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Guenthoer J, Garrett ME, Lilly M, Depierreux DM, Ruiz F, Chi M, Stoddard CI, Chohan V, Yaffe ZA, Sung K, Ralph D, Chu HY, Matsen FA, Overbaugh J. The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012383. [PMID: 39093891 PMCID: PMC11324185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has exhibited a striking capacity for viral evolution that drives continued evasion from vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Mutations in the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein have led to considerable escape from antibody responses, reducing the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies. Therefore, there is a need to interrogate more constrained regions of spike, such as the S2 subdomain. Here, we present a collection of S2 mAbs from two SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals that target multiple regions in S2, including regions outside of those commonly reported. One of the S2 mAbs, C20.119, which bound to a highly conserved epitope in the fusion peptide, was able to broadly neutralize across SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV-1, and closely related zoonotic sarbecoviruses. The majority of the mAbs were non-neutralizing; however, many of them could mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) at levels similar to the S1-targeting mAb S309 that was previously authorized for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several of the mAbs with ADCC function also bound to spike trimers from other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), such as MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1. Our findings suggest S2 mAbs can target diverse epitopes in S2, including functional mAbs with HCoV and sarbecovirus breadth that likely target functionally constrained regions of spike. These mAbs could be developed for potential future pandemics, while also providing insight into ideal epitopes for eliciting a broad HCoV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Guenthoer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Garrett
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Lilly
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Delphine M. Depierreux
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Felicitas Ruiz
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret Chi
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Caitlin I. Stoddard
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zak A. Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Duncan Ralph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Xia LY, Wang XF, Cui XM, Zhang YM, Wang ZF, Li ET, Fan CF, Song K, Li YG, Ye RZ, Li FX, Zhu DY, Zhang J, Shi ZZ, Zhang MZ, Li LJ, Shen SJ, Jin S, Zhang YW, Fu WG, Zhao L, Wang WH, Wang TC, Wang YC, Jiang JF, Hu YL, Jia N, Gao YW, Cao WC. Characterization of a pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related virus isolate that uses the human ACE2 receptor. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1502-1513. [PMID: 38478297 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Various SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses have been increasingly identified in pangolins, showing a potential threat to humans. Here we report the infectivity and pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2-related virus, PCoV-GX/P2V, which was isolated from a Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica). PCoV-GX/P2V could grow in human hepatoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and human primary nasal epithelial cells. It replicated more efficiently in cells expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as SARS-CoV-2 did. After intranasal inoculation to the hACE2-transgenic mice, PCoV-GX/P2V not only replicated in nasal turbinate and lungs, but also caused interstitial pneumonia, characterized by infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells and multifocal alveolar hemorrhage. Existing population immunity established by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may not protect people from PCoV-GX/P2V infection. These findings further verify the hACE2 utility of PCoV-GX/P2V by in vivo experiments using authentic viruses and highlight the importance for intensive surveillance to prevent possible cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yuan Xia
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhen-Fei Wang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - En-Tao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Chang-Fa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Ke Song
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Run-Ze Ye
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fang-Xu Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Dai-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | | | - Ming-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Liang-Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shi-Jing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Song Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ya-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wei-Guang Fu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wen-Hao Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tie-Cheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - You-Chun Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Jia-Fu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yan-Ling Hu
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yu-Wei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Kononova Y, Adamenko L, Kazachkova E, Solomatina M, Romanenko S, Proskuryakova A, Utkin Y, Gulyaeva M, Spirina A, Kazachinskaia E, Palyanova N, Mishchenko O, Chepurnov A, Shestopalov A. Features of SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Various Types of Reptilian and Fish Cell Cultures. Viruses 2023; 15:2350. [PMID: 38140591 PMCID: PMC10748073 DOI: 10.3390/v15122350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 can enter the environment from the feces of COVID-19 patients and virus carriers through untreated sewage. The virus has shown the ability to adapt to a wide range of hosts, so the question of the possible involvement of aquafauna and animals of coastal ecosystems in maintaining its circulation remains open. METHODS the aim of this work was to study the tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for cells of freshwater fish and reptiles, including those associated with aquatic and coastal ecosystems, and the effect of ambient temperature on this process. In a continuous cell culture FHM (fathead minnow) and diploid fibroblasts CGIB (silver carp), SARS-CoV-2 replication was not maintained at either 25 °C or 29 °C. At 29 °C, the continuous cell culture TH-1 (eastern box turtle) showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, comparable to Vero E6 (development of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and an infectious titer of 7.5 ± 0.17 log10 TCID50/mL on day 3 after infection), and primary fibroblasts CNI (Nile crocodile embryo) showed moderate susceptibility (no CPE, infectious titer 4.52 ± 0.14 log10 TCID50/mL on day 5 after infection). At 25 °C, SARS-CoV-2 infection did not develop in TH-1 and CNI. CONCLUSIONS our results show the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to effectively replicate without adaptation in the cells of certain reptile species when the ambient temperature rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kononova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Lyubov Adamenko
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Evgeniya Kazachkova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Mariya Solomatina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Svetlana Romanenko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.R.); (A.P.); (Y.U.)
| | - Anastasia Proskuryakova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.R.); (A.P.); (Y.U.)
| | - Yaroslav Utkin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.R.); (A.P.); (Y.U.)
| | - Marina Gulyaeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
- The Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia Spirina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Kazachinskaia
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Natalia Palyanova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Oksana Mishchenko
- 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow 141306, Russia;
| | - Alexander Chepurnov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (Y.K.); (L.A.); (E.K.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.P.); (A.C.); (A.S.)
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4
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Shin WJ, Kang S, Jung JU. Zoonotic potential of a pangolin coronavirus. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1760-1761. [PMID: 37749253 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Shin
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Cancer Biology Department, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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5
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Ou X, Xu G, Li P, Liu Y, Zan F, Liu P, Hu J, Lu X, Dong S, Zhou Y, Mu Z, Wu Z, Wang J, Jin Q, Liu P, Lu J, Wang X, Qian Z. Host susceptibility and structural and immunological insight of S proteins of two SARS-CoV-2 closely related bat coronaviruses. Cell Discov 2023; 9:78. [PMID: 37507385 PMCID: PMC10382498 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The bat coronaviruses (CoV) BANAL-20-52 and BANAL-20-236 are two newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) closely related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoV) and the genome of BANAL-20-52 shares the highest homology with SARS-CoV-2. However, the risk of their potential zoonotic transmission has not been fully evaluated. Here, we determined their potential host susceptibility among 13 different bat species and 26 different animal species, and found that both might have extensive host ranges, indicating high zoonotic transmission potential. We also determined the cryo-EM structures of BANAL-20-52 and BANAL-20-236 S proteins at pH 5.5 and the complex of BANAL-20-236 S1 and Rhinolophus affinis ACE2, and found that both trimeric S proteins adopt all three receptor binding domains (RBDs) in "closed" conformation and are more compact than SARS-CoV-2. Strikingly, the unique sugar moiety at N370 of bat SC2r-CoVs acts like a "bolt" and crosses over two neighboring subunits, facilitating the S proteins in the locked conformation and underpinning the architecture stability. Removal of the glycosylation at N370 by a T372A substitution substantially enhances virus infectivity but becomes highly sensitive to trypsin digestion at pH 5.5, a condition roughly mimicking the insectivorous bat's stomach digestion. In contrast, WT S proteins of SC2r-CoVs showed considerable resistance to trypsin digestion at pH 5.5, indicating that the highly conserved T372 in bat CoVs might result from the selective advantages in stability during the fecal-oral transmission over A372. Moreover, the results of cross-immunogenicity among S proteins of SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-20-52, and BANAL-20-236 showed that A372 pseudoviruses are more sensitive to anti-S sera than T372, indicating that immune evasion might also play a role in the natural selection of T372 over A372 during evolution. Finally, residues 493 and 498 of the S protein affect host susceptibility, and residue 498 also influences the immunogenicity of the S protein. Together, our findings aid a better understanding of the molecular basis of CoV entry, selective evolution, and immunogenicity and highlight the importance of surveillance of susceptible hosts of these viruses to prevent potential outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Ou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fuwen Zan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siwen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (Peking Union Medical College), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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6
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Russo E, Corrao S, Di Gaudio F, Alberti G, Caprnda M, Kubatka P, Kruzliak P, Miceli V, Conaldi PG, Borlongan CV, La Rocca G. Facing the Challenges in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: From Standard Treatments to the Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a New Therapeutic Strategy. Cells 2023; 12:1664. [PMID: 37371134 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which counts more than 650 million cases and more than 6.6 million of deaths worldwide, affects the respiratory system with typical symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and fatigue. Other nonpulmonary manifestations are related with abnormal inflammatory response, the "cytokine storm", that could lead to a multiorgan disease and to death. Evolution of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 provided multiple options to prevent the infection, but the treatment of the severe forms remains difficult to manage. The cytokine storm is usually counteracted with standard medical care and anti-inflammatory drugs, but researchers moved forward their studies on new strategies based on cell therapy approaches. The perinatal tissues, such as placental membranes, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord derivatives, are enriched in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that exert a well-known anti-inflammatory role, immune response modulation, and tissue repair. In this review, we focused on umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) used in in vitro and in vivo studies in order to evaluate the weakening of the severe symptoms, and on recent clinical trials from different databases, supporting the favorable potential of UC-MSCs as therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Russo
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Corrao
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per per i Trapianti e Terapie Ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giusi Alberti
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03649 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Research and Development Services, Pradlacka 18, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per per i Trapianti e Terapie Ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Research Department, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per per i Trapianti e Terapie Ad Alta Specializzazione), 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesario Venturina Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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7
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Huang XY, Chen Q, Sun MX, Zhou HY, Ye Q, Chen W, Peng JY, Qi YN, Zhai JQ, Tian Y, Liu ZX, Huang YJ, Deng YQ, Li XF, Wu A, Yang X, Yang G, Shen Y, Qin CF. A pangolin-origin SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus: infectivity, pathogenicity, and cross-protection by preexisting immunity. Cell Discov 2023; 9:59. [PMID: 37330497 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus spillover remains a major challenge to public health. A panel of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses have been identified in pangolins, while the infectivity and pathogenicity of these pangolin-origin coronaviruses (pCoV) in humans remain largely unknown. Herein, we comprehensively characterized the infectivity and pathogenicity of a recent pCoV isolate (pCoV-GD01) in human cells and human tracheal epithelium organoids and established animal models in comparison with SARS-CoV-2. pCoV-GD01 showed similar infectivity to SARS-CoV-2 in human cells and organoids. Remarkably, intranasal inoculation of pCoV-GD01 caused severe lung pathological damage in hACE2 mice and could transmit among cocaged hamsters. Interestingly, in vitro neutralization assays and animal heterologous challenge experiments demonstrated that preexisting immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination was sufficient to provide at least partial cross-protection against pCoV-GD01 challenge. Our results provide direct evidence supporting pCoV-GD01 as a potential human pathogen and highlight the potential spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Xu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ni Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Qiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Guan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Liang X, Chen X, Zhai J, Li X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Wang X, Cui X, Wang H, Zhou N, Chen ZJ, Su R, Zhou F, Holmes EC, Irwin DM, Chen RA, He Q, Wu YJ, Wang C, Du XQ, Peng SM, Xie WJ, Shan F, Li WP, Dai JW, Shen X, Feng Y, Xiao L, Chen W, Shen Y. Pathogenicity, tissue tropism and potential vertical transmission of SARSr-CoV-2 in Malayan pangolins. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011384. [PMID: 37196026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Malayan pangolin SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV-2) is closely related to SARS-CoV-2. However, little is known about its pathogenicity in pangolins. Using CT scans we show that SARSr-CoV-2 positive Malayan pangolins are characterized by bilateral ground-glass opacities in lungs in a similar manner to COVID-19 patients. Histological examination and blood gas tests are indicative of dyspnea. SARSr-CoV-2 infected multiple organs in pangolins, with the lungs the major target, and histological expression data revealed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were co-expressed with viral RNA. Transcriptome analysis indicated that virus-positive pangolins were likely to have inadequate interferon responses, with relative greater cytokine and chemokine activity in the lung and spleen. Notably, both viral RNA and viral proteins were detected in three pangolin fetuses, providing initial evidence for vertical virus transmission. In sum, our study outlines the biological framework of SARSr-CoV-2 in pangolins, revealing striking similarities to COVID-19 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Niu Zhou
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zu-Jin Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuqing Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Qing Du
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ming Peng
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jun Xie
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Ping Li
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Dai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
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9
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A SARS-CoV-2-Related Virus from Malayan Pangolin Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171922. [PMID: 36688655 PMCID: PMC9972989 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01719-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most severe emerging infectious disease in the current century. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins in South Asian countries indicates that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from wildlife. To date, two SARSr-CoV-2 strains have been isolated from pangolins seized in Guangxi and Guangdong by the customs agency of China, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether these viruses cause disease in animal models and whether they pose a transmission risk to humans. In this study, we investigated the biological features of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) captured by the Guangxi customs agency, termed MpCoV-GX, in terms of receptor usage, cell tropism, and pathogenicity in wild-type BALB/c mice, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-transgenic mice, and human ACE2 knock-in mice. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from humans, pangolins, civets, bats, pigs, and mice for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from humans, monkeys, bats, minks, and pigs. The virus could infect three mouse models but showed limited pathogenicity, with mild peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration observed in lungs. Our results suggest that this SARSr-CoV-2 virus from pangolins has the potential for interspecies infection, but its pathogenicity is mild in mice. Future surveillance among these wildlife hosts of SARSr-CoV-2 is needed to monitor variants that may have higher pathogenicity and higher spillover risk. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, which likely spilled over from wildlife, is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus. Being highly transmissible, it is perpetuating a pandemic and continuously posing a severe threat to global public health. Several SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins have been identified since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. It is therefore important to assess their potential of crossing species barriers for better understanding of their risk of future emergence. In this work, we investigated the biological features and pathogenicity of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin, named MpCoV-GX. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from 7 species for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from a variety of mammalian species. MpCoV-GX can infect mice expressing human ACE2 without causing severe disease. These findings suggest the potential of cross-species transmission of MpCoV-GX, and highlight the need of further surveillance of SARSr-CoV-2 in pangolins and other potential animal hosts.
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10
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Yang Y, Liu S, Luo Y, Wang B, Wang J, Li J, Li J, Ye B, Wang Y, Xi JJ. High-throughput saturation mutagenesis generates a high-affinity antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants using protein surface display assay on a human cell. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011119. [PMID: 36724179 PMCID: PMC9891525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As new mutations continue to emerge, the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus to evade the human immune system and neutralizing antibodies remains a huge challenge for vaccine development and antibody research. The majority of neutralizing antibodies have reduced or lost activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, we reported a novel protein surface display system on a mammalian cell for obtaining a higher-affinity antibody in high-throughput manner. Using a saturation mutagenesis strategy through integrating microarray-based oligonucleotide synthesis and single-cell screening assay, we generated a group of new antibodies against diverse prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants through high-throughput screening the human antibody REGN10987 within 2 weeks. The affinity of those optimized antibodies to seven prevalent mutants was greatly improved, and the EC50 values were no higher than 5 ng/mL. These results demonstrate the robustness of our screening system in the rapid generation of an antibody with higher affinity against a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, and provides a potential application to other protein molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Buqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Wang B, Zhao J, Liu S, Feng J, Luo Y, He X, Wang Y, Ge F, Wang J, Ye B, Huang W, Bo X, Wang Y, Xi JJ. ACE2 decoy receptor generated by high-throughput saturation mutagenesis efficiently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and its prevalent variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1488-1499. [PMID: 35587428 PMCID: PMC9176695 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2079426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent global pandemic was a spillover from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Viral entry involves the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein interacting with the protease domain (PD) of the cellular receptor, ACE2. We hereby present a comprehensive mutational landscape of the effects of ACE2-PD point mutations on RBD-ACE2 binding using a saturation mutagenesis approach based on microarray-based oligo synthesis and a single-cell screening assay. We observed that changes in glycosylation sites and directly interacting sites of ACE2-PD significantly influenced ACE2-RBD binding. We further engineered an ACE2 decoy receptor with critical point mutations, D30I, L79W, T92N, N322V, and K475F, named C4-1. C4-1 shows a 200-fold increase in neutralization for the SARS-CoV-2 D614G pseudotyped virus compared to wild-type soluble ACE2 and a sevenfold increase in binding affinity to wild-type spike compared to the C-terminal Ig-Fc fused wild-type soluble ACE2. Moreover, C4-1 efficiently neutralized prevalent variants, especially the omicron variant (EC50=16 ng/mL), and rescued monoclonal antibodies, vaccine, and convalescent sera neutralization from viral immune-escaping. We hope to next investigate translating the therapeutic potential of C4-1 for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxuan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Feng
- College of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yufeng Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feixiang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Buqing Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Role of the Pangolin in Origin of SARS-CoV-2: An Evolutionary Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169115. [PMID: 36012377 PMCID: PMC9408936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, unanswered questions remain related to its evolutionary history, path of transmission or divergence and role of recombination. There is emerging evidence on amino acid substitutions occurring in key residues of the receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein in coronavirus isolates from bat and pangolins. In this article, we summarize our current knowledge on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. We also analyze the host ACE2-interacting residues of the receptor-binding domain of spike glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2 isolates from bats, and compare it to pangolin SARS-CoV-2 isolates collected from Guangdong province (GD Pangolin-CoV) and Guangxi autonomous regions (GX Pangolin-CoV) of South China. Based on our comparative analysis, we support the view that the Guangdong Pangolins are the intermediate hosts that adapted the SARS-CoV-2 and represented a significant evolutionary link in the path of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus. We also discuss the role of intermediate hosts in the origin of Omicron.
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13
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K, Dhama K. SARS-CoV-2 gained a novel spike protein S1-N-Terminal Domain (S1-NTD). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113047. [PMID: 35292244 PMCID: PMC8917877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The clue behind the SARS-CoV-2 origin is still a matter of debate. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 has gained a novel spike protein S1-N-terminal domain (S1-NTD). In our CLuster ANalysis of Sequences (CLANS) analysis, SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S1-NTDs displayed a close relationship with OC43 and HKU1. However, in the complete and S1-NTD-free spike protein, SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 revealed closeness with MERS-CoV. Further, we have divided the S1-NTD of SARS-CoV-2 related viruses into three distinct types (Type-I to III S1-NTD) and the S1-NTD of viruses associated with SARS-CoVs into another three classes (Type-A to C S1-NTD) using CLANS and phylogenetic analyses. In particular, the results of our study indicate that SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and BANAL-20-52 viruses carry Type-I-S1-NTD and other SARS-CoV-2-related-bat viruses have Type-II and III. In addition, it was revealed that the Pangolin-GX and Pangolin-Guangdong lineages inherited Type-I-like and Type-II-like S1-NTD, respectively. Then our CLANS study shows the potential for evolution of Type-I and Type-III S1-NTD from SARS-CoV-related viruses Type-A and Type-B S1-NTDs, respectively. Furthermore, our analysis clarifies the possibility that Type-II S1-NTDs may have evolved from Type-A-S1-NTD of SARS-CoV-related viruses through Type-I S1-NTDs. We also observed that BANAL-20-103, BANAL-20-236, and Pangolin-Guangdong-lineage viruses containing Type-II-like S1-NTD are very close to SARS-CoV-2 in spike genetic areas other than S1-NTD. Possibly, it suggests that the common ancestor spike gene of SARS-CoV-2/RaTG13/BANAL-20-52-like virus may have evolved by recombining the Pangolin-Guangdong/BANAL-20-103/BANAL-20-236-like spike gene to Pangolin-GX-like Type-I-like-S1-NTD in the unsampled bat or undiscovered intermediate host or possibly pangolin. These may then have evolved into SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and BANAL-20-52 virus spike genes by host jump mediated evolution. The potential function of the novel Type-I-S1-NTD and other types of S1-NTDs needs to be studied further to understand better its importance in the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak and for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Vepery, Chennai, 600007, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, U.P, 243 122, India
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14
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Willett BJ, Grove J, MacLean OA, Wilkie C, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Cantoni D, Scott S, Logan N, Ashraf S, Manali M, Szemiel A, Cowton V, Vink E, Harvey WT, Davis C, Asamaphan P, Smollett K, Tong L, Orton R, Hughes J, Holland P, Silva V, Pascall DJ, Puxty K, da Silva Filipe A, Yebra G, Shaaban S, Holden MTG, Pinto RM, Gunson R, Templeton K, Murcia PR, Patel AH, Klenerman P, Dunachie S, Haughney J, Robertson DL, Palmarini M, Ray S, Thomson EC. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1161-1179. [PMID: 35798890 PMCID: PMC9352574 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid mutations in spike, half of which lie within the receptor-binding domain. Here we demonstrate substantial evasion of neutralization by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in vitro using sera from individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. These data were mirrored by a substantial reduction in real-world vaccine effectiveness that was partially restored by booster vaccination. The Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 did not induce cell syncytia in vitro and favoured a TMPRSS2-independent endosomal entry pathway, these phenotypes mapping to distinct regions of the spike protein. Impaired cell fusion was determined by the receptor-binding domain, while endosomal entry mapped to the S2 domain. Such marked changes in antigenicity and replicative biology may underlie the rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity of the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joe Grove
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Oscar A MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shirin Ashraf
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Manali
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agnieszka Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elen Vink
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - David J Pascall
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew T G Holden
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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15
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Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19, has become a persistent global health threat. Individuals who are symptomatic for COVID‐19 frequently exhibit respiratory illness, which is often accompanied by neurological symptoms of anosmia and fatigue. Mounting clinical data also indicate that many COVID‐19 patients display long‐term neurological disorders postinfection such as cognitive decline, which emphasizes the need to further elucidate the effects of COVID‐19 on the central nervous system. In this review article, we summarize an emerging body of literature describing the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on central nervous system (CNS) health and highlight important areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Natale
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Global Biothreats Graduate Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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16
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Voskarides K. SARS-CoV-2: tracing the origin, tracking the evolution. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:62. [PMID: 35303887 PMCID: PMC8931788 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. Findings support a "bat origin" but results are not highly convincing. Studies found evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was around for many years before the pandemic outbreak. Evidence has been published that the progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 already had the capability to bind strongly to the human ACE2 receptor. This may be an indication that many other animal viruses are capable to jump to humans, having already affinity for a human receptor. This is quite worrying since current ecosystems' collapse brings people to high proximity with animals, increasing probabilities for random viral transitions. On the other hand, future adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 is of great concern. Virus-host interactions are complicated and unfortunately, we still do not have accurate tools for predicting viruses' future evolution. Viral adaptation is a multifactorial process and probably SARS-CoV-2 will not become soon, as we wish, a harmless infection. However, humanity is currently under the largest vaccination program and it's of great interest to see if vaccinations will change the evolutionary game against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Voskarides
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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17
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Qian Z, Li P, Tang X, Lu J. Evolutionary dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomes. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:3-22. [PMID: 35658106 PMCID: PMC9047652 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused immense losses in human lives and the global economy and posed significant challenges for global public health. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has evolved, thousands of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been identified across the viral genome. The roles of individual SNVs in the zoonotic origin, evolution, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have become the focus of many studies. This review summarizes recent comparative genomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) found in non-human animals, including delineation of SARS-CoV-2 lineages based on characteristic SNVs. We also discuss the current understanding of receptor-binding domain (RBD) evolution and characteristic mutations in variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2, as well as possible co-evolution between RBD and its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We propose that the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and host RNA editing mechanisms might have partially resulted in the bias in nucleotide changes during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Finally, we outline some current challenges, including difficulty in deciphering the complicated relationship between viral pathogenicity and infectivity of different variants, and monitoring transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and animals as the pandemic progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100176, China
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18
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Kostadinova T, Todorova T, Stoykova Z, Niyazi D, Bozhkova M, Bizheva S, Stoeva T. Dynamics of COVID-19 and demographic characteristics as predisposing risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: a hospital-based, one-center retrospective study. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2026817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Kostadinova
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
- Training Sector of Medical Laboratory Assistant, Medical College, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Tatina Todorova
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivka Stoykova
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Denis Niyazi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Bozhkova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Svetomira Bizheva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Temenuga Stoeva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, Varna, Bulgaria
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19
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Yu F, Lau LT, Fok M, Lau JYN, Zhang K. COVID-19 Delta variants-Current status and implications as of August 2021. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:287-292. [PMID: 35692860 PMCID: PMC8499995 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has evolved as the dominant strain of the current pandemic. Studies have shown that this variant has increased infectivity/viral load, and reduced neutralization by the host antibodies from convalescent patients/vaccinees. Clinically, Delta variant infection has been observed/documented in convalescent patients/vaccinees, although with less incidence of severe diseases, but can serve as reservoir to spread the infection to the unvaccinated. The current understanding (as of 18 August 2021) on the virologic aspect (including the amino acid substitutions), clinical implications, and public health implications will be discussed in this mini review, and recommendations to health authorities will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Yu
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, USA
| | - Lok-Ting Lau
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Manson Fok
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | | | - Kang Zhang
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
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20
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Peng MS, Li JB, Cai ZF, Liu H, Tang X, Ying R, Zhang JN, Tao JJ, Yin TT, Zhang T, Hu JY, Wu RN, Zhou ZY, Zhang ZG, Yu L, Yao YG, Shi ZL, Lu XM, Lu J, Zhang YP. The high diversity of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in pangolins alerts potential ecological risks. Zool Res 2021; 42:834-844. [PMID: 34766482 PMCID: PMC8645874 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the zoonotic origin and evolution history of SARS-CoV-2 will provide critical insights for alerting and preventing future outbreaks. A significant gap remains for the possible role of pangolins as a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs). Here, we screened SC2r-CoVs in 172 samples from 163 pangolin individuals of four species, and detected positive signals in muscles of four Manis javanica and, for the first time, one M. pentadactyla. Phylogeographic analysis of pangolin mitochondrial DNA traced their origins from Southeast Asia. Using in-solution hybridization capture sequencing, we assembled a partial pangolin SC2r-CoV (pangolin-CoV) genome sequence of 22 895 bp (MP20) from the M. pentadactyla sample. Phylogenetic analyses revealed MP20 was very closely related to pangolin-CoVs that were identified in M. javanica seized by Guangxi Customs. A genetic contribution of bat coronavirus to pangolin-CoVs via recombination was indicated. Our analysis revealed that the genetic diversity of pangolin-CoVs is substantially higher than previously anticipated. Given the potential infectivity of pangolin-CoVs, the high genetic diversity of pangolin-CoVs alerts the ecological risk of zoonotic evolution and transmission of pathogenic SC2r-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China. E-mail:
| | - Jian-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruochen Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Nan Zhang
- Molbreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050035, China
| | - Jia-Jun Tao
- Molbreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050035, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Jing-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Ru-Nian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xue-Mei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E-mail:
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China. E-mail:
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21
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Meekins DA, Gaudreault NN, Richt JA. Natural and Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses 2021; 13:1993. [PMID: 34696423 PMCID: PMC8540328 DOI: 10.3390/v13101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which continues to spread with devastating effects on global health and socioeconomics. The susceptibility of domestic and wild animal species to infection is a critical facet of SARS-CoV-2 ecology, since reverse zoonotic spillover events resulting in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in animal populations could result in the establishment of new virus reservoirs. Adaptive mutations in the virus to new animal species could also complicate ongoing mitigation strategies to combat SARS-CoV-2. In addition, animal species susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are essential as standardized preclinical models for the development and efficacy testing of vaccines and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the susceptibility of different domestic and wild animal species to experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide detailed descriptions of the clinical disease and transmissibility in these animals. In addition, we outline the documented natural infections in animals that have occurred at the human-animal interface. A comprehensive understanding of animal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to inform public health, veterinary, and agricultural systems, and to guide environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.A.M.); (N.N.G.)
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.A.M.); (N.N.G.)
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.A.M.); (N.N.G.)
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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