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Liu J, He X, Deng S, Zhao S, Zhang S, Chen Z, Xue C, Zeng L, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Bai R, Xu Z, Liu S, Zhou Q, Li M, Zhang J, Huang X, Chen R, Wang L, Lin D, Zheng J. QDPR deficiency drives immune suppression in pancreatic cancer. Cell Metab 2024; 36:984-999.e8. [PMID: 38642552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The relevance of biopterin metabolism in resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy remains unknown. We demonstrate that the deficiency of quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR), a critical enzyme regulating biopterin metabolism, causes metabolite dihydrobiopterin (BH2) accumulation and decreases the ratio of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) to BH2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). The reduced BH4/BH2 ratio leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a decrease in the distribution of H3K27me3 at CXCL1 promoter. Consequently, myeloid-derived suppressor cells are recruited to tumor microenvironment via CXCR2 causing resistance to ICB therapy. We discovered that BH4 supplementation is capable to restore the BH4/BH2 ratio, enhance anti-tumor immunity, and overcome ICB resistance in QDPR-deficient PDACs. Tumors with lower QDPR expression show decreased responsiveness to ICB therapy. These findings offer a novel strategy for selecting patient and combining therapies to improve the effectiveness of ICB therapy in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihan Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziming Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Xue
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxing Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Bai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilan Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqiu Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Yu T, Jiang W, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Jiao J, Wu M. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of osteosarcoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:40. [PMID: 38390935 PMCID: PMC10919759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a frequently occurring primary bone tumor, mostly affecting children, adolescents and young adults. Before 1970, surgical resection was the main treatment method for OS, but the clinical results were not promising. Subsequently, the advent of chemotherapy has improved the prognosis of patients with OS. However, there is still a high incidence of metastasis or recurrence, and chemotherapy has several side effects, thus making the 5‑year survival rate markedly low. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‑T) cell therapy represents an alternative immunotherapy approach with significant potential for hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, the application of CAR‑T cells in the treatment of OS faces numerous challenges. The present review focused on the advances in the development of CAR‑T cells to improve their clinical efficacy, and discussed ways to overcome the difficulties faced by CAR T‑cell therapy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Operating Room, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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3
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Meng W, Xiao H, Zhao R, Chen J, Wang Y, Mei P, Li H, Liao Y. METTL3 drives NSCLC metastasis by enhancing CYP19A1 translation and oestrogen synthesis. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:10. [PMID: 38238831 PMCID: PMC10795463 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND METTL3 plays a significant role as a catalytic enzyme in mediating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, and its importance in tumour progression has been extensively studied in recent years. However, the precise involvement of METTL3 in the regulation of translation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. RESULTS Here we discovered by clinical investigation that METTL3 expression is correlated with NSCLC metastasis. Ablation of METTL3 in NSCLC cells inhibits invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, through translatomics data mining and experimental validation, we demonstrated that METTL3 enhances the translation of aromatase (CYP19A1), a key enzyme in oestrogen synthesis, thereby promoting oestrogen production and mediating the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC. Mechanistically, METTL3 interacts with translation initiation factors and binds to CYP19A1 mRNA, thus enhancing the translation efficiency of CYP19A1 in an m6A-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of METTL3 enzymatic activity or translation initiation factor eIF4E abolishes CYP19A1 protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the crucial role of METTL3-mediated translation regulation in NSCLC and reveal the significance of METTL3/eIF4E/CYP19A1 signaling as a promising therapeutic target for anti-metastatic strategies against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Peiyuan Mei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yongde Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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4
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Chen L, Zuo M, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Oncolytic virotherapy in cancer treatment: challenges and optimization prospects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308890. [PMID: 38169820 PMCID: PMC10758479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging cancer therapeutics that offer a multifaceted therapeutic platform for the benefits of replicating and lysing tumor cells, being engineered to express transgenes, modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), and having a tolerable safety profile that does not overlap with other cancer therapeutics. The mechanism of OVs combined with other antitumor agents is based on immune-mediated attack resistance and might benefit patients who fail to achieve durable responses after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. In this Review, we summarize data on the OV mechanism and limitations of monotherapy, which are currently in the process of combination partner development, especially with ICIs. We discuss some of the hurdles that have limited the preclinical and clinical development of OVs. We also describe the available data and provide guidance for optimizing OVs in clinical practice, as well as a summary of approved and promising novel OVs with clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengsi Zuo
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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5
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Luan Y, Luan Y, Jiao Y, Liu H, Huang Z, Feng Q, Pei J, Yang Y, Ren K. Broadening Horizons: Exploring mtDAMPs as a Mechanism and Potential Intervention Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1130. [PMID: 38270118 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been recognized as the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide despite significant advances in therapeutics. Inflammation is a key factor in CVD progression. Once stress stimulates cells, they release cellular compartments known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria can release mitochondrial DAMPs (mtDAMPs) to initiate an immune response when stimulated with cellular stress. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the DAMPs that regulate CVD progression is crucial for improving CVDs. Herein, we discuss the composition and mechanism of DAMPs, the significance of mtDAMPs in cellular inflammation, the presence of mtDAMPs in different types of cells, and the main signaling pathways associated with mtDAMPs. Based on this, we determined the role of DAMPs in CVDs and the effects of mtDAMP intervention on CVD progression. By offering a fresh perspective and comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms of DAMPs, this review seeks to provide important theoretical foundations for developing drugs targeting CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxue Jiao
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Pei
- Quality Management Department, Henan No.3 Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Ventre KS, Roehle K, Bello E, Bhuiyan AM, Biary T, Crowley SJ, Bruck PT, Heckler M, Lenehan PJ, Ali LR, Stump CT, Lippert V, Clancy-Thompson E, Conce Alberto WD, Hoffman MT, Qiang L, Pelletier M, Akin JJ, Dougan M, Dougan SK. cIAP1/2 Antagonism Induces Antigen-Specific T Cell-Dependent Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:991-1003. [PMID: 36881882 PMCID: PMC10036868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has failed in pancreatic cancer and other poorly responsive tumor types in part due to inadequate T cell priming. Naive T cells can receive costimulation not only via CD28 but also through TNF superfamily receptors that signal via NF-κB. Antagonists of the ubiquitin ligases cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP)1/2, also called second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics, induce degradation of cIAP1/2 proteins, allowing for the accumulation of NIK and constitutive, ligand-independent activation of alternate NF-κB signaling that mimics costimulation in T cells. In tumor cells, cIAP1/2 antagonists can increase TNF production and TNF-mediated apoptosis; however, pancreatic cancer cells are resistant to cytokine-mediated apoptosis, even in the presence of cIAP1/2 antagonism. Dendritic cell activation is enhanced by cIAP1/2 antagonism in vitro, and intratumoral dendritic cells show higher expression of MHC class II in tumors from cIAP1/2 antagonism-treated mice. In this study, we use in vivo mouse models of syngeneic pancreatic cancer that generate endogenous T cell responses ranging from moderate to poor. Across multiple models, cIAP1/2 antagonism has pleiotropic beneficial effects on antitumor immunity, including direct effects on tumor-specific T cells leading to overall increased activation, increased control of tumor growth in vivo, synergy with multiple immunotherapy modalities, and immunologic memory. In contrast to checkpoint blockade, cIAP1/2 antagonism does not increase intratumoral T cell frequencies. Furthermore, we confirm our previous findings that even poorly immunogenic tumors with a paucity of T cells can experience T cell-dependent antitumor immunity, and we provide transcriptional clues into how these rare T cells coordinate downstream immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Ventre
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin Roehle
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Elisa Bello
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Aladdin M. Bhuiyan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tamara Biary
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie J. Crowley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick T. Bruck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Max Heckler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick J. Lenehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lestat R. Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Courtney T. Stump
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Lippert
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Megan T. Hoffman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc Pelletier
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - James J. Akin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie K. Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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7
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Wu YY, Sun TK, Chen MS, Munir M, Liu HJ. Oncolytic viruses-modulated immunogenic cell death, apoptosis and autophagy linking to virotherapy and cancer immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142172. [PMID: 37009515 PMCID: PMC10050605 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed that oncolytic viruses (OVs) play a significant role in cancer therapy. The infection of OVs such as oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), parvovirus, mammalian reovirus (MRV), human adenovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), avian reovirus (ARV), Orf virus (ORFV), inactivated Sendai virus (ISV), enterovirus, and coxsackievirus offer unique opportunities in immunotherapy through diverse and dynamic pathways. This mini-review focuses on the mechanisms of OVs-mediated virotherapy and their effects on immunogenic cell death (ICD), apoptosis, autophagy and regulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Kai Sun
- Tsairder Boitechnology Co. Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hung-Jen Liu,
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8
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Zhang XW, Wu YS, Xu TM, Cui MH. CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: A Promising Cell Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030465. [PMID: 36979400 PMCID: PMC10046142 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is among the most common gynecologic malignancies with a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage (stage III or IV), with 5-year survival rates ranging from 25% to 47% worldwide. Surgical resection and first-line chemotherapy are the main treatment modalities for OC. However, patients usually relapse within a few years of initial treatment due to resistance to chemotherapy. Cell-based therapies, particularly adoptive T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, represent an alternative immunotherapy approach with great potential for hematologic malignancies. However, the use of CAR-T-cell therapy for the treatment of OC is still associated with several difficulties. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent innovations in CAR-T-cell engineering to improve clinical efficacy, as well as strategies to overcome the limitations of CAR-T-cell therapy in OC.
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9
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Fang C, Xiao G, Wang T, Song L, Peng B, Xu B, Zhang K. Emerging Nano-/Biotechnology Drives Oncolytic Virus-Activated and Combined Cancer Immunotherapy. RESEARCH 2023; 6:0108. [PMID: 37040283 PMCID: PMC10079287 DOI: 10.34133/research.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) as one promising antitumor methods have made important contributions to tumor immunotherapy, which arouse increasing attention. They provide the dual mechanisms including direct killing effect toward tumor cells and immune activation for elevating antitumor responses, which have been proved in many preclinical studies. Especially, natural or genetically modified viruses as clinical immune preparations have emerged as a new promising approach objective to oncology treatment. The approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the therapy of advanced melanoma could be considered as a milestone achievement in the clinical translation of OV. In this review, we first discussed the antitumor mechanisms of OVs with an emphasis on targeting, replication, and propagation. We further outlined the state of the art of current OVs in tumor and underlined the activated biological effects especially including immunity. More significantly, the enhanced immune responses based on OVs were systematically discussed from different perspectives such as combination with immunotherapy, genetic engineering of OVs, integration with nanobiotechnology or nanoparticles, and antiviral response counteraction, where their principles were shed light on. The development of OVs in the clinics was also highlighted to analyze the actuality and concerns of different OV applications in clinical trials. At last, the future perspectives and challenges of OVs as an already widely accepted treatment means were discussed. This review will provide a systematic review and deep insight into OV development and also offer new opportunities and guidance pathways to drive the further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Gaozhe Xiao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics,
Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Li Song
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics,
Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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10
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Repeated dosing improves oncolytic rhabdovirus therapy in mice via interactions with intravascular monocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1385. [PMID: 36536097 PMCID: PMC9761050 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is debate in the field of oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, whether a single viral dose, or multiple administrations, is better for tumor control. Using intravital microscopy, we describe the fate of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) delivered systemically as a first or a second dose. Following primary administration, VSV binds to the endothelium, initiates tumor infection and activates a proinflammatory response. This initial OV dose induces neutrophil migration into the tumor and limits viral replication. OV administered as a second dose fails to infect the tumor and is captured by intravascular monocytes. Despite a lack of direct infection, this second viral dose, in a monocyte-dependent fashion, enhances and sustains infection by the first viral dose, promotes CD8 T cell recruitment, delays tumor growth and improves survival in multi-dosing OV therapy. Thus, repeated VSV dosing engages monocytes to post-condition the tumor microenvironment for improved infection and anticancer T cell responses. Understanding the complex interactions between the subsequent viral doses is crucial for improving the efficiency of OV therapy and virus-based vaccines.
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11
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Zhang Y, Feng Z, Liu J, Li H, Su Q, Zhang J, Huang P, Wang W, Liu J. Polarization of tumor-associated macrophages by TLR7/8 conjugated radiosensitive peptide hydrogel for overcoming tumor radioresistance. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:359-371. [PMID: 35386314 PMCID: PMC8965723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance reduces the antitumor efficiency of radiotherapy and further restricts its clinical application, which is mainly caused by the aggravation of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) usually display the tumor-promoting M2 phenotype during high-dose fractional radiotherapy mediating radiotherapy resistance. Herein, the toll like receptor agonist TLR7/8a was conjugated with radiosensitive peptide hydrogel (Smac-TLR7/8 hydrogel) to regulate TAMs repolarization from M2 type into M1 type, thus modulating the ITM and overcoming the radioresistance. The Smac-TLR7/8 hydrogel was fabricated through self-assembly with nanofibrous morphology, porous structure and excellent biocompatibility. Upon γ-ray radiation, Smac-TLR7/8 hydrogel effectively polarized the macrophages into M1 type. Notably, combined with radiotherapy, TAMs repolarization regulated by Smac-TLR7/8 hydrogel could increase tumor necrosis factor secretion, activate antitumor immune response and effectively inhibit tumor growth. Moreover, TAMs repolarization rebuilt the ITM and elicited the immunogenic phenotypes in solid tumors, thus enhanced the PD1-blockade efficacy through increasing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and decreasing Treg cells in two different immune activity tumor mice models. Overall, this study substantiated that recruiting and repolarization of TAMs were critical in eliciting antitumor immune response and overcoming radioresistance, thus improving the efficacy of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Zujian Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Qi Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Pingsheng Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Kim J, Choi Y, Kim DH, Yoon HY, Kim K. Injectable Hydrogel-Based Combination Cancer Immunotherapy for Overcoming Localized Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1908. [PMID: 36145656 PMCID: PMC9502377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various immunotherapeutic agents that can elicit antitumor immune responses have recently been developed with the potential for improved efficacy in treating cancer. However, insufficient delivery efficiency at the tumor site, along with severe side effects after systemic administration of these anticancer agents, have hindered their therapeutic application in cancer immunotherapy. Hydrogels that can be directly injected into tumor sites have been developed to help modulate or elicit antitumor responses. Based on the biocompatibility, degradability, and controllable mechanochemical properties of these injectable hydrogels, various types of immunotherapeutic agents, such as hydrophobic anticancer drugs, cytokines, antigens, and adjuvants, have been easily and effectively encapsulated, resulting in the successful elicitation of antitumor immune responses and the retention of long-term immunotherapeutic efficacy following administration. This review summarizes recent advances in combination immunotherapy involving injectable hydrogel-based chemoimmunotherapy, photoimmunotherapy, and radioimmunotherapy. Finally, we briefly discuss the current limitations and future perspectives on injectable hydrogels for the effective combination immunotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongrae Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seonbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 14 Gil 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Yongwhan Choi
- Noxpharm Co. 924B, 14 Gil 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seonbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 14 Gil 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seonbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 14 Gil 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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13
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Tian Y, Xie D, Yang L. Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 35387984 PMCID: PMC8987060 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, 643000, Zigong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Yeo D, Giardina C, Saxena P, Rasko JE. The next wave of cellular immunotherapies in pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:561-576. [PMID: 35229033 PMCID: PMC8857655 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease that is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide by 2030. The overall 5-year survival rate is around 10%. Pancreatic cancer typically presents late with locally advanced or metastatic disease, and there are limited effective treatments available. Cellular immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has had significant success in treating hematological malignancies. However, CAR T cell therapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer has been limited. This review provides an overview of current and ongoing CAR T cell clinical studies of pancreatic cancer and the major challenges and strategies to improve CAR T cell efficacy. These strategies include arming CAR T cells; developing off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR T cells; using other immune CAR cells, like natural killer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; and combination therapy. Careful incorporation of preclinical models will enhance management of affected individuals, assisting incorporation of cellular immunotherapies. A multifaceted, personalized approach involving cellular immunotherapy treatment is required to improve pancreatic cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannel Yeo
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Caroline Giardina
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John E.J. Rasko
- Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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15
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Naumenko VA, Stepanenko AA, Lipatova AV, Vishnevskiy DA, Chekhonin VP. Infection of non-cancer cells: A barrier or support for oncolytic virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY - ONCOLYTICS 2022; 24:663-682. [PMID: 35284629 PMCID: PMC8898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are designed to specifically target cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Although numerous studies demonstrate the ability of oncolytic viruses to infect a wide range of non-tumor cells, the significance of this phenomenon for cancer virotherapy is poorly understood. To fill the gap, we summarize the data on infection of non-cancer targets by oncolytic viruses with a special focus on tumor microenvironment and secondary lymphoid tissues. The review aims to address two major questions: how do attenuated viruses manage to infect normal cells, and whether it is of importance for oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Naumenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Corresponding author Victor A. Naumenko, PhD, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia.
| | - Aleksei A. Stepanenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V. Lipatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Vishnevskiy
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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16
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Molyer B, Kumar A, Angel JB. SMAC Mimetics as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780400. [PMID: 34899741 PMCID: PMC8660680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is extremely effective in lowering HIV RNA to undetectable levels in the blood, HIV persists in latently infected CD4+ T-cells and persistently infected macrophages. In latently/persistently infected cells, HIV proteins have shown to affect the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, notably the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thereby influence cell survival. IAPs, which are inhibited by endogenous second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (SMAC), can serve as targets for SMAC mimetics, synthetic compounds capable of inducing apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that SMAC mimetics can be used to reverse HIV latency and/or kill cells that are latently/persistently infected with HIV. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of SMAC mimetics as an approach to eliminate HIV infected cells and discuss the potential future use of SMAC mimetics as part of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Molyer
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center of Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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17
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Cook J, Acosta-Medina AA, Peng KW, Lacy M, Russell S. Oncolytic virotherapy - Forging its place in the immunomodulatory paradigm for Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100473. [PMID: 34673439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment focus for multiple myeloma (MM) has recently pivoted towards immune modulating strategies, with T-cell redirection therapies currently at the forefront of drug development. Yet, despite this revolution in treatment, MM remains without a sustainable cure. At the same time, tremendous advancement has been made in recombinant and gene editing techniques for oncolytic viruses (OV), which have increased their tumor specificity, improved safety, and enhanced the oncolytic and immunostimulatory potential. These breakthrough developments in oncolytic virotherapy have opened new avenues for OVs to be used in combination with other immune-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) and bispecific T-cell engagers. In this review, the authors place the spotlight on systemic oncolytic virotherapy as an adaptable immunotherapeutic for MM, highlight the unique mechanism of OVs in activating the immune-suppressive marrow microenvironment, and lastly showcase the OV platforms and the promising combination strategies in the pipeline for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselle Cook
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States.
| | | | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , United States
| | - Martha Lacy
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Stephen Russell
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , United States
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18
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Spiesschaert B, Angerer K, Park J, Wollmann G. Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34298601 PMCID: PMC8306439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6063 Rum, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Miles MA, Caruso S, Baxter AA, Poon IKH, Hawkins CJ. Smac mimetics can provoke lytic cell death that is neither apoptotic nor necroptotic. Apoptosis 2021; 25:500-518. [PMID: 32440848 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics, or IAP antagonists, are a class of drugs currently being evaluated as anti-cancer therapeutics. These agents antagonize IAP proteins, including cIAP1/2 and XIAP, to induce cell death via apoptotic or, upon caspase-8 deficiency, necroptotic cell death pathways. Many cancer cells are unresponsive to Smac mimetic treatment as a single agent but can be sensitized to killing in the presence of the cytokine TNFα, provided either exogenously or via autocrine production. We found that high concentrations of a subset of Smac mimetics could provoke death in cells that did not produce TNFα, despite sensitization at lower concentrations by TNFα. The ability of these drugs to kill did not correlate with valency. These cells remained responsive to the lethal effects of Smac mimetics at high concentrations despite genetic or pharmacological impairments in apoptotic, necroptotic, pyroptotic, autophagic and ferroptotic cell death pathways. Analysis of dying cells revealed necrotic morphology, which was accompanied by the release of lactate dehydrogenase and cell membrane rupture without prior phosphatidylserine exposure implying cell lysis, which occurred over a several hours. Our study reveals that cells incapable of autocrine TNFα production are sensitive to some Smac mimetic compounds when used at high concentrations, and this exposure elicits a lytic cell death phenotype that occurs via a mechanism not requiring apoptotic caspases or necroptotic effectors RIPK3 or MLKL. These data reveal the possibility that non-canonical cell death pathways can be triggered by these drugs when applied at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christine J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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20
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Roehle K, Qiang L, Ventre KS, Heid D, Ali LR, Lenehan P, Heckler M, Crowley SJ, Stump CT, Ro G, Godicelj A, Bhuiyan AM, Yang A, Quiles Del Rey M, Biary T, Luoma AM, Bruck PT, Tegethoff JF, Nopper SL, Li J, Byrne KT, Pelletier M, Wucherpfennig KW, Stanger BZ, Akin JJ, Mancias JD, Agudo J, Dougan M, Dougan SK. cIAP1/2 antagonism eliminates MHC class I-negative tumors through T cell-dependent reprogramming of mononuclear phagocytes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf5058. [PMID: 34011631 PMCID: PMC8406785 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) sensing are major causes of primary and acquired resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Thus, additional treatment options are needed for tumors that lose expression of MHC class I. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2) regulate classical and alternative nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Induction of noncanonical NF-κB signaling with cIAP1/2 antagonists mimics costimulatory signaling, augmenting antitumor immunity. We show that induction of noncanonical NF-κB signaling induces T cell-dependent immune responses, even in β2-microglobulin (β2M)-deficient tumors, demonstrating that direct CD8 T cell recognition of tumor cell-expressed MHC class I is not required. Instead, T cell-produced lymphotoxin reprograms both mouse and human macrophages to be tumoricidal. In wild-type mice, but not mice incapable of antigen-specific T cell responses, cIAP1/2 antagonism reduces tumor burden by increasing phagocytosis of live tumor cells. Efficacy is augmented by combination with CD47 blockade. Thus, activation of noncanonical NF-κB stimulates a T cell-macrophage axis that curtails growth of tumors that are resistant to checkpoint blockade because of loss of MHC class I or IFN-γ sensing. These findings provide a potential mechanism for controlling checkpoint blockade refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roehle
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine S Ventre
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Heid
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lestat R Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Lenehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Max Heckler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Courtney T Stump
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gabrielle Ro
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anže Godicelj
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aladdin M Bhuiyan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Quiles Del Rey
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tamara Biary
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick T Bruck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jana F Tegethoff
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Svenja L Nopper
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Pelletier
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James J Akin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Agudo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Hilterbrand AT, Daly RE, Heldwein EE. Contributions of the Four Essential Entry Glycoproteins to HSV-1 Tropism and the Selection of Entry Routes. mBio 2021; 12:e00143-21. [PMID: 33653890 PMCID: PMC8092210 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) encode up to 16 envelope proteins, four of which are essential for entry. However, whether these four proteins alone are sufficient to dictate the broad cellular tropism of HSV-1 and the selection of different cell type-dependent entry routes is unknown. To begin addressing this, we previously pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), lacking its native glycoprotein G, with only the four essential entry glycoproteins of HSV-1: gB, gH, gL, and gD. This novel VSVΔG-BHLD pseudotype recapitulated several important features of HSV-1 entry: the requirement for gB, gH, gL, gD, and a cellular receptor and sensitivity to anti-gB and anti-gH/gL neutralizing antibodies. However, due to the use of a single cell type in that study, the tropism of the VSVΔG-BHLD pseudotype was not investigated. Here, we show that the cellular tropism of the pseudotype is severely limited compared to that of wild-type HSV-1 and that its entry pathways differ from the native HSV-1 entry pathways. To test the hypothesis that other HSV-1 envelope proteins may contribute to HSV-1 tropism, we generated a derivative pseudotype containing the HSV-1 glycoprotein C (VSVΔG-BHLD-gC) and observed a gC-dependent increase in entry efficiency in two cell types. We propose that the pseudotyping platform developed here has the potential to uncover functional contributions of HSV-1 envelope proteins to entry in a gain-of-function manner.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) contain up to 16 different proteins in their envelopes. Four of these, glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL, are termed essential with regard to entry, whereas the rest are typically referred to as nonessential based on the entry phenotypes of the respective single genetic deletions. However, the single-gene deletion approach, which relies on robust loss-of-function phenotypes, may be confounded by functional redundancies among the many HSV-1 envelope proteins. We have developed a pseudotyping platform in which the essential four entry glycoproteins are isolated from the rest, which can be added back individually for systematic gain-of-function entry experiments. Here, we show the utility of this platform for dissecting the contributions of HSV envelope proteins, both the essential four and the remaining dozen (using gC as an example), to HSV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Hilterbrand
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raecliffe E Daly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ekaterina E Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Lalle G, Twardowski J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe? Cells 2021; 10:355. [PMID: 33572260 PMCID: PMC7914614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (G.L.); (J.T.)
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23
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Muhuri M, Gao G. Oncolytic Virus Alphavirus M1: A New and Promising Weapon to Fight Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:136-137. [PMID: 33621140 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.29150.mmu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,VIDE Program
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Cai J, Yan G. The Identification and Development of a Novel Oncolytic Virus: Alphavirus M1. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:138-149. [PMID: 33261513 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents an ideal therapeutic platform for cancer in which natural or engineered viruses selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells, whereas sparing normal cells. Oncolytic virotherapy is considered as a key contributor in modern immunotherapy. However, several challenges remain with regard to exploiting the potential of oncolytic viruses, such as the lack of biomarkers for precise treatment, the difficulty of systemic administration because of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to popular oncolytic viral vectors in human serum and the lack of mature lyophilization technology for convenient transport and preservation of viral preparations. The M1 strain, which was isolated on Hainan Island of China in the 1960s, is a member of the alphavirus genus Togaviridae family. It was identified as a novel oncolytic virus in 2014. During the development of M1 virus, many challenges have been overcome: several biomarkers have been identified for precise treatment; systematic administration of M1 is suitable and feasible because of the extremely low percentage of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the general population, and a lyophilized powder that maintains high biological stability has been developed. This review provides an encyclopedia of studies supporting M1 as an oncolytic virus, including the biological characteristics, tumor selectivity and its mechanism, tumor killing mechanism, combination therapy, and nonclinical pharmacokinetics of M1 virus. The future development direction of oncolytic virus M1 is also discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Zhou X, Sun SC. Targeting ubiquitin signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33436547 PMCID: PMC7804490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an attractive approach of cancer treatment with tremendous success in treating various advanced malignancies. The development and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors represent one of the most extraordinary accomplishments in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, considerable progress is being made in understanding the mechanism of antitumor immunity and characterizing novel targets for developing additional therapeutic approaches. One active area of investigation is protein ubiquitination, a post-translational mechanism of protein modification that regulates the function of diverse immune cells in antitumor immunity. Accumulating studies suggest that E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases form a family of potential targets to be exploited for enhancing antitumor immunity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Fichtner M, Bozkurt E, Salvucci M, McCann C, McAllister KA, Halang L, Düssmann H, Kinsella S, Crawford N, Sessler T, Longley DB, Prehn JHM. Molecular subtype-specific responses of colon cancer cells to the SMAC mimetic Birinapant. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 33257690 PMCID: PMC7705699 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Responses to genotoxic chemotherapy in the adjuvant or palliative setting vary greatly between patients, and colorectal cancer cells often resist chemotherapy by evading apoptosis. Antagonists of an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) can restore defective apoptosis signaling by degrading cIAP1 and cIAP2 proteins and by inhibition of XIAP. Due to the multiple molecular mechanisms-of-action of these targets, responses to IAP antagonist may differ between molecularly distinct colon cancer cells. In this study, responses to the IAP antagonist Birinapant and oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated in 14 colon cancer cell lines, representing the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS). Treatment with Birinapant alone did not result in a substantial increase in apoptotic cells in this cell line panel. Annexin-V/PI assays quantified by flow cytometry and high-content screening showed that Birinapant increased responses of CMS1 and partially CMS3 cell lines to oxaliplatin/5-FU, whereas CMS2 cells were not effectively sensitized. FRET-based imaging of caspase-8 and -3 activation validated these differences at the single-cell level, with CMS1 cells displaying sustained activation of caspase-8-like activity during Birinapant and oxaliplatin/5-FU co-treatment, ultimately activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In CMS2 cell lines, Birinapant exhibited synergistic effects in combination with TNFα, suggesting that Birinapant can restore extrinsic apoptosis signaling in the context of inflammatory signals in this subtype. To explore this further, we co-cultured CMS2 and CMS1 colon cancer cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We observed increased cell death during Birinapant single treatment in these co-cultures, which was abrogated by anti-TNFα-neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, our study demonstrates that IAP inhibition is a promising modulator of response to oxaliplatin/5-FU in colorectal cancers of the CMS1 subtype, and may show promise as in the CMS2 subtype, suggesting that molecular subtyping may aid as a patient stratification tool for IAP antagonists in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fichtner
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emir Bozkurt
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Manuela Salvucci
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher McCann
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Luise Halang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heiko Düssmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nyree Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tamas Sessler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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27
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Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:158. [PMID: 33172438 PMCID: PMC7656670 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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28
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Nakajima K, Ino Y, Yamazaki-Itoh R, Naito C, Shimasaki M, Takahashi M, Esaki M, Nara S, Kishi Y, Shimada K, Hiraoka N. IAP inhibitor, Embelin increases VCAM-1 levels on the endothelium, producing lymphocytic infiltration and antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1838812. [PMID: 33178497 PMCID: PMC7595596 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1838812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing unmet need for successful immunotherapeutic interventions. Lymphocyte extravasation via tumor tissue endothelial cells (TECs) is required for lymphocyte infiltration into tumor sites. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of dysfunctional TECs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and identify chemical compounds that boost tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) numbers. We performed immunohistochemical detection and clinicopathological analysis of VCAM-1 on TECs, which is essential for lymphocyte trafficking. We characterized the gene expression profiles of TECs from fresh PDAC tissues. We isolated compounds that upregulated VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in TECs and examined their biological activities. Compared to endothelial cells from chronic pancreatitis tissue, TECs showed significantly lower VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression and significant weaknesses in lymphocyte adhesion and transmigration, resulting in decreased T cell infiltration around vessels. Patients with a relatively high percentage of VCAM-1+ vessels among all vessels in PDAC tissue had an improved prognosis. A bioinformatics survey demonstrated that TNFR1 signaling was involved in abnormal VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in TECs. We screened compounds affecting TNFR1 signaling, and the IAP inhibitor, Embelin, induced these molecules on TECs and enhanced T cell adhesion to TECs and transmigration. Furthermore, in vivo, Embelin enhanced tumor-infiltrating T cell numbers, leading to an antitumor immune response. Embelin accelerates TIL infiltration and the antitumor immune response by recovering VCAM-1 expression in TECs. Our strategy may be a therapeutic approach for accelerating the immunotherapeutic response in immune-quiescent tumors, leading to clinical trials’ success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nakajima
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ino
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Yamazaki-Itoh
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Naito
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Shimasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Esaki
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nara
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Kishi
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Analytical Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Koch PD, Pittet MJ, Weissleder R. The chemical biology of IL-12 production via the non-canonical NFkB pathway. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:166-176. [PMID: 34458756 PMCID: PMC8341911 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has emerged as an attractive cytokine for cancer therapy because it has direct anti-cancer effects and additionally plays a critical role in enhancing checkpoint inhibitors. Given these multiple modes of actions, identifying means to pharmacologically induce IL-12 production in the tumor microenvironment has become important. In this review, we highlight therapeutics that promote IL-12 induction in tumor-associated myeloid cells through the non-canonical NFkB pathway. We discuss existing clinical trials and briefly examine the additional pathway targets that warrant further exploration for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Koch
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital 185 Cambridge St Boston MA 02114 USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School 200 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital 185 Cambridge St Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital 185 Cambridge St Boston MA 02114 USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School 200 Longwood Ave Boston MA 02115 USA
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30
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Malfitano AM, Di Somma S, Iannuzzi CA, Pentimalli F, Portella G. Virotherapy: From single agents to combinatorial treatments. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113986. [PMID: 32330494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virotherpay is emerging as a promising strategy against cancer, and three oncolytic viruses (OVs) have gained approval in different countries for the treatment of several cancer types. Beyond the capability to selectively infect, replicate and lyse cancer cells, OVs act through a multitude of events, including modification of the tumour micro/macro-environment as well as a complex modulation of the anti-tumour immune response by activation of danger signals and immunogenic cell death pathways. Most OVs show limited effects, depending on the viral platform and the interactions with the host. OVs used as monotherapy only in a minority of patients elicited a full response. Better outcomes were obtained using OVs in combination with other treatments, such as immune therapy or chemotherapy, suggesting that the full potential of OVs can be unleashed in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we report the main described combination of OVs with conventional chemotherapeutic agents: platinum salts, mitotic inhibitors, anthracyclines and other antibiotics, anti-metabolites, alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors. Additionally, our work provides an overview of OV combination with targeted therapies: histone deacetylase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of DNA repair, inhibitors of the proteasome complex and statins that demonstrated enhanced OV anti-neoplastic activity. Although further studies are required to assess the best combinations to translate the results in the clinic, it is clear that combined therapies, acting with complementary mechanisms of action might be useful to target cancer lesions resistant to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has proven effective in relapsed and refractory B-cell malignancies, but resistance and relapses still occur. Better understanding of mechanisms influencing CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and the potential for modulation using small-molecule drugs could improve current immunotherapies. Here, we systematically investigated druggable mechanisms of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity using >500 small-molecule drugs and genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens. We identified several tyrosine kinase inhibitors that inhibit CAR T-cell cytotoxicity by impairing T-cell signaling transcriptional activity. In contrast, the apoptotic modulator drugs SMAC mimetics sensitized B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to anti-CD19 CAR T cells. CRISPR screens identified death receptor signaling through FADD and TNFRSF10B (TRAIL-R2) as a key mediator of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and elucidated the RIPK1-dependent mechanism of sensitization by SMAC mimetics. Death receptor expression varied across genetic subtypes of B-cell malignancies, suggesting a link between mechanisms of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and cancer genetics. These results implicate death receptor signaling as an important mediator of cancer cell sensitivity to CAR T-cell cytotoxicity, with potential for pharmacological targeting to enhance cancer immunotherapy. The screening data provide a resource of immunomodulatory properties of cancer drugs and genetic mechanisms influencing CAR T-cell cytotoxicity.
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32
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Dufva O, Koski J, Maliniemi P, Ianevski A, Klievink J, Leitner J, Pölönen P, Hohtari H, Saeed K, Hannunen T, Ellonen P, Steinberger P, Kankainen M, Aittokallio T, Keränen MAI, Korhonen M, Mustjoki S. Integrated drug profiling and CRISPR screening identify essential pathways for CAR T-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2020; 135:597-609. [PMID: 31830245 PMCID: PMC7098811 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has proven effective in relapsed and refractory B-cell malignancies, but resistance and relapses still occur. Better understanding of mechanisms influencing CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and the potential for modulation using small-molecule drugs could improve current immunotherapies. Here, we systematically investigated druggable mechanisms of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity using >500 small-molecule drugs and genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens. We identified several tyrosine kinase inhibitors that inhibit CAR T-cell cytotoxicity by impairing T-cell signaling transcriptional activity. In contrast, the apoptotic modulator drugs SMAC mimetics sensitized B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells to anti-CD19 CAR T cells. CRISPR screens identified death receptor signaling through FADD and TNFRSF10B (TRAIL-R2) as a key mediator of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and elucidated the RIPK1-dependent mechanism of sensitization by SMAC mimetics. Death receptor expression varied across genetic subtypes of B-cell malignancies, suggesting a link between mechanisms of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and cancer genetics. These results implicate death receptor signaling as an important mediator of cancer cell sensitivity to CAR T-cell cytotoxicity, with potential for pharmacological targeting to enhance cancer immunotherapy. The screening data provide a resource of immunomodulatory properties of cancer drugs and genetic mechanisms influencing CAR T-cell cytotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Dufva
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Koski
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jay Klievink
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith Leitner
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Helena Hohtari
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khalid Saeed
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Hannunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matti Kankainen
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Quantum, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko A I Keränen
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program and
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
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The Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonists in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010207. [PMID: 31947615 PMCID: PMC7017284 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to evade cell death via apoptosis. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that act to promote cell survival. For this reason, upregulation of IAPs is associated with a number of cancer types as a mechanism of resistance to cell death and chemotherapy. As such, IAPs are considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, based on the role of IAPs in resistance to apoptosis, tumour progression and poor patient prognosis. The mitochondrial protein smac (second mitochondrial activator of caspases), is an endogenous inhibitor of IAPs, and several small molecule mimetics of smac (smac-mimetics) have been developed in order to antagonise IAPs in cancer cells and restore sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. However, recent studies have revealed that smac-mimetics have broader effects than was first attributed. It is now understood that they are key regulators of innate immune signalling and have wide reaching immuno-modulatory properties. As such, they are ideal candidates for immunotherapy combinations. Pre-clinically, successful combination therapies incorporating smac-mimetics and oncolytic viruses, as with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, have been reported, and clinical trials incorporating smac-mimetics and immune checkpoint blockade are ongoing. Here, the potential of IAP antagonism to enhance immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of cancer will be discussed.
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Aznar MA, Molina C, Teijeira A, Rodriguez I, Azpilikueta A, Garasa S, Sanchez‐Paulete AR, Cordeiro L, Etxeberria I, Alvarez M, Rius‐Rocabert S, Nistal‐Villan E, Berraondo P, Melero I. Repurposing the yellow fever vaccine for intratumoral immunotherapy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10375. [PMID: 31746149 PMCID: PMC6949490 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Live 17D is widely used as a prophylactic vaccine strain for yellow fever virus that induces potent neutralizing humoral and cellular immunity against the wild-type pathogen. 17D replicates and kills mouse and human tumor cell lines but not non-transformed human cells. Intratumoral injections with viable 17D markedly delay transplanted tumor progression in a CD8 T-cell-dependent manner. In mice bearing bilateral tumors in which only one is intratumorally injected, contralateral therapeutic effects are observed consistent with more prominent CD8 T-cell infiltrates and a treatment-related reduction of Tregs. Additive efficacy effects were observed upon co-treatment with intratumoral 17D and systemic anti-CD137 and anti-PD-1 immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies. Importantly, when mice were preimmunized with 17D, intratumoral 17D treatment achieved better local and distant antitumor immunity. Such beneficial effects of prevaccination are in part explained by the potentiation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltration in the treated tumor. The repurposed use of a GMP-grade vaccine to be given via the intratumoral route in prevaccinated patients constitutes a clinically feasible and safe immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela Aznar
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Present address:
Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Carmen Molina
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Alfonso R Sanchez‐Paulete
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Luna Cordeiro
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Sergio Rius‐Rocabert
- Microbiology SectionDpto. CC, Farmaceuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad CEU San PabloCEU UniversityBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA)Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
| | - Estanislao Nistal‐Villan
- Microbiology SectionDpto. CC, Farmaceuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad CEU San PabloCEU UniversityBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA)Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
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Shekhar TM, Burvenich IJG, Harris MA, Rigopoulos A, Zanker D, Spurling A, Parker BS, Walkley CR, Scott AM, Hawkins CJ. Smac mimetics LCL161 and GDC-0152 inhibit osteosarcoma growth and metastasis in mice. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:924. [PMID: 31521127 PMCID: PMC6744692 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapies fail to cure over a third of osteosarcoma patients and around three quarters of those with metastatic disease. "Smac mimetics" (also known as "IAP antagonists") are a new class of anti-cancer agents. Previous work revealed that cells from murine osteosarcomas were efficiently sensitized by physiologically achievable concentrations of some Smac mimetics (including GDC-0152 and LCL161) to killing by the inflammatory cytokine TNFα in vitro, but survived exposure to Smac mimetics as sole agents. METHODS Nude mice were subcutaneously or intramuscularly implanted with luciferase-expressing murine 1029H or human KRIB osteosarcoma cells. The impacts of treatment with GDC-0152, LCL161 and/or doxorubicin were assessed by caliper measurements, bioluminescence, 18FDG-PET and MRI imaging, and by weighing resected tumors at the experimental endpoint. Metastatic burden was examined by quantitative PCR, through amplification of a region of the luciferase gene from lung DNA. ATP levels in treated and untreated osteosarcoma cells were compared to assess in vitro sensitivity. Immunophenotyping of cells within treated and untreated tumors was performed by flow cytometry, and TNFα levels in blood and tumors were measured using cytokine bead arrays. RESULTS Treatment with GDC-0152 or LCL161 suppressed the growth of subcutaneously or intramuscularly implanted osteosarcomas. In both models, co-treatment with doxorubicin and Smac mimetics impeded average osteosarcoma growth to a greater extent than either drug alone, although these differences were not statistically significant. Co-treatments were also more toxic. Co-treatment with LCL161 and doxorubicin was particularly effective in the KRIB intramuscular model, impeding primary tumor growth and delaying or preventing metastasis. Although the Smac mimetics were effective in vivo, in vitro they only efficiently killed osteosarcoma cells when TNFα was supplied. Implanted tumors contained high levels of TNFα, produced by infiltrating immune cells. Spontaneous osteosarcomas that arose in genetically-engineered immunocompetent mice also contained abundant TNFα. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that Smac mimetics can cooperate with TNFα secreted by tumor-associated immune cells to kill osteosarcoma cells in vivo. Smac mimetics may therefore benefit osteosarcoma patients whose tumors contain Smac mimetic-responsive cancer cells and TNFα-producing infiltrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay M. Shekhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Ingrid J. G. Burvenich
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damien Zanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Alex Spurling
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Belinda S. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Carl R. Walkley
- St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086 Australia
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Overexpression of Smac by an Armed Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Overcomes Tumor Resistance. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:188-195. [PMID: 31312717 PMCID: PMC6610632 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite reports of successful clinical cases, many tumors appear to resist infection by oncolytic viruses (OVs). To circumvent this problem, an armed vesicular stomatitis virus was constructed by inserting a transgene to express Smac/DIABLO during virus infection (VSV-S). Endogenous Smac in HeLa cells was diminished during wtVSV infection, whereas the Smac level was enhanced during VSV-S infection. Apoptosis was readily induced by VSV-S, but not wtVSV, infection. More importantly, the tumor volume was reduced to a larger extent when xenografts of 4T1 cells in BALB/c mice and OV-resistant T-47D cells in nude mice were intratumorally injected with VSV-S. VSV-S represents a novel mechanism to overcome tumor resistance, resulting in more significant tumor regression due to enhanced apoptosis.
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Chen M, Mao A, Xu M, Weng Q, Mao J, Ji J. CRISPR-Cas9 for cancer therapy: Opportunities and challenges. Cancer Lett 2019; 447:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Boddu P, Carter BZ, Verstovsek S, Pemmaraju N. SMACmimetics as potential cancer therapeutics in myeloid malignancies. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:219-231. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Boddu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CTUSA
| | - Bing Z. Carter
- Department of Leukemia University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
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Ross JA, Dungen KV, Bressler KR, Fredriksen M, Khandige Sharma D, Balasingam N, Thakor N. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) provides a critical cell survival switch to glioblastoma cells via regulation of apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:57. [PMID: 30670698 PMCID: PMC6342974 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stress conditions attenuate global mRNA translation via modifications of key eukaryotic initiation factors. However, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms allow cap-independent translation of certain mRNAs. We have previously demonstrated that eIF5B promotes cap-independent translation of the mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic factor, XIAP, during cellular stress. Here, we show that depletion of eIF5B sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a pathway involving caspases-8, −9, and −7, with no significant effect on cell cycle progression. eIF5B promotes evasion of apoptosis by promoting the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs, encoding the antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, cIAP1, and c-FLIPS. We also show that eIF5B promotes translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to increased apoptosis under conditions of eIF5B depletion. Finally, eIF5B depletion leads to decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that eIF5B represents a regulatory node, allowing cancer cells to evade apoptosis by promoting the translation of pro-survival proteins from IRES-containing mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Keiran Vanden Dungen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kamiko R Bressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Mikayla Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Divya Khandige Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nirujah Balasingam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience (CCBN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that were chiefly known for their ability to inhibit apoptosis by blocking caspase activation or activity. Recent research has shown that cellular IAP1 (cIAP1), cIAP2, and X-linked IAP (XIAP) also regulate signaling by receptors of the innate immune system by ubiquitylating their substrates. These IAPs thereby act at the intersection of pathways leading to cell death and inflammation. Mutation of IAP genes can impair tissue homeostasis and is linked to several human diseases. Small-molecule IAP antagonists have been developed to treat certain malignant, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Here, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP; the consequences of their mutation or dysregulation; and the therapeutic potential of IAP antagonist drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Lalaoui
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - David Lawrence Vaux
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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Tao Z, McCall NS, Wiedemann N, Vuagniaux G, Yuan Z, Lu B. SMAC Mimetic Debio 1143 and Ablative Radiation Therapy Synergize to Enhance Antitumor Immunity against Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1113-1124. [PMID: 30352911 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adaptive antitumor immunity following ablative radiotherapy (ART) is attenuated by host myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), and regulatory T-cell (Treg) infiltrates. We hypothesized treatment with ART and a secondary mitochondrial-derived activators of caspase (SMAC) mimetic could reverse the immunosuppressive lung cancer microenvironment to favor adaptive immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To evaluate for synergy between ART and the SMAC mimetic Debio 1143 and the dependence upon CD8+ T cells and TNFα, we used LLC-OVA syngeneic mouse model of lung cancer and treated them with Debio 1143 and/or ART (30 Gy) with or without anti-CD8, anti-TNFα, or anti-IFNγ antibodies. Tumor-infiltrating OVA-specific CD8+ T cells, Tc1 effector cells, MDSCs, TAMs, and Tregs, were quantified by flow cytometry. Tc1-promoting cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL1β and the immunosuppressive IL10 and Arg-1 within LLC-OVA tumor tissue or mouse serum were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS ART delayed tumor growth, and the addition of Debio 1143 greatly enhanced its efficacy, which included several complete responses. These complete responders rejected an LLC-OVA tumor rechallenge. ART and Debio 1143 synergistically induced a tumor-specific, Tc1 cellular and cytokine response while eliminating immunosuppressive cells and cytokines from the tumor microenvironment. Depletion of CD8+ cells, TNFα, and IFNγ with blocking antibody abrogated synergy between ART and Debio 1143 and partially restored tumor-infiltrating MDSCs. CONCLUSIONS Debio 1143 augments the tumor-specific adaptive immunity induced by ART, while reversing host immunosuppressive cell infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment in a TNFα, IFNγ, and CD8+ T-cell-dependent manner. This provides a novel strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Neal S McCall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cyberknife Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Phan M, Watson MF, Alain T, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Viruses on Drugs: Achieving Higher Therapeutic Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1448-1467. [PMID: 30152676 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic expansion in the testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) for the treatment of cancer. OVs are unique biotherapeutics that induce multimodal responses toward tumors, from direct cytopathic effects on cancer cells, to tumor associated blood vessel disruption, and ultimately potent stimulation of anti-tumor immune activation. These agents are highly targeted and can be efficacious as cancer treatments resulting in some patients experiencing complete tumor regression and even cures from OV monotherapy. However, most patients have limited responses with viral replication in tumors often found to be modest and transient. To augment OV replication, increase bystander killing of cancer cells, and/or stimulate stronger targeted anti-cancer immune responses, drug combination approaches have taken center stage for translation to the clinic. Here we comprehensively review drugs that have been combined with OVs to increase therapeutic efficacy, examining the proposed mechanisms of action, and we discuss trends in pharmaco-viral immunotherapeutic approaches currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phan
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Margaret F. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 PMCID: PMC6279343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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44
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Turk M, Naumenko V, Mahoney DJ, Jenne CN. Tracking Cell Recruitment and Behavior within the Tumor Microenvironment Using Advanced Intravital Imaging Approaches. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070069. [PMID: 29970845 PMCID: PMC6071013 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging technology have made it possible to track cellular recruitment and behavior within the vasculature of living animals in real-time. Using approaches such as resonant scanning confocal and multiphoton intravital microscopy (IVM), we are now able to observe cells within the intact tumor microenvironment of a mouse. We are able to follow these cells for extended periods of time (hours) and can characterize how specific cell types (T cells, neutrophils, monocytes) interact with the tumor vasculature and cancer cells. This approach provides greater insight into specific cellular behaviors and cell–cell interactions than conventional techniques such as histology and flow cytometry. In this report, we describe the surgical preparation of animals to expose the tumor and both resonant scanning confocal and multiphoton imaging approaches used to track leukocyte recruitment, adhesion, and behavior within the tumor microenvironment. We present techniques for the measurement and quantification of leukocyte behavior within the bloodstream and tumor interstitium. The use of IVM to study leukocyte behavior within the tumor microenvironment provides key information not attainable with other approaches, that will help shape the development of better, more effective anticancer drugs and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Turk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Victor Naumenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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45
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Xu J, Wang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Li Q, Chen L. Combination therapy: A feasibility strategy for CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2063-2070. [PMID: 30008901 PMCID: PMC6036511 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been demonstrated to have durable and potentially curative therapeutic efficacies in patients with hematological malignancies. Currently, multiple clinical trials in CAR-T cell therapy have been evaluated for the treatment of patients with solid malignancies, but have had less marked therapeutic effects when the agents are used as monotherapies. When summarizing relevant studies, the present study found that combination therapy strategies for solid tumors based on CAR-T cell therapies might be more effective. This review will focus on various aspects of treating solid tumors with CAR-T cell therapy: i) The therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cell monotherapy, ii) the feasibility of the CAR-T cell therapy in conjunction with chemotherapy, iii) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with radiotherapy, iv) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with chemoradiotherapy, and v) the feasibility of the combination of CAR-T cell therapy with other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Longzhou Chen
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
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46
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Martin NT, Bell JC. Oncolytic Virus Combination Therapy: Killing One Bird with Two Stones. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1414-1422. [PMID: 29703699 PMCID: PMC5986726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years an eclectic collection of microbes has been tested in a variety of pre-clinical models as anti-cancer agents. At the forefront of this research are a number of virus-based platforms that have shown exciting activity in a variety of pre-clinical models and are collectively referred to as oncolytic viruses. Our true understanding of the potential and limitations of this therapeutic modality has been substantially advanced through clinical studies carried out over the last 25 years. Perhaps not surprising, as with all other cancer therapeutics, it has become clear that current oncolytic virus therapeutics on their own are unlikely to be effective in the majority of patients. The greatest therapeutic gains will therefore be made through thoughtful combination strategies built upon an understanding of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Tim Martin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - John Cameron Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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47
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Dougan SK, Dougan M. Regulation of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity by IAP antagonists. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:787-796. [PMID: 29807457 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the T-cell co-inhibitory checkpoint receptors or their ligands CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 using monoclonal antibodies has proven to be highly effective against many cancers. Yet many cancers remain resistant to checkpoint blockade, and durable remissions occur in only a minority of patients. Novel approaches to enhancing antitumor responses are thus necessary in order to expand the reach of these treatments. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family comprises a diverse group of proteins, many of which have immunoregulatory roles. Small molecule IAP antagonists have been developed and are undergoing early phase clinical testing. These drugs were initially developed to promote tumor cell apoptosis; however, a considerable body of work now indicates that IAP antagonists induce antitumor activity through modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Primarily through inhibition of cellular (c)-IAP1 and c-IAP2, IAP antagonists can activate alternative NF-κB signaling, promoting B-cell survival, activation of dendritic cells and delivering a broad co-stimulatory signal to T cells. At the same time, IAP antagonists can promote tumor cell intrinsic sensitization to innate immune signals, and enhance tumor cell killing by inflammatory cytokines and phagocytic macrophages. These drugs thus represent an attractive investigational approach to immunotherapy, providing a positive signaling counterpart to the relief of signal inhibition conferred by checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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48
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Zemp F, Rajwani J, Mahoney DJ. Rhabdoviruses as vaccine platforms for infectious disease and cancer. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 34:122-138. [PMID: 29781359 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1474320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae (RV) comprises a large, genetically diverse collection of single-stranded, negative sense RNA viruses from the order Mononegavirales. Several RV members are being developed as live-attenuated vaccine vectors for the prevention or treatment of infectious disease and cancer. These include the prototype recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) and the more recently developed recombinant Maraba Virus, both species within the genus Vesiculoviridae. A relatively strong safety profile in humans, robust immunogenicity and genetic malleability are key features that make the RV family attractive vaccine platforms. Currently, the rVSV vector is in preclinical development for vaccination against numerous high-priority infectious diseases, with clinical evaluation underway for HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease. Indeed, the success of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine during the 2014-15 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa highlights the therapeutic potential of rVSV as a vaccine vector for acute, life-threatening viral illnesses. The rVSV and rMaraba platforms are also being tested as 'oncolytic' cancer vaccines in a series of phase 1-2 clinical trials, after being proven effective at eliciting immune-mediated tumour regression in preclinical mouse models. In this review, we discuss the biological and genetic features that make RVs attractive vaccine platforms and the development and ongoing testing of rVSV and rMaraba strains as vaccine vectors for infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Zemp
- a Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Calgary , Canada.,b Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute , Calgary , Canada
| | - Jahanara Rajwani
- a Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Calgary , Canada.,b Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute , Calgary , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- a Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Calgary , Canada.,b Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute , Calgary , Canada.,c Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease , Faculty of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
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49
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Li Q, Yue Y, Chen L, Xu C, Wang Y, Du L, Xue X, Liu Q, Wang Y, Fan F. Resveratrol Sensitizes Carfilzomib-Induced Apoptosis via Promoting Oxidative Stress in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29867453 PMCID: PMC5961230 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor is a target therapy for multiple myeloma (MM) patients, which has increased the overall survival rate of multiple myeloma in clinic. However, relapse and toxicity are major challenges for almost all MM patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for an effective and less toxic combination therapy. Here, we demonstrated that a natural compound, resveratrol (RSV) displayed anti-proliferative activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in a panel of MM cell lines. More importantly, a low concentration of RSV was synergistic with a low dose of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) to induce apoptosis in myeloma cells. Further studies showed that mitochondria was a key regulatory site after RSV/CFZ combination treatment. RSV induced the release of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) in a dose-dependent manner and kept the Smac in a high level after combination with CFZ. Also, RSV was additive with CFZ to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, a stress sensor SIRT1, with deacetylase enzyme activity, was remarkably downregulated after RSV/CFZ combination, thereby significantly decreasing its target protein, survivin in MM cells. Simultaneously, autophagy was invoked after RSV/CFZ combination treatment in myeloma cells. Further inhibition of autophagy could increase more ROS production and apoptosis, indicating a close linkage between autophagy and proteasome to modulate the oxidative stress. Together, these findings suggest that induction of multiple stress responses after RSV/CFZ combination is a major mechanism to synergistically inhibit MM cell growth and reduce the toxicity of CFZ in MM cells. This study also provides an important rationale for the clinic to consider an autophagy inhibitor for the combination therapy in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanfang Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Xue
- Baokang Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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50
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Morón-Calvente V, Romero-Pinedo S, Toribio-Castelló S, Plaza-Díaz J, Abadía-Molina AC, Rojas-Barros DI, Beug ST, LaCasse EC, MacKenzie A, Korneluk R, Abadía-Molina F. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression during macrophage differentiation and M1/M2 polarization. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518103 PMCID: PMC5843221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages constitute the first line of defense of the immune system against external pathogens. Macrophages have a highly plastic phenotype depending on environmental conditions; the extremes of this phenotypic spectrum are a pro-inflammatory defensive role (M1 phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair one (M2 phenotype). The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins have important roles in the regulation of several cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we have analyzed the differential expression of the IAPs, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, during macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 or M2. In polarized THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages, NAIP is abundantly expressed in M2 macrophages, while cIAP1 and cIAP2 show an inverse pattern of expression in polarized macrophages, with elevated expression levels of cIAP1 in M2 and cIAP2 preferentially expressed in M1. Interestingly, treatment with the IAP antagonist SMC-LCL161, induced the upregulation of NAIP in M2, the downregulation of cIAP1 in M1 and M2 and an induction of cIAP2 in M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Morón-Calvente
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Romero-Pinedo
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C. Abadía-Molina
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Domingo I. Rojas-Barros
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Shawn T. Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Eric C. LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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