The lineage decisions of helper T cells

Pathophysiology of bone remodelling cycle: Role of immune system and lipids

Osteoporosis is the most common skeletal disease worldwide, characterized by low bone mineral density, resulting in weaker bones, and an increased risk of fragility fractures. The maintenance of bone mass relies on the precise balance between bone synthesis and resorption. The close relationship between the immune and skeletal systems, called "osteoimmunology", was coined to identify these overlapping "scientific worlds", and its function resides in the evaluation of the mutual effects of the skeletal and immune systems at the molecular and cellular levels, in both physiological and pathological states. Lipids play an essential role in skeletal metabolism and bone health. Indeed, bone marrow and its skeletal components demand a dramatic amount of daily energy to control hematopoietic turnover, acquire and maintain bone mass, and actively being involved in whole-body metabolism. Statins, the main therapeutic agents in lowering plasma cholesterol levels, are able to promote osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. This review is meant to provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology of bone remodelling cycle, focusing on the interplay between bone, immune system and lipids. Novel therapeutic strategies for the management of osteoporosis are also discussed.

An overview of host immune responses against Leishmania spp. infections

Leishmania spp. infections pose a significant global health challenge, affecting approximately 1 billion people across more than 88 endemic countries. This unicellular, obligate intracellular parasite causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from localized cutaneous lesions to systemic visceral infections. Despite advancements in modern medicine and increased understanding of the parasite's etiology and associated diseases, treatment options remain limited to pentavalent antimonials, liposomal amphotericin B, and miltefosine. A deeper understanding of the interactions between immune and non-immune cells involved in the clearance of Leishmania spp. infections could uncover novel therapeutic strategies for this debilitating disease. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating how various cell types contribute to the regulation and resolution of Leishmania spp. infections.

Immunomodulatory Effects of L-Arginine-Modified Silkworm Pupae Protein Enteral Nutrition on Murine Intestinal Morphology and Immunity

L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is well-documented for its role in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, its anti-inflammatory properties, and its modulation of immune responses. Studies suggest it may improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation in conditions such as colitis or sepsis. However, its specific efficacy in diabetic enteropathy (a complication of diabetes involving intestinal dysfunction, inflammation, and neuropathy) is less studied. To verify whether L-arginine and silkworm pupae components have a role in the treatment of diabetic enteropathy via the regulation of other cytokines and suppression of CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, a special medical-purpose formula containing both of these components was tested. For the first time, we have integrated L-arginine and silkworm pupae protein into enteral nutrition formulations for testing its anti-inflammatory potential. We have found that these formulations can improve the characteristics of diabetic intestinal inflammation through nutrient-modulating effects and nutritional efficacy. In addition, L-arginine (L-arginine, L-arg) enhances the immunomodulatory effects of special medical purpose formulas for diabetes mellitus. We utilized an oxidative stress model of small intestinal epithelial cells induced by high glucose and an inflammation model of the small intestine triggered by lipopolysaccharide in mice. The aim was to further investigate the protective effects of L-arginine and enteral nutritional preparations derived from silkworm pupae protein components on the intestinal tract. This research seeks to establish a theoretical foundation for understanding how L-arginine and these nutritional preparations regulate intestinal inflammation in vivo.

BHLHE41, a transcriptional repressor involved in physiological processes and tumor development

BHLHE41 is a nuclear transcriptional repressor that belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix protein superfamily. BHLHE41 expression tends to be restricted to specific tissues and is regulated by environmental cues and biological events. BHLHE41 homodimerizes or heterodimerizes with various partners, influencing its transcription factor function. BHLHE41 is involved in the regulation of many physiological processes implicated in tissue/organ homeostasis, such as myogenesis, adipogenesis, circadian rhythms and DNA repair. At cellular level, BHLHE41 is involved in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell properties, tissue-specific macrophage functions and lymphoid lineage physiology. In several cancer types, BHLHE41 modulates the expression of different transcriptional programs influencing cell cycle control, apoptosis, invasiveness, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and hypoxia response in the tumor environment. Depending on the cancer cell type, BHLHE41 can act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, and could be a target for innovative therapies. This review summarizes the available knowledge on BHLHE41 structure, biological functions, regulation and potential partners, as well as its role in physiological processes, and its implication in major cancer steps.

Ferroptosis contributes to immunosuppression

As a novel form of cell death, ferroptosis is mainly regulated by the accumulation of soluble iron ions in the cytoplasm and the production of lipid peroxides and is closely associated with several diseases, including acute kidney injury, ischemic reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The term "immunosuppression" refers to various factors that can directly harm immune cells' structure and function and affect the synthesis, release, and biological activity of immune molecules, leading to the insufficient response of the immune system to antigen production, failure to successfully resist the invasion of foreign pathogens, and even organ damage and metabolic disorders. An immunosuppressive phase commonly occurs in the progression of many ferroptosis-related diseases, and ferroptosis can directly inhibit immune cell function. However, the relationship between ferroptosis and immunosuppression has not yet been published due to their complicated interactions in various diseases. Therefore, this review deeply discusses the contribution of ferroptosis to immunosuppression in specific cases. In addition to offering new therapeutic targets for ferroptosis-related diseases, the findings will help clarify the issues on how ferroptosis contributes to immunosuppression.

Cell therapy with human IL-10-producing ILC2s limits xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease by inhibiting pathogenic T cell responses

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC210) regulate inflammatory immune responses, yet their therapeutic potential remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that cell therapy with human ILC210 inhibits pathogenic T cell responses in humanized mouse models of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), resulting in reduced GVHD severity and improved overall survival without limiting the graft-versus-leukemia effect. ILC210 conferred superior protection from GVHD than IL-10-/low ILC2s, and blocking IL-10 and IL-4 abrogated ILC210 protective effects, indicating that these cytokines are important for the protective effects of ILC210. Notably, ILC210 provided comparable protection from GVHD to regulatory T cells without impairing T cell engraftment, instead decreasing intestinal T cell infiltration and suppressing CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Tc1 cells. CITE-seq of expanded ILC2s revealed CD49d and CD86 are markers that allow for enrichment of ILC210 from conventional ILC2s and tracking of ILC210 in patient studies. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the potential of ILC210 in cell therapies for GVHD and other immune-mediated diseases.

Expansion of peripheral cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in Alzheimer's disease: New insights from multi-omics evidence

The significance of the adaptive immune response in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly recognized. We analyzed scRNA-Seq data from AD patients, revealing a notable rise in CD4 cytotoxic T cells (CD4-CTLs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), validated in vivo and in vitro. This rise correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. We also identified transcription factors TBX21 and MYBL1 as key drivers of CD4-CTL expansion. Further analyses indicate these cells are terminally differentiated, showing clonal expansion, metabolic changes, and unique communication patterns. Mendelian randomization identified risk genes SRGN and ITGB1, suggesting their genetic regulation in CD4-CTLs may contribute to AD. To summarize, our findings characterize the expansion of CD4-CTLs in the PBMCs of AD patients, providing valuable understanding into the possible mechanisms involved in the expansion of CD4-CTLs in AD.

Comparing neoantigen cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint therapy unveils an effective vaccine and anti-TREM2 macrophage-targeting dual therapy

The goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) is to promote T cells with anti-tumor capabilities. Here, we compared mutant neoantigen (neoAg) peptide-based vaccines with ICT in preclinical models. NeoAg vaccines induce the most robust expansion of proliferating and stem-like PD-1+TCF-1+ neoAg-specific CD8 T cells in tumors. Anti-CTLA-4 and/or anti-PD-1 ICT promotes intratumoral TCF-1- neoAg-specific CD8 T cells, although their phenotype depends in part on the specific ICT used. Anti-CTLA-4 also prompts substantial changes to CD4 T cells, including induction of ICOS+Bhlhe40+ T helper 1 (Th1)-like cells. Although neoAg vaccines or ICTs expand iNOS+ macrophages, neoAg vaccines maintain CX3CR1+CD206+ macrophages expressing the TREM2 receptor, unlike ICT, which suppresses them. TREM2 blockade enhances neoAg vaccine efficacy and is associated with fewer CX3CR1+CD206+ macrophages and induction of neoAg-specific CD8 T cells. Our findings highlight different mechanisms underlying neoAg vaccines and different forms of ICT and identify combinatorial therapies to enhance neoAg vaccine efficacy.

Immunoinformatic approach for multi-epitope vaccine design against Staphylococcus aureus based on hemolysin proteins

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium that causes a variety of infections in humans. This microorganism produces several virulence factors, including hemolysins, which contribute to its disease-causing ability. The treatment of S. aureus infections typically involves the use of antibiotics. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a major concern. Therefore, vaccination against S. aureus has gained attention as an alternative approach. Vaccination has the advantage of stimulating the immune system to produce specific antibodies that can neutralize bacteria and prevent infection. However, developing an effective vaccine against S. aureus has proven to be challenging. This study aimed to use in silico methods to design a multi-epitope vaccine against S. aureus infection based on hemolysin proteins. The designed vaccine contained four B-cell epitopes, four CTL epitopes, and four HTL epitopes, as well as the ribosomal protein L7/L12 and pan-HLA DR-binding epitope, included as adjuvants. Furthermore, the vaccine was non-allergenic and non-toxic with the potential to stimulate the TLR2-, TLR-4, and TLR-6 receptors. The predicted vaccine exhibited a high degree of antigenicity and stability, suggesting potential for further development as a viable vaccine candidate. The population coverage of the vaccine was 94.4 %, indicating potential widespread protection against S. aureus. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the design of an effective multi-epitope vaccine against S. aureus infection and pave the way for future experimental validations.

Model-Informed Precision Dosing for Personalized Ustekinumab Treatment in Plaque Psoriasis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Implementing model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) strategies guided by population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models could enhance the management of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. However, the extent of individual experimental data gathered during MIPD significantly influences the uncertainty in estimating individual PK/PD parameters, affecting clinical dose selection decisions.

METHODS

This study proposes a methodology to individualize ustekinumab (UTK) dosing strategies for 23 Spanish patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis., considering the uncertainty of individual parameters within a population PK/PD model.

RESULTS

An indirect response model from previous research was used to describe the PK/PD relationship between UTK serum concentrations and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. A maximum inhibition drug effect (Imax) model was selected, and a first-order remission constant rate of psoriatic skin lesion (kout = 0.016 d-1) was estimated.

CONCLUSIONS

The MIPD approach predicted that 35% and 26% of the patients would need an optimized and intensified dosage regimen, respectively, compared to the regimen typically used in clinical practice. This analysis demonstrated its utility as a tool for selecting personalized UTK dosing regimens in clinical practice in order to optimize the probability of achieving targeted clinical outcomes in patients with psoriasis.

Insulin resistance in nonobese type 2 diabetic Goto Kakizaki rats is associated with a proinflammatory T lymphocyte profile

Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats develop a well-defined insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without presenting obesity. The lymphocyte profile in nonobese diabetic conditions is not yet characterized. Therefore, GK rats were chosen to explore T lymphocyte (TL) dynamics at various stages (21, 60, and 120 days) compared to Wistar rats. GK rats exhibit progressive disruption of glucose regulation, with early glucose intolerance at 21 days and reduced insulin sensitivity at 60 days, confirming IR. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression was consistently elevated in GK rats, suggesting heightened TL activation. T-regulatory lymphocyte markers diminished at 21 days. However, GK rats showed increased Th1 markers and reduced Gata-3 expression (crucial for Th2 cell differentiation) at 120 days. These findings underscore an early breakdown of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in GK rats, indicating a proinflammatory TL profile that may worsen chronic inflammation in T2DM.

Intestinal cDC1s provide cues required for CD4+ T cell-mediated resistance to Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium is an enteric pathogen and a prominent cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Control of Cryptosporidium requires CD4+ T cells, but how protective CD4+ T cell responses are generated is poorly understood. Here, Cryptosporidium parasites that express MHCII-restricted model antigens were generated to understand the basis for CD4+ T cell priming and effector function. These studies revealed that parasite-specific CD4+ T cells are primed in the draining mesenteric lymph node but differentiate into Th1 cells in the gut to provide local parasite control. Although type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) were dispensable for CD4+ T cell priming, they were required for CD4+ T cell gut homing and were a source of IL-12 at the site of infection that promoted local production of IFN-γ. Thus, cDC1s have distinct roles in shaping CD4+ T cell responses to an enteric infection: first, to promote gut homing from the mesLN, and second, to drive effector responses in the intestine.

The emerging role of T helper 9 (Th9) cells in immunopathophysiology: A comprehensive review of their effects and responsiveness in various disease states

Th9 cells, a subset of T-helper cells producing interleukin-9 (IL-9), play a vital role in the adaptive immune response and have diverse effects in different diseases. Regulated by transcription factors like PU.1 and IRF4, and cytokines such as IL-4 and TGF-β, Th9 cells drive tissue inflammation. This review focuses on their emerging role in immunopathophysiology. Th9 cells exhibit immune-mediated cancer cell destruction, showing promise in glioma and cervical cancer treatment. However, their role in breast and lung cancer is intricate, requiring a deeper understanding of pro- and anti-tumor aspects. Th9 cells, along with IL-9, foster T cell and immune cell proliferation, contributing to autoimmune disorders. They are implicated in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and infections. In allergic reactions and asthma, Th9 cells fuel pro-inflammatory responses. Targeting Foxo1 may regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, alleviating disease symptoms. This comprehensive review outlines Th9 cells' evolving immunopathophysiological role, emphasizing the necessity for further research to grasp their effects and potential therapeutic applications across diseases.

Allosterically activating SHP2 by oleanolic acid inhibits STAT3-Th17 axis for ameliorating colitis

Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is an essential tyrosine phosphatase that is pivotal in regulating various cellular signaling pathways such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. The activation of SHP2 has been shown to have a therapeutic effect in colitis and Parkinson's disease. Thus, the identification of SHP2 activators and a complete understanding of their mechanism is required. We used a two-step screening assay to determine a novel allosteric activator of SHP2 that stabilizes it in an open conformation. Oleanolic acid was identified as a suitable candidate. By binding to R362, K364, and K366 in the active center of the PTP domain, oleanolic acid maintained the active open state of SHP2, which facilitated the binding between SHP2 and its substrate. This oleanolic acid-activated SHP2 hindered Th17 differentiation by disturbing the interaction between STAT3 and IL-6Rα and inhibiting the activation of STAT3. Furthermore, via the activation of SHP2 and subsequent attenuation of the STAT3-Th17 axis, oleanolic acid effectively mitigated colitis in mice. This protective effect was abrogated by SHP2 knockout or administration of the SHP2 inhibitor SHP099. These findings underscore the potential of oleanolic acid as a promising therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory bowel diseases.

Immuno-metabolic reprogramming of T cell: a new frontier for pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune condition characterized by ongoing inflammation primarily affecting the synovial joint. This inflammation typically arises from an increase in immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells (TC). TC is recognized as a major player in RA pathogenesis. The involvement of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN-2 among RA patients confirms the TC involvement in RA. Metabolism of TC is maintained by various other factors like cytokines, mitochondrial proteins & other metabolites. Different TC subtypes utilize different metabolic pathways like glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation for their activation from naive TC (T0). Although all subsets of TC are not deleterious for synovium, some subsets of TC are involved in joint repair using their anti-inflammatory properties. Hence artificially reprogramming of TC subset by interfering with their metabolic status poised a hope in future to design new molecules against RA.

Regulation of T helper cell differentiation by the interplay between histone modification and chromatin interaction

The development and function of the immune system are controlled by temporospatial gene expression programs, which are regulated by cis-regulatory elements, chromatin structure, and trans-acting factors. In this study, we cataloged the dynamic histone modifications and chromatin interactions at regulatory regions during T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Our data revealed that the H3K4me1 landscape established by MLL4 in naive CD4+ T cells is critical for restructuring the regulatory interaction network and orchestrating gene expression during the early phase of Th differentiation. GATA3 plays a crucial role in further configuring H3K4me1 modification and the chromatin interaction network during Th2 differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HSS3-anchored chromatin loops function to restrict the activity of the Th2 locus control region (LCR), thus coordinating the expression of Th2 cytokines. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of how the interplay between histone modifications, chromatin looping, and trans-acting factors contributes to the differentiation of Th cells.

Class IIa HDAC4 and HDAC7 cooperatively regulate gene transcription in Th17 cell differentiation

Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important in regulation of gene transcription during T cell development. However, our understanding of their cell-specific functions is limited. In this study, we reveal that class IIa Hdac4 and Hdac7 (Hdac4/7) are selectively induced in transcription, guiding the lineage-specific differentiation of mouse T-helper 17 (Th17) cells from naive CD4+ T cells. Importantly, Hdac4/7 are functionally dispensable in other Th subtypes. Mechanistically, Hdac4 interacts with the transcription factor (TF) JunB, facilitating the transcriptional activation of Th17 signature genes such as Il17a/f. Conversely, Hdac7 collaborates with the TF Aiolos and Smrt/Ncor1-Hdac3 corepressors to repress transcription of Th17 negative regulators, including Il2, in Th17 cell differentiation. Inhibiting Hdac4/7 through pharmacological or genetic methods effectively mitigates Th17 cell-mediated intestinal inflammation in a colitis mouse model. Our study uncovers molecular mechanisms where HDAC4 and HDAC7 function distinctively yet cooperatively in regulating ordered gene transcription during Th17 cell differentiation. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy of targeting HDAC4/7 for treating Th17-related inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis.

Tumor immunity: A brief overview of tumor‑infiltrating immune cells and research advances into tumor‑infiltrating lymphocytes in gynecological malignancies (Review)

Tumor immunity is a promising topic in the area of cancer therapy. The 'soil' function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) for tumor growth has attracted wide attention from scientists. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the TME, especially the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), serve a key role in cancer. Firstly, relevant literature was searched in the PubMed and Web of Science databases with the following key words: 'Tumor microenvironment'; 'TME'; 'tumor-infiltrating immunity cells'; 'gynecologic malignancies'; 'the adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of TILs'; and 'TIL-ACT' (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). According to the title and abstract of the articles, relevant items were screened out in the preliminary screening. The most relevant selected items were of two types: All kinds of tumor-infiltrating immune cells; and advanced research on TILs in gynecological malignancies. The results showed that the subsets of TILs were various and complex, while each subpopulation influenced each other and their effects on tumor prognosis were diverse. Moreover, the related research and clinical trials on TILs were mostly concentrated in melanoma and breast cancer, but relatively few focused on gynecological tumors. In conclusion, the present review summarized the biological classification of TILs and the mechanisms of their involvement in the regulation of the immune microenvironment, and subsequently analyzed the development of tumor immunotherapy for TILs. Collectively, the present review provides ideas for the current treatment dilemma of gynecological tumor immune checkpoints, such as adverse reactions, safety, personal specificity and efficacy.

T cell infiltration mediates neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with pathological features of β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulation in the brain, often accompanied by cognitive decline. So far, our understanding of the extent and role of adaptive immune responses in AD has been quite limited. T cells, as essential members of the adaptive immune system, exhibit quantitative and functional abnormalities in the brains of AD patients. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD is considered one of the factors leading to T cell infiltration. Moreover, the degree of neuronal loss in AD is correlated with the quantity of T cells. We first describe the differentiation and subset functions of peripheral T cells in AD patients and provide an overview of the key findings related to BBB dysfunction and how T cells infiltrate the brain parenchyma through the BBB. Furthermore, we emphasize the risk factors associated with AD, including Aβ, Tau protein, microglial cells, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and neuroinflammation. We discuss their regulation of T cell activation and proliferation, as well as the connection between T cells, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Understanding the innate immune response is crucial for providing comprehensive personalized therapeutic strategies for AD.

Mucosal Immunity Related to CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Children with Helicobacter pylori Gastritis

Purpose

We investigated the role of CD8+T cells as host immune factors in pediatric patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis.

Methods

Gastric mucosal tissue and blood samples were collected from 39 children, including 11 children with H. pylori infection and 28 children as controls. Anti-CD8 and anti-T-bet antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry of the gastric mucosa. For the cell surface and intracellular staining, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with anti-IL7Rα, anti-CX3CR1, anti-CD8, anti-T-bet, and anti-IFN-γ antibodies. Cytokines of sera such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and CX3CL1 were analyzed using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

In the immunohistochemistry of gastric mucosa, the frequency of CD8+ and T-bet+ T cells cells was higher in the H. pylori-positive group than in the control group (26.9± 7.8% vs. 16.9±3.3%, p<0.001; 5.0±2.5% vs. 2.2±0.7%, p=0.001). Between the control and H. pylori-positive groups, the frequency of IL-7RαlowCX3CR1+ CD8+ and T-bet+ INF-γ+ CD8+ T cells were not significantly different between surface and intracellular staining, respectively (40.4±24.0% vs. 38.2±17.8%, p=0.914; 40.4±24.0% vs. 38.2±17.8%, p=0.914). In the ELISA, no significant differences in TNF-α and CX3CL1 concentrations were observed between the control and H. pylori-positive groups (34.3±12.1 pg/mL vs. 47.0±22.6 pg/mL, p=0.114/0.5± 0.1 pg/mL vs. 0.5±0.1 pg/mL, p=0.188).

Conclusion

CD8+ T and Th1 cells, which secrete IFN-γ, might play important roles in the mucosal immunity of the stomach in children with H. pylori infection.

Disulfidptosis-related Protein RPN1 may be a Novel Anti-osteoporosis Target of Kaempferol

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis (OP) is an age-related skeletal disease. Kaempferol can regulate bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenesis to improve OP, but its mechanism related to disulfidptosis, a newly discovered cell death mechanism, remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to investigate the biological function and immune mechanism of disulfidptosis- related ribophorin I (RPN1) in OP and to experimentally confirm that RPN1 is the target for the treatment of OP with kaempferol.

METHODS

Differential expression analysis was conducted on disulfide-related genes extracted from the GSE56815 and GSE7158 datasets. Four machine learning algorithms identified disease signature genes, with RPN1 identified as a significant risk factor for OP through the nomogram. Validation of RPN1 differential expression in OP patients was performed using the GSE56116 dataset. The impact of RPN1 on immune alterations and biological processes was explored. Predictive ceRNA regulatory networks associated with RPN1 were generated via miRanda, miRDB, and TargetScan databases. Molecular docking estimated the binding model between kaempferol and RPN1. The targeting mechanism of kaempferol on RPN1 was confirmed through pathological HE staining and immunohistochemistry in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

RESULTS

RPN1 was abnormally overexpressed in the OP cohort, associated with TNF signaling, hematopoietic cell lineage, and NF-kappa B pathway. Immune infiltration analysis showed a positive correlation between RPN1 expression and CD8+ T cells and resting NK cells, while a negative correlation with CD4+ naive T cells, macrophage M1, T cell gamma delta, T cell follicular helper cells, activated mast cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, was found. Four miRNAs and 17 lncRNAs associated with RPN1 were identified. Kaempferol exhibited high binding affinity (-7.2 kcal/mol) and good stability towards the RPN1. The experimental results verified that kaempferol could improve bone microstructure destruction and reverse the abnormally high expression of RPN1 in the femur of ovariectomized rats.

CONCLUSION

RPN1 may be a new diagnostic biomarker in patients with OP, and may serve as a new target for kaempferol to improve OP.

Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action

BACKGROUND

Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system's reaction to allergens, inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and the production of more than normal mucus. One of the main reasons is an increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs that leads to the appearance of symptoms of asthma, including inflammation and shortness of breath. On the other hand, it has been proven that phytochemicals with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can be useful in improving allergic asthma.

PURPOSE

Common chemical treatments for allergic asthma include corticosteroids, which have many side effects and temporarily relieve symptoms but are not a cure. Therefore, taking the help of natural compounds to improve the quality of life of asthmatic patients can be a valuable issue that has been evaluated in the present review.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this study, three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane) with the keywords: allergic asthma, phytochemical, plant, and herb were evaluated. The primary result was 5307 articles. Non-English, repetitive, and review articles were deleted from the study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Finally, after carefully reading the articles, 102 were included in the study (2006-2022). The results of this review state that phytochemicals suppress the inflammatory pathways via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production/secretion, genes, and proteins involved in the inflammation process, reducing oxidative stress indicators and symptoms of allergic asthma, such as cough and mucus production in the lungs.

CONCLUSION

With their antioxidant effects, this study concluded that phytochemicals suppress cytokines and other inflammatory indicators and thus can be considered an adjunctive treatment for improving allergic asthma.

Intestinal cDC1s provide IL-12 dependent and independent functions required for CD4+ T cell-mediated resistance to Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium is an enteric pathogen that is a prominent cause of diarrheal disease. Control of this infection requires CD4+ T cells, though the processes that lead to T cell-mediated resistance have been difficult to assess. Here, Cryptosporidium parasites that express MHCII-restricted model antigens were generated to dissect the early events that influence CD4+ T cell priming and effector function. These studies highlight that parasite-specific CD4+ T cells are primed in the draining mesenteric lymph node (mesLN) and differentiate into Th1 cells in the gut, where they mediate IFN-γ-dependent control of the infection. Although type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) were not required for initial priming of CD4+ T cells, cDC1s were required for CD4+ T cell expansion and gut homing. cDC1s were also a major source of IL-12 that was not required for priming but promoted full differentiation of CD4+ T cells and local production of IFN-γ. Together, these studies reveal distinct roles for cDC1s in shaping CD4+ T cell responses to enteric infection: first to drive early expansion in the mesLN and second to drive effector responses in the gut.

Engineering the IL-4/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation

The structurally and functionally related interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 cytokines play pivotal roles in shaping immune activity. The IL-4/IL-13 axis is best known for its critical role in T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated Type 2 inflammation, which protects the host from large multicellular pathogens, such as parasitic helminth worms, and regulates immune responses to allergens. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as non-hematopoietic cells, to coordinate various functions, including immune regulation, antibody production, and fibrosis. Due to its importance for a broad spectrum of physiological activities, the IL-4/IL-13 network has been targeted through a variety of molecular engineering and synthetic biology approaches to modulate immune behavior and develop novel therapeutics. Here, we review ongoing efforts to manipulate the IL-4/IL-13 axis, including cytokine engineering strategies, formulation of fusion proteins, antagonist development, cell engineering approaches, and biosensor design. We discuss how these strategies have been employed to dissect IL-4 and IL-13 pathways, as well as to discover new immunotherapies targeting allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Looking ahead, emerging bioengineering tools promise to continue advancing fundamental understanding of IL-4/IL-13 biology and enabling researchers to exploit these insights to develop effective interventions.

IL-9-Producing Th9 Cells Participate in the Occurrence and Development of Iodine-Induced Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Iodine excess may cause and aggravate autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), which is regarded as a typical kind of autoimmune disease mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells. Thus far, it is unclear whether T helper (Th) 9 cells, a novel subpopulation of CD4+ T cells, play a potential role in AIT. Therefore, in the present study, changes in Th9 cells were detected in murine models of AIT induced by excess iodine intake to explore the possible immune mechanism. Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into 7 groups (n = 8) and were supplied with water containing 0.005% sodium iodide for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. With the extension of the high-iodine intake duration, the incidence of thyroiditis and the spleen index were significantly increased, and serum thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) titers and interleukin 9 (IL-9, major cytokine from Th9 cells) concentrations were also increased. Additionally, it was revealed that the percentages of Th9 cells in spleen mononuclear cells (SMCs) and thyroid tissues were both markedly elevated and accompanied by increased mRNA and protein expression of IL-9 and key transcription factors of Th9 cells (PU.1 and IRF-4). Significantly, dynamic changes in Th9 cells were found, with a peak at 8 weeks after high iodine intake, the time point when thyroiditis was the most serious. Importantly, Th9 cells were detected in the areas of infiltrating lymphocytes in thyroid sections. In conclusion, the continuously increasing proportions of Th9 cells may play an important role in the occurrence and development of AIT induced by high iodine intake.

The Mechanisms of Polysaccharides from Tonic Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Enhancement Immune Function: A Review

Tonic Chinese herbal medicine is a type of traditional Chinese medicine, and its primary function is to restore the body's lost nutrients, improve activity levels, increase disease resistance, and alleviate physical exhaustion. The body's immunity can be strengthened by its polysaccharide components, which also have a potent immune-system-protecting effect. Several studies have demonstrated that tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides can improve the body's immune response to tumor cells, viruses, bacteria, and other harmful substances. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which various polysaccharides used in tonic Chinese herbal medicine enhance immune function vary. This study examines the regulatory effects of different tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides on immune organs, immune cells, and immune-related cytokines. It explores the immune response mechanism to understand the similarities and differences in the effects of tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides on immune function and to lay the foundation for the future development of tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharide products.

JAK inhibition ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by blocking GM-CSF-driven inflammatory signature of monocytes

Monocytes are key effectors in autoimmunity-related diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) due to the critical roles of these cells in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, differentiation of T-helper (Th) cells, and antigen presentation. The JAK-STAT signaling is crucial for initiating monocytes induced immune responses by relaying cytokines signaling. However, the role of this pathway in modulating the communication between monocytes and Th cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear. Here, we show that the JAK1/2/3 and STAT1/3/5/6 subtypes involved in the demyelination mediated by the differentiation of pathological Th1 and Th17 and the CNS-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. JAK inhibition prevented the CNS-infiltrating CCR2-dependent Ly6Chi monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in EAE mice. In parallel, the proportion of GM-CSF+CD4+ T cells and GM-CSF secretion were decreased in pathological Th17 cells by JAK inhibition, which in turns converted CNS-invading monocytes into antigen-presenting cells to mediate tissue damage. Together, our data highlight the therapeutic potential of JAK inhibition in treating EAE by blocking the GM-CSF-driven inflammatory signature of monocytes.

Prediction of prognosis and immune landscape in cervical cancer based on heat shock protein-related genes

Objective: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play key roles in the malignant transformation and progression of many tumors. However, the effectiveness of using HSP-related genes to predict the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer (CC) remains elusive. We aimed to delineate the prognosis and biological significance of HSP-related genes in CC. Methods: We collected the transcriptional and clinical data of CC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and searched for HSP-related genes in the literature. LASSO and univariate/multivariate Cox regression analyses were utilized to screen genes; 12 genes were found to be related to CC survival, and a prediction model was built. The effectiveness of the model was confirmed using TCGA and GEO, and it was found to be an independent predictor of CC. The nomogram is plotted. The prognostic model was further visualized using calibration curves, which showed good agreement with the predicted outcomes at 1-, 3, and 5 years. Results: We found that low-risk patients had higher immune cell infiltration and stronger immune function, and according to the immunophenoscore and TIDE scores, the low-risk group tended to respond more to immunotherapy. Additionally, we used the GDSC database to predict drug sensitivity in patients with different prognostic risks. Conclusion: In summary, we built a good model to help predict the prognosis of CC patients and provide a reference for personalized treatment and medication for different patients.

PM2.5 exposure promotes asthma in aged Brown-Norway rats: Implication of multiomics analysis

Children are disproportionately represented among those who suffer asthma, which is a kind of chronic airway inflammation. Asthma symptoms might worsen when exposed to the air pollutant particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). However, it is becoming more prevalent among older adults, with more asthma-related deaths occurring in this pollution than in any other age group, and symptoms caused by asthma can reduce the quality of life of the elderly, whose asthma is underdiagnosed due to physiological factors. Therefore, in an effort to discover a therapy for older asthma during exposure to air pollution, we sought to ascertain the effects of pre-exposure (PA) and persistent exposure (PAP) to PM2.5 in aged asthma rats. In this study, we exposed aged rats to PM2.5 at different times (PA and PAP) and established an ovalbumin-mediated allergic asthma model. The basic process of elderly asthma caused by PM2.5 exposure was investigated by lung function detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histopathology, cytology, cytokine microarray, untargeted metabolomics, and gut microbiota analysis. Our findings demonstrated that in the PA and PAP groups, exposure to PM2.5 reduced lung function and exacerbated lung tissue damage, with varying degrees of effect on immunoglobulin levels, the findings of a cytological analysis, cytokines, and chemokines. The PA and PAP rats had higher amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as naphthalene, 2-methylNaphthalene, 1-methylNaphthalene and flourene. Moreover, exposure to PM2.5 at different times showed different effects on plasma metabolism and gut microbiota. Bioinformatics analysis showed a strong correlation between PAHs, cytokines, and gut microbiota, and PAHs may cause metabolic disorders through the gut microbiota. These findings point to a possible mechanism for the development of asthma in older people exposure to PM2.5 that may be related to past interactions between PAHs, cytokines, gut microbiota, and plasma metabolites.

Diphtheria toxin-derived, anti-PD-1 immunotoxin, a potent and practical tool to selectively deplete PD-1+ cells

Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint receptor, is expressed on activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and some types of tumor cells. While PD-1+ cells have been implicated in outcomes of cancer immunity, autoimmunity, and chronic infections, the exact roles of these cells in various physiological and pathological processes remain elusive. Molecules that target and deplete PD-1+ cells would be instrumental in defining the roles unambiguously. Previously, an immunotoxin has been generated for the depletion of PD-1+ cells though its usage is impeded by its low production yield. Thus, a more practical molecular tool is desired to deplete PD-1+ cells and to examine functions of these cells. We designed and generated a novel anti-PD1 diphtheria immunotoxin, termed PD-1 DIT, targeting PD-1+ cells. PD-1 DIT is comprised of two single chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from an anti-PD-1 antibody, coupled with the catalytic and translocation domains of the diphtheria toxin. PD-1 DIT was produced using a yeast expression system that has been engineered to efficiently produce protein toxins. The yield of PD-1 DIT reached 1-2 mg/L culture, which is 10 times higher than the previously reported immunotoxin. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analyses confirmed that PD-1 DIT specifically binds to and enters PD-1+ cells. The binding avidities between PD-1 DIT and two PD-1+ cell lines are approximately 25 nM. Moreover, PD-1 DIT demonstrated potent cytotoxicity toward PD-1+ cells, with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) value of 1 nM. In vivo experiments further showed that PD-1 DIT effectively depleted PD-1+ cells and enabled mice inoculated with PD-1+ tumor cells to survive throughout the study. Our findings using PD-1 DIT revealed the critical role of pancreatic PD-1+ T cells in the development of type-1 diabetes (T1D). Additionally, we observed that PD-1 DIT treatment ameliorated relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE), a mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). Lastly, we did not observe significant hepatotoxicity in mice treated with PD-1 DIT, which had been reported for other immunotoxins derived from the diphtheria toxin. With its remarkable selective and potent cytotoxicity toward PD-1+ cells, coupled with its high production yield, PD-1 DIT emerges as a powerful biotechnological tool for elucidating the physiological roles of PD-1+ cells. Furthermore, the potential of PD-1 DIT to be developed into a novel therapeutic agent becomes evident.

Interleukin-12 induces IFN-γ secretion and STAT signaling implying its potential regulation of Th1 cell response in Nile tilapia

As a pleiotropic cytokine consisting of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) features in inflammation regulation and anti-bacterial immunity. While IL-12 homologs have been identified in non-mammalian species, the precise mechanisms by which IL-12 contributes to early adaptive immune responses in vertebrates remain incompletely understood. Herein, an evolutionary conserved Oreochromis niloticus IL-12 (defined as OnIL-12) was identified by synteny characterization, structural comparisons and phylogenetic pattern of IL-12p35b and IL-12p40a. IL-12p35b and IL-12p40a exhibited widespread expression in lymphoid-related tissues of tilapia, while their mRNA expression in head-kidney demonstrated a significant increase after Edwardsiella piscicida infection. Compared with other lymphocytes, recombinant OnIL-12 (rOnIL-12) displayed stronger affinity binding to T cells. Although stimulation of lymphocytes with the p35b or p40a subunit resulted in a significant induction of IFN-γ expression, rOnIL-12 showed stronger potential to promote IFN-γ expression than these subunits. rOnIL-12 not only elevated the mRNA expression level Th1 cell-associated transcription factor T-bet in lymphocytes, but also increased the proportion of CD4-1+IFN-γ+ lymphocytes. Moreover, the mRNA and phosphorylation levels of STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 were enhanced by rOnIL-12. These findings will offer previous evidence for further exploration into the regulatory mechanisms of Th1 cellular immunity in early vertebrates.

Parallel origins and functions of T cells and ILCs

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue resident cells that are triggered through a relatively broad spectrum of alarmins, inflammatory cues, neuropeptides, and hormones. Functionally, ILCs are akin to subsets of helper T cells and are characterized by a similar effector cytokine profile. They also share a dependency on many of the same essential transcription factors identified for the maintenance and survival of T cells. The key distinguishing factor between the ILC family and T cells is the lack of antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) on ILCs and, thus, they can be considered the "ultimate invariant T cells". ILCs, like T cells, orchestrate downstream effector inflammatory responses by adjusting the cytokine microenvironment in a fashion that promotes protection, health, and homeostasis at mucosal barrier sites. But also, like T cells, ILCs have recently been implicated in several pathological inflammatory disease states. This review focuses on the selective role of ILCs in the development of allergic airway inflammation (AAI) and fibrosis in the gut where a complex ILC interplay has been shown to either attenuate or worsen disease. Finally, we discuss new data on TCR gene rearrangements in subsets of ILCs that challenge the current dogma linking their origin to committed bone marrow progenitors and instead propose a thymic origin for at least some ILCs. In addition, we highlight how naturally occurring TCR rearrangements and the expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules in ILCs provide a useful natural barcode for these cells and may prove instrumental in studying their origins and plasticity.

Dendritic Cell-Based Immunity: Screening of Dendritic Cell Subsets in Breast Cancer-Bearing Mice

Background

Breast cancer (BC) is the most devastating disease, particularly the lethal invasive form. It is the most underlying cause of death among women worldwide. The expansion of BC is controlled by a variety of alterations in the tumor cells themselves, in addition to the state of the immune system, which has a direct influence on the tumor microenvironment. Numerous receptors expressed by T-cells interact with ligands on antigen-presenting cells to provide activation signals results in mounting effector anti-tumor T-cell responses. On the other hand, there is a dearth of information about the actual interactions and reactions of T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs) all through the progression of tumor development.

Aim

Immune system response against BC was investigated through tumor induction in mice. The size and volume of the tumor were calculated. Moreover, the phenotypical profile of T-cells and DCs from lymph nodes (LN) and spleens of BC-bearing mice was investigated. In addition, the levels of Transforming growth factor-β, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin IL-2, IL-10, IL-4, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined.

Materials and Methods

MDA231 cells were utilized to induce BC in 30 white BALB/C mice, whereas the other 30 mice acted as healthy controls and were not treated with any cancer-causing agents. The impact of malignancy was evaluated using flow cytometry based on the marking surface molecules, as well as the titer of specific cytokines of the mice's LN culture using the ELISA method. These cytokines included transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IFN-γ, IL-2, IL -10, IL -4, IL -12, and TNF-α.

Results

The findings showed that the maturation of DCs was inhibited, followed by an accumulation of immature DCs. These immature DCs increase the release of TGF-β and cytokines like IL-10 and inhibit the release of IFN-γ and IL-12 in the culture supernatant of nodal lymph and spleen suspension of BC-bearing mice compared to control. In addition, there was a low expression of CD80 and CD86 on DCs, which indicates a low maturation process.

Conclusion

According to the findings, the tumor microenvironment may have been responsible for preventing the maturation of DCs. This, in turn, weakened the immune response and facilitated the ability of the tumor to proliferate. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment increased the number of immature DCs by inhibiting their stimulation by overexpression of TGF-β-produced by regulatory T lymphocytes and stimulation of tumor cells. In addition, the tumor microenvironment stimulated the secretion of cytokines such as IL-10, and CD4 and decreased the secretion of IFN-γ-and IL-12 in tumor-induced mice cultured LN and spleen.

LOW DOSE OF ESMOLOL ATTENUATES SEPSIS-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION VIA MODULATING T-LYMPHOCYTE APOPTOSIS AND DIFFERENTIATION

ABSTRACT

Background: Immunosuppression caused by immune cell apoptosis and an imbalance of T helper 2 cells (T H 2) and T helper 1 cells (T H 1), is associated with poor outcomes in septic patients. Esmolol was reported to improve survival by modulating immune responses in septic shock. Whether esmolol could alleviate sepsis-induced immunosuppression and the optimal dose are unclear. Methods: Four hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), Wistar rats were randomized into CLP, CLP + E-5 (esmolol: 5 mg·kg -1 ·h -1 ) and CLP + E-18 (esmolol: 18 mg·kg -1 ·h -1 ) groups. Eight rats were underwent sham operation. Eighteen hours after CLP, hemodynamics and organ histological injuries were evaluated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells apoptosis and T-lymphocyte subsets counts were determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of p-Akt, Bcl-2, cleaved Caspase-3, and p-Erk1/2 in splenic CD4 + T-lymphocytes was determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. β 1 -Adrenoreceptor expressions were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results: Cecal ligation and puncture induced tachycardia, hypotension, hyperlactatemia, and multiple organ injury. Heart rate was unchanged in the CLP + E-5 group but decreased in the CLP + E-18 group. Hypotension, lactatemia, and multiple organ injuries were improved only in the CLP + E-5 group. T-lymphocyte apoptosis and T H 2/T H 1 ratio was decreased in CLP + E-5 but not in CLP + E-18. p-Akt and Bcl-2 expressions were increased, while cleaved Caspase-3 and p-Erk1/2 expressions were decreased in CLP + E-5. β 1 -Adrenoreceptor expressions were unchanged in both CLP + E-5 and CLP + E-18 groups. Conclusions: Low dose of esmolol reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and restored T H 2/T H 1 ratio in septic shock. Esmolol might modulate Akt/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 pathway to relieve T-lymphocyte apoptosis and inhibit Erk1/2 activity to decrease T H 0 differentiation to T H 2. Esmolol may be a potential immunoregulator of septic shock.

BRD4-PRC2 represses transcription of T-helper 2-specific negative regulators during T-cell differentiation

BRD4 is a well-recognized transcriptional activator, but how it regulates gene transcriptional repression in a cell type-specific manner has remained elusive. In this study, we report that BRD4 works with Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to repress transcriptional expression of the T-helper 2 (Th2)-negative regulators Foxp3 and E3-ubiqutin ligase Fbxw7 during lineage-specific differentiation of Th2 cells from mouse primary naïve CD4+ T cells. Brd4 binds to the lysine-acetylated-EED subunit of the PRC2 complex via its second bromodomain (BD2) to facilitate histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at target gene loci and thereby transcriptional repression. We found that Foxp3 represses transcription of Th2-specific transcription factor Gata3, while Fbxw7 promotes its ubiquitination-directed protein degradation. BRD4-mediated repression of Foxp3 and Fbxw7 in turn promotes BRD4- and Gata3-mediated transcriptional activation of Th2 cytokines including Il4, Il5, and Il13. Chemical inhibition of the BRD4 BD2 induces transcriptional de-repression of Foxp3 and Fbxw7, and thus transcriptional downregulation of Il4, Il5, and Il13, resulting in inhibition of Th2 cell lineage differentiation. Our study presents a previously unappreciated mechanism of BRD4's role in orchestrating a Th2-specific transcriptional program that coordinates gene repression and activation, and safeguards cell lineage differentiation.

Relationship between soluble neuropilin-1 in the gingival crevicular fluid of early pregnant women and different severities of periodontitis: A cross-sectional study

Background

Pregnancy exacerbates the periodontal inflammation; however, the biological mediators involved are not well characterized. Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane glycoproteins involved in physiological and pathogenic processes such as angiogenesis and immunity but its relationship with periodontal disease in pregnant women has not been studied.

Objective

To explore the soluble Neuropilin-1 (sNRP-1) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples during early pregnancy and its association with the periodontitis severity and periodontal clinical parameters.

Methods

80 pregnant women were recruited, and GCF samples were collected. Clinical data and periodontal clinical parameters were recorded. sNRP-1 expression was determined by ELISA assay. The relationship between sNRP-1(+) pregnant women with the severity of periodontitis and periodontal clinical parameters was determined by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Spearman's test estimated the correlation between sNRP-1 levels and periodontal clinical parameters.

Results

Periodontitis was classified as mild in 27.5% (n = 22) women, moderate in 42.5% (n = 34), and severe in 30% (n = 24). sNRP-1 expression was higher in the GCF of pregnant with severe (41.67%) and moderate (41.17%) periodontitis compared than in those with mild periodontitis (18.8%). The sNRP-1(+) pregnant had a higher BOP (76.5% v/s 57%; p = 0.0071) and PISA (1199.5 mm2 v/s 880.2 mm2; p = 0.0282) compared with sNRP-1(-). A positive correlation between sNRP-1 levels in GCF and BOP (p = 0.0081) and PISA (p = 0.0398) was observed.

Conclusions

The results suggest that sNRP-1 could be involved in periodontal inflammation during pregnancy.

Quantitative extensions of reaction systems based on SOS semantics

Reaction systems (RSs) are a successful natural computing framework inspired by chemical reaction networks. A RS consists of a set of entities and a set of reactions. Entities can enable or inhibit each reaction and are produced by reactions or provided by the environment. In this paper, we define two quantitative variants of RSs: the first one is along the time dimension, to specify delays for making available reactions products and durations to protract their permanency, while the second deals with the possibility to specify different concentration levels of a substance in order to enable or inhibit a reaction. Technically, both extensions are obtained by modifying in a modular way the Structural Operational Semantics (SOS) for RSs that was already defined in the literature. Our approach maintains several advantages of the original semantics definition that were: (1) providing a formal specification of the RS dynamics that enables the reuse of many formal analysis techniques and favours the implementation of tools, and (2) making the RS framework extensible, by adding or changing some of the SOS rules in a compositional way. We provide a prototype logic programming implementation and apply our tool to three different case studies: the tumour growth, the Th cell differentiation in the immune system and neural communication.

IFN-γ and TGF-β, Crucial Players in Immune Responses: A Tribute to Howard Young

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), both pleiotropic cytokines, have been long studied and described as critical mediators of the immune response, notably in T cells. One of the investigators who made seminal and critical discoveries in the field of IFN-γ biology is Dr. Howard Young. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology of IFN-γ as well as its role in cancer and autoimmunity with an emphasis on Dr. Young's critical work in the field. We also describe how Dr. Young's work influenced our own research studying the role of TGF-β in the modulation of immune responses.

Interleukin 4/13 signaling in cardiac regeneration and repair

Interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 13 (IL13) are closely related cytokines that have been classically attributed to type II immunity, namely, differentiation of T-helper 2 (TH2) cells and alternative activation of macrophages. Although the role of IL4/13 has been well described in various contexts such as defense against helminth parasites, pathogenesis of allergic disease, and several models of wound healing, relatively little is known about the role of IL4/13 in the heart following injury. Emerging literature has identified various roles for IL4/13 in animal models of cardiac regeneration as well as in the adult mammalian heart following myocardial injury. Notably, although IL4 and IL13 signal to hematopoietic cell types following myocardial infarction (MI) to promote wound healing phenotypes, there is substantial evidence that these cytokines can signal directly to non-hematopoietic cell types in the heart during development, homeostasis, and following injury. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular actions of IL4/13 in the heart is still lacking, but overall evidence to date suggests that activation of these cytokines results in beneficial outcomes with respect to cardiac repair. Here, we aim to comprehensively review the role of IL4 and IL13 and their prospective mechanisms in cardiac regeneration and repair.

Checkpoint Blockade-Induced Dermatitis and Colitis Are Dominated by Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and Th1/Tc1 Cytokines

Immune checkpoint blockade is therapeutically successful for many patients across multiple cancer types. However, immune-related adverse events (irAE) frequently occur and can sometimes be life threatening. It is critical to understand the immunologic mechanisms of irAEs with the goal of finding novel treatment targets. Herein, we report our analysis of tissues from patients with irAE dermatitis using multiparameter immunofluorescence (IF), spatial transcriptomics, and RNA in situ hybridization (RISH). Skin psoriasis cases were studied as a comparison, as a known Th17-driven disease, and colitis was investigated as a comparison. IF analysis revealed that CD4+ and CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells were preferentially expanded in the inflamed portion of skin in cutaneous irAEs compared with healthy skin controls. Spatial transcriptomics allowed us to focus on areas containing TRM cells to discern functional phenotype and revealed expression of Th1-associated genes in irAEs, compared with Th17-asociated genes in psoriasis. Expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and other inhibitory receptors was observed in irAE cases. RISH technology combined with IF confirmed expression of IFNγ, CXCL9, CXCL10, and TNFα in irAE dermatitis, as well as IFNγ within TRM cells specifically. The Th1-skewed phenotype was confirmed in irAE colitis cases compared with healthy colon.

JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Non-Infectious Uveitis

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) refers to various intraocular inflammatory disorders responsible for severe visual loss. Cytokines participate in the regulation of ocular homeostasis and NIU pathological processes. Cytokine receptors transmit signals by activating Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Increasing evidence from human NIU and experimental models reveals the involvement of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in NIU pathogenesis. Several small-molecule drugs that potentially inhibit multiple cytokine-dependent pathways are under investigation for treating autoimmune diseases, implicating possible applications for NIU treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the diverse roles of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in ocular homeostasis and NIU pathology, providing a rationale for targeting JAKs and STATs for NIU treatment. Moreover, available evidence for the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors for refractory uveitis and potential approaches for treatment optimization are discussed.

Research Advances of Lactoferrin in Electrostatic Spinning, Nano Self-Assembly, and Immune and Gut Microbiota Regulation

Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally present iron-binding globulin with the structural properties of an N-lobe strongly positively charged terminus and a cage-like structure of nano self-assembly encapsulation. These unique structural properties give it potential for development in the fields of electrostatic spinning, targeted delivery systems, and the gut-brain axis. This review will provide an overview of LF's unique structure, encapsulation, and targeted transport capabilities, as well as its applications in immunity and gut microbiota regulation. First, the microstructure of LF is summarized and compared with its homologous ferritin, revealing both structural and functional similarities and differences between them. Second, the electrostatic interactions of LF and its application in electrostatic spinning are summarized. Its positive charge properties can be applied to functional environmental protection packaging materials and to improving drug stability and antiviral effects, while electrostatic spinning can promote bone regeneration and anti-inflammatory effects. Then the nano self-assembly behavior of LF is exploited as a cage-like protein to encapsulate bioactive substances to construct functional targeted delivery systems for applications such as contrast agents, antibacterial dressings, anti-cancer therapy, and gene delivery. In addition, some covalent and noncovalent interactions of LF in the Maillard reaction and protein interactions and other topics are briefly discussed. Finally, LF may affect immunological function via controlling the gut microbiota. In conclusion, this paper reviews the research advances of LF in electrostatic spinning, nano self-assembly, and immune and gut microbiota regulation, aiming to provide a reference for its application in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

The divergence between T cell and innate lymphoid cell fates controlled by E and Id proteins

T cells develop in the thymus from lymphoid primed multipotent progenitors or common lymphoid progenitors into αβ and γδ subsets. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, E proteins, play pivotal roles at multiple stages from T cell commitment to maturation. Inhibitors of E proteins, Id2 and Id3, also regulate T cell development while promoting ILC differentiation. Recent findings suggest that the thymus can also produce innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). In this review, we present current findings that suggest the balance between E and Id proteins is likely to be critical for controlling the bifurcation of T cell and ILC fates at early stages of T cell development.

Post-Translational Modifications in Atopic Dermatitis: Current Research and Clinical Relevance

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing cutaneous disorder characterized by compromised immune system, excessive inflammation, and skin barrier disruption. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are covalent and enzymatic modifications of proteins after their translation, which have been reported to play roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of PTMs on AD. This review summarized the knowledge of six major classes (including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, o-glycosylation, and glycation) of PTMs in AD pathogenesis and discussed the opportunities for disease management.

Immunology of osteoporosis: relevance of inflammatory targets for the development of novel interventions

Osteoporosis is recognized as low bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture. It is the leading cause of fractures and consequent morbidity globally. The established pathophysiological evidence favors the endocrine factors for osteoporosis and the role of the immune system on the skeletal system has been recently identified. Due to the common developmental niche bone and immune system interactions have led to the emergence of osteoimmunology. Immune dysregulation can initiate inflammatory conditions that adversely affect bone integrity. The role of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes subsets (Th17), cannot be neglected in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Local inflammation within the bone from any cause attracts immune cells that participate in the activation of osteoclasts. This work summarizes the present knowledge of osteoimmunology in reference to osteoporosis and identifies novel targets for immunotherapy of osteoporosis.

Schnurri 3 promotes Th2 cytokine production during the late phase of T-cell antigen stimulation

Th1 and Th2 polarization is determined by the coordination of numerous factors including the affinity and strength of the antigen-receptor interaction, predominant cytokine environment, and costimulatory molecules present. Here, we show that Schnurri (SHN) proteins have distinct roles in Th1 and Th2 polarization. SHN2 was previously found to block the induction of GATA3 and Th2 differentiation. We found that, in contrast to SHN2, SHN3 is critical for IL-4 production and Th2 polarization. Strength of stimulation controls SHN2 and SHN3 expression patterns, where higher doses of antigen receptor stimulation promoted SHN3 expression and IL-4 production, along with repression of SHN2 expression. SHN3-deficient T cells showed a substantial defect in IL-4 production and expression of AP-1 components, particularly c-Jun and Jun B. This loss of early IL-4 production led to reduced GATA3 expression and impaired Th2 differentiation. Together, these findings uncover SHN3 as a novel, critical regulator of Th2 development.

Emerging Roles of T Helper Cells in Non-Infectious Neuroinflammation: Savior or Sinner

CD4⁺ T cells, also known as T helper (Th) cells, contribute to the adaptive immunity both in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). At least seven subsets of Th cells along with their signature cytokines have been identified nowadays. Neuroinflammation denotes the brain’s immune response to inflammatory conditions. In recent years, various CNS disorders have been related to the dysregulation of adaptive immunity, especially the process concerning Th cells and their cytokines. However, as the functions of Th cells are being discovered, it’s also found that their roles in different neuroinflammatory conditions, or even the participation of a specific Th subset in one CNS disorder may differ, and sometimes contrast. Based on those recent and contradictory evidence, the conflicting roles of Th cells in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury as well as some typical mental disorders will be reviewed herein. Research progress, limitations and novel approaches concerning different neuroinflammatory conditions will also be mentioned and compared.

Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces antitumor immunosuppression by inducing CHIP-mediated TGF-β degradation

TGF-β is essential for inducing systemic tumor immunosuppression; thus, blocking TGF-β can greatly enhance antitumor immunity. However, there are still no effective TGF-β inhibitors in clinical use. Here, we show that the clinically approved compound ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), by degrading TGF-β, enhances antitumor immunity through restraining Treg cell differentiation and activation in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, UDCA synergizes with anti-PD-1 to enhance antitumor immunity and tumor-specific immune memory in tumor-bearing mice. UDCA phosphorylates TGF-β at T282 site via TGR5-cAMP-PKA axis, causing increased binding of TGF-β to carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP). Then, CHIP ubiquitinates TGF-β at the K315 site, initiating p62-dependent autophagic sorting and subsequent degradation of TGF-β. Notably, results of retrospective analysis shows that combination therapy with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 and UDCA has better efficacy in tumor patients than anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 alone. Thus, our results show a mechanism for TGF-β regulation and implicate UDCA as a potential TGF-β inhibitor to enhance antitumor immunity.