the field of fertility. The adipokines have functions in reproduction at levels of the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the gonads in humans, rodents, and other animals. Normal levels of adipokines are indispensable to protect the integrity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis, regular ovulatory processes, and successful embryo implantation. Leptin and adiponectin are the most studied adipokines, but also the novel adipokines; apelin, visfatin, and irisin are important adipokines having several functions within the reproductive tract. Due to the known and unknown effects of these novel adipokines in the reproduction of farm animals, in this review, we will highlight the reproductive functions of apelin, visfatin, and irisin and summarize the known reproductive effects in farm animals to introduce the gaps for future studies in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borhan Shokrollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jiang-Hua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Nazila Saadati
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran
| | - Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Chun-Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530001, China
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Dynamic Expression Profiles of Circular RNAs during Brown to White Adipose Tissue Transformation in Goats ( Capra hircus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051351. [PMID: 34068539 PMCID: PMC8150810 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In our study, we launched RNA-seq in order to investigate the potential functions of circRNA during brown adipose tissue (BAT) to white adipose tissue (WAT) transformation. As a result, 6610 circRNAs and 61 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified. Moreover, 65 miRNAs were detected that could potentially interact with DEcircRNAs. The present study provides a detailed circRNA expression landscape and evidence for circRNA functions in the transformation from BAT to WAT. Abstract Adipose tissues are mainly divided into brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). WAT mainly functions to buffer excess calories, whereas BAT plays a role in the non-shivering thermogenesis to maintain body temperature and energy balance. Moreover, circRNAs play important roles in various biological processes. However, knowledge of the expression profile and function of circRNAs from BAT to WAT remains largely unknown. In this study, a total of 6610 unique circRNAs were identified in the perirenal adipose tissues of 1-day, 30-days, and 1-year goats. Functional annotation revealed that host genes of circRNAs were involved in some BAT-related pathways, such as the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and VEGF signaling pathway. Furthermore, a total of 61 DEcircRNAs were detected across three stages. Additionally, five selected circRNAs were validated by RNase R assay, qPCR, and Sanger sequencing. Finally, the circRNA–miRNA network was constructed between the DEcircRNAs and their miRNA binding sites.
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Wu Z, Liu J, Chen G, Du J, Cai H, Chen X, Ye G, Luo Y, Luo Y, Zhang L, Duan H, Liu Z, Yang S, Sun H, Cui Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Shi G, Wei T, Liu P, Yan X, Feng J, Bu P. CD146 is a Novel ANGPTL2 Receptor that Promotes Obesity by Manipulating Lipid Metabolism and Energy Expenditure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004032. [PMID: 33747748 PMCID: PMC7967059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related complications pose an increasing threat to human health; however, targetable obesity-related membrane receptors are not yet elucidated. Here, the membrane receptor CD146 is demonstrated to play an essential role in obesity. In particular, CD146 acts as a new adipose receptor for angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), which is thought to act on endothelial cells to activate adipose inflammation. ANGPTL2 binds to CD146 to activate cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which then upregulates CD146 during adipogenesis and adipose inflammation. CD146 is present in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes, where it is mediated by its ligands ANGPTL2 and galectin-1. In preadipocytes, CD146 ablation suppresses adipogenesis, whereas the loss of CD146 in mature adipocytes suppresses lipid accumulation and enhances energy expenditure. Moreover, anti-CD146 antibodies inhibit obesity by disrupting the interactions between CD146 and its ligands. Together, these findings demonstrate that ANGPTL2 directly affects adipocytes via CD146 to promote obesity, suggesting that CD146 can be a potential target for treating obesity.
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15
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Li H, Wang F, Yang M, Sun J, Zhao Y, Tang D. The Effect of Irisin as a Metabolic Regulator and Its Therapeutic Potential for Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6572342. [PMID: 33790964 PMCID: PMC7997758 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6572342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem due to the imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Irisin, a newly identified exercise-responsive myokine, which is produced by the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and obesity-related complications. Various studies in mice have shown that irisin could respond to systematic exercise training and promote white-to-brown fat transdifferentiation, but the role and function of irisin in humans are controversial. In this review, we systematically introduced and analyzed the factors that may contribute to these inconsistent results. Furthermore, we also described the potential anti-inflammatory properties of irisin under a variety of inflammatory conditions. Finally, the review discussed the existing unresolved issues and controversies about irisin, including the transcription of the irisin precursor FNDC5 gene in humans, the cleavage site of the yet unknown proteolytic enzyme that cleaves irisin from FNDC5, and the reliability of irisin levels measured with available detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
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16
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Takata K, Goto T, Kuroda M, Kimura Y, Harada I, Ueda K, Kawada T, Kioka N. Stiffness of the extracellular matrix regulates differentiation into beige adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:205-210. [PMID: 32859378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beige/brite adipocytes, which express high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to generate heat using stored triglycerides, are induced under specific stimuli such as cold exposure in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Although extracellular microenvironments such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness are known to regulate cell behaviors, including cell differentiation into adipocytes, the effect on iWAT cells is unknown. In this study, we show that rigid ECM promotes the cell spreading of iWAT-derived preadipocytes. Furthermore, the expression of UCP1 and other thermogenic genes in iWAT cells is promoted when the cells are cultured on rigid ECM. The expression of mTOR, a kinase known to regulate the differentiation to beige adipocytes, is decreased on rigid substrates. These results suggest that ECM stiffness plays an important role in the differentiation to beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takata
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Mito Kuroda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kimura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ichiro Harada
- Medical Products Technology Development Center, R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 146-8501, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kioka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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17
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Rashid FA, Abbas HJ, Naser NA, Addai Ali H. Effect of Long-Term Moderate Physical Exercise on Irisin between Normal Weight and Obese Men. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:1897027. [PMID: 32952453 PMCID: PMC7481929 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1897027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is a myokine that has a beneficial effect on obesity and glucose metabolism by increasing energy expenditure. This study aims to investigate the effect of long-term moderate physical exercise on irisin levels and its correlations with body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), and metabolic parameters in normal weight and obese males. Material and method. A follow-up case-control study of sixty male participants, comprised of thirty normal weight and thirty obese, who had undergone supervised long-term moderate physical exercises for six months. Serum irisin levels, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and β-cell function (HOMA-B2) were assessed. RESULTS Long-term moderate exercise induced elevation of the irisin level significantly (P < 0.0001) with significant reduction of the BMI, WC, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B2 levels (P < 0.0001) in comparison between obese and normal weight groups. There are significant differences for each parameter in each obese and normal weight group before and after physical exercise with exception of the BMI and WC in the normal group. Significant negative correlations were shown between irisin and blood glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR levels in the obese group and normal weight group. CONCLUSION Irisin improves glucose homeostasis after long-term moderate physical exercises, suggesting that irisin could have regulatory effect on glucose, insulin resistance, and obesity and it could be used as a potential therapy for obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah A. Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Hana'a Addai Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
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18
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de Oliveira M, Mathias LS, Rodrigues BM, Mariani BG, Graceli JB, De Sibio MT, Castro Olimpio RM, Fontes Moretto FC, Deprá IC, Nogueira CR. The roles of triiodothyronine and irisin in improving the lipid profile and directing the browning of human adipose subcutaneous cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110744. [PMID: 32027943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) and irisin (I) can modulate metabolic status, increase heat production, and promote differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). Herein, human subcutaneous white adipocytes were treated with 10 nM T3 or 20 nM I for 24 h to evaluate intracellular lipid accumulation, triglyceride, and glycerol levels, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), adiponectin, leptin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). T3 and irisin improved UCP1 production, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. T3 elevated adiponectin and leptin levels with a concomitant decrease in PPARy and FNDC5 levels. However, irisin did not alter adipokine, PPARy, and FNDC5 levels. The results indicate that T3 may be used to increase leptin and adiponectin levels to improve insulin sensitivity, and irisin may be used to prevent obesity or maintain weight due to its impact on the lipid profile without altering adipokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Solla Mathias
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretto Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gonçalves Mariani
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Teresa De Sibio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Carvalho Deprá
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Nogueira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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McCabe KM, Hsieh J, Thomas DG, Molusky MM, Tascau L, Feranil JB, Qiang L, Ferrante AW, Tall AR. Antisense oligonucleotide treatment produces a type I interferon response that protects against diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2020; 34:146-156. [PMID: 32180554 PMCID: PMC7036698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mouse models, deficiency of TTC39B (T39) decreases hepatic lipogenic gene expression and protects against diet-induced steatohepatitis. While assessing the therapeutic potential of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting T39, we discovered an unexpected weight loss phenotype. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism of the resistance to diet-induced obesity. METHODS To assess therapeutic potential, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to knock down T39 expression in a Western or high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-sucrose-diet-fed Ldlr-/- or wild-type mice. RESULTS T39 ASO treatment led to decreased hepatic lipogenic gene expression and decreased hepatic triglycerides. Unexpectedly, T39 ASO treatment protected against diet-induced obesity. The reduced weight gain was seen with two different ASOs that decreased T39 mRNA in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), but not with a liver-targeted GalNac-ASO. Mice treated with the T39 ASO displayed increased browning of gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) and evidence of increased lipolysis. However, T39 knockout mice displayed a similar weight loss response when treated with T39 ASO, indicating an off-target effect. RNA-seq analysis of gWAT showed a widespread increase in type I interferon (IFN)-responsive genes, and knockout of the IFN receptor abolished the weight loss phenotype induced by the T39 ASO. Some human T39 ASOs and ASOs with different modifications targeting LDLR also induced a type I IFN response in THP1 macrophages. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that extrahepatic targeting of T39 by ASOs in ATMs produced an off-target type 1 IFN response, leading to activation of lipolysis, browning of WAT, and weight loss. While our findings suggest that ASOs may induce off-target type 1 IFN response more commonly than previously thought, they also suggest that therapeutic induction of type 1 IFN selectively in ATMs could potentially represent a novel approach to the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M McCabe
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David G Thomas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Matthew M Molusky
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Liana Tascau
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jun B Feranil
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony W Ferrante
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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20
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Iwase M, Sakai S, Seno S, Yeh YS, Kuo T, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Jheng HF, Horton P, Osato N, Matsuda H, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Long non-coding RNA 2310069B03Rik functions as a suppressor of Ucp1 expression under prolonged cold exposure in murine beige adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:305-313. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1677451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Specific conditions, such as exposure to cold, can induce the production of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue. These adipocytes express high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and energy expended by generating heat. Thus, these are a potential target for the prevention or treatment of obesity. The present study involved a comprehensive analysis of the adipose tissue to understand the relationship between long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) 2310069B03Rik and UCP1. Cold exposure increased both lncRNA 2310069B03Rik and Ucp1 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). However, overexpression of lncRNA 2310069B03Rik suppressed the Ucp1 mRNA expression and the promoter activity of UCP1 in the iWAT primary adipocytes. In addition, compared to the early induction of Ucp1 expression by cold stimulation, the induction of lncRNA 2310069B03Rik expression was later. These results suggest that lncRNA 2310069B03Rik functions as a suppression factor of Ucp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iwase
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tony Kuo
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul Horton
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Naoki Osato
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Thibonnier M, Esau C. Metabolic Benefits of MicroRNA-22 Inhibition. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 30:104-116. [PMID: 31873061 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabesity is a growing pandemic with substantial health and financial consequences. We are developing microRNA (miRNA)-based drug candidates that transform fat storing adipocytes into fat burning adipocytes (browning effect) to treat metabolic diseases characterized by lipotoxicity. Through phenotypic screening in primary cultures of human subcutaneous adipocytes, we discovered that inhibition of miRNA-22-3p by several complementary antagomirs resulted in increased lipid oxidation, mitochondrial activity, and energy expenditure (EE). These effects may be mediated through activation of target genes like KDM3A, KDM6B, PPARA, PPARGC1B, and SIRT1 involved in lipid catabolism, thermogenesis, and glucose homeostasis. In the model of Diet-Induced Obesity in mice of various ages, weekly subcutaneous injections of various miRNA-22-3p antagomirs produced a significant fat mass reduction, but no change of appetite or body temperature. Insulin sensitivity, as well as circulating glucose and cholesterol levels, was also improved. These original findings suggest that miRNA-22-3p inhibition could become a potent treatment of human obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the so-called diabesity characterized by lipotoxicity and insulin resistance.
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22
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Holter MM, Garibay D, Lee SA, Saikia M, McGavigan AK, Ngyuen L, Moore ES, Daugherity E, Cohen P, Kelly K, Weiss RS, Cummings BP. Hepatocyte p53 ablation induces metabolic dysregulation that is corrected by food restriction and vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice. FASEB J 2019; 34:1846-1858. [PMID: 31914635 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902214r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
P53 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes; however, the mechanisms and tissue sites of action are incompletely defined. Therefore, we investigated the role of hepatocyte p53 in metabolic homeostasis using a hepatocyte-specific p53 knockout mouse model. To gain further mechanistic insight, we studied mice under two complementary conditions of restricted weight gain: vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) or food restriction. VSG or sham surgery was performed in high-fat diet-fed male hepatocyte-specific p53 wild-type and knockout littermates. Sham-operated mice were fed ad libitum or food restricted to match their body weight to VSG-operated mice. Hepatocyte-specific p53 ablation in sham-operated ad libitum-fed mice impaired glucose homeostasis, increased body weight, and decreased energy expenditure without changing food intake. The metabolic deficits induced by hepatocyte-specific p53 ablation were corrected, in part by food restriction, and completely by VSG. Unlike food restriction, VSG corrected the effect of hepatocyte p53 ablation to lower energy expenditure, resulting in a greater improvement in glucose homeostasis compared with food restricted mice. These data reveal an important new role for hepatocyte p53 in the regulation of energy expenditure and body weight and suggest that VSG can improve alterations in energetics associated with p53 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darline Garibay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Seon A Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mridusmita Saikia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anne K McGavigan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lily Ngyuen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Moore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erin Daugherity
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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23
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Lee YJ, Heo Y, Choi JH, Park S, Kim KK, Shin DW, Kang JH. Association of Circulating Irisin Concentrations with Weight Loss after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E660. [PMID: 30813469 PMCID: PMC6406479 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine with potential anti-obesity properties that has been suggested to increase energy expenditure in obese patients. However, there is limited clinical information on the biology of irisin in humans, especially in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We aimed to assess the association of circulating irisin concentrations with weight loss in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This was a pilot, single-centre, longitudinal observational study. We recruited 25 morbidly obese subjects who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBP), and blood samples from 12 patients were taken to measure serum irisin concentrations before, and one and nine months after surgery. Their clinical characteristics were measured for one year. The preoperative serum irisin concentration (mean 1.01 ± 0.23 μg/mL, range 0.73⁻1.49) changed bidirectionally one month after RYGBP. The mean concentration at nine months was 1.11 ± 0.15 μg/mL (range 0.92⁻1.35). Eight patients had elevated irisin levels compared with their preoperative values, but four did not. Elevations of irisin levels nine months, but not one month, after surgery, were associated with lower preoperative levels (p = 0.016) and worse weight reduction rates (p = 0.006 for the percentage excess weight loss and p = 0.032 for changes in body mass index). The preoperative serum irisin concentrations were significantly correlated with the percentage of excess weight loss for one year (R² = 0.612; p = 0.04) in our study. Our results suggest that preoperative circulating irisin concentrations may be at least in part associated with a weight loss effect of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients. Further large-scale clinical studies are needed to ratify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ji Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Center, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Yoonseok Heo
- Department of Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Ji-Ho Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Center, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Kon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon School of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Dong Wun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do 10380, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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24
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Arhire LI, Mihalache L, Covasa M. Irisin: A Hope in Understanding and Managing Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:524. [PMID: 31428053 PMCID: PMC6687775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is an endocrine organ highly integrated in homeostasis and capable of establishing ways of communicating and influencing multiple metabolic processes. Brown adipose tissue promotes energy expenditure by incorporating the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), also known as thermogenin, which decouples cellular respiration and heat production, in the mitochondrial membranes. Recent data suggest the presence of a thermogenic cell formation from white adipocytes (beige or brite cells) with a potential role in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. The formation of these cells is influenced by physical exertion that induces expression of PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC1) and downstream membrane protein, fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in skeletal muscle. Irisin, a thermogenic adipomyokine produced by FNDC5 cleavage is involved in the browning of adipose tissue. While animal studies are congruent with regard to the relationship between physical exertion and irisin release, the results from human studies are less than clear. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of muscle and adipose tissue thermogenesis. Further, it describes the molecular mechanisms by which irisin impacts exercise, glucose homeostasis and obesity. Finally, the review discusses current gaps and controversies related to irisin release, its mode of action and its future potential as a therapeutic tool in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I. Arhire
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihalache
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- *Correspondence: Mihai Covasa
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25
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Yuan T, Li J, Zhao WG, Sun W, Liu SN, Liu Q, Fu Y, Shen ZF. Effects of metformin on metabolism of white and brown adipose tissue in obese C57BL/6J mice. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:96. [PMID: 31788033 PMCID: PMC6880501 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate effects of metformin on the regulation of proteins of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obesity and explore the underlying mechanisms on energy metabolism. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal diet (ND, n = 6) or high-fat diet (HFD, n = 12) for 22 weeks. HFD-induced obese mice were treated with metformin (MET, n = 6). After treatment for 8 weeks, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp were performed to evaluate the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Protein expressions of WAT and BAT in mice among ND, HFD, and MET group were identified and quantified with isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with 2D LC-MS/MS. The results were analyzed by MASCOT, Scaffold and IPA. RESULTS The glucose infusion rate in MET group was increased significantly compared with HFD group. We identified 4388 and 3486 proteins in WAT and BAT, respectively. As compared MET to HFD, differential expressed proteins in WAT and BAT were mainly assigned to the pathways of EIF2 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction, respectively. In the pathways, CPT1a in WAT, CPT1b and CPT2 in BAT were down-regulated by metformin significantly. CONCLUSIONS Metformin improved the body weight and insulin sensitivity of obese mice. Meanwhile, metformin might ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress in WAT, and affect fatty acid metabolism in WAT and BAT. CPT1 might be a potential target of metformin in WAT and BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Gang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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26
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Yang X, Xu W, Huang K, Zhang B, Wang H, Zhang X, Gong L, Luo Y, He X. Precision toxicology shows that troxerutin alleviates ochratoxin A-induced renal lipotoxicity. FASEB J 2018; 33:2212-2227. [PMID: 30247986 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800742r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is the most common cause of severe kidney disease, with few treatment options available today. Precision toxicology can improve detection of subtle intracellular changes in response to exogenous substrates; thus, it facilitates in-depth research on bioactive molecules that may interfere with the onset of certain diseases. In the current study, troxerutin significantly relieved nephrotoxicity, increased endurance, and improved systemic energy metabolism and renal inflammation in OTA-induced nephrotic mice. Lipidomics showed that troxerutin effectively reduced the levels of triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines in nephropathy. The mechanism was partly attributable to troxerutin in alleviating the aberrantly up-regulated expression of sphingomyelinase, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and chloride channel 2. Renal tubular epithelial cells, the main site of toxin-induced accumulation of lipids in the kidney, were subjected to transcriptomic profiling, which uncovered several metabolic factors relevant to aberrant lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Our work provides new insights into the molecular features of toxin-induced lipotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells in vivo and demonstrates the function of troxerutin in alleviating OTA-induced nephrosis and associated systemic energy metabolism disorders.-Yang, X., Xu, W., Huang, K., Zhang, B., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Gong, L., Luo, Y., He, X. Precision toxicology shows that troxerutin alleviates ochratoxin A-induced renal lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haomiao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Gong
- China Academy of Sport and Health Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism-Food Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism-Food Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, China
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27
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Señarís R, Ordás P, Reimúndez A, Viana F. Mammalian cold TRP channels: impact on thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:761-777. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Costa RM, Neves KB, Tostes RC, Lobato NS. Perivascular Adipose Tissue as a Relevant Fat Depot for Cardiovascular Risk in Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29618983 PMCID: PMC5871983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of premature death, morbidity, and mortality from several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. However, this is not a straightforward relationship. Although several studies have substantiated that obesity confers an independent and additive risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death, there is significant variability in these associations, with some lean individuals developing diseases and others remaining healthy despite severe obesity, the so-called metabolically healthy obese. Part of this variability has been attributed to the heterogeneity in both the distribution of body fat and the intrinsic properties of adipose tissue depots, including developmental origin, adipogenic and proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, hormonal control, thermogenic ability, and vascularization. In obesity, these depot-specific differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. The adventitial fat layer, also known as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), is of major importance. Similar to the visceral adipose tissue, PVAT has a pathophysiological role in CVDs. PVAT influences vascular homeostasis by releasing numerous vasoactive factors, cytokines, and adipokines, which can readily target the underlying smooth muscle cell layers, regulating the vascular tone, distribution of blood flow, as well as angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and redox status. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and discuss the role of PVAT within the scope of adipose tissue as a major contributing factor to obesity-associated cardiovascular risk. Relevant clinical studies documenting the relationship between PVAT dysfunction and CVD with a focus on potential mechanisms by which PVAT contributes to obesity-related CVDs are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Núbia S Lobato
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, Brazil
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29
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Yang J, Yang J, Ran C. Spectral Unmixing Imaging for Differentiating Brown Adipose Tissue Mass and Its Activation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:6134186. [PMID: 29531505 PMCID: PMC5817366 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6134186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent large-scale clinical analysis indicates that brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass levels inversely correlate with body-mass index (BMI), suggesting that BAT is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. PET imaging with 18F-FDG is the most commonly used method for visualizing BAT. However, this method is not able to differentiate between BAT mass and BAT activation. This task, in fact, presents a tremendous challenge with no currently existing methods to separate BAT mass and BAT activation. Our previous results indicated that BAT could be successfully imaged in mice with near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) curcumin analogues. However, the results from conventional NIRF imaging could not reflect what portion of the NIRF signal from BAT activation contributed to the signal observed. To solve this problem, we used spectral unmixing to separate/unmix NIRF signal from oil droplets in BAT, which represents its mass and NIRF signal from blood, which represents BAT activation. In this report, results from our proof-of-concept investigation demonstrated that spectral unmixing could be used to separate NIRF signal from BAT mass and BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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30
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Irisin is a pro-myogenic factor that induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and rescues denervation-induced atrophy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1104. [PMID: 29062100 PMCID: PMC5653663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces expression of the myokine irisin, which is known to promote browning of white adipose tissue and has been shown to mediate beneficial effects following exercise. Here we show that irisin induces expression of a number of pro-myogenic and exercise response genes in myotubes. Irisin increases myogenic differentiation and myoblast fusion via activation of IL6 signaling. Injection of irisin in mice induces significant hypertrophy and enhances grip strength of uninjured muscle. Following skeletal muscle injury, irisin injection improves regeneration and induces hypertrophy. The effects of irisin on hypertrophy are due to activation of satellite cells and enhanced protein synthesis. In addition, irisin injection rescues loss of skeletal muscle mass following denervation by enhancing satellite cell activation and reducing protein degradation. These data suggest that irisin functions as a pro-myogenic factor in mice. Exercise induces expression of the myokine Irisin. Here the authors show that Irisin promotes muscle hypertrophy and regeneration following injury or denervation in mice, by activating satellite cells and modulating protein synthesis and degradation.
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31
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Rebuffet E, Frick A, Järvå M, Törnroth-Horsefield S. Cell-free production and characterisation of human uncoupling protein 1-3. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:276-281. [PMID: 28955755 PMCID: PMC5614671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) leak protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling the proton gradient from ATP synthesis. The main known physiological role for this is heat generation by UCP1 in brown adipose tissue. However, UCPs are also believed to be important for protection against reactive oxygen species, fine-tuning of metabolism and have been suggested to be involved in disease states such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. Structural studies of UCPs have long been hampered by difficulties in sample preparation with neither expression in yeast nor refolding from inclusion bodies in E. coli yielding sufficient amounts of pure and stable protein. In this study, we have developed a protocol for cell-free expression of human UCP1, 2 and 3, resulting in 1 mg pure protein per 20 mL of expression media. Lauric acid, a natural UCP ligand, significantly improved protein thermal stability and was therefore added during purification. Secondary structure characterisation using circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed the proteins to consist of mostly α-helices, as expected. All three UCPs were able to bind GDP, a well-known physiological inhibitor, as shown by the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technique, suggesting that the proteins are in a natively folded state. A protocol for cell-free expression of human uncoupling protein 1–3 is described. Addition of native membrane components increased expression levels. Addition of lauric acid increased protein stability in solution. CD spectroscopy confirms alpha-helical secondary structure as expected. All proteins binds GDP as demonstrated by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Rebuffet
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Frick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Järvå
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Törnroth-Horsefield
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Centre for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Yang J, Yang J, Wang L, Moore A, Liang SH, Ran C. Synthesis-free PET imaging of brown adipose tissue and TSPO via combination of disulfiram and 64CuCl 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8298. [PMID: 28811616 PMCID: PMC5557754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PET imaging is a widely applicable but a very expensive technology. On-site synthesis is one important contributor to the high cost. In this report, we demonstrated the feasibility of a synthesis-free method for PET imaging of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) via a combination of disulfiram, an FDA approved drug for alcoholism, and 64CuCl2 (termed 64Cu-Dis). In this method, a step-wise injection protocol of 64CuCl2 and disulfiram was used to accomplish the purpose of synthesis-free. Specifically, disulfiram, an inactive 64Cu ligand, was first injected to allow it to metabolize into diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a strong 64Cu ligand, which can chelate 64CuCl2 from the following injection to form the actual PET tracer in situ. Our blocking studies, western blot, and tissue histological imaging suggested that the observed BAT contrast was due to 64Cu-Dis binding to TSPO, which was further confirmed as a specific biomarker for BAT imaging using [18F]-F-DPA, a TSPO-specific PET tracer. Our studies, for the first time, demonstrated that TSPO could serve as a potential imaging biomarker for BAT. We believe that our strategy could be extended to other targets while significantly reducing the cost of PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.,School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.
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33
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Lee JY, Park J, Kim S. Cold adaptation, aging, and Korean women divers haenyeo. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:33. [PMID: 28789677 PMCID: PMC5549283 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have been studying the thermoregulatory responses of Korean breath-hold women divers, called haenyeo, in terms of aging and cold adaptation. During the 1960s to the 1980s, haenyeos received attention from environmental physiologists due to their unique ability to endure cold water while wearing only a thin cotton bathing suit. However, their overall cold-adaptive traits have disappeared since they began to wear wetsuits and research has waned since the 1980s. For social and economic reasons, the number of haenyeos rapidly decreased to 4005 in 2015 from 14,143 in 1970 and the average age of haenyeos is about 75 years old at present. METHODS For the past several years, we revisited and explored older haenyeos in terms of environmental physiology, beginning with questionnaire and field studies and later advancing to thermal tolerance tests in conjunction with cutaneous thermal threshold tests in a climate chamber. As control group counterparts, older non-diving females and young non-diving females were compared with older haenyeos in the controlled experiments. RESULTS Our findings were that older haenyeos still retain local cold tolerance on the extremities despite their aging. Finger cold tests supported more superior local cold tolerance for older haenyeos than for older non-diving females. However, thermal perception in cold reflected aging effects rather than local cold acclimatization. An interesting finding was the possibility of positive cross-adaptation which might be supported by greater heat tolerance and cutaneous warm perception thresholds of older haenyeos who adapted to cold water. CONCLUSIONS It was known that cold-adaptive traits of haenyeos disappeared, but we confirmed that cold-adaptive traits are still retained on the face and hands which could be interpreted by a mode switch to local adaptation from the overall adaptation to cold. Further studies on cross-adaptation between chronic cold stress and heat tolerance are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Lee
- Seoul National University, Bld.222-#306, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Joonhee Park
- Seoul National University, Bld.222-#332, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Siyeon Kim
- Seoul National University, Bld.222-#332, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
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Than A, Xu S, Li R, Leow MKS, Sun L, Chen P. Angiotensin type 2 receptor activation promotes browning of white adipose tissue and brown adipogenesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17022. [PMID: 29263921 PMCID: PMC5661636 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue dissipates energy in the form of heat. Recent studies have shown that adult humans possess both classical brown and beige adipocytes (brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue, WAT), and stimulating brown and beige adipocyte formation can be a new avenue to treat obesity. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a peptide hormone that plays important roles in energy metabolism via its angiotensin type 1 or type 2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Adipose tissue is a major source of AngII and expresses both types of its receptors, implying the autocrine and paracrine role of AngII in regulating adipose functions and self-remodeling. Here, based on the in vitro studies on primary cultures of mouse white adipocytes, we report that, AT2R activation, either by AngII or AT2R agonist (C21), induces white adipocyte browning, by increasing PPARγ expression, at least in part, via ERK1/2, PI3kinase/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. It is also found that AngII–AT2R enhances brown adipogenesis. In the in vivo studies on mice, administration of AT1R antagonist (ZD7155) or AT2R agonist (C21) leads to the increase of WAT browning, body temperature and serum adiponectin, as well as the decrease of WAT mass and the serum levels of TNFα, triglycerides and free fatty acids. In addition, AT2R-induced browning effect is also observed in human white adipocytes, as evidenced by the increased UCP1 expression and oxygen consumption. Finally, we provide evidence that AT2R plays important roles in hormone T3-induced white adipose browning. This study, for the first time, reveals the browning and brown adipogenic effects of AT2R and suggests a potential therapeutic target to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Than
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaohai Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lei Sun
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Optical visualisation of thermogenesis in stimulated single-cell brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1383. [PMID: 28469146 PMCID: PMC5431191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of brown adipose deposits in adults has led to significant interest in targeting this metabolically active tissue for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Improved methods for the direct measurement of heat production as the signature function of brown adipocytes (BAs), particularly at the single cell level, would be of substantial benefit to these ongoing efforts. Here, we report the first application of a small molecule-type thermosensitive fluorescent dye, ERthermAC, to monitor thermogenesis in BAs derived from murine brown fat precursors and in human brown fat cells differentiated from human neck brown preadipocytes. ERthermAC accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of BAs and displayed a marked change in fluorescence intensity in response to adrenergic stimulation of cells, which corresponded to temperature change. ERthermAC fluorescence intensity profiles were congruent with mitochondrial depolarisation events visualised by the JC-1 probe. Moreover, the averaged fluorescence intensity changes across a population of cells correlated well with dynamic changes such as thermal power, oxygen consumption, and extracellular acidification rates. These findings suggest ERthermAC as a promising new tool for studying thermogenic function in brown adipocytes of both murine and human origins.
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36
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van den Berg SM, van Dam AD, Rensen PCN, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E. Immune Modulation of Brown(ing) Adipose Tissue in Obesity. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:46-68. [PMID: 27849358 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and is therefore responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Increasing energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a current novel strategy to reduce the excessive energy stores in obesity. Brown adipocytes burn energy to generate heat and are mainly activated upon cold exposure. As prolonged cold exposure is not a realistic therapy, researchers worldwide are searching for novel ways to activate BAT and/or induce beiging of white adipose tissue. Recently, the contribution of immune cells in the regulation of brown adipocyte activity and beiging of white adipose tissue has gained increased attention, with a prominent role for eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. This review discusses the rediscovery of BAT, presents an overview of modes of activation and differentiation of beige and brown adipocytes, and describes the recently discovered immunological pathways that are key in mediating brown/beige adipocyte development and function. Interventions in immunological pathways harbor the potential to provide novel strategies to increase beige and brown adipose tissue activity as a therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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37
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Preite NZ, Nascimento BPPD, Muller CR, Américo ALV, Higa TS, Evangelista FS, Lancellotti CL, Henriques FDS, Batista ML, Bianco AC, Ribeiro MO. Disruption of beta3 adrenergic receptor increases susceptibility to DIO in mouse. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:259-269. [PMID: 27672060 PMCID: PMC5609459 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive changes in metabolic rate by responding to the sympathetic nervous system through β-adrenergic receptors (AR). Here, we wished to define the role played by the ARβ3 isoform in this process. This study focused on the ARβ3 knockout mice (ARβ3KO), including responsiveness to cold exposure, diet-induced obesity, intolerance to glucose, dyslipidaemia and lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT). ARβ3KO mice defend core temperature during cold exposure (4°C for 5 h), with faster BAT thermal response to norepinephrine (NE) infusion when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Despite normal BAT thermogenesis, ARβ3KO mice kept on a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% fat) for 8 weeks exhibited greater susceptibility to diet-induced obesity, markedly increased epididymal adipocyte area with clear signs of inflammation. The HFD-induced glucose intolerance was similar in both groups but serum hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were less intense in ARβ3KO animals when compared with WT controls. Isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in isolated white adipocytes as assessed by glycerol release was significantly impaired in ARβ3KO animals despite normal expression of key proteins involved in lipid metabolism. In conclusion, ARβ3 inactivation does not affect BAT thermogenesis but increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity by dampening WAT lipolytic response to adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailliw Z Preite
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Translational MedicineEPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna P P do Nascimento
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Translational MedicineEPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cynthia R Muller
- Experimental Pathophysiology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Laura V Américo
- Experimental Pathophysiology DepartmentFaculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita S Higa
- School of ArtsSciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Evangelista
- School of ArtsSciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen L Lancellotti
- Department of PathologySchool of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe dos Santos Henriques
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue BiologyIntegrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue BiologyIntegrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rush University and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesMackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena; Jena Germany
| | - S. Reuter
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; Universitätsklinikum Jena; Jena Germany
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39
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Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue: The heat is on the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1592-605. [PMID: 27084389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained significant scientific interest since the discovery of functional BAT in adult humans. The thermogenic properties of BAT are well recognized; however, data generated in the last decade in both rodents and humans reveal therapeutic potential for BAT against metabolic disorders and obesity. Here we review the current literature in light of a potential role for BAT in beneficially mediating cardiovascular health. We focus mainly on BAT's actions in obesity, vascular tone, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the recently discovered endocrine factors that have a potential beneficial role in cardiovascular health. These BAT-secreted factors may have a favorable effect against cardiovascular risk either through their metabolic role or by directly affecting the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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Vandal M, White PJ, Tournissac M, Tremblay C, St-Amour I, Drouin-Ouellet J, Bousquet M, Traversy MT, Planel E, Marette A, Calon F. Impaired thermoregulation and beneficial effects of thermoneutrality in the 3×Tg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 43:47-57. [PMID: 27255814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The sharp rise in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at an old age coincides with a reduction in energy metabolism and core body temperature. We found that the triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD) spontaneously develops a lower basal body temperature and is more vulnerable to a cold environment compared with age-matched controls. This was despite higher nonshivering thermogenic activity, as evidenced by brown adipose tissue norepinephrine content and uncoupling protein 1 expression. A 24-hour exposure to cold (4 °C) aggravated key neuropathologic markers of AD such as: tau phosphorylation, soluble amyloid beta concentrations, and synaptic protein loss in the cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. Strikingly, raising the body temperature of aged 3×Tg-AD mice via exposure to a thermoneutral environment improved memory function and reduced amyloid and synaptic pathologies within a week. Our results suggest the presence of a vicious cycle between impaired thermoregulation and AD-like neuropathology, and it is proposed that correcting thermoregulatory deficits might be therapeutic in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Vandal
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA; Faculté de medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de pneumologie et de cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marine Tournissac
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de Recherche et Développement, Héma-Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculté de medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melanie Bousquet
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Thérèse Traversy
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andre Marette
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut universitaire de pneumologie et de cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU-Q (Pavillon CHUL), Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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Giralt M, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villarroya F. Fibroblast growth factor-21, energy balance and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:66-73. [PMID: 26415590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is an endocrine member of the FGF family with healthy effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 reduces glycemia and lipidemia in rodent models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition to its effects improving insulin sensitivity, FGF21 causes weight loss by increasing energy expenditure. Activation of the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue and promotion of the appearance of the so-called beige/brite type of brown adipocytes in white fat are considered the main mechanisms underlying the leaning effects of FGF21. Paradoxically, however, obesity in rodents and humans is characterized by high levels of FGF21 in the blood. Some degree of resistance to the actions of FGF21 has been proposed as part of the endocrine alterations in obesity. The resistance in adipose tissue from obese rodents and patients is likely attributable to abnormally low levels of the FGF co-receptor β-Klotho, required for FGF21 cellular action. However, native FGF21 and FGF21 derivatives retain their healthy metabolic and weight-loss effects when used as pharmacological agents to treat obese rodents and humans. FGF21 derivatives or molecules mimicking FGF21 action appear to be interesting candidates for the development of novel anti-obesity drugs designed to increase energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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43
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Lee YH, Kim SN, Kwon HJ, Maddipati KR, Granneman JG. Adipogenic role of alternatively activated macrophages in β-adrenergic remodeling of white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R55-65. [PMID: 26538237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
De novo brown adipogenesis involves the proliferation and differentiation of progenitors, yet the mechanisms that guide these events in vivo are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that treatment with a β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) agonist triggers brown/beige adipogenesis in gonadal white adipose tissue following adipocyte death and clearance by tissue macrophages. The close physical relationship between adipocyte progenitors and tissue macrophages suggested that the macrophages that clear dying adipocytes might generate proadipogenic factors. Flow cytometric analysis of macrophages from mice treated with CL 316,243 identified a subpopulation that contained elevated lipid and expressed CD44. Lipidomic analysis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-isolated macrophages demonstrated that CD44+ macrophages contained four- to five-fold higher levels of the endogenous peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), and 13-HODE compared with CD44- macrophages. Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that ADRB3 agonist treatment upregulated expression of ALOX15, the lipoxygenase responsible for generating 9-HODE and 13-HODE. Using an in vitro model of adipocyte efferocytosis, we found that IL-4-primed tissue macrophages accumulated lipid from dying fat cells and upregulated expression of Alox15. Furthermore, treatment of differentiating adipocytes with 9-HODE and 13-HODE potentiated brown/beige adipogenesis. Collectively, these data indicate that noninflammatory removal of adipocyte remnants and coordinated generation of PPARγ ligands by M2 macrophages provides localized adipogenic signals to support de novo brown/beige adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Lipidomics Core Facility and Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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44
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Ho D, Zhao X, Yan L, Yuan C, Zong H, Vatner DE, Pessin JE, Vatner SF. Adenylyl Cyclase Type 5 Deficiency Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2015; 64:2636-45. [PMID: 25732192 PMCID: PMC4477357 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase type 5 knockout (AC5KO) mice have increased longevity and share a similar phenotype with calorie-restricted wild-type (WT) mice. To determine the in vivo metabolic properties of AC5 deficiency, we compared the effects of standard diet (SD) and high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity, energy balance, glucose regulation, and insulin sensitivity. AC5KO mice on SD had reduced body weight and adiposity compared with WT mice. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in AC5KO mice. Indirect calorimetry demonstrated increased oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and energy expenditure in AC5KO compared with WT mice on both SD and HFD. AC5KO mice also displayed improved glucose tolerance and increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, accompanied by decreased liver glycogen stores. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies confirmed the marked improvement of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in AC5KO mice primarily through increased insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function were significantly increased in AC5KO skeletal muscle. These data demonstrate that deficiency of AC5 protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, supporting AC5 as a potential novel therapeutic target for treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ho
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Xin Zhao
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Lin Yan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Chujun Yuan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Haihong Zong
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Jeffery E Pessin
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
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Villarroya F, Giralt M. The Beneficial Effects of Brown Fat Transplantation: Further Evidence of an Endocrine Role of Brown Adipose Tissue. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2368-70. [PMID: 26091427 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, 08028 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, 08028 Catalonia, Spain
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Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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Than A, He HL, Chua SH, Xu D, Sun L, Leow MKS, Chen P. Apelin Enhances Brown Adipogenesis and Browning of White Adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14679-91. [PMID: 25931124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue expends energy in the form of heat via the mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1. Recent studies showed that brown adipose tissue is present in adult humans and may be exploited for its anti-obesity and anti-diabetes actions. Apelin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays important roles in energy metabolism. Here, we report that apelin-APJ signaling promotes brown adipocyte differentiation by increasing the expressions of brown adipogenic and thermogenic transcriptional factors via the PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. It is also found that apelin relieves the TNFα inhibition on brown adipogenesis. In addition, apelin increases the basal activity of brown adipocytes, as evidenced by the increased PGC1α and UCP1 expressions, mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxygen consumption. Finally, we provide both in vitro and in vivo evidence that apelin is able to increase the brown-like characteristics in white adipocytes. This study, for the first time, reveals the brown adipogenic and browning effects of apelin and suggests a potential therapeutic route to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Than
- From the Bioengineering Program, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
| | - Hui Ling He
- From the Bioengineering Program, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
| | - Si Hui Chua
- From the Bioengineering Program, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
| | - Dan Xu
- the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, and
| | - Lei Sun
- the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, and
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- the Endocrine and Diabetes Clinic, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- From the Bioengineering Program, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457,
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Roman S, Agil A, Peran M, Alvaro-Galue E, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Fernández-Vázquez G, Marchal JA. Brown adipose tissue and novel therapeutic approaches to treat metabolic disorders. Transl Res 2015; 165:464-79. [PMID: 25433289 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans, 2 functionally different types of adipose tissue coexist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is involved in energy storage, whereas BAT is involved in energy expenditure. Increased amounts of WAT may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, the thermogenic function of BAT allows high consumption of fatty acids because of the activity of uncoupling protein 1 in the internal mitochondrial membrane. Interestingly, obesity reduction and insulin sensitization have been achieved by BAT activation-regeneration in animal models. This review describes the origin, function, and differentiation mechanisms of BAT to identify new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders related to obesity. On the basis of the animal studies, novel approaches for BAT regeneration combining stem cells from the adipose tissue with active components, such as melatonin, may have potential for the treatment of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiniano Roman
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Tissue Engineering Group, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitals Unversity/University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Peran
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Eduardo Alvaro-Galue
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Francisco J Ruiz-Ojeda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitals Unversity/University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Park JW, Jung KH, Lee JH, Quach CHT, Moon SH, Cho YS, Lee KH. 18F-FDG PET/CT monitoring of β3 agonist-stimulated brown adipocyte recruitment in white adipose tissue. J Nucl Med 2014; 56:153-8. [PMID: 25525187 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.147603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is rising interest in recruitment of brown adipocytes into white adipose tissue (WAT) as a means to augment energy expenditure for weight reduction. We thus investigated the potential of (18)F-FDG uptake as an imaging biomarker that can monitor the process of WAT browning. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with the β3 agonist CL316,243 (5-[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylic acid disodium salt), whereas controls received saline. (18)F-FDG small-animal PET/CT was serially performed at 1 h after CL316,243 injection. After sacrifice, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and WAT depots were extracted, weighed, and measured for (18)F-FDG uptake. Tissues underwent immunostaining, and UCP1 content was quantified by Western blotting. RESULTS PET/CT showed low (18)F-FDG uptake in both BAT and inguinal WAT at baseline. BAT uptake was substantially increased by a single stimulation with CL316,243. Uptake in inguinal WAT was only modestly elevated by the first stimulation uptake but gradually increased to BAT level by prolonged stimulation. Ex vivo measurements recapitulated the PET findings, and measured (18)F-FDG uptake in other WAT depots was similar to inguinal WAT. WAT browning by prolonged stimulation was confirmed by a substantial increase in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), cytochrome-c oxidase 4 (COX4), and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) staining as markers of brown adipocytes. UCP1 content, which served as a measure for extent of browning, was low in baseline inguinal WAT but linearly increased over 10 d of CL316,243 injection. Finally, image-based and ex vivo-measured (18)F-FDG uptake in inguinal WAT correlated well with UCP1 content. CONCLUSION (18)F-FDG PET/CT has the capacity to monitor brown adipocyte recruitment into WAT depots in vivo and may thus be useful for screening the efficacy of strategies to promote WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cung Hoa Thien Quach
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hong SJ, Park E, Xu W, Jia S, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA. Response of human mature adipocytes to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1656-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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