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Boychev N, Lee S, Yeung V, Ross AE, Kuang L, Chen L, Dana R, Ciolino JB. Contact lenses as novel tear fluid sampling vehicles for total RNA isolation, precipitation, and amplification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11727. [PMID: 38778161 PMCID: PMC11111455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The tear fluid is a readily accessible, potential source for biomarkers of disease and could be used to monitor the ocular response to contact lens (CL) wear or ophthalmic pathologies treated by therapeutic CLs. However, the tear fluid remains largely unexplored as a biomarker source for RNA-based molecular analyses. Using a rabbit model, this study sought to determine whether RNA could be collected from commercial CLs and whether the duration of CL wear would impact RNA recovery. The results were referenced to standardized strips of filtered paper (e.g., Shirmer Strips) placed in the inferior fornix. By performing total RNA isolation, precipitation, and amplification with commercial kits and RT-PCR methods, CLs were found to have no significant differences in RNA concentration and purity compared to Schirmer Strips. The study also identified genes that could be used to normalize RNA levels between tear samples. Of the potential control genes or housekeeping genes, GAPDH was the most stable. This study, which to our knowledge has never been done before, provides a methodology for the detection of RNA and gene expression changes from tear fluid that could be used to monitor or study eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Boychev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Seokjoo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Vincent Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Amy E Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Liangju Kuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Reza Dana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joseph B Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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2
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Sokolowski K, Turner PV, Lewis E, Wange RL, Fortin MC. Exploring rabbit as a nonrodent species for general toxicology studies. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:29-39. [PMID: 38374304 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To avoid adverse events in humans, toxicity studies in nonclinical species have been the foundation of safety evaluation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is recognized that working with animals in research is a privilege, and conscientious use should always respect the 3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the wake of the shortages in routine nonrodent species and considering that nonanimal methods are not yet sufficiently mature, the value of the rabbit as a nonrodent species is worth exploring. Historically used in vaccine, cosmetic, and medical device testing, the rabbit is seldom used today as a second species in pharmaceutical development, except for embryo-fetal development studies, ophthalmic therapeutics, some medical devices and implants, and vaccines. Although several factors affect the decision of species selection, including pharmacological relevance, pharmacokinetics, and ADME considerations, there are no perfect animal models. In this forum article, we bring together experts from veterinary medicine, industry, contract research organizations, and government to explore the pros and cons, residual concerns, and data gaps regarding the use of the rabbit for general toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sokolowski
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elise Lewis
- Safety Assessment, Charles River Laboratories, Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Marie C Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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3
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Aminzadeh A, Hilgers L, Paul Platenburg P, Riou M, Perrot N, Rossignol C, Cauty A, Barc C, Jørgensen R. Immunogenicity and safety in rabbits of a Clostridioides difficile vaccine combining novel toxoids and a novel adjuvant. Vaccine 2024; 42:1582-1592. [PMID: 38336558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a serious healthcare-associated disease, causing symptoms such as diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The major virulence factors responsible for the disease symptoms are two secreted cytotoxic proteins, TcdA and TcdB. A parenteral vaccine based on formaldehyde-inactivated TcdA and TcdB supplemented with alum adjuvant, has previously been investigated in humans but resulted in an insufficient immune response. In search for an improved response, we investigated a novel toxin inactivation method and a novel, potent adjuvant. Inactivation of toxins by metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) was previously shown to preserve neutralizing epitopes and to annihilate reversion to toxicity. The immunogenicity and safety of TcdA and TcdB inactivated by MCO and combined with a novel carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester-based (CMS) adjuvant were investigated in rabbits. Two or three intramuscular immunizations generated high serum IgG and neutralizing antibody titers against both toxins. The CMS adjuvant increased antibody responses to both toxins while an alum adjuvant control was effective only against TcdA. Systemic safety was evaluated by monitoring body weight, body temperature, and analysis of red and white blood cell counts shortly after immunization. Local safety was assessed by histopathologic examination of the injection site at the end of the study. Body weight gain was constant in all groups. Body temperature increased up to 1 ˚C one day after the first immunization but less after the second or third immunization. White blood cell counts, and percentage of neutrophils increased one day after immunization with CMS-adjuvanted vaccines, but not with alum. Histopathology of the injection sites 42 days after the last injection did not reveal any abnormal tissue reactions. From this study, we conclude that TcdA and TcdB inactivated by MCO and combined with CMS adjuvant demonstrated promising immunogenicity and safety in rabbits and could be a candidate for a vaccine against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Aminzadeh
- Proxi Biotech ApS, Egeskellet 6, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, University of Roskilde, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Luuk Hilgers
- LiteVax BV, Akkersestraat 50, 4061BJ Ophemert, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mickaël Riou
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Noémie Perrot
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Rossignol
- INRAE-Université de Tours, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé publique (ISP), équipe IMI, Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Axel Cauty
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Céline Barc
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (PFIE), Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - René Jørgensen
- Proxi Biotech ApS, Egeskellet 6, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, University of Roskilde, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Ostrycharz E, Fitzner A, Kęsy A, Siennicka A, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. MicroRNAs participate in the regulation of apoptosis and oxidative stress-related gene expression in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 and GI.2 genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1349535. [PMID: 38516020 PMCID: PMC10955125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of small, 17-25 nucleotide, non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. To date, little is known about the molecular signatures of regulatory interactions between miRs and apoptosis and oxidative stress in viral diseases. Lagovirus europaeus is a virus that causes severe disease in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) called Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) and belongs to the Caliciviridae family, Lagovirus genus. Within Lagovirus europaeus associated with RHD, two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) have been distinguished, and the GI.1 genotype includes four variants (GI.1a, GI.1b, GI.1c, and GI.1d). The study aimed to assess the expression of miRs and their target genes involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress, as well as their potential impact on the pathways during Lagovirus europaeus-two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) infection of different virulences in four tissues (liver, lung, kidneys, and spleen). The expression of miRs and target genes related to apoptosis and oxidative stress was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In this study, we evaluated the expression of miR-21 (PTEN, PDCD4), miR-16b (Bcl-2, CXCL10), miR-34a (p53, SIRT1), and miRs-related to oxidative stress-miR-122 (Bach1) and miR-132 (Nfr-2). We also examined the biomarkers of both processes (Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Caspase-3, PARP) and HO-I as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Our report is the first to present the regulatory effects of miRs on apoptosis and oxidative stress genes in rabbit infection with Lagovirus europaeus-two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) in four tissues (liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen). The regulatory effect of miRs indicates that, on the one hand, miRs can intensify apoptosis (miR-16b, miR-34a) in the examined organs in response to a viral stimulus and, on the other hand, inhibit (miR-21), which in both cases may be a determinant of the pathogenesis of RHD and tissue damage. Biomarkers of the Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio promote more intense apoptosis after infection with the Lagovirus europaeus GI.2 genotype. Our findings demonstrate that miR-122 and miR-132 regulate oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of RHD, which is associated with tissue damage. The HO-1 biomarker in the course of rabbit hemorrhagic disease indicates oxidative tissue damage. Our findings show that miR-21, miR-16b, and miR-34a regulate three apoptosis pathways. Meanwhile, miR-122 and miR-132 are involved in two oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Fitzner
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute-State Research Institute, Zduńska Wola, Poland
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Zduńska Wola, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kęsy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute-State Research Institute, Zduńska Wola, Poland
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Zduńska Wola, Poland
| | - Aldona Siennicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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5
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Chen M, Liu Y, Zuo M, Zhang M, Wang Z, Li X, Yuan D, Xu H, Yu G, Li M. Integrated analysis reveals the regulatory mechanism of the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 on the metabolic dysregulation in rabbit granulosa cells. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:254. [PMID: 38448814 PMCID: PMC10916191 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neddylation, an important post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, plays a crucial role in follicular development. MLN4924 is a small-molecule inhibitor of the neddylation-activating enzyme (NAE) that regulates various biological processes. However, the regulatory mechanisms of neddylation in rabbit ovarian cells have not been emphasized. Here, the transcriptome and metabolome profiles in granulosa cells (GCs) treated with MLN4924 were utilized to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by pathway analysis to precisely define the altered metabolisms. RESULTS The results showed that 563 upregulated and 910 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in pathways related to cancer, cell cycle, PI3K-AKT, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and PPAR signaling pathway. Furthermore, we characterized that MLN4924 inhibits PPAR-mediated lipid metabolism, and disrupts the cell cycle by promoting the apoptosis and proliferation of GCs. Importantly, we found the reduction of several metabolites in the MLN4924 treated GCs, including glycerophosphocholine, arachidic acid, and palmitic acid, which was consistent with the deregulation of PPAR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the increased metabolites included 6-Deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucono-1,5-lactone and N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphodolichol. Combined with transcriptome data analyses, we identified genes that strongly correlate with metabolic dysregulation, particularly those related to glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, neddylation inhibition may disrupt the energy metabolism of GCs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a foundation for in-depth research into the role and molecular mechanism of neddylation in ovary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhong Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Meina Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Zhitong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Huifen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, P. R. China.
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6
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D'aes T, Van de Sande D, De Buck E, Zachée P, Compernolle V, Vandekerckhove P. Does cold storage of blood before transfusion prevent the transmission of syphilis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2024; 119:219-231. [PMID: 37889847 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although screening of donated blood for syphilis is almost universally applied, its cost-effectiveness is questioned because of the low prevalence of transfusion-transmitted syphilis and a widespread belief that the syphilis-causing bacterium Treponema pallidum is very vulnerable to cold storage. Since the latter claim is not yet supported by a systematic review, we investigated whether syphilis can be transmitted via transfusion following prolonged (cold or room temperature) storage of blood products. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, PMC and NCBI bookshelf (PubMed interface), Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL were searched up to 17 January 2023. RESULTS Nine experimental animal studies and one observational human study were included. Meta-analysis showed that storing artificially infected human (six studies; risk ratio [RR] = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22-0.64, p = 0.0003) or rabbit (two studies; RR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.55, p = 0.01) blood for more than 72 h before intratesticular injection significantly decreased the number of recipient animals that develop syphilis. Nonetheless, the possibility of syphilis transmission remained for up to 7 days. Differences could not be found for rabbit plasma (p = 0.60) or naturally infected rabbit blood (p = 0.28). There was limited evidence from one study in favour of the storage of artificially infected human platelets for over 72 h at cold temperatures (RR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.52, p = 0.004) but not at room temperature (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION Even though the infectivity of T. pallidum-spiked blood may decrease after 72 h of cold storage, the possibility for transfusion-transmitted syphilis may remain for several days after. The evidence is very uncertain, and conclusions are hindered by a lack of sufficiently powered studies and studies in humans. In addition, T. pallidum concentrations used in animal studies may be unrealistically high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine D'aes
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Emmy De Buck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Veerle Compernolle
- Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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7
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Wang HY, Li L, Nelson CS, Barfield R, Valencia S, Chan C, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Pardi N, An Z, Weissman D, Permar SR. Multivalent cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B nucleoside modified mRNA vaccines did not demonstrate a greater antibody breadth. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:38. [PMID: 38378950 PMCID: PMC10879498 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains the most common congenital infection and infectious complication in immunocompromised patients. The most successful HCMV vaccine to date, an HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine adjuvanted with MF59, achieved 50% efficacy against primary HCMV infection. A previous study demonstrated that gB/MF59 vaccinees were less frequently infected with HCMV gB genotype strains most similar to the vaccine strain than strains encoding genetically distinct gB genotypes, suggesting strain-specific immunity accounted for the limited efficacy. To determine whether vaccination with multiple HCMV gB genotypes could increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB humoral and cellular responses, we immunized 18 female rabbits with monovalent (gB-1), bivalent (gB-1+gB-3), or pentavalent (gB-1+gB-2+gB-3+gB-4+gB-5) gB lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified RNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. The multivalent vaccine groups did not demonstrate a higher magnitude or breadth of the IgG response to the gB ectodomain or cell-associated gB compared to that of the monovalent vaccine. Also, the multivalent vaccines did not show an increase in the breadth of neutralization activity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis against HCMV strains encoding distinct gB genotypes. Interestingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived gB-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by multivalent vaccines were of a higher magnitude compared to that of monovalent vaccinated animals against a vaccine-mismatched gB genotype at peak immunogenicity. Yet, no statistical differences were observed in T cell response against gB-3 and gB-5 variable regions among the three vaccine groups. Our data suggests that the inclusion of multivalent gB antigens is not an effective strategy to increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB antibody and T cell responses. Understanding how to increase the HCMV vaccine protection breadth will be essential to improve the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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8
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Schelle L, Côrte-Real JV, Fayyaz S, del Pozo Ben A, Shnipova M, Petersen M, Lotke R, Menon B, Matzek D, Pfaff L, Pinheiro A, Marques JP, Melo-Ferreira J, Popper B, Esteves PJ, Sauter D, Abrantes J, Baldauf HM. Evolutionary and functional characterization of lagomorph guanylate-binding proteins: a story of gain and loss and shedding light on expression, localization and innate immunity-related functions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1303089. [PMID: 38348040 PMCID: PMC10859415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1303089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of proteins that are widely distributed among eukaryotes. They belong to the dynamin superfamily of GTPases, and their expression can be partially induced by interferons (IFNs). GBPs are involved in the cell-autonomous innate immune response against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. Evolutionary studies have shown that GBPs exhibit a pattern of gene gain and loss events, indicative for the birth-and-death model of evolution. Most species harbor large GBP gene clusters that encode multiple paralogs. Previous functional and in-depth evolutionary studies have mainly focused on murine and human GBPs. Since rabbits are another important model system for studying human diseases, we focus here on lagomorphs to broaden our understanding of the multifunctional GBP protein family by conducting evolutionary analyses and performing a molecular and functional characterization of rabbit GBPs. We observed that lagomorphs lack GBP3, 6 and 7. Furthermore, Leporidae experienced a loss of GBP2, a unique duplication of GBP5 and a massive expansion of GBP4. Gene expression analysis by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and transcriptome data revealed that leporid GBP expression varied across tissues. Overexpressed rabbit GBPs localized either uniformly and/or discretely to the cytoplasm and/or to the nucleus. Oryctolagus cuniculus (oc)GBP5L1 and rarely ocGBP5L2 were an exception, colocalizing with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In addition, four ocGBPs were IFN-inducible and only ocGBP5L2 inhibited furin activity. In conclusion, from an evolutionary perspective, lagomorph GBPs experienced multiple gain and loss events, and the molecular and functional characteristics of ocGBP suggest a role in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schelle
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - João Vasco Côrte-Real
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sharmeen Fayyaz
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- National Institute of Virology, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Augusto del Pozo Ben
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Margarita Shnipova
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Petersen
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rishikesh Lotke
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bhavna Menon
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana Matzek
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core facility Animal Models (CAM), Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Pfaff
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core facility Animal Models (CAM), Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Marques
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - José Melo-Ferreira
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core facility Animal Models (CAM), Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro José Esteves
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- CITS - Center of Investigation in Health Technologies, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
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Septiana WL, Ayudyasari W, Gunardi H, Pawitan JA, Balachander GM, Yu H, Antarianto RD. Liver organoids cocultured on decellularized native liver scaffolds as a bridging therapy improves survival from liver failure in rabbits. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:747-763. [PMID: 38110841 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop viable liver organoids using decellularized native liver scaffolds and evaluate the efficacy of human liver organoid transplantation in a rabbit model of cirrhosis. Liver organoids were formed by coculture of hepatocyte-like cells derived from the human-induced pluripotent stem cells with three other cell types. Twelve 3-mo-old New Zealand White Rabbits underwent a sham operation, bile duct ligation, or biliary duct ligation followed by liver organoid transplantation. Liver organoid structure and function before and after transplantation were evaluated using histological and molecular analyses. A survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method was performed to determine the cumulative probability of survival according to liver organoid transplantation with significantly greater overall survival observed in rabbits that underwent liver organoid transplantation (P = 0.003, log-rank test). The short-term group had higher hepatic expression levels of ALB and CYP3A mRNA and lower expression levels of AST mRNA compared to the long-term group. The short-term group also had lower collagen deposition in liver tissues. Transplantation of human liver organoids cocultured in decellularized native liver scaffold into rabbits that had undergone bile duct ligation improved short-term survival and hepatic function. The results of the present study highlight the potential of liver organoid transplantation as a bridging therapy in liver failure; however, rejection and poor liver organoid function may limit the long-term efficacy of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyunia Likhayati Septiana
- Program Doktor Ilmu Biomedik, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gunadarma, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Wulan Ayudyasari
- Department of Surgery, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hardian Gunardi
- Department of Surgery, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jl Salemba Raya No 6. Jakarta Pusat 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, (IMERI) Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Integrated Service Unit of Stem Cell Medical Technology (IPT TK Sel Punca), Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gowri Manohari Balachander
- Department of Physiology, The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India, 221005
- Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Level 4 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto
- Department of Histology, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jl Salemba Raya No 6. Jakarta Pusat 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, (IMERI) Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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10
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Lovasova V, Bem R, Chlupac J, Dubsky M, Husakova J, Nemcova A, Fronek J. Animal experimental models of ischemic limbs - A systematic review. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107237. [PMID: 37802406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the available animal models of ischemic limbs, and to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model and individual method of limb ischemia creation. METHODS A review of literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science pages. Various types of experimental animals and surgical approaches used in creating ischemic limbs were evaluated. Other outcomes of interest were the specific characteristics of the individual experimental animals, and duration of tissue ischemia. RESULTS The most commonly used experimental animals were mice, followed by rabbits, rats, pigs, miniature pigs, and sheep. Single or double arterial ligation and excision of the entire femoral artery was the most often used method of ischemic limb creation. Other methods comprised single or double arterial electrocoagulation, use of ameroid constrictors, photochemically induced thrombosis, and different types of endovascular methods. The shortest duration of tissue ischemia was 7 days, the longest 90 days. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that mice are among the most commonly used animals in limb ischemia research. Simple ligation and excision of the femoral artery is the most common method of creating an ischemic limb; nevertheless, it can result in acute rather than chronic ischemia. A two-stage sequential approach and methods using ameroid constrictors or endovascular blinded stent grafts are more suitable for creating a gradual arterial occlusion typically seen in humans. Selecting the right mouse strain or animal with artificially produced diabetes or hyperlipidaemia is crucial in chronic ischemic limb research. Moreover, the observation period following the onset of ischemia should last at least 14 days, preferably 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lovasova
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Bem
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chlupac
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dubsky
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Husakova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Nemcova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Liu LR, Chen D, Sheng ST, Xu JW, Xu W. Research progress on animal models of corneal epithelial-stromal injury. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1890-1898. [PMID: 38028511 PMCID: PMC10626350 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A corneal epithelial-stromal defect is recognized as a major contributor to corneal scarring. Given the rising prevalence of blindness caused by corneal scarring, increasing attention has been focused on corneal epithelial-stromal defects. Currently, the etiology and pathogenesis of these defects remain inadequately understood, necessitating further investigation through experimental research. Various modeling methods exist both domestically and internationally, each with distinct adaptive conditions, advantages, and disadvantages. This review primarily aims to summarize the techniques used to establish optimal animal models of corneal epithelial-stromal injury, including mechanical modeling, chemical alkali burns, post-refractive surgery infections, and genetic engineering. The intention is to provide valuable insights for studying the mechanisms underlying corneal epithelial-stromal injury and the development of corresponding therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rui Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Ting Sheng
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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12
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Malik P, Prajapati M, Chaudhary D, Prasad M, Jaiwal R, Jaiwal PK. Production of Bovine Rotavirus VP6 Subunit Vaccine in a Transgenic Fodder Crop, Egyptian Clover (Berseem, Trifolium alexandrinum) that Elicits Immune Responses in Rabbit. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1432-1443. [PMID: 36637627 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus causes acute gastroenteritis in young ones of animals worldwide and is responsible for a high rate of their morbidity and mortality leading to huge economic losses. Developing affordable and safer vaccine on large scale is imperative to reach cattle population worldwide for the long-term control of diarrhea. Rotavirus middle capsid protein layer, VP6, is the most immunogenic and highly conserved protein that induces immune responses against rotavirus. In the present study, bovine group A rotavirus VP6 protein has been expressed for the first time in a highly nutritious and palatable forage crop, Trifolium alexandrinum, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable nuclear transformation. Transgenic nature of the shoots regenerated from cotyledon explants and rooted on hygromycin-containing medium was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and protein expression and quantification by Western blot and enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The transformation efficiency of 2.10% was obtained. The highest amount of VP6 protein produced in a transgenic line was 402 ng/g fresh weights (0.03% of total soluble protein). Oral feeding of transgenic leafy shoots expressing VP6 protein stimulated systemic immunity by inducing significantly higher titers of anti-VP6 serum IgG antibodies in rabbit to reduce rotavirus infection. These transgenic fodder plants offer safer vaccine produced on large scale at low cost with reduced regulatory issues to improve livestock's health and wealth. These plants would be used as alternative to the current live attenuated vaccines to protect young calves against rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Malik
- Centre for Biotechnology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Mukta Prajapati
- Centre for Biotechnology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | | | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
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13
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Rodríguez-Durán A, Ullah S, Parizi LF, Ali A, da Silva Vaz Junior I. Rabbits as Animal Models for Anti-Tick Vaccine Development: A Global Scenario. Pathogens 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 37764925 PMCID: PMC10536012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating candidate tick-derived proteins as anti-tick vaccines in natural hosts have been limited due to high costs. To overcome this problem, animal models are used in immunization tests. The aim of this article was to review the use of rabbits as an experimental model for the evaluation of tick-derived proteins as vaccines. A total of 57 tick proteins were tested for their immunogenic potential using rabbits as models for vaccination. The most commonly used rabbit breeds were New Zealand (73.8%), Japanese white (19%), Californians (4.8%) and Flemish lop-eared (2.4%) rabbits. Anti-tick vaccines efficacy resulted in up to 99.9%. Haemaphysalis longicornis (17.9%) and Ornithodoros moubata (12.8%) were the most common tick models in vaccination trials. Experiments with rabbits have revealed that some proteins (CoAQP, OeAQP, OeAQP1, Bm86, GST-Hl, 64TRP, serpins and voraxin) can induce immune responses against various tick species. In addition, in some cases it was possible to determine that the vaccine efficacy in rabbits was similar to that of experiments performed on natural hosts (e.g., Bm86, IrFER2, RmFER2, serpins and serine protease inhibitor). In conclusion, results showed that prior to performing anti-tick vaccination trials using natural hosts, rabbits can be used as suitable experimental models for these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlex Rodríguez-Durán
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; (A.R.-D.); (S.U.); (L.F.P.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá 110911, Colombia
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; (A.R.-D.); (S.U.); (L.F.P.)
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; (A.R.-D.); (S.U.); (L.F.P.)
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; (A.R.-D.); (S.U.); (L.F.P.)
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande de Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Li W, Zhao T, Tao B, Zhao L, Xiao H, Ding X, Li C, Chen L, Cheng H, Lou Y, Chen Y, Wu C. Monovalent Omicron COVID-19 vaccine triggers superior neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron subvariants than Delta and Omicron bivalent vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2264589. [PMID: 37846840 PMCID: PMC10583637 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2264589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants poses a challenge to determine the optimal updated composition of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. The present study aimed to investigate the immunogenicity of the Delta monovalent vaccine, the Omicron monovalent vaccine, and the Delta and Omicron BA.1 bivalent vaccine. Three COVID-19 vaccines were designed using the heterologous DNA prime-protein boost strategy, with each vaccine containing either Delta receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, Omicron RBD, or both Delta and Omicron antigens. Temporal serum antibody binding titers and neutralizing antibody titers induced by the three vaccines in New Zealand White rabbits were analyzed. To further dissect the vaccine elicited antibodies (mAb) responses at the molecular level, a panel of rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RmAbs) was generated by a high-throughput single B cell sorting and discovery pipeline and further comprehensively characterized. The Omicron monovalent vaccine induced higher antibody binding titers and neutralization activities than the Delta and Omicron bivalent vaccine. Four RmAbs with robust neutralization capacity were isolated from rabbits immunized with the Omicron or Delta monovalent vaccine. Notably, 9E11 isolated from the Omicron monovalent vaccine group neutralized all the Omicron subvariants with an IC50 value ranging from 1.5 to 503.6 ng/mL; thus, this vaccine could serve as a prophylactic and therapeutic intervention. Given the increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases due to the Omicron variant, RBD from the Omicron strain could serve as a candidate immunogen that can induce higher neutralization activities against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bai Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Yurogen Biosystem LLC, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Ding
- Department of Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Yurogen Biosystem LLC, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Lou
- Yurogen Biosystem LLC, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Ton MLN, Keitley D, Theeuwes B, Guibentif C, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Andreassen TK, Calero-Nieto FJ, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Pijuan-Sala B, Nichols J, Benito-Gutiérrez È, Marioni JC, Göttgens B. An atlas of rabbit development as a model for single-cell comparative genomics. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1061-1072. [PMID: 37322291 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the mouse has been the favoured vertebrate model for biomedical research, due to its experimental and genetic tractability. However, non-rodent embryological studies highlight that many aspects of early mouse development, such as its egg-cylinder gastrulation and method of implantation, diverge from other mammals, thus complicating inferences about human development. Like the human embryo, rabbits develop as a flat-bilaminar disc. Here we constructed a morphological and molecular atlas of rabbit development. We report transcriptional and chromatin accessibility profiles for over 180,000 single cells and high-resolution histology sections from embryos spanning gastrulation, implantation, amniogenesis and early organogenesis. Using a neighbourhood comparison pipeline, we compare the transcriptional landscape of rabbit and mouse at the scale of the entire organism. We characterize the gene regulatory programmes underlying trophoblast differentiation and identify signalling interactions involving the yolk sac mesothelium during haematopoiesis. We demonstrate how the combination of both rabbit and mouse atlases can be leveraged to extract new biological insights from sparse macaque and human data. The datasets and computational pipelines reported here set a framework for a broader cross-species approach to decipher early mammalian development, and are readily adaptable to deploy single-cell comparative genomics more broadly across biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Linh Nu Ton
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Keitley
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bart Theeuwes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carolina Guibentif
- Inst. Biomedicine, Dept. Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivan Imaz-Rosshandler
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Blanca Pijuan-Sala
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Ávila-Nieto C, Pedreño-López N, Mitjà O, Clotet B, Blanco J, Carrillo J. Syphilis vaccine: challenges, controversies and opportunities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126170. [PMID: 37090699 PMCID: PMC10118025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Syphilis is a sexually or vertically (mother to fetus) transmitted disease caused by the infection of Treponema pallidum subspecie pallidum (TPA). The incidence of syphilis has increased over the past years despite the fact that this bacterium is an obligate human pathogen, the infection route is well known, and the disease can be successfully treated with penicillin. As complementary measures to preventive campaigns and early treatment of infected individuals, development of a syphilis vaccine may be crucial for controlling disease spread and/or severity, particularly in countries where the effectiveness of the aforementioned measures is limited. In the last century, several vaccine prototypes have been tested in preclinical studies, mainly in rabbits. While none of them provided protection against infection, some prototypes prevented bacteria from disseminating to distal organs, attenuated lesion development, and accelerated their healing. In spite of these promising results, there is still some controversy regarding the identification of vaccine candidates and the characteristics of a syphilis-protective immune response. In this review, we describe what is known about TPA immune response, and the main mechanisms used by this pathogen to evade it. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of integrating this knowledge, in conjunction with the characterization of outer membrane proteins (OMPs), to expedite the development of a syphilis vaccine that can protect against TPA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Oriol Mitjà
- Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Fight Infections Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Fight Infections Foundation, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salut Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic – UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salut Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salut Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Zafari E, Soleimanjahi H, Mohammadi A, Teimoori A, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S. Comparison of IgA Antibody Titer Induced by Human-Bovine Rotavirus Candidate Vaccine with Bovine Rotavirus and Rotarix. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:405-412. [PMID: 37312718 PMCID: PMC10258266 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.354821.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in early childhood worldwide. Gastroenteritis is a preventable disease by the vaccine, and vigorous efforts were made to produce attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines. In recent years, despite the existence of three types of live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, several countries, such as China and Vietnam, have intended to produce indigenous vaccines based on rotavirus serotypes circulating among their population. In this study, the immunogenicity of homemade human-bovine reassortant RV candidate vaccine was tested in an animal model. Rabbits were randomly distributed into eight experimental groups with three animals per group. Afterward, three rabbits in each test group designated as P1, P2, and P3 were experimentally inoculated with the 106, 107, and 108 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of the reassortant virus, respectively. The N1 group received the reassortant rotavirus vaccine containing 107 TCID50+zinc. The N2, N3, and N4 groups received rotavirus vaccine strain, RV4 human rotavirus, and bovine rotavirus strain, respectively, and the control group received phosphate-buffered saline. It is noteworthy that three rabbits have been included in each group. The IgA total antibody titer was measured and evaluated by non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The antibody titer produced in the studied groups did not significantly differ. The candidate vaccine showed immunogenicity, protectivity, stability, and safety. The findings of this study indicated a critical role of IgA production, which can induce immunity against a gastroenteritis viral pathogen. Regardless of purification, candidate reassortant vaccine and cell adapted animal strains could be used as a vaccine candidate for production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zafari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mohammadi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - A Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - S Shatizadeh Malekshahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Yang D, Song J, Xu J, Zhang J, Chen YE. Generation of Rabbit Chimeras by Eight-Cell Stage Embryo Injection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:381-391. [PMID: 36995679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) injection to the blastocyst stage embryos is a widely used method to evaluate the pluripotency through chimeric contribution. It is routinely used to produce transgenic mice. However, PSC injection to the blastocyst stage embryos in rabbits is challenging. At this stage, the in vivo developed rabbit blastocysts possess a thick mucin layer that is inhibitory for microinjection, whereas in vitro developed rabbit blastocysts that lack such mucin layer often fail to implant after embryo transfer. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol of rabbit chimera production through mucin-free eight-cell stage embryo injection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Qu P, Cao W, Liu E. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Rabbits. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:169-181. [PMID: 37041334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology that enables differentiated somatic cells to acquire a totipotent state, thus making it of great value in developmental biology, biomedical research, and agricultural applications. Rabbit cloning associated with transgenesis has the potential to improve the applicability of this species for disease modeling, drug testing, and production of human recombinant proteins. In this chapter, we introduce our SCNT protocol for the production of live cloned rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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20
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Binns C, Low WY, Shunnmugam B. The Year of the Rabbit and the COVID Pandemic. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:5-6. [PMID: 36694949 PMCID: PMC9895313 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221150836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Binns
- School of Population Health, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia,Colin Binns, School of Population Health,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,
Australia.
| | - Wah Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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21
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Wood-Bailey AP, Cox PG, Sharp AC. The evolution of unique cranial traits in leporid lagomorphs. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14414. [PMID: 36518283 PMCID: PMC9744148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leporid lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) are adapted to running and leaping (some more than others) and consequently have unique anatomical features that distinguish them from ochotonid lagomorphs (pikas) and from their rodent relatives. Two traits that have received some attention are fenestration of the lateral wall of the maxilla and facial tilting. These features are known to correlate with specialised locomotory form in that the faster running species will generally have fenestration that occupies the dorsal and the anteroventral surface of the maxillary corpus and a more acute facial tilt angle. Another feature is an intracranial joint that circumscribes the back of the skull, thought to facilitate skull mobility. This joint separates the anterior portion of the cranium (including the dentition, rostrum and orbit) from the posterior portion of the cranium (which encompasses the occipital and the auditory complex). Aside from the observation that the intracranial joint is absent in pikas (generalist locomotors) and appears more elaborate in genera with cursorial and saltatorial locomotory habits, the evolutionary history, biomechanical function and comparative anatomy of this feature in leporids lacks a comprehensive evaluation. Methodology The present work analysed the intracranial joint, facial tilting and lateral fenestration of the wall of the maxilla in the context of leporid evolutionary history using a Bayesian inference of phylogeny (18 genera, 23 species) and ancestral state reconstruction. These methods were used to gather information about the likelihood of the presence of these three traits in ancestral groups. Results Our phylogenetic analyses found it likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had some facial tilting, but that the last common ancestor of all lagomorphs included in the dataset did not. We found that it was likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had fenestration that occupies the dorsal, but not the anteroventral, surface of the maxillary corpus. We also found it likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had an intracranial joint, but that the last common ancestor of all living lagomorphs did not. These findings provide a broader context to further studies of evolutionary history and will help inform the formulation and testing of functional hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber P. Wood-Bailey
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Cox
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alana C. Sharp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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22
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Wang D, Xie K, Wang Y, Hu J, Li W, Yang A, Zhang Q, Ning C, Fan X. Cost-effectively dissecting the genetic architecture of complex wool traits in rabbits by low-coverage sequencing. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:75. [PMCID: PMC9673297 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabbit wool traits are important in fiber production and for model organism research on hair growth, but their genetic architecture remains obscure. In this study, we focused on wool characteristics in Angora rabbits, a breed well-known for the quality of its wool. Considering the cost to generate population-scale sequence data and the biased detection of variants using chip data, developing an effective genotyping strategy using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (LCS) data is necessary to conduct genetic analyses. Results Different genotype imputation strategies (BaseVar + STITCH, Bcftools + Beagle4, and GATK + Beagle5), sequencing coverages (0.1X, 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, and 2.0X), and sample sizes (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600) were compared. Our results showed that using BaseVar + STITCH at a sequencing depth of 1.0X with a sample size larger than 300 resulted in the highest genotyping accuracy, with a genotype concordance higher than 98.8% and genotype accuracy higher than 0.97. We performed multivariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS), followed by conditional GWAS and estimation of the confidence intervals of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to investigate the genetic architecture of wool traits. Six QTL were detected, which explained 0.4 to 7.5% of the phenotypic variation. Gene-level mapping identified the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) gene as associated with fiber growth and diameter, which agrees with previous results from functional data analyses on the FGF gene family in other species, and is relevant for wool rabbit breeding. Conclusions We suggest that LCS followed by imputation can be a cost-effective alternative to array and high-depth sequencing for assessing common variants. GWAS combined with LCS can identify new QTL and candidate genes that are associated with quantitative traits. This study provides a cost-effective and powerful method for investigating the genetic architecture of complex traits, which will be useful for genomic breeding applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-022-00766-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Kerui Xie
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Jiaqing Hu
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chao Ning
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinzhong Fan
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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23
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Kouijzer JJP, Noordermeer DJ, van Leeuwen WJ, Verkaik NJ, Lattwein KR. Native valve, prosthetic valve, and cardiac device-related infective endocarditis: A review and update on current innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:995508. [PMID: 36263017 PMCID: PMC9574252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.995508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening microbial infection of native and prosthetic heart valves, endocardial surface, and/or indwelling cardiac device. Prevalence of IE is increasing and mortality has not significantly improved despite technological advances. This review provides an updated overview using recent literature on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, imaging, causative pathogens, treatment, and outcomes in native valve, prosthetic valve, and cardiac device-related IE. In addition, the experimental approaches used in IE research to improve the understanding of disease mechanisms and the current diagnostic pipelines are discussed, as well as potential innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This will ultimately help towards deriving better diagnostic tools and treatments to improve IE patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop J. P. Kouijzer
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Joop J. P. Kouijzer,
| | - Daniëlle J. Noordermeer
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. van Leeuwen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nelianne J. Verkaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kirby R. Lattwein
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Soares J, Pinheiro A, Esteves PJ. The rabbit as an animal model to study innate immunity genes: Is it better than mice? Front Immunol 2022; 13:981815. [PMID: 36159800 PMCID: PMC9501708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was the first animal model used to understand human diseases like rabies and syphilis. Nowadays, the rabbit is still used to study several human infectious diseases like syphilis, HIV and papillomavirus. However, due to several mainly practical reasons, it has been replaced as an animal model by mice (Mus musculus). The rabbit and mouse share a recent common ancestor and are classified in the superorder Glires which arose at approximately 82 million years ago (mya). These species diverged from the Primates’ ancestor at around 92 million years ago and, as such, one expects the rabbit-human and mouse-human genetic distances to be very similar. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed a set of tools for automatic data extraction, sequence alignment and similarity study, and a web application for visualization of the resulting data. We aligned and calculated the genetic distances for 2793 innate immune system genes from human, rabbit and mouse using sequences available in the NCBI database. The obtained results show that the rabbit-human genetic distance is lower than the mouse-human genetic distance for 88% of these genes. Furthermore, when we considered only genes with a difference in genetic distance higher than 0.05, this figure increase to 93%. These results can be explained by the increase of the mutation rates in the mouse lineage suggested by some authors and clearly show that, at least looking to the genetic distance to human genes, the European rabbit is a better model to study innate immune system genes than the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Soares
- Departamento de Ciências dos Computadores, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Sistemas de Computação Avançada - Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência (CRACS - INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratrio Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO, Laboratrio Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Pedro José Esteves,
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25
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Modeling HPV-Associated Disease and Cancer Using the Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091964. [PMID: 36146770 PMCID: PMC9503101 DOI: 10.3390/v14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of all human cancers are attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV-associated diseases and cancers remain a substantial public health and economic burden worldwide despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Current diagnosis and treatments for HPV-associated diseases and cancers are predominantly based on cell/tissue morphological examination and/or testing for the presence of high-risk HPV types. There is a lack of robust targets/markers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and treatments. Several naturally occurring animal papillomavirus models have been established as surrogates to study HPV pathogenesis. Among them, the Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model has become known as the gold standard. This model has played a pivotal role in the successful development of vaccines now available to prevent HPV infections. Over the past eighty years, the CRPV model has been widely applied to study HPV carcinogenesis. Taking advantage of a large panel of functional mutant CRPV genomes with distinct, reproducible, and predictable phenotypes, we have gained a deeper understanding of viral–host interaction during tumor progression. In recent years, the application of genome-wide RNA-seq analysis to the CRPV model has allowed us to learn and validate changes that parallel those reported in HPV-associated cancers. In addition, we have established a selection of gene-modified rabbit lines to facilitate mechanistic studies and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the current review, we summarize some significant findings that have advanced our understanding of HPV pathogenesis and highlight the implication of the development of novel gene-modified rabbits to future mechanistic studies.
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26
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Biró B, Gál Z, Schiavo G, Ribari A, Joe Utzeri V, Brookman M, Fontanesi L, Hoffmann OI. Nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences in the rabbit genome. Mitochondrion 2022; 66:1-6. [PMID: 35842180 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Numtogenesis is observable in the mammalian genomes resulting in the integration of mitochondrial segments into the nuclear genomes (numts). To identify numts in rabbit, we aligned mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Alignment significance threshold was calculated and individual characteristics of numts were analysed. We found 153 numts in the nuclear genome. The GC content of numts were significantly lower than the GC content of their genomic flanking regions or the genome itself. The frequency of three mammalian-wide interspersed repeats were increased in the proximity of numts. The decreased GC content around numts strengthen the theory which supposes a link between DNA structural instability and numt integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Biró
- Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Szent-Györgyi Albert Str. 4, H-2100, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gál
- Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Szent-Györgyi Albert Str. 4, H-2100, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Giuseppina Schiavo
- University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Ribari
- University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Joe Utzeri
- University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Brookman
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Department for Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Zernikeplein 7, 9747 AS Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann
- Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Szent-Györgyi Albert Str. 4, H-2100, Gödöllö, Hungary.
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27
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Alimbarova L, Egorova A, Riabova O, Monakhova N, Makarov V. A proof-of-concept study for the efficacy of dispirotripiperazine PDSTP in a rabbit model of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105327. [PMID: 35487465 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis is an important infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The mainstay of antiviral therapy is treatment with long-established nucleoside analogues orally or topically. However, the emergence of resistant strains may become a major health concern in the future. Therefore, the development of backup antiherpetic medicines is urgently needed. Small molecule PDSTP is known to be active against herpes simplex type 1 strains in vitro, affecting early host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated its preclinical efficacy in a rabbit model of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis. The mean course of keratitis and the corneal lesions in the 1.0% PDSTP gel group was statistically significantly less than in the negative control group and was comparable to that in the aciclovir group. These findings open up new opportunities for the development of antiherpetic drugs with an original mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Alimbarova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 18 Gamaleya Street, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Monakhova
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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28
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TLR7 and TLR8 evolution in lagomorphs: different patterns in the different lineages. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:475-485. [PMID: 35419618 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most ancient and widely studied innate immune receptors responsible for host defense against invading pathogens. Among the known TLRs, TLR7 and TLR8 sense and recognize single-stranded (ss) RNAs with a dynamic evolutionary history. While TLR8 was lost in birds and duplicated in turtles and crocodiles, TLR7 is duplicated in some birds, but in other tetrapods, there is only one copy. In mammals, with the exception of lagomorphs, TLR7 and TLR8 are highly conserved. Here, we aim to study the evolution of TLR7 and TLR8 in mammals, with a special focus in the order Lagomorpha. By searching public sequence databases, conducting evolutionary analysis, and evaluating gene expression, we were able to confirm that TLR8 is absent in hares but widely expressed in the European rabbit. In contrast, TLR7 is absent in the European rabbit and quite divergent in hares. Our results suggest that, in lagomorphs, more in particular in leporids, TLR7 and TLR8 genes have evolved faster than in any other mammalian group. The long history of interaction with viruses and their location in highly dynamic telomeric regions might explain the pattern observed.
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29
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A Mixture of Endocrine Disruptors and the Pesticide Roundup ® Induce Oxidative Stress in Rabbit Liver When Administered under the Long-Term Low-Dose Regimen: Reinforcing the Notion of Real-Life Risk Simulation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040190. [PMID: 35448451 PMCID: PMC9029199 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to xenobiotic mixtures daily through the long-term, low-dose regimen. Investigations designed to simulate this exposure profile approach the real-life risk simulation (RLRS) idea of modern toxicology. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12-month exposure of New Zealand rabbits to a xenobiotic mixture comprising seven endocrine disruptors (EDs), which are chemical substances raising great concerns for human health, as well as the herbicide glyphosate, and its commercial formulation Roundup®, on blood and tissues redox status. It is reported herein that at the systemic level, the administration of the EDs mixture induced perturbations of blood redox homeostasis at 3 months, whereas at 6 and 12 months, it activated redox adaptations. Contrariwise, exposure to glyphosate and Roundup®, individually, caused mainly disturbances of blood redox equilibrium. At the tissue level, particularly in the liver, the administration of both the EDs mixture and Roundup® induced oxidative stress, whereas glyphosate did not affect it. The RLRS notion appears to be confirmed through these findings. Indeed, the administration of the EDs mixture and Roundup®, under the long-term, low-dose regimen, elicited detrimental effects on the redox status of the liver, a crucial tissue with a valuable biological role in the detoxification of organisms from xenobiotics.
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30
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Batool S, Hammami M, Mantebea H, Badar F, Xia Y. Location-Specific Study of Young Rabbit Femoral Cartilage by Quantitative µMRI and Polarized Light Microscopy. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221085143. [PMID: 35306861 PMCID: PMC9137317 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221085143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (µMRI) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) are used to characterize the structural variations at different anatomical locations of femoral cartilage in young rabbits (12-14 weeks old). DESIGN Four intact knees were imaged by µMRI at 86 µm resolution. Three small cartilage-bone specimens were harvested from each of 2 femoral medial condyles and imaged by quantitative µMRI (T2 anisotropy) at 9.75 µm resolution (N = 6). These specimens, as well as the other 2 intact femoral condyles, were used for histology and imaged by quantitative PLM (retardation and angle) at 0.25 µm to 4 µm resolutions. RESULTS Quantitative MRI relaxation data and PLM fibril data revealed collaboratively distinct topographical variations in both cartilage thickness and its collagen organization in the juvenile joint. Cartilage characteristics from the central location have a 3-zone arcade-like fibril structure and a distinct magic angle effect, commonly seen in mature articular cartilage, while cartilage at the anterior location lacks these characteristics. Overall, the lowest retardation values and isotropic T2 values have been found in the distal femur (trochlear ridge), with predominant parallel fibers with respect to the articular surface. Central cartilage is the thickest (~550 µm), approximately twice as thick as the anterior and posterior locations. CONCLUSION Distinctly different characteristics of tissue properties were found in cartilage at different topographical locations on femoral condyle in rabbits. Knowledge of location-specific structural differences in the collagen network over the joint surface can improve the understanding of local mechanobiology and provide insights to tissue engineering and degradation repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Batool
- Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Mouhamad Hammami
- Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Hannah Mantebea
- Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Farid Badar
- Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA,Yang Xia, Department of Physics, Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 244 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Van Erk M, Van Luijk J, Yang F, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Sánchez‐Fernández MJ, Hermans E, Félix Lanao RP, Van Goor H. A systematic review and meta-analyses on animal models used in bone adhesive research. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:624-633. [PMID: 33871061 PMCID: PMC9290478 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, steel implants are used for osteosynthesis of (comminuted) fractures and intra-articular bone defects. These osteosyntheses can sometimes be complicated procedures and can have several drawbacks including stress shielding of the bone. A bone glue might be a safe and effective alternative to current materials. Despite numerous animal studies on bone adhesives, no such material is clinically applied yet. We have conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence in experimental animal models used in research on bone adhesive materials for trauma and orthopedic surgery. Additionally, we analysed the efficacy of the different bone adhesives for different experimental designs. A heterogeneity in experimental parameters including animal species, defect types, and control measurements resulted in a wide variety in experimental models. In addition, no standard outcome measurements could be identified. Meta-analysis on bone regeneration between adhesive treatment and nonadhesive treatment showed a high heterogeneity and no statistically significant overall effect (M: -0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.63-0.21, p = 0.13). Besides, currently there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions based on the effectiveness of the individual types of adhesives or experimental models. A positive statistically significant effect was found for the adhesive treatment in comparison with conventional osteosynthesis materials (M: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.20-3.79, p = 0.0002). To enhance progression in bone adhesive research and provide valuable evidence for clinical application, more standard experimental parameters and a higher reporting quality in animal studies are needed. Statement of Clinical Significance: Current materials restoring anatomical alignments of bones have several drawbacks. A (biodegradable) adhesive for fixating bone defects can be a treatment breakthrough. Although numerous bone adhesives have been researched, most seemed to fail at the preclinical stage. An overview in this field is missing. This systematic review highlights the relevant parameters for design of experimental bone adhesive studies. It demonstrates evidence regarding benefit of bone adhesives but also that the quality of reporting and the risk of bias in studies need to be improved. The results will aid in designing better quality animal studies for bone adhesive research with higher translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld Van Erk
- Department of SurgeryRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Van Luijk
- Department for Health Evidence, SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Regenerative BiomaterialsRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erik Hermans
- Department of SurgeryRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Rosa P. Félix Lanao
- Department of SurgeryRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands,GATT Technologies B.V.NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Harry Van Goor
- Department of SurgeryRadboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Ahirwar LK, Sharma S. Elevated levels of interleukins, leukocyte protein and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide are strongly associated with early to mid-stage of Pythium insidiosum infection in rabbit corneas. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:677-687. [PMID: 35179411 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.2023192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal infection in humans caused by Pythium insidiosum can lead to blindness and the host ocular immune response to it is less studied. Herein, we investigate the expression of mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses in a rabbit model. METHODS P. insidiosum zoospores were injected intracorneally in right eye of the nine New Zealand White rabbits while left eye was injected with 1XPBS. RT-qPCR and multiplex ELISA (mELISA) were used to study the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and immune mediators in infected cornea on 3rd, 7th and 9th day of post-infection(PI). STRING-11.0 analysis was used to predict the interactions of immune mediators. mRNA expressions of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) were determined in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) stimulated with P. insidiosum zoospores. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Post-Hoc Tukey HSD test and p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS mRNA expression assay for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAP)-18 showed significant upregulation (p-value <0.05) on 7thday post-infection (PI) compared to 3rd and 9thday while Leukocyte protein (LeukoP) was elevated significantly on 3rd day followed by 7th and 9th day PI . Only IL-17A among other adaptive immune cytokines showed significant upregulation on 7thday compared to 9thday PI. Expressed in pg/mL, mELISA showed significant higher levels (p-value <0.05) of IL-1β, IL-8 in infected tissue in each of the time points compared to control. STRING analysis revealed co-expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6. Among PRRs, Dectin 1 and TLR4 showed significant upregulation in HCECs at 12hrs compared to 6hrs. CONCLUSION In the rabbit P. insidiosum keratitis model, innate immune mediators: IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, AMPs: LeukoP and CAP-18 are strongly associated in early to mid-stage of corneal infection. Dectin 1 and TLR4 were observed to be associated with recognition of P. insidiosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kishore Ahirwar
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L. V. Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L. V. Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India
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She Y, Mangat R, Tsai S, Proctor SD, Richard C. The Interplay of Obesity, Dyslipidemia and Immune Dysfunction: A Brief Overview on Pathophysiology, Animal Models, and Nutritional Modulation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:840209. [PMID: 35252310 PMCID: PMC8891442 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.840209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a leading global health concern. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which impairs insulin signaling, lipid metabolism and immune function. Recent findings from animal and clinical studies have begun to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune dysfunction seen in the context of obesity. Here, we provide a brief review on the current understanding of the interplay between obesity, dyslipidemia and immunity. We also emphasize the advantages and shortcomings of numerous applicable research models including rodents and large animal swine that aim at unraveling the molecular basis of disease and clinical manifestations. Although there is no perfect model to answer all questions at once, they are often used to complement each other. Finally, we highlight some emerging nutritional strategies to improve immune function in the context of obesity with a particular focus on choline and foods that contains high amounts of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo She
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rabban Mangat
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D. Proctor
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Cao W, Zhao J, Qu P, Liu E. Current Progress and Prospects in Rabbit Cloning. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:63-70. [PMID: 35167365 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) shows great value in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and stem cell therapy. The combination of SCNT and gene editing has produced a variety of genetically modified animals for life science and medical research. Rabbits have unique advantages as transgenic bioreactors and human disease models; however, the low SCNT efficiency severely impedes the application of this technology. The difficulty in SCNT may be attributable to the abnormal reprogramming of somatic cells in rabbits. This review focuses on the abnormal reprogramming of cloned mammalian embryos and evaluates the progress and prospects of rabbit somatic cell cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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35
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Dadachova E, Rangel DEN. Highlights of the Latest Developments in Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Imaging and Future Perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:819702. [PMID: 35223918 PMCID: PMC8873932 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.819702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the interest toward diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Nuclear medicine with its powerful scintigraphic, single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging modalities has always played an important role in diagnosis of infections and distinguishing them from the sterile inflammation. In addition to the clinically available radiopharmaceuticals there has been a decades-long effort to develop more specific imaging agents with some examples being radiolabeled antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides for bacterial imaging, radiolabeled anti-fungals for fungal infections imaging, radiolabeled pathogen-specific antibodies and molecular engineered constructs. In this opinion piece, we would like to discuss some examples of the work published in the last decade on developing nuclear imaging agents for bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in order to generate more interest among nuclear medicine community toward conducting clinical trials of these novel probes, as well as toward developing novel radiotracers for imaging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ekaterina Dadachova
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Abstract
For four decades, genetically altered laboratory animals have provided invaluable information. Originally, genetic modifications were performed on only a few animal species, often chosen because of the ready accessibility of embryonic materials and short generation times. The methods were often slow, inefficient and expensive. In 2013, a new, extremely efficient technology, namely CRISPR/Cas9, not only made the production of genetically altered organisms faster and cheaper, but also opened it up to non-conventional laboratory animal species. CRISPR/Cas9 relies on a guide RNA as a 'location finder' to target DNA double strand breaks induced by the Cas9 enzyme. This is a prerequisite for non-homologous end joining repair to occur, an error prone mechanism often generating insertion or deletion of genetic material. If a DNA template is also provided, this can lead to homology directed repair, allowing precise insertions, deletions or substitutions. Due to its high efficiency in targeting DNA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification is now possible in virtually all animal species for which we have genome sequence data. Furthermore, modifications of Cas9 have led to more refined genetic alterations from targeted single base-pair mutations to epigenetic modifications. The latter offer altered gene expression without genome alteration. With this ever growing genetic toolbox, the number and range of genetically altered conventional and non-conventional laboratory animals with simple or complex genetic modifications is growing exponentially.
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Deng B, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yin W, Lu J, Ye J. Raman Nanotags-Guided Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Nodes Precise Location with Minimal Invasion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102405. [PMID: 34741446 PMCID: PMC8805599 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accurate positioning of sentinel lymph node (SLN) by tracers during surgery is an important prerequisite for SLN biopsy. A major problem of traditional tracers in SLN biopsy is the short surgery window due to the fast diffusion of tracers through the lymphatics, resulting in a misjudgment between SLN and second echelon lymph node (2nd LN). Here, a nontoxic Raman nanoparticle tracer, termed gap-enhanced Raman tags (GERTs), for the accurate intraoperative positioning of SLNs with a sufficient surgical time window is designed. In white New Zealand rabbit models, GERTs enable precise identification of SLNs within 10 min, as well as provide the surgeon with a more than 4 h time window to differentiate SLN and 2nd LN. In addition, the ultrahigh sensitivity of GERTs (detection limit is 0.5 × 10-12 m) allows detection of labeled SLNs before surgery, thereby providing preoperative positioning information for minimally invasive surgery. Comprehensive biosafety evaluations carried out in the context of the Food and Drug Administration and International Standard Organization demonstrate no significant toxicity of GERTs, which supports a promising clinical translation opportunity of GERTs for precise SLN identification in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binge Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Breast SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Breast SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Wenjin Yin
- Department of Breast SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Department of Breast SurgeryRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127P. R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic OncologyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127P. R. China
- Institute of Medical RoboticsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
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Bertzbach LD, Ip WH, Dobner T. Animal Models in Human Adenovirus Research. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121253. [PMID: 34943168 PMCID: PMC8698265 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal models are widely used to study various aspects of human diseases and disorders. Likewise, they are indispensable for preclinical testing of medicals and vaccines. Human adenovirus infections are usually self-limiting, and can cause mild respiratory symptoms with fever, eye infection or gastrointestinal symptoms, but occasional local outbreaks with severe disease courses have been reported. In addition, adenovirus infections pose a serious risk for children and patients with a weakened immune system. Human adenovirus research in animal models to study adenovirus-induced disease and tumor development started in the 1950s. Various animal species have been tested for their susceptibility to human adenovirus infection since then, and some have been shown to mimic key characteristics of the infection in humans, including persistent infection. Furthermore, some rodent species have been found to develop tumors upon human adenovirus infection. Our review summarizes the current knowledge on animal models in human adenovirus research, describing the pros and cons along with important findings and future perspectives. Abstract Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract disease to lethal outcomes, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. To date, neither widely available vaccines nor approved antiadenoviral compounds are available to efficiently deal with HAdV infections. Thus, there is a need to thoroughly understand HAdV-induced disease, and for the development and preclinical evaluation of HAdV therapeutics and/or vaccines, and consequently for suitable standardizable in vitro systems and animal models. Current animal models to study HAdV pathogenesis, persistence, and tumorigenesis include rodents such as Syrian hamsters, mice, and cotton rats, as well as rabbits. In addition, a few recent studies on other species, such as pigs and tree shrews, reported promising data. These models mimic (aspects of) HAdV-induced pathological changes in humans and, although they are relevant, an ideal HAdV animal model has yet to be developed. This review summarizes the available animal models of HAdV infection with comprehensive descriptions of virus-induced pathogenesis in different animal species. We also elaborate on rodent HAdV animal models and how they contributed to insights into adenovirus-induced cell transformation and cancer.
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Joshi B, Wagh G, Kaur H, Patra C. Zebrafish Model to Study Angiotensin II-Mediated Pathophysiology. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1177. [PMID: 34827169 PMCID: PMC8614710 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a common chronic condition, may damage multiple organs, including the kidney, heart, and brain. Thus, it is essential to understand the pathology upon ectopic activation of the molecular pathways involved in mammalian hypertension to develop strategies to manage hypertension. Animal models play a crucial role in unraveling the disease pathophysiology by allowing incisive experimental procedures impossible in humans. Zebrafish, a small freshwater fish, have emerged as an important model system to study human diseases. The primary effector, Angiotensin II of the RAS pathway, regulates hemodynamic pressure overload mediated cardiovascular pathogenesis in mammals. There are various established mammalian models available to study pathophysiology in Angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Here, we have developed a zebrafish model to study pathogenesis by Angiotensin II. We find that intradermal Angiotensin II injection every 12 h can induce cardiac remodeling in seven days. We show that Angiotensin II injection in adult zebrafish causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and enhances cardiac cell proliferation. In addition, Angiotensin II induces ECM protein-coding gene expression and fibrosis in the cardiac ventricles. Thus, this study can conclude that Angiotensin II injection in zebrafish has similar implications as mammals, and zebrafish can be a model to study pathophysiology associated with AngII-RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashri Joshi
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ganesh Wagh
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada;
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India; (B.J.); (G.W.)
- Science and Technology, SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Garcia-Cremades M, Solans BP, Strydom N, Vrijens B, Pillai GC, Shaffer C, Thomas B, Savic RM. Emerging Therapeutics, Technologies, and Drug Development Strategies to Address Patient Nonadherence and Improve Tuberculosis Treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:197-210. [PMID: 34591605 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-041921-074800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imperfect medication adherence remains the biggest predictor of treatment failure for patients with tuberculosis. Missed doses during treatment lead to relapse, tuberculosis resistance, and further spread of disease. Understanding individual patient phenotypes, population pharmacokinetics, resistance development, drug distribution to tuberculosis lesions, and pharmacodynamics at the site of infection is necessary to fully measure the impact of adherence on patient outcomes. To decrease the impact of expected variability in drug intake on tuberculosis outcomes, an improvement in patient adherence and new forgiving regimens that protect against missed doses are needed. In this review, we summarize emerging technologies to improve medication adherence in clinical practice and provide suggestions on how digital adherence technologies can be incorporated in clinical trials and practice and the drug development pipeline that will lead to more forgiving regimens and benefit patients suffering from tuberculosis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Cremades
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Belen P Solans
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Bernard Vrijens
- AARDEX Group, B-4102 Liège Science Park, Belgium.,Department of Public Health, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Goonaseelan Colin Pillai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.,CP+ Associates GmbH, Basel 4102, Switzerland
| | - Craig Shaffer
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | | | - Rada M Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
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Tamrakar P, Bett C, Molano RD, Ayub A, Asher DM, Gregori L. Effect of storage on survival of infectious Treponema pallidum spiked in whole blood and platelets. Transfusion 2021; 61:3181-3189. [PMID: 34534364 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood donations must be tested for evidence of syphilis, a transfusion-transmitted infection. Screening blood for syphilis-related antibodies greatly reduced the risk of transfusion-transmitted syphilis (TTS). It is commonly believed that Treponema pallidum (Tp), the bacterium causing syphilis, does not survive in blood during cold storage-suggested as one reason why no cases of TTS have been recognized in the United States for many years. Some have suggested that routine syphilis screening of blood donations is no longer needed. To address the effect of storage, we investigated the survival of Tp experimentally spiked into blood and platelets stored under conventional conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We spiked fresh human blood products with high concentrations of Tp and inoculated samples at intervals into rabbits, a sensitive assay detecting infectious Tp. We tested whole blood (WB) stored refrigerated (1-6°C) for 9 days and platelets stored at room temperature for 7 days or refrigerated for 14 days. We assayed sera of the rabbits collected at intervals for seroconversion using two different tests and assessed orchitis. Rabbits were considered infected if one or both serological test results became positive. RESULTS Viable Tp survived 7 days in WB and 6 days in platelets stored at both ambient and cold temperatures. DISCUSSION Tp at concentrations much higher than those possibly present in an infected blood unit survived in cold blood products longer than previously reported and, thus, storage conditions cannot be relied upon to eliminate T. pallidum from blood or platelets. TTS remains a topic of concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratistha Tamrakar
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Infected Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Cyrus Bett
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Infected Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Damaris Molano
- Division of Veterinary Services, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Management, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Amna Ayub
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Infected Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Asher
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Infected Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Luisa Gregori
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Infected Diseases, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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43
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Jimoh OA, Oyeyemi BF, Oyeyemi WA. Soursop juice enhanced seminal antioxidant defence and semen quality of rabbit bucks in extremely dry climatic condition of Southwestern Nigeria. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103034. [PMID: 34503780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat induced stress associated with dry climatic conditions in the tropics does have adverse effects reproduction in rabbits, and this in-turn impacts negatively on the income of rabbit farmers. However, natural products might prove to be a reliable, safe and cheap remedy for ameliorating reproductive such anomalies in rabbits. The potential of soursop for mitigating heat induced reproductive deficiency in rabbit bucks was investigated during the peak of dry climatic conditions in southwestern Nigeria. Sixty mixed breed (New Zealand white x Chinchilla) adult rabbit bucks were allotted to five treatments of four replicates (3 bucks per replicate) each in a completely randomized design. Soursop (Annona muricata) fruit was processed into juice using standard procedures and was designated as soursop juice. The juice was administered orally daily per kg body weight (BW), 0.55ml/kgBW distilled water (control), 0.55 ml/kgBW soursop juice, 1.11 ml/kgBW soursop juice, 1.67 ml/kgBW soursop juice and 2.22 ml/kgBW soursop juice to designated treatments 1 to 5, respectively for 56 days. Semen samples were collected with an improvised artificial vagina on the 28th and 56th day of the study, semen quality and seminal oxidative status were evaluated using standard procedures. Results showed that rabbit buck exposed to heat stress had lower semen quality, seminal antioxidants and increased seminal lipid peroxidation. However, the consumption of soursop juice lowered lipid peroxidation and enhanced (p < 0.05) antioxidant production in the seminal fluid of heat-stressed bucks than bucks on control group. Bucks' semen quality and antioxidant status peaks in heat-stressed bucks gavaged 2.22 ml/kgBW soursop juice and gives 100% recovery from the effects of heat induced stress. It can be concluded that 2.22 ml/kgBW soursop juice administered for 56 days did enhance spermatozoa quality and mitigated lipid peroxidation by improving antioxidant capacity of male rabbits in a dose dependent manner on extremely dry climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunji Abubakar Jimoh
- Animal Production Unit, Department of Agricultural Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Bolaji Fatai Oyeyemi
- Molecular Biology Group, Department of Science Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Baldauf HM, Weingartner S, Hofmann K, Mitteregger-Kretzschmar G, Popper B, Bönisch MP, Keppler OT. Thermal Inactivation of Carcasses of Mice and Rabbits Infected with Pathogens of Risk Groups Two to Four. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2021; 60:451-461. [PMID: 34034857 PMCID: PMC9390612 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of viruses or other agents that are infectious to humans is frequently studied in vivo using natural or genetically modified animals. Depending on the risk group of the pathogen, the majority of such experimental studies are performed at least under biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) conditions. Biosafety considerations are therefore critical at all steps of research involving potentially infectious pathogens. Inactivation of pathogens studied using in vitro experiments is usually performed using moist heat sterilization. However, few standardized and validated protocols are currently available for the thermal inactivation of carcasses from laboratory animals infected with such human pathogens. To comply with laboratory biologic safety rules and requirements imposed by regulatory authorities, documentation of appropriate inactivation conditions or use of a validated procedure according to national or international standards is critical. In the current study, we evaluated inactivation protocols in a standard laboratory autoclave for carcasses of either frozen mice or recently terminated rabbits, which were placed inside autoclave bags with bedding material in stainless steel containers. Temperature sensors were placed into different tissues of the carcasses to continuously record temperature in situ and in real-time, and a reference sensor was placed in the autoclave. To achieve pathogen inactivation, autoclaving protocols had to be optimized for both species. Frozen mice required 2 different fractionated prevacuum stages, whereas recently terminated rabbits required 3 different fractionated prevacuum stages. This study provides a template for an evaluation procedure to safely and effectively inactivate mice and rabbits infected with risk group 2 to 4 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany;,
| | - Siegfried Weingartner
- MMM Münchner Medizin Mechanik GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 6, 82152 Planegg/München, Germany
| | - Katharina Hofmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Animal Models, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin P Bönisch
- MMM Münchner Medizin Mechanik GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 6, 82152 Planegg/München, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
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45
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Huang W, Wen Z, Saglam MS, Huang L, Honkanen RA, Rigas B. Phospho-Sulindac (OXT-328) Inhibits Dry Eye Disease in Rabbits: A Dose-, Formulation- and Structure-Dependent Effect. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:321-330. [PMID: 34152861 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Inflammation of the ocular surface is central to dry eye disease (DED). The anti-inflammatory agent phospho-sulindac (PS) at a high dose was efficacious against DED in a rabbit model. We assessed the dose, formulation and structure dependence of PS's effect. Methods: In rabbits with concanavalin A-induced DED we evaluated a range of PS concentrations (0.05%-1.6%) and dosing frequencies, assessed the duration of its effect with PS in 2 solution formulations and one emulsion formulation, and compared the efficacy of PS to that of sulindac, and of the structurally similar phospho-ibuprofen amide. We determined tear breakup time (TBUT) (tear stability), Schirmer's tear test (tear production), and by esthesiometry corneal sensitivity (symptoms). We also determined the biodistribution in the eye of topically applied PS. Results: PS in a solution formulation, given as eye drops q.i.d. was efficacious starting at a dose of 0.1%. The effect was apparent after 2 days of treatment and lasted at least 8 days after the last dose. Both signs (evidenced by TBUT and Schirmer's test) and symptoms (measured by corneal sensitivity) improved significantly. The best formulation was the solution formulation; a cyclodextrin-based formulation was also successful but the emulsion formulation was not. PS and its metabolites were essentially restricted to the anterior chamber of the eye. Sulindac and phospho-ibuprofen amide had no efficacy on DED. Conclusions: PS is efficacious against DED. Its effect, encompassing signs, and symptoms, are dose, formulation, and structure dependent. PS has therapeutic promise and merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyi Wen
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Muhammet S Saglam
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Liqun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Setauket, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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46
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Modulation of Cathepsin S ( CTSS) Regulates the Secretion of Progesterone and Estradiol, Proliferation, and Apoptosis of Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061770. [PMID: 34199180 PMCID: PMC8231930 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In goat and sheep, CTSS is reported to be important for the development and maturation of oocytes by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CTSS in regulating cell apoptosis and hormone secretion in rabbit granulosa cells. Our results suggested that the CTSS gene can promote the proliferation of granulosa cells and reduce its apoptosis in vitro, while overexpression of CTSS promoted the secretion of progesterone and estrogen in rabbit granulosa cells. Therefore, manipulation of CTSS may improve development of oocytes, and thus provide an approach for better manipulation of rabbit reproductive performance. Abstract Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a member of cysteine protease family. Although many studies have demonstrated the vital role of CTSS in many physiological and pathological processes including tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, the function of CTSS in the development of rabbit granulosa cells (GCS) remains unknown. To address this question, we isolated rabbit GCS and explored the regulatory function of the CTSS gene in cell proliferation and apoptosis. CTSS overexpression significantly promoted the secretion of progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) by increasing the expression of STAR and CYP19A1 (p < 0.05). We also found that overexpression of CTSS increased GCS proliferation by up-regulating the expression of proliferation related gene (PCNA) and anti-apoptotic gene (BCL2). Cell apoptosis was markedly decreased by CTSS activation (p < 0.05). In contrast, CTSS knockdown significantly decreased the secretion of P4 and E2 and the proliferation of rabbit GCS, while increasing the apoptosis of rabbit GCS. Taken together, our results highlight the important role of CTSS in regulating hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in rabbit GCS. These results might provide a basis for better understanding the molecular mechanism of rabbit reproduction.
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47
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Bai Y, Lin W, Xu J, Song J, Yang D, Chen YE, Li L, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang J. Improving the genome assembly of rabbits with long-read sequencing. Genomics 2021; 113:3216-3223. [PMID: 34051323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is important as a biomedical model given its unique features in immunity and metabolism. The current reference genome OryCun2.0 established with whole-genome shotgun sequencing was quite fragmented and had not been updated for ten years. In this work, we provided a new rabbit genome assembly UM_NZW_1.0 to improve OryCun2.0 by leveraging the contig lengths based on long-read sequencing and a wealth of available Illumina paired-end sequence data. UM_NZW_1.0 showed a remarkable increase of continuity compared with OryCun2.0, with 5 times longer contig N50 and approximately 75% gaps closed. Many of the closed gaps were overlapped with protein-coding genes or transcriptional features, resulting in an enhancement of gene annotations. In particular, UM_NZW_1.0 presented a more complete landscape of the MHC region and the IGH locus, therefore provided a valuable resource for future researches on rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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48
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Hayashida K, Takegawa R, Shoaib M, Aoki T, Choudhary RC, Kuschner CE, Nishikimi M, Miyara SJ, Rolston DM, Guevara S, Kim J, Shinozaki K, Molmenti EP, Becker LB. Mitochondrial transplantation therapy for ischemia reperfusion injury: a systematic review of animal and human studies. J Transl Med 2021; 19:214. [PMID: 34001191 PMCID: PMC8130169 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are essential organelles that provide energy for cellular functions, participate in cellular signaling and growth, and facilitate cell death. Based on their multifactorial roles, mitochondria are also critical in the progression of critical illnesses. Transplantation of mitochondria has been reported as a potential promising approach to treat critical illnesses, particularly ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). However, a systematic review of the relevant literature has not been conducted to date. Here, we systematically reviewed the animal and human studies relevant to IRI to summarize the evidence for mitochondrial transplantation. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane library, and Embase and performed a systematic review of mitochondrial transplantation for IRI in both preclinical and clinical studies. We developed a search strategy using a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Heading/Emtree terms. Studies including cell-mediated transfer of mitochondria as a transfer method were excluded. Data were extracted to a tailored template, and data synthesis was descriptive because the data were not suitable for meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, we identified 20 animal studies and two human studies. Among animal studies, 14 (70%) studies focused on either brain or heart IRI. Both autograft and allograft mitochondrial transplantation were used in 17 (85%) animal studies. The designs of the animal studies were heterogeneous in terms of the route of administration, timing of transplantation, and dosage used. Twelve (60%) studies were performed in a blinded manner. All animal studies reported that mitochondrial transplantation markedly mitigated IRI in the target tissues, but there was variation in biological biomarkers and pathological changes. The human studies were conducted with a single-arm, unblinded design, in which autologous mitochondrial transplantation was applied to pediatric patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for IRI-associated myocardial dysfunction after cardiac surgery. CONCLUSION The evidence gathered from our systematic review supports the potential beneficial effects of mitochondrial transplantation after IRI, but its clinical translation remains limited. Further investigations are thus required to explore the mechanisms of action and patient outcomes in critical settings after mitochondrial transplantation. Systematic review registration The study was registered at UMIN under the registration number UMIN000043347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashida
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Ryosuke Takegawa
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoaki Aoki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Rishabh C Choudhary
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Cyrus E Kuschner
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Nishikimi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Daniel M Rolston
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Junhwan Kim
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lance B Becker
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Zucker School of Medicine At Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
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49
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Oikonomidis IL, Milne E, Piccinelli C. Differential white blood cell counts in rabbits: a comparison of the Advia 2120 and a manual method. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:670-676. [PMID: 33834920 PMCID: PMC8225691 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211007877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of the Advia 2120 (Siemens) differential leukocyte count (A-Diff) compared to the manual method (M-Diff) in rabbits. EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples collected for diagnostic purposes were analyzed within 6 h of collection. The M-Diff was performed blindly by 2 observers on blood smears by counting 200 cells. We initially included 117 samples; 25 samples were excluded because of suboptimal gating of leukocytes in the Advia peroxidase cytogram or poor blood smear quality. The correlation between the A-Diff and M-Diff was very high for heterophils (r = 0.924, p < 0.001) and lymphocytes (r = 0.903, p < 0.001), high for basophils (r = 0.823, p < 0.001), moderate for monocytes (r = 0.645, p < 0.001), and low for eosinophils (r = 0.336, p = 0.001). The Passing-Bablok regression analyses revealed a small-to-moderate constant error for lymphocytes and a slight constant error for basophils. Small proportional errors were detected for heterophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The Bland-Altman analyses revealed that the Advia significantly underestimates heterophils and overestimates lymphocytes compared to M-Diff. The biases for the other leukocytes were minimal and likely clinical insignificant; however, our results, particularly for eosinophils, should be interpreted cautiously given the observed low percentages in our samples. Given the observed biases in heterophil and lymphocyte percentages in the Advia 2120 CBC results in rabbits, method-specific reference intervals should be used. The Advia can recognize leporine basophils. Evaluation of blood smears is still recommended to investigate abnormal results and erroneous cytograms reported by the Advia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis L Oikonomidis
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Chiara Piccinelli
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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50
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Abstract
Within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. While SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. Due to its zoonotic origin, SARS-CoV-2 may also be relevant to animals. Thus, to evaluate the host range of the virus and to assess the risk to act as potential animal reservoir, a large number of different animal species were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 or monitored in the field in the last months. In this review, we provide an update on studies describing permissive and resistant animal species. Using a scoring system based on viral genome detection subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, seroconversion, the development of clinical signs and transmission to conspecifics or humans, the susceptibility of diverse animal species was classified on a semi-quantitative scale. While major livestock species such as pigs, cattle and poultry are mostly resistant, companion animals appear moderately susceptible, while several model animal species used in research, including several Cricetidae species and non-human primates, are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. By natural infections, it became obvious that American minks (Neovison vison) in fur farms, e.g., in the Netherlands and Denmark are highly susceptible resulting in local epidemics in these animals.
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