1
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Seifu YW, Pukyšová V, Rýdza N, Bilanovičová V, Zwiewka M, Sedláček M, Nodzyński T. Mapping the membrane orientation of auxin homeostasis regulators PIN5 and PIN8 in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells reveals their divergent topology. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:84. [PMID: 38825682 PMCID: PMC11145782 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
PIN proteins establish the auxin concentration gradient, which coordinates plant growth. PIN1-4 and 7 localized at the plasma membrane (PM) and facilitate polar auxin transport while the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized PIN5 and PIN8 maintain the intracellular auxin homeostasis. Although an antagonistic activity of PIN5 and PIN8 proteins in regulating the intracellular auxin homeostasis and other developmental events have been reported, the membrane topology of these proteins, which might be a basis for their antagonistic function, is poorly understood. In this study we optimized digitonin based PM-permeabilizing protocols coupled with immunocytochemistry labeling to map the membrane topology of PIN5 and PIN8 in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells. Our results indicate that, except for the similarities in the orientation of the N-terminus, PIN5 and PIN8 have an opposite orientation of the central hydrophilic loop and the C-terminus, as well as an unequal number of transmembrane domains (TMDs). PIN8 has ten TMDs with groups of five alpha-helices separated by the central hydrophilic loop (HL) residing in the ER lumen, and its N- and C-terminals are positioned in the cytoplasm. However, the topology of PIN5 comprises nine TMDs. Its N-terminal end and the central HL face the cytoplasm while its C-terminus resides in the ER lumen. Overall, this study shows that PIN5 and PIN8 proteins have a divergent membrane topology while introducing a toolkit of methods for studying membrane topology of integral proteins including those localized at the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewubnesh Wendimu Seifu
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Pukyšová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rýdza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Bilanovičová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sedláček
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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2
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Hoermayer L, Montesinos JC, Trozzi N, Spona L, Yoshida S, Marhava P, Caballero-Mancebo S, Benková E, Heisenberg CP, Dagdas Y, Majda M, Friml J. Mechanical forces in plant tissue matrix orient cell divisions via microtubule stabilization. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1333-1344.e4. [PMID: 38579717 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies exclusively on oriented cell expansion and division. Nonetheless, the mechanism(s) determining division plane orientation remain elusive. Here, we studied tissue healing after laser-assisted wounding in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and uncovered how mechanical forces stabilize and reorient the microtubule cytoskeleton for the orientation of cell division. We identified that root tissue functions as an interconnected cell matrix, with a radial gradient of tissue extendibility causing predictable tissue deformation after wounding. This deformation causes instant redirection of expansion in the surrounding cells and reorientation of microtubule arrays, ultimately predicting cell division orientation. Microtubules are destabilized under low tension, whereas stretching of cells, either through wounding or external aspiration, immediately induces their polymerization. The higher microtubule abundance in the stretched cell parts leads to the reorientation of microtubule arrays and, ultimately, informs cell division planes. This provides a long-sought mechanism for flexible re-arrangement of cell divisions by mechanical forces for tissue reconstruction and plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Montesinos
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nicola Trozzi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Spona
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saiko Yoshida
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Marhava
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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3
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Jan M, Muhammad S, Jin W, Zhong W, Zhang S, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Liu J, Liu H, Munir R, Yue Q, Afzal M, Wang G. Modulating root system architecture: cross-talk between auxin and phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1343928. [PMID: 38390293 PMCID: PMC10881875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Root architecture is an important agronomic trait that plays an essential role in water uptake, soil compactions, nutrient recycling, plant-microbe interactions, and hormone-mediated signaling pathways. Recently, significant advancements have been made in understanding how the complex interactions of phytohormones regulate the dynamic organization of root architecture in crops. Moreover, phytohormones, particularly auxin, act as internal regulators of root development in soil, starting from the early organogenesis to the formation of root hair (RH) through diverse signaling mechanisms. However, a considerable gap remains in understanding the hormonal cross-talk during various developmental stages of roots. This review examines the dynamic aspects of phytohormone signaling, cross-talk mechanisms, and the activation of transcription factors (TFs) throughout various developmental stages of the root life cycle. Understanding these developmental processes, together with hormonal signaling and molecular engineering in crops, can improve our knowledge of root development under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmood Jan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weicai Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhao Zhong
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueni Zhou
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Raheel Munir
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Heyuan Division of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Heyuan, Guangdong, China
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4
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Maruri-López I, Romero-Contreras YJ, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, González-Pérez E, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Chávez-Martínez AI, Flores-Cuevas EJ, Schwan-Estrada KRF, Dubrovsky JG, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Serrano M. A biostimulant yeast, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, modifies Arabidopsis thaliana root architecture and improves the plant defense response against Botrytis cinerea. PLANTA 2024; 259:53. [PMID: 38294549 PMCID: PMC10830669 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The biostimulant Hanseniaspora opuntiae regulates Arabidopsis thaliana root development and resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Beneficial microbes can increase plant nutrient accessibility and uptake, promote abiotic stress tolerance, and enhance disease resistance, while pathogenic microorganisms cause plant disease, affecting cellular homeostasis and leading to cell death in the most critical cases. Commonly, plants use specialized pattern recognition receptors to perceive beneficial or pathogen microorganisms. Although bacteria have been the most studied plant-associated beneficial microbes, the analysis of yeasts is receiving less attention. This study assessed the role of Hanseniaspora opuntiae, a fermentative yeast isolated from cacao musts, during Arabidopsis thaliana growth, development, and defense response to fungal pathogens. We evaluated the A. thaliana-H. opuntiae interaction using direct and indirect in vitro systems. Arabidopsis growth was significantly increased seven days post-inoculation with H. opuntiae during indirect interaction. Moreover, we observed that H. opuntiae cells had a strong auxin-like effect in A. thaliana root development during in vitro interaction. We show that 3-methyl-1-butanol and ethanol are the main volatile compounds produced by H. opuntiae. Subsequently, it was determined that A. thaliana plants inoculated with H. opuntiae have a long-lasting and systemic effect against Botrytis cinerea infection, but independently of auxin, ethylene, salicylic acid, or jasmonic acid pathways. Our results demonstrate that H. opuntiae is an important biostimulant that acts by regulating plant development and pathogen resistance through different hormone-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Maruri-López
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Enrique González-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Hongos y Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científca y Tecnológica AC, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), Av. Chapultepec 1570, Priv. del Pedregal, 78295, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Isabel Chávez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Hongos y Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científca y Tecnológica AC, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Hongos y Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científca y Tecnológica AC, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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5
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Porat A, Rivière M, Meroz Y. A quantitative model for spatio-temporal dynamics of root gravitropism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:620-630. [PMID: 37869982 PMCID: PMC10773994 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs adapt their morphology according to environmental signals through growth-driven processes called tropisms. While much effort has been directed towards the development of mathematical models describing the tropic dynamics of aerial organs, these cannot provide a good description of roots due to intrinsic physiological differences. Here we present a mathematical model informed by gravitropic experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana roots, assuming a subapical growth profile and apical sensing. The model quantitatively recovers the full spatio-temporal dynamics observed in experiments. An analytical solution of the model enables us to evaluate the gravitropic and proprioceptive sensitivities of roots, while also allowing us to corroborate the requirement for proprioception in describing root dynamics. Lastly, we find that the dynamics are analogous to a damped harmonic oscillator, providing intuition regarding the source of the observed oscillatory behavior and the importance of proprioception for efficient gravitropic control. In all, the model provides not only a quantitative description of root tropic dynamics, but also a mathematical framework for the future investigation of roots in complex media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Porat
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mathieu Rivière
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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6
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Kuhn A, Roosjen M, Mutte S, Dubey SM, Carrillo Carrasco VP, Boeren S, Monzer A, Koehorst J, Kohchi T, Nishihama R, Fendrych M, Sprakel J, Friml J, Weijers D. RAF-like protein kinases mediate a deeply conserved, rapid auxin response. Cell 2024; 187:130-148.e17. [PMID: 38128538 PMCID: PMC10783624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls growth and development in land plants, but this pathway is absent from algal sister groups. Several components of rapid responses have been identified in Arabidopsis, but it is unknown if these are part of a conserved mechanism. We recently identified a fast, proteome-wide phosphorylation response to auxin. Here, we show that this response occurs across 5 land plant and algal species and converges on a core group of shared targets. We found conserved rapid physiological responses to auxin in the same species and identified rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-like protein kinases as central mediators of auxin-triggered phosphorylation across species. Genetic analysis connects this kinase to both auxin-triggered protein phosphorylation and rapid cellular response, thus identifying an ancient mechanism for fast auxin responses in the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jasper Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Cosgrove DJ. Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y. [PMID: 38102449 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells build nanofibrillar walls that are central to plant growth, morphogenesis and mechanics. Starting from simple sugars, three groups of polysaccharides, namely, cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, with very different physical properties are assembled by the cell to make a strong yet extensible wall. This Review describes the physics of wall growth and its regulation by cellular processes such as cellulose production by cellulose synthase, modulation of wall pH by plasma membrane H+-ATPase, wall loosening by expansin and signalling by plant hormones such as auxin and brassinosteroid. In addition, this Review discusses the nuanced roles, properties and interactions of cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and cell wall proteins and describes how wall stress and wall loosening cooperatively result in cell wall growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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8
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Yu Y, Tang W, Lin W, Li W, Zhou X, Li Y, Chen R, Zheng R, Qin G, Cao W, Pérez-Henríquez P, Huang R, Ma J, Qiu Q, Xu Z, Zou A, Lin J, Jiang L, Xu T, Yang Z. ABLs and TMKs are co-receptors for extracellular auxin. Cell 2023; 186:5457-5471.e17. [PMID: 37979582 PMCID: PMC10827329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular perception of auxin, an essential phytohormone in plants, has been debated for decades. Auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) physically interacts with quintessential transmembrane kinases (TMKs) and was proposed to act as an extracellular auxin receptor, but its role was disputed because abp1 knockout mutants lack obvious morphological phenotypes. Here, we identified two new auxin-binding proteins, ABL1 and ABL2, that are localized to the apoplast and directly interact with the extracellular domain of TMKs in an auxin-dependent manner. Furthermore, functionally redundant ABL1 and ABL2 genetically interact with TMKs and exhibit functions that overlap with those of ABP1 as well as being independent of ABP1. Importantly, the extracellular domain of TMK1 itself binds auxin and synergizes with either ABP1 or ABL1 in auxin binding. Thus, our findings discovered auxin receptors ABL1 and ABL2 having functions overlapping with but distinct from ABP1 and acting together with TMKs as co-receptors for extracellular auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Yu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China; Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, P.R. China
| | - Guochen Qin
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, P.R. China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Wenhan Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Qiu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ailing Zou
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China; Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China; Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
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9
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Lasok H, Nziengui H, Kochersperger P, Ditengou FA. Arabidopsis Root Development Regulation by the Endogenous Folate Precursor, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, via Modulation of the Root Cell Cycle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 38140403 PMCID: PMC10748309 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots depends on their ability to maintain a balanced ratio between cell production and cell differentiation at the tip. This process is regulated by the hormonal balance of cytokinin and auxin. However, other important regulators, such as plant folates, also play a regulatory role. In this study, we investigated the impact of the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on root development. Using pharmacological, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is repressed by either supplementing the growth medium with PABA or overexpressing the PABA synthesis gene GAT-ADCS. This is associated with a smaller root meristem consisting of fewer cells. Conversely, reducing the levels of free root endogenous PABA results in longer roots with extended meristems. We provide evidence that PABA represses Arabidopsis root growth in a folate-independent manner and likely acts through two mechanisms: (i) the G2/M transition of cell division in the root apical meristem and (ii) promoting premature cell differentiation in the transition zone. These data collectively suggest that PABA plays a role in Arabidopsis root growth at the intersection between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lasok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology University of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon;
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Bio Imaging Core Light Microscopy (BiMiC), Institute for Disease Modelling and Targeted Medicine (IMITATE), Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Smith ES, Nimchuk ZL. What a tangled web it weaves: auxin coordination of stem cell maintenance and flower production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6950-6963. [PMID: 37661937 PMCID: PMC10690728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Robust agricultural yields require consistent flower production throughout fluctuating environmental conditions. Floral primordia are produced in the inflorescence meristem, which contains a pool of continuously dividing stem cells. Daughter cells of these divisions either retain stem cell identity or are pushed to the SAM periphery, where they become competent to develop into floral primordia after receiving the appropriate signal. Thus, flower production is inherently linked to regulation of the stem cell pool. The plant hormone auxin promotes flower development throughout its early phases and has been shown to interact with the molecular pathways regulating stem cell maintenance. Here, we will summarize how auxin signaling contributes to stem cell maintenance and promotes flower development through the early phases of initiation, outgrowth, and floral fate establishment. Recent advances in this area suggest that auxin may serve as a signal that integrates stem cell maintenance and new flower production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sarkel Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Zeng Y, Verstraeten I, Trinh HK, Lardon R, Schotte S, Olatunji D, Heugebaert T, Stevens C, Quareshy M, Napier R, Nastasi SP, Costa A, De Rybel B, Bellini C, Beeckman T, Vanneste S, Geelen D. Chemical induction of hypocotyl rooting reveals extensive conservation of auxin signalling controlling lateral and adventitious root formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1883-1899. [PMID: 37787103 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon exposure to light, etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings form adventitious roots (AR) along the hypocotyl. While processes underlying lateral root formation are studied intensively, comparatively little is known about the molecular processes involved in the initiation of hypocotyl AR. AR and LR formation were studied using a small molecule named Hypocotyl Specific Adventitious Root INducer (HYSPARIN) that strongly induces AR but not LR formation. HYSPARIN does not trigger rapid DR5-reporter activation, DII-Venus degradation or Ca2+ signalling. Transcriptome analysis, auxin signalling reporter lines and mutants show that HYSPARIN AR induction involves nuclear TIR1/AFB and plasma membrane TMK auxin signalling, as well as multiple downstream LR development genes (SHY2/IAA3, PUCHI, MAKR4 and GATA23). Comparison of the AR and LR induction transcriptome identified SAURs, AGC kinases and OFP transcription factors as specifically upregulated by HYSPARIN. Members of the SAUR19 subfamily, OFP4 and AGC2 suppress HYS-induced AR formation. While SAUR19 and OFP subfamily members also mildly modulate LR formation, AGC2 regulates only AR induction. Analysis of HYSPARIN-induced AR formation uncovers an evolutionary conservation of auxin signalling controlling LR and AR induction in Arabidopsis seedlings and identifies SAUR19, OFP4 and AGC2 kinase as novel regulators of AR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinwei Zeng
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoang Khai Trinh
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, 900000, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Robin Lardon
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Schotte
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Damilola Olatunji
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Heugebaert
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sara Paola Nastasi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-90736, Umeå, Sweden
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Horticell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Jobert F, Yadav S, Robert S. Auxin as an architect of the pectin matrix. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6933-6949. [PMID: 37166384 PMCID: PMC10690733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a versatile plant growth regulator that triggers multiple signalling pathways at different spatial and temporal resolutions. A plant cell is surrounded by the cell wall, a complex and dynamic network of polysaccharides. The cell wall needs to be rigid to provide mechanical support and protection and highly flexible to allow cell growth and shape acquisition. The modification of the pectin components, among other processes, is a mechanism by which auxin activity alters the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Auxin signalling precisely controls the transcriptional output of several genes encoding pectin remodelling enzymes, their local activity, pectin deposition, and modulation in different developmental contexts. This review examines the mechanism of auxin activity in regulating pectin chemistry at organ, cellular, and subcellular levels across diverse plant species. Moreover, we ask questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the interplay between auxin and pectin in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- CRRBM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Del Bianco M, Friml J, Strader L, Kepinski S. Auxin research: creating tools for a greener future. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6889-6892. [PMID: 38038239 PMCID: PMC10690723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lucia Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Jing H, Wilkinson EG, Sageman-Furnas K, Strader LC. Auxin and abiotic stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:7000-7014. [PMID: 37591508 PMCID: PMC10690732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses; these stresses have profound effects on plant growth, survival, and productivity. Tolerance and adaptation to stress require sophisticated stress sensing, signaling, and various regulatory mechanisms. The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, playing pivotal roles in the integration of abiotic stress signals and control of downstream stress responses. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in understanding the intersection of auxin and abiotic stress in plants, with a focus on temperature, salt, and drought stresses. We also explore the roles of auxin in stress tolerance and opportunities arising for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Jing
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
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15
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Alonso Baez L, Bacete L. Cell wall dynamics: novel tools and research questions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6448-6467. [PMID: 37539735 PMCID: PMC10662238 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Years ago, a classic textbook would define plant cell walls based on passive features. For instance, a sort of plant exoskeleton of invariable polysaccharide composition, and probably painted in green. However, currently, this view has been expanded to consider plant cell walls as active, heterogeneous, and dynamic structures with a high degree of complexity. However, what do we mean when we refer to a cell wall as a dynamic structure? How can we investigate the different implications of this dynamism? While the first question has been the subject of several recent publications, defining the ideal strategies and tools needed to address the second question has proven to be challenging due to the myriad of techniques available. In this review, we will describe the capacities of several methodologies to study cell wall composition, structure, and other aspects developed or optimized in recent years. Keeping in mind cell wall dynamism and plasticity, the advantages of performing long-term non-invasive live-imaging methods will be emphasized. We specifically focus on techniques developed for Arabidopsis thaliana primary cell walls, but the techniques could be applied to both secondary cell walls and other plant species. We believe this toolset will help researchers in expanding knowledge of these dynamic/evolving structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Laura Bacete
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Rodríguez-Mejías FJ, Mottaghipisheh J, Schwaiger S, Kiss T, Csupor D, Varela RM, Macías FA. Allelopathic studies with furanocoumarins isolated from Ducrosia anethifolia. In vitro and in silico investigations to protect legumes, rice and grain crops. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113838. [PMID: 37648046 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Six different furanocoumarins were isolated from the aerial parts of Ducrosia anethifolia and tested in vitro for plant cell elongation in etiolated wheat coleoptile. They were also tested for their ability to control three different weeds: ribwort plantain, annual ryegrass, and common purslane. These compounds exhibited strong inhibition of plant cell elongation. In the case of (+)-heraclenin, the IC50 was lower than 20 μM, indicating a better inhibition than the positive control Logran®. Computational experiments for docking and molecular dynamics revealed for the investigated furanocoumarins bearing an epoxide moiety an improved fitting and stronger interaction with the auxin-like TIR1 ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, the formed inhibition complex remained also stable during dynamic evaluation. Bidental interaction at the active site, along with an extended hydrogen-bond lifetime, explained the enhanced activity of the epoxides. The in vitro weed bioassay results showed that Plantago lanceolata was the most affected weed for germination, root, and shoot development. In addition, (+)-heraclenin displayed better inhibition values than positive control even at 300 μM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rodríguez-Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Javad Mottaghipisheh
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tivadar Kiss
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szikra u. 8, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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17
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Qi L, Friml J. Tale of cAMP as a second messenger in auxin signaling and beyond. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:489-495. [PMID: 37434303 PMCID: PMC10952583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a versatile second messenger in many mammalian signaling pathways. However, its role in plants remains not well-recognized. Recent discovery of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity for transport inhibitor response 1/auxin-signaling F-box proteins (TIR1/AFB) auxin receptors and the demonstration of its importance for canonical auxin signaling put plant cAMP research back into spotlight. This insight briefly summarizes the well-established cAMP signaling pathways in mammalian cells and describes the turbulent and controversial history of plant cAMP research highlighting the major progress and the unresolved points. We also briefly review the current paradigm of auxin signaling to provide a background for the discussion on the AC activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors and its potential role in transcriptional auxin signaling as well as impact of these discoveries on plant cAMP research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
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18
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Fiedler L, Friml J. Rapid auxin signaling: Unknowns old and new. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102443. [PMID: 37666097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
To respond to auxin, the chief orchestrator of their multicellularity, plants evolved multiple receptor systems and signal transduction cascades. Despite decades of research, however, we are still lacking a satisfactory synthesis of various auxin signaling mechanisms. The chief discrepancy and historical controversy of the field is that of rapid and slow auxin effects on plant physiology and development. How is it possible that ions begin to trickle across the plasma membrane as soon as auxin enters the cell, even though the best-characterized transcriptional auxin pathway can take effect only after tens of minutes? Recently, unexpected progress has been made in understanding this and other unknowns of auxin signaling. We provide a perspective on these exciting developments and concepts whose general applicability might have ramifications beyond auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Fiedler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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19
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Lescano MR, Macagno J, Berli CLA. Model-Based Analysis of Lactuca sativa Root Growth under the Action of Herbicides in Milli-Channel Arrays with In Situ Imaging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13255-13262. [PMID: 37651710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracting practical information from the large amounts of data gathered during the live imaging analysis of plant organs is a challenging issue. The present work investigates the use of the logistic growth model to analyze experimental data from root elongation assays performed in milli-fluidic devices with in situ imaging. Lactuca sativa was used as a bioindicator and was subjected to wide concentration ranges of four different herbicides: 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate, and paraquat. The model parameters were directly connected to standard indicators of toxicity and plant development, such as the LD50 and the absolute growth rate, respectively. In addition, it was found that realistic predictions of the maximum root length can be achieved about 60 h before the bioassay end point, which could significantly shorten the turnaround time. The combination of milli-fluidic devices, real-time imaging, and model-based data analysis becomes a powerful tool for environmental studies and ecotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia R Lescano
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Joana Macagno
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
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20
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Wong A, Chi W, Yu J, Bi C, Tian X, Yang Y, Gehring C. Plant adenylate cyclases have come full circle. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1389-1397. [PMID: 37709954 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, fungi and animals, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and adenylate cyclases (ACs), enzymes that catalyse the formation of 3',5'-cAMP from ATP, are recognized as key signalling components. In contrast, the presence of cAMP and its biological roles in higher plants have long been a matter of controversy due to the generally lower amounts in plant tissues compared with that in animal and bacterial cells, and a lack of clarity on the molecular nature of the generating and degrading enzymes, as well as downstream effectors. While treatment with 3',5'-cAMP elicited many plant responses, ACs were, however, somewhat elusive. This changed when systematic searches with amino acid motifs deduced from the conserved catalytic centres of annotated ACs from animals and bacteria identified candidate proteins in higher plants that were subsequently shown to have AC activities in vitro and in vivo. The identification of active ACs moonlighting within complex multifunctional proteins is consistent with their roles as molecular tuners and regulators of cellular and physiological functions. Furthermore, the increasing number of ACs identified as part of proteins with different domain architectures suggests that there are many more hidden ACs in plant proteomes and they may affect a multitude of mechanisms and processes at the molecular and systems levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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21
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Roychoudhry S, Sageman-Furnas K, Wolverton C, Grones P, Tan S, Molnár G, De Angelis M, Goodman HL, Capstaff N, Lloyd JPB, Mullen J, Hangarter R, Friml J, Kepinski S. Antigravitropic PIN polarization maintains non-vertical growth in lateral roots. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1500-1513. [PMID: 37666965 PMCID: PMC10505559 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are typically maintained at non-vertical angles with respect to gravity. These gravitropic setpoint angles are intriguing because their maintenance requires that roots are able to effect growth response both with and against the gravity vector, a phenomenon previously attributed to gravitropism acting against an antigravitropic offset mechanism. Here we show how the components mediating gravitropism in the vertical primary root-PINs and phosphatases acting upon them-are reconfigured in their regulation such that lateral root growth at a range of angles can be maintained. We show that the ability of Arabidopsis lateral roots to bend both downward and upward requires the generation of auxin asymmetries and is driven by angle-dependent variation in downward gravitropic auxin flux acting against angle-independent upward, antigravitropic flux. Further, we demonstrate a symmetry in auxin distribution in lateral roots at gravitropic setpoint angle that can be traced back to a net, balanced polarization of PIN3 and PIN7 auxin transporters in the columella. These auxin fluxes are shifted by altering PIN protein phosphoregulation in the columella, either by introducing PIN3 phosphovariant versions or via manipulation of levels of the phosphatase subunit PP2A/RCN1. Finally, we show that auxin, in addition to driving lateral root directional growth, acts within the lateral root columella to induce more vertical growth by increasing RCN1 levels, causing a downward shift in PIN3 localization, thereby diminishing the magnitude of the upward, antigravitropic auxin flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelyn Sageman-Furnas
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heather L Goodman
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Tropic Biosciences Ltd, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicola Capstaff
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Science, Innovation and Technology, UK Government, London, UK
| | - James P B Lloyd
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jack Mullen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roger Hangarter
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Barbez E. Orchestrating pH levels in plants. eLife 2023; 12:e91025. [PMID: 37647106 PMCID: PMC10468202 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of a plant root relies on careful control of root surface pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Barbez
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute of Biology II, Division of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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23
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Ruidong S, Shijin H, Yuwei Q, Yimeng L, Xiaohang Z, Ying L, Xihang L, Mingyang D, Xiangling L, Fenghai L. Identification of QTLs and their candidate genes for the number of maize tassel branches in F 2 from two higher generation sister lines using QTL mapping and RNA-seq analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1202755. [PMID: 37641589 PMCID: PMC10460468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1202755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Tassel branch number is an important agronomic trait that is closely associated with maize kernels and yield. The regulation of genes associated with tassel branch development can provide a theoretical basis for analyzing tassel branch growth and improving maize yield. In this study. we used two high-generation sister maize lines, PCU (unbranched) and PCM (multiple-branched), to construct an F2 population comprising 190 individuals, which were genotyped and mapped using the Maize6H-60K single-nucleotide polymorphism array. Candidate genes associated with tassel development were subsequently identified by analyzing samples collected at three stages of tassel growth via RNA-seq. A total of 13 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 22 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with tassel branch number (TBN) were identified, among which, two major QTLs, qTBN6.06-1 and qTBN6.06-2, on chromosome 6 were identified in two progeny populations, accounting for 15.07% to 37.64% of the phenotypic variation. Moreover, we identified 613 genes that were differentially expressed between PCU and PCM, which, according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, were enriched in amino acid metabolism and plant signal transduction pathways. Additionally, we established that the phytohormone content of Stage I tassels and the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and IAA-glucose were higher in PCU than in PCM plants, whereas contrastingly, the levels of 5-deoxymonopolyl alcohol in PCM were higher than those in PCU. On the basis of these findings, we speculate that differences in TBN may be related to hormone content. Collectively, by combining QTL mapping and RNA-seq analysis, we identified five candidate genes associated with TBN. This study provides theoretical insights into the mechanism of tassel branch development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lv Xiangling
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Fenghai
- Special Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Dubey SM, Fendrych M, Serre NB. Relative Membrane Potential Measurements Using DISBAC 2(3) Fluorescence in Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Roots. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4778. [PMID: 37497461 PMCID: PMC10367083 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo microscopy of plants with high-frequency imaging allows observation and characterization of the dynamic responses of plants to stimuli. It provides access to responses that could not be observed by imaging at a given time point. Such methods are particularly suitable for the observation of fast cellular events such as membrane potential changes. Classical measurement of membrane potential by probe impaling gives quantitative and precise measurements. However, it is invasive, requires specialized equipment, and only allows measurement of one cell at a time. To circumvent some of these limitations, we developed a method to relatively quantify membrane potential variations in Arabidopsis thaliana roots using the fluorescence of the voltage reporter DISBAC2(3). In this protocol, we describe how to prepare experiments for agar media and microfluidics, and we detail the image analysis. We take an example of the rapid plasma membrane depolarization induced by the phytohormone auxin to illustrate the method. Relative membrane potential measurements using DISBAC2(3) fluorescence increase the spatio-temporal resolution of the measurements and are non-invasive and suitable for live imaging of growing roots. Studying membrane potential with a more flexible method allows to efficiently combine mature electrophysiology literature and new molecular knowledge to achieve a better understanding of plant behaviors. Key features Non-invasive method to relatively quantify membrane potential in plant roots. Method suitable for imaging seedlings root in agar or liquid medium. Straightforward quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nelson Bc Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
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25
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Serre NBC, Wernerová D, Vittal P, Dubey SM, Medvecká E, Jelínková A, Petrášek J, Grossmann G, Fendrych M. The AUX1-AFB1-CNGC14 module establishes a longitudinal root surface pH profile. eLife 2023; 12:e85193. [PMID: 37449525 PMCID: PMC10414970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots navigate in the soil environment following the gravity vector. Cell divisions in the meristem and rapid cell growth in the elongation zone propel the root tips through the soil. Actively elongating cells acidify their apoplast to enable cell wall extension by the activity of plasma membrane AHA H+-ATPases. The phytohormone auxin, central regulator of gravitropic response and root development, inhibits root cell growth, likely by rising the pH of the apoplast. However, the role of auxin in the regulation of the apoplastic pH gradient along the root tip is unclear. Here, we show, by using an improved method for visualization and quantification of root surface pH, that the Arabidopsis thaliana root surface pH shows distinct acidic and alkaline zones, which are not primarily determined by the activity of AHA H+-ATPases. Instead, the distinct domain of alkaline pH in the root transition zone is controlled by a rapid auxin response module, consisting of the AUX1 auxin influx carrier, the AFB1 auxin co-receptor, and the CNCG14 calcium channel. We demonstrate that the rapid auxin response pathway is required for an efficient navigation of the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson BC Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Daša Wernerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Pruthvi Vittal
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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26
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Dubey SM, Han S, Stutzman N, Prigge MJ, Medvecká E, Platre MP, Busch W, Fendrych M, Estelle M. The AFB1 auxin receptor controls the cytoplasmic auxin response pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1120-1130. [PMID: 37391902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin triggers root growth inhibition within seconds via a non-transcriptional pathway. Among members of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor family, AFB1 has a primary role in this rapid response. However, the unique features that confer this specific function have not been identified. Here we show that the N-terminal region of AFB1, including the F-box domain and residues that contribute to auxin binding, is essential and sufficient for its specific role in the rapid response. Substitution of the N-terminal region of AFB1 with that of TIR1 disrupts its distinct cytoplasm-enriched localization and activity in rapid root growth inhibition by auxin. Importantly, the N-terminal region of AFB1 is indispensable for auxin-triggered calcium influx, which is a prerequisite for rapid root growth inhibition. Furthermore, AFB1 negatively regulates lateral root formation and transcription of auxin-induced genes, suggesting that it plays an inhibitory role in canonical auxin signaling. These results suggest that AFB1 may buffer the transcriptional auxin response, whereas it regulates rapid changes in cell growth that contribute to root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soeun Han
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Stutzman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Prigge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Abualia R, Riegler S, Benkova E. Nitrate, Auxin and Cytokinin-A Trio to Tango. Cells 2023; 12:1613. [PMID: 37371083 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important macronutrient required for plant growth and development, thus directly impacting agricultural productivity. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that nitrogen-driven growth depends on pathways that control nitrate/nitrogen homeostasis and hormonal networks that act both locally and systemically to coordinate growth and development of plant organs. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and their crosstalk in nitrate-regulated growth and discuss the significance of novel findings and possible missing links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Abualia
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan Riegler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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28
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Xiang ZX, Li W, Lu YT, Yuan TT. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates osmotic stress-induced root growth inhibition by promoting auxin homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1369-1384. [PMID: 36948886 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) promotes plant tolerance against various environmental cues, and d-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) is an enzymatic source of H2 S to enhance abiotic stress resistance. However, the role of DCD-mediated H2 S production in root growth under abiotic stress remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that DCD-mediated H2 S production alleviates osmotic stress-mediated root growth inhibition by promoting auxin homeostasis. Osmotic stress up-regulated DCD gene transcript and DCD protein levels and thus H2 S production in roots. When subjected to osmotic stress, a dcd mutant showed more severe root growth inhibition, whereas the transgenic lines DCDox overexpressing DCD exhibited less sensitivity to osmotic stress in terms of longer root compared to the wild-type. Moreover, osmotic stress inhibited root growth through repressing auxin signaling, whereas H2 S treatment significantly alleviated osmotic stress-mediated inhibition of auxin. Under osmotic stress, auxin accumulation was increased in DCDox but decreased in dcd mutant. H2 S promoted auxin biosynthesis gene expression and auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) protein level under osmotic stress. Taken together, our results reveal that mannitol-induced DCD and H2 S in roots promote auxin homeostasis, contributing to alleviating the inhibition of root growth under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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29
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Qiu Z, Zeng C, Deng H, Shen Z, Han H. How plants cope with fast primary root elongation inhibition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1187634. [PMID: 37324686 PMCID: PMC10264606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huibin Han
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
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30
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Ang ACH, Østergaard L. Save your TIRs - more to auxin than meets the eye. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:971-976. [PMID: 36721296 PMCID: PMC10952682 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin has long been known as an important regulator of plant growth and development. Classical studies in auxin biology have uncovered a 'canonical' transcriptional auxin-signalling pathway involving the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) receptors. TIR1/AFB perception of auxin triggers the degradation of repressors and the derepression of auxin-responsive genes. Nevertheless, the canonical pathway cannot account for all aspects of auxin biology, such as physiological responses that are too rapid for transcriptional regulation. This Tansley insight will explore several 'non-canonical' pathways that have been described in recent years mediating fast auxin responses. We focus on the interplay between a nontranscriptional branch of TIR1/AFB signalling and a TRANSMEMBRANE KINASE1 (TMK1)-mediated pathway in root acid growth. Other developmental aspects involving the TMKs and their association with the controversial AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) will be discussed. Finally, we provide an updated overview of the ETTIN (ETT)-mediated pathway in contexts outside of gynoecium development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Østergaard
- John Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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31
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Kaiser CF, Perilli A, Grossmann G, Meroz Y. Studying root-environment interactions in structured microdevices. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad122. [PMID: 37042515 PMCID: PMC10353529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In negotiating with the environment, plant roots integrate sensory information over space and time, as the basis of decision making in roots under non-uniform conditions. The complexity and dynamic properties of soil across spatial and temporal scales pose a significant technical challenge for research on mechanisms that drive metabolism, growth and development in roots, as well as on inter-organismal networks in the rhizosphere. Synthetic environments, combining microscopic access and manipulation capabilities with soil-like heterogeneity, are needed to elucidate the intriguing tug-of-war that characterises subsurface ecosystems. Microdevices have provided opportunities for innovative approaches to observe, analyse and manipulate plant roots and advanced our understanding of their development, physiology and interactions with the environment. Initially conceived as perfusion platforms for root cultivation under hydroponic conditions, microdevice design has, in recent years, increasingly shifted to better reflect the complex growth conditions in soil. Heterogeneous micro-environments have been created through co-cultivation with microbes, laminar flow-based local stimulation and physical obstacles and constraints. As such, structured microdevices provide an experimental entry point to the complex network behaviour of soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Frederic Kaiser
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessia Perilli
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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32
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Caumon H, Vernoux T. A matter of time: auxin signaling dynamics and the regulation of auxin responses during plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad132. [PMID: 37042516 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As auxin is a major regulator of plant development, studying the signaling mechanisms by which auxin influences cellular activities is of primary importance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the different modalities of signaling, from the well-characterized canonical nuclear auxin pathway, to the more recently discovered or re-discovered non-canonical modes of auxin signaling. In particular, we discuss how both the modularity of the nuclear auxin pathway and the dynamic regulation of its core components allow to trigger specific transcriptomic responses. We highlight the fact that the diversity of modes of auxin signaling allows for a wide range of timescales of auxin responses, from second-scale cytoplasmic responses to minute/hour-scale modifications of gene expression. Finally, we question the extent to which the temporality of auxin signaling and responses contributes to development in both the shoot and the root meristems. We conclude by stressing the fact that future investigations should allow to build an integrative view not only of the spatial control, but also of the temporality of auxin-mediated regulation of plant development, from the cell to the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Caumon
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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33
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Lee KW, Chen JJW, Wu CS, Chang HC, Chen HY, Kuo HH, Lee YS, Chang YL, Chang HC, Shiue SY, Wu YC, Ho YC, Chen PW. Auxin plays a role in the adaptation of rice to anaerobic germination and seedling establishment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1157-1175. [PMID: 36071575 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is well known to stimulate coleoptile elongation and rapid seedling growth in the air. However, its role in regulating rice germination and seedling establishment under submergence is largely unknown. Previous studies revealed that excessive levels of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) frequently cause the inhibition of plant growth and development. In this study, the high-level accumulation of endogenous IAA is observed under dark submergence, stimulating rice coleoptile elongation but limiting the root and primary leaf growth during anaerobic germination (AG). We found that oxygen and light can reduce IAA levels, promote the seedling establishment and enhance rice AG tolerance. miRNA microarray profiling and RNA gel blot analysis results show that the expression of miR167 is negatively regulated by submergence; it subsequently modulates the accumulation of free IAA through the miR167-ARF-GH3 pathway. The OsGH3-8 encodes an IAA-amido synthetase that functions to prevent free IAA accumulation. Reduced miR167 levels or overexpressing OsGH3-8 increase auxin metabolism, reduce endogenous levels of free IAA and enhance rice AG tolerance. Our studies reveal that poor seed germination and seedling growth inhibition resulting from excessive IAA accumulation would cause intolerance to submergence in rice, suggesting that a certain threshold level of auxin is essential for rice AG tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J W Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shen Wu
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yue Chen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hao Kuo
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shan Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Lun Chang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chia Chang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Yu Shiue
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Ho
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wen Chen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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34
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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35
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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36
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Li L, Chen X. Auxin regulation on crop: from mechanisms to opportunities in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:16. [PMID: 37313296 PMCID: PMC10248601 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breeding crop varieties with high yield and ideal plant architecture is a desirable goal of agricultural science. The success of "Green Revolution" in cereal crops provides opportunities to incorporate phytohormones in crop breeding. Auxin is a critical phytohormone to determine nearly all the aspects of plant development. Despite the current knowledge regarding auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and auxin signaling have been well characterized in model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, how auxin regulates crop architecture is far from being understood, and the introduction of auxin biology in crop breeding stays in the theoretical stage. Here, we give an overview on molecular mechanisms of auxin biology in Arabidopsis, and mainly summarize auxin contributions for crop plant development. Furthermore, we propose potential opportunities to integrate auxin biology in soybean (Glycine max) breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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37
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Zheng C. Growth or stress responses: TMK-FER balancing act. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:131-134. [PMID: 36371397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane kinases (TMKs) and Feronia (FER) belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family. Recent studies reveal that they coordinate plant growth and stress responses by regulating the balance between acidification and alkalization and crosstalk between auxin and abscisic acid, revealing a dynamic equilibrium in the regulation of the TMK-FER module in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Engineering Center of Saline-Alkali Soil Plant - Microbial Joint Restoration, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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38
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Pérez-Henríquez P, Yang Z. Extranuclear auxin signaling: a new insight into auxin's versatility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1115-1121. [PMID: 36336825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Auxin phytohormone has a role in most aspects of the life of a land plant and is found even in ancient plants such as single-cell green algae. Auxin's ubiquitous but specific effects have been mainly explained by the extraordinary ability of plants to interpret spatiotemporal patterns of auxin concentrations via the regulation of gene transcription. This is thought to be achieved through the combinatorial effects of two families of nuclear coreceptor proteins, that is the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 and AUXIN-SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) and AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACID. Recent evidence has suggested transcription-independent roles of TIR1/AFBs localized outside the nucleus and TRANSMEMBRANE KINASE (TMK)-based auxin signaling occurring in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports a coordinated action of the intra- and extranuclear auxin signaling pathways to regulate specific auxin responses. Here, we highlight how auxin signaling acts inside and outside the nucleus for the regulation of growth and morphogenesis and propose that the future direction of auxin biology lies in the elucidation of a new collaborative paradigm of intra- and extranuclear auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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39
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Dubey SM, Han S, Stutzman N, Prigge MJ, Medvecká E, Platre MP, Busch W, Fendrych M, Estelle M. The AFB1 auxin receptor controls the cytoplasmic auxin response pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.04.522696. [PMID: 36711737 PMCID: PMC9881920 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.04.522696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin triggers root growth inhibition within seconds via a non-transcriptional pathway. Among members of the TIR1/AFBs auxin receptor family, AFB1 has a primary role in this rapid response. However, the unique features that confer this specific function have not been identified. Here we show that the N-terminal region of AFB1, including the F-box domain and residues that contribute to auxin binding, are essential and sufficient for its specific role in the rapid response. Substitution of the N-terminal region of AFB1 with that of TIR1 disrupts its distinct cytoplasm-enriched localization and activity in rapid root growth inhibition. Importantly, the N-terminal region of AFB1 is indispensable for auxin-triggered calcium influx which is a prerequisite for rapid root growth inhibition. Furthermore, AFB1 negatively regulates lateral root formation and transcription of auxin-induced genes, suggesting that it plays an inhibitory role in canonical auxin signaling. These results suggest that AFB1 may buffer the transcriptional auxin response while it regulates rapid changes in cell growth that contribute to root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soeun Han
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nathan Stutzman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael J Prigge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,For correspondence: and
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States,For correspondence: and
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40
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Liu H, Zhu R, Shu K, Lv W, Wang S, Wang C. Aluminum stress signaling, response, and adaptive mechanisms in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2057060. [PMID: 35467484 PMCID: PMC9045826 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2057060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 40% of arable land in the world is acidic. Al stress has become a global agricultural problem affecting plant growth and limiting crop production in acidic soils. Plants have evolved different regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to exogenous environmental challenges, such as Al stress, by altering their growth patterns. In the past decades, several key genes involved in plant response to Al stress and the mechanism of Al detoxification have been revealed. However, the signaling pathways of plant response to Al stress and the regulatory mechanism of plant Al tolerance remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the findings of recent studies on the plant Al tolerance mechanism and the molecular regulation mechanism of phytohormones in response to Al stress. This review improves our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plants in response to Al stress and provides a reference for the breeding of Al-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weixiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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41
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Silva RMGD, Marques de Oliveira Moraes V, Marinho Dos Santos VH, Oliveira Granero F, Malaguti Figueiredo CC, Pereira Silva L. Heavy metal accumulation efficiency and subsequent of cytogenotoxicity evaluation in the medicinal plant Equisetum hyemale. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:989-1001. [PMID: 36303438 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2139313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in soils represent a threat to the environment, food safety, as well as human and animal health. The bioaccumulation of these elements in plants might enhance medium- and long-term adverse health risk promoting genetic alterations that lead to dermal, gastrointestinal, circulatory, renal, and brain disorders. The present study aimed to determine the bioaccumulation potential and cytogenotoxic effect of Equisetum hyemale extracts. E. hyemale seedlings were divided into two groups: exposed group (plants cultivated in soil with heavy metals solution) and control (plants cultivated in soil with distilled water). Heavy metals were quantified in the cultivation soils (control and exposed) and extracts (ethanolic and infusion) of vegetative parts from E. hyemale cultivated in both soils. Root length and cytogenotoxic effect were determined utilizing Allium cepa bioassay. Data demonstrated that Equisetum hyemale present the ability to absorb and bioaccumulate different heavy metals including lead, copper, cobalt manganese, zinc, iron and chromium. Given this property E. hyemale may be considered a reliable bioindicator to assess cytogenotoxicity of certain substances that exert adverse risks to environment and human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Phytotherapic and Natural Products, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Wong A, Bi C, Chi W, Hu N, Gehring C. Amino acid motifs for the identification of novel protein interactants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:326-334. [PMID: 36582434 PMCID: PMC9791077 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems consist of multiple components of different physical and chemical properties that require complex and dynamic regulatory loops to function efficiently. The discovery of ever more novel interacting sites in complex proteins suggests that we are only beginning to understand how cellular and biological functions are integrated and tuned at the molecular and systems levels. Here we review recently discovered interacting sites which have been identified through rationally designed amino acid motifs diagnostic for specific molecular functions, including enzymatic activities and ligand-binding properties. We specifically discuss the nature of the latter using as examples, novel hormone recognition and gas sensing sites that occur in moonlighting protein complexes. Drawing evidence from the current literature, we discuss the potential implications at the cellular, tissue, and/or organismal levels of such non-catalytic interacting sites and provide several promising avenues for the expansion of amino acid motif searches to discover hitherto unknown protein interactants and interaction networks. We believe this knowledge will unearth unexpected functions in both new and well-characterized proteins, thus filling existing conceptual gaps or opening new avenues for applications either as drug targets or tools in pharmacology, cell biology and bio-catalysis. Beyond this, motif searches may also support the design of novel, effective and sustainable approaches to crop improvements and the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Ningxin Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06121, Italy,Corresponding author.
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43
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Wong A, Tian X, Yang Y, Gehring C. Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB links cAMP to auxin-dependent responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1838-1840. [PMID: 36419358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Ouhai, Wenzhou 325060, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06121, Italy.
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44
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Qi L, Kwiatkowski M, Chen H, Hoermayer L, Sinclair S, Zou M, Del Genio CI, Kubeš MF, Napier R, Jaworski K, Friml J. Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants. Nature 2022; 611:133-138. [PMID: 36289340 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is the major coordinative signal in plant development1, mediating transcriptional reprogramming by a well-established canonical signalling pathway. TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1)/AUXIN-SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) auxin receptors are F-box subunits of ubiquitin ligase complexes. In response to auxin, they associate with Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and target them for degradation via ubiquitination2,3. Here we identify adenylate cyclase (AC) activity as an additional function of TIR1/AFB receptors across land plants. Auxin, together with Aux/IAAs, stimulates cAMP production. Three separate mutations in the AC motif of the TIR1 C-terminal region, all of which abolish the AC activity, each render TIR1 ineffective in mediating gravitropism and sustained auxin-induced root growth inhibition, and also affect auxin-induced transcriptional regulation. These results highlight the importance of TIR1/AFB AC activity in canonical auxin signalling. They also identify a unique phytohormone receptor cassette combining F-box and AC motifs, and the role of cAMP as a second messenger in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mateusz Kwiatkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Scott Sinclair
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Readiness and Response Directorate, Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Minxia Zou
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Charo I Del Genio
- Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin F Kubeš
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Krzysztof Jaworski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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45
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ABP1-TMK auxin perception for global phosphorylation and auxin canalization. Nature 2022; 609:575-581. [PMID: 36071161 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin triggers transcriptional reprogramming through a well-characterized perception machinery in the nucleus. By contrast, mechanisms that underlie fast effects of auxin, such as the regulation of ion fluxes, rapid phosphorylation of proteins or auxin feedback on its transport, remain unclear1-3. Whether auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is an auxin receptor has been a source of debate for decades1,4. Here we show that a fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana ABP1 is secreted and binds auxin specifically at an acidic pH that is typical of the apoplast. ABP1 and its plasma-membrane-localized partner, transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1), are required for the auxin-induced ultrafast global phospho-response and for downstream processes that include the activation of H+-ATPase and accelerated cytoplasmic streaming. abp1 and tmk mutants cannot establish auxin-transporting channels and show defective auxin-induced vasculature formation and regeneration. An ABP1(M2X) variant that lacks the capacity to bind auxin is unable to complement these defects in abp1 mutants. These data indicate that ABP1 is the auxin receptor for TMK1-based cell-surface signalling, which mediates the global phospho-response and auxin canalization.
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46
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RALF1 peptide triggers biphasic root growth inhibition upstream of auxin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121058119. [PMID: 35878023 PMCID: PMC9351349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121058119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell growth responds rapidly to various stimuli, adapting architecture to environmental changes. Two major endogenous signals regulating growth are the phytohormone auxin and the secreted peptides rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs). Both trigger very rapid cellular responses and also exert long-term effects [Du et al., Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 71, 379-402 (2020); Blackburn et al., Plant Physiol. 182, 1657-1666 (2020)]. However, the way, in which these distinct signaling pathways converge to regulate growth, remains unknown. Here, using vertical confocal microscopy combined with a microfluidic chip, we addressed the mechanism of RALF action on growth. We observed correlation between RALF1-induced rapid Arabidopsis thaliana root growth inhibition and apoplast alkalinization during the initial phase of the response, and revealed that RALF1 reversibly inhibits primary root growth through apoplast alkalinization faster than within 1 min. This rapid apoplast alkalinization was the result of RALF1-induced net H+ influx and was mediated by the receptor FERONIA (FER). Furthermore, we investigated the cross-talk between RALF1 and the auxin signaling pathways during root growth regulation. The results showed that RALF-FER signaling triggered auxin signaling with a delay of approximately 1 h by up-regulating auxin biosynthesis, thus contributing to sustained RALF1-induced growth inhibition. This biphasic RALF1 action on growth allows plants to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli and also reprogram growth and development in the long term.
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Chen B, Ding Z, Zhou X, Wang Y, Huang F, Sun J, Chen J, Han W. Integrated Full-Length Transcriptome and MicroRNA Sequencing Approaches Provide Insights Into Salt Tolerance in Mangrove ( Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.). Front Genet 2022; 13:932832. [PMID: 35899202 PMCID: PMC9310009 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.932832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that serve as key players in plant stress responses. Although stress-regulated miRNAs have been explored in various plants, they are not well studied in mangroves. Herein, we combined PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) with BGISEQ short-read RNA-seq to probe the role of miRNAs in the salt stress response of the mangrove plant, Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. A total of 1,702,463 circular consensus sequencing reads were generated that produced 295,501 nonredundant full-length transcripts from the leaves of a 1-year-old S. apetala. After sequencing nine small RNA libraries constructed from control and 1- and 28-day 300 mM NaCl treatments, we identified 143 miRNAs (114 known and 29 novel) from a total of >261 million short reads. With the criteria of |log2FC| ≥ 1 and q-value < 0.05, 42 and 70 miRNAs were differentially accumulated after 1- and 28-day salt treatments, respectively. These differential accumulated miRNAs potentially targeted salt-responsive genes encoding transcription factors, ion homeostasis, osmotic protection, and detoxificant-related proteins, reminiscent of their responsibility for salinity adaptation in S. apetala. Particularly, 62 miRNAs were Sonneratia specific under salt stress, of which 34 were co-expressed with their 131 predicted targets, thus producing 140 miRNA-target interactions. Of these, 82 miRNA-target pairs exhibited negative correlations. Eighteen miRNA targets were categorized for the 'environmental information processing' during KEGG analysis and were related to plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075), MAPK signaling pathway-plant (ko04016), and ABC transporters (ko02010). These results underscored miRNAs as possible contributors to mangrove success in severe environments and offer insights into an miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of salt response in S. apetala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zeyi Ding
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Weidong Han
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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48
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Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Moravsky L, Matejčík Š. Effect of ion source polarity and dopants on the detection of auxin plant hormones by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6259-6269. [PMID: 35794348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) equipped with a corona discharge (CD) ion source was used for measurement of three auxin plant hormones including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The measurements were performed in both positive and negative polarities of the CD ion source. Dopant gases NH3, CCl4, and CHBr3 were used to modify the ionization mechanism. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) orthogonal to the IMS cell was used for identification of the product ions. Density functional theory was used to rationalize formation of the ions, theoretically. The mixtures of the auxins were analyzed by CD-IMS. The separation performance depended on the ion polarity and the dopants. In the positive polarity without dopants, auxins were ionized via protonation and three distinguished peaks were observed. Application of NH3 dopant resulted in two ionization channels, protonation, and NH4+ attachment leading to peak overlapping. In the negative polarity, two ionization reactions were operative, via deprotonation and O2- attachment. The separation of the monomer peaks was not achieved while the peaks of anionic dimers [2 M-H]- were separated well. The best LOD (4 ng) was obtained in negative polarity with CCl4 dopant. Methylation (esterification) of IAA improved LODs by about one order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ilbeigi
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ladislav Moravsky
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Devi LL, Pandey A, Gupta S, Singh AP. The interplay of auxin and brassinosteroid signaling tunes root growth under low and different nitrogen forms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1757-1773. [PMID: 35377445 PMCID: PMC9237728 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated signaling activity of auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) is critical for optimal plant growth and development. Nutrient-derived signals regulate root growth by modulating the levels and spatial distribution of growth hormones to optimize nutrient uptake and assimilation. However, the effect of the interaction of these two hormones and their signaling on root plasticity during low and differential availability of nitrogen (N) forms (NH4+/NO3-) remains elusive. We demonstrate that root elongation under low N (LN) is an outcome of the interdependent activity of auxin and BR signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). LN promotes root elongation by increasing BR-induced auxin transport activity in the roots. Increased nuclear auxin signaling and its transport efficiency have a distinct impact on root elongation under LN conditions. High auxin levels reversibly inhibit BR signaling via BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1. Using the tissue-specific approach, we show that BR signaling from root vasculature (stele) tissues is sufficient to promote cell elongation and, hence, root growth under LN condition. Further, we show that N form-defined root growth attenuation or enhancement depends on the fine balance of BR and auxin signaling activity. NH4+ as a sole N source represses BR signaling and response, which in turn inhibits auxin response and transport, whereas NO3- promotes root elongation in a BR signaling-dependent manner. In this study, we demonstrate the interplay of auxin and BR-derived signals, which are critical for root growth in a heterogeneous N environment and appear essential for root N foraging response and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshika Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shreya Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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