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Heni M. The insulin resistant brain: impact on whole-body metabolism and body fat distribution. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1181-1191. [PMID: 38363340 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Insulin exerts its actions not only on peripheral organs but is also transported into the brain where it performs distinct functions in various brain regions. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of insulin's actions within the brain, with a specific emphasis on investigations in humans. It summarises current knowledge on the transport of insulin into the brain. Subsequently, it showcases robust evidence demonstrating the existence and physiological consequences of brain insulin action, while also introducing the presence of brain insulin resistance in humans. This pathophysiological condition goes along with an impaired acute modulation of peripheral metabolism in response to brain insulin action, particularly in the postprandial state. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with long-term adiposity and an unfavourable adipose tissue distribution, thus implicating it in the pathogenesis of subgroups of obesity and (pre)diabetes that are characterised by distinct patterns of body fat distribution. Encouragingly, emerging evidence suggests that brain insulin resistance could represent a treatable entity, thereby opening up novel therapeutic avenues to improve systemic metabolism and enhance brain functions, including cognition. The review closes with an outlook towards prospective research directions aimed at further elucidating the clinical implications of brain insulin resistance. It emphasises the critical need to establish feasible diagnostic measures and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Yan M, Su L, Wu K, Mei Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Zeng W, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Cai G, Bai Y. USP7 promotes cardiometabolic disorders and mitochondrial homeostasis dysfunction in diabetic mice via stabilizing PGC1β. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107235. [PMID: 38815879 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major complication of diabetes and is characterized by left ventricular dysfunction. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments for DCM. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) plays a key role in various diseases. However, whether USP7 is involved in DCM has not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that USP7 was upregulated in diabetic mouse hearts and NMCMs co-treated with HG+PA or H9c2 cells treated with PA. Abnormalities in diabetic heart morphology and function were reversed by USP7 silencing through conditional gene knockout or chemical inhibition. Proteomic analysis coupled with biochemical validation confirmed that PCG1β was one of the direct protein substrates of USP7 and aggravated myocardial damage through coactivation of the PPARα signaling pathway. USP7 silencing restored the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related proteins and restored mitochondrial homeostasis by inhibiting mitochondrial fission and promoting fusion events. Similar effects were also observed in vitro. Our data demonstrated that USP7 promoted cardiometabolic metabolism disorders and mitochondrial homeostasis dysfunction via stabilizing PCG1β and suggested that silencing USP7 may be a therapeutic strategy for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Yan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liyan Su
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Kaile Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Zeng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfei Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guida Cai
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Chronic Disease Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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3
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Yang Y, Liang S, Liu J, Man M, Si Y, Jia D, Li J, Tian X, Li L. Triglyceride-glucose index as a potential predictor for in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter, case-control study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:385. [PMID: 38693481 PMCID: PMC11061935 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and the prognosis of ischemic stroke has been well established. This study aims to assess the influence of the TyG index on the clinical outcomes of critically ill individuals suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS Patients diagnosed with ICH were retrospectively retrieved from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) and the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). Various statistical methods, including restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression, multivariable logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis, were employed to examine the relationship between the TyG index and the primary outcomes of ICH. RESULTS A total of 791 patients from MIMIC-IV and 1,113 ones from eICU-CRD were analyzed. In MIMIC-IV, the in-hospital and ICU mortality rates were 14% and 10%, respectively, while in eICU-CRD, they were 16% and 8%. Results of the RCS regression revealed a consistent linear relationship between the TyG index and the risk of in-hospital and ICU mortality across the entire study population of both databases. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant positive association between the TyG index and the likelihood of in-hospital and ICU death among ICH patients in both databases. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis further revealed an interaction between patients' age and the TyG index in relation to in-hospital and ICU mortality among ICH patients. Notably, for patients over 60 years old, the association between the TyG index and the risk of in-hospital and ICU mortality was more pronounced compared to the overall study population in both MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD databases, suggesting a synergistic effect between old age (over 60 years) and the TyG index on the in-hospital and ICU mortality of patients with ICH. CONCLUSIONS This study established a positive correlation between the TyG index and the risk of in-hospital and ICU mortality in patients over 60 years who diagnosed with ICH, suggesting that the TyG index holds promise as an indicator for risk stratification in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shengru Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jiangdong Liu
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Minghao Man
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yue Si
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dengfeng Jia
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaoxi Tian
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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4
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Sun M, Liu M, Zhang F, Sang L, Song Y, Li P, Liu S, Yang H, Ma L, Cao J, Mi W, Ma Y. Triglyceride-glucose index predicts postoperative delirium in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:107. [PMID: 38622624 PMCID: PMC11017528 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative delirium (POD) is more prevalent among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance (IR) can be assessed using the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a novel biomarker. This study aims to investigate the predictive potential of the TyG index for POD in elderly patients with T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Elderly patients (≥ 65) with T2DM who underwent non-neurosurgery and non-cardiac surgery were enrolled. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between the TyG index and POD. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to compare the sex-specific differences in the predictive ability of the TyG index for POD. RESULTS A total of 4566 patients were included in this retrospective cohort. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined the optimal cut-off value for the TyG index to be 8.678. In the univariate model, a TyG index > 8.678 exhibited an odds ratio (OR) of 1.668 (95% CI: 1.210-2.324, P = 0.002) for predicting POD. In the multivariate regression models, the ORs were 1.590 (95% CI: 1.133-2.252, P < 0.008), 1.661 (95% CI: 1.199-2.325, P < 0.003), and 1.603 (95% CI: 1.137-2.283, P = 0.008) for different models. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the predictive ability of the TyG index was more pronounced in females compared to males. CONCLUSION The TyG index shows promise as a novel biomarker for predicting the occurrence of POD in elderly surgical patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
- Nation Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min Liu
- Nation Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Faqiang Zhang
- Nation Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lijuan Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huikai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Libin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Nation Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Nation Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Binda S, Tremblay A, Iqbal UH, Kassem O, Le Barz M, Thomas V, Bronner S, Perrot T, Ismail N, Parker J. Psychobiotics and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Where Do We Go from Here? Microorganisms 2024; 12:634. [PMID: 38674579 PMCID: PMC11052108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the nervous system is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The MGBA controls the complex interactions between the brain, the enteric nervous system, the gut-associated immune system, and the enteric neuroendocrine systems, regulating key physiological functions such as the immune response, sleep, emotions and mood, food intake, and intestinal functions. Psychobiotics are considered tools with the potential to modulate the MGBA through preventive, adjunctive, or curative approaches, but their specific mechanisms of action on many aspects of health are yet to be characterized. This narrative review and perspectives article highlights the key paradigms needing attention as the scope of potential probiotics applications in human health increases, with a growing body of evidence supporting their systemic beneficial effects. However, there are many limitations to overcome before establishing the extent to which we can incorporate probiotics in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although this article uses the term probiotics in a general manner, it remains important to study probiotics at the strain level in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Annie Tremblay
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Umar Haris Iqbal
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Ola Kassem
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Thomas
- Lallemand Health Solutions, 19 Rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac, France; (M.L.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Stéphane Bronner
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Lallemand Health Solutions, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; (A.T.); (U.H.I.); (O.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Tara Perrot
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - J.Alex Parker
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
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Wang MN, Zhai MX, Wang YT, Dai QF, Liu L, Zhao LP, Xia QY, Li S, Li B. Mechanism of Acupuncture in Treating Obesity: Advances and Prospects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:1-33. [PMID: 38351701 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a common metabolic syndrome that causes a significant burden on individuals and society. Conventional therapies include lifestyle interventions, bariatric surgery, and pharmacological therapies, which are not effective and have a high risk of adverse events. Acupuncture is an effective alternative for obesity, it modulates the hypothalamus, sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity, obesity-related hormones (leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and CCK), the brain-gut axis, inflammatory status, adipose tissue browning, muscle blood flow, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to influence metabolism, eating behavior, motivation, cognition, and the reward system. However, hypothalamic regulation by acupuncture should be further demonstrated in human studies using novel techniques, such as functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalogram (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Moreover, a longer follow-up phase of clinical trials is required to detect the long-term effects of acupuncture. Also, future studies should investigate the optimal acupuncture therapeutic option for obesity. This review aims to consolidate the recent improvements in the mechanism of acupuncture for obesity as well as discuss the future research prospects and potential of acupuncture for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Xin Zhai
- Yinghai Hospital, Daxing District, Beijing 100163, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tong Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Fu Dai
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Luo-Peng Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yu Xia
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, P. R. China
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Wang W, Li J, Cui S, Li J, Ye X, Wang Z, Zhang T, Jiang X, Kong Y, Chen X, Chen YQ, Zhu S. Microglial Ffar4 deficiency promotes cognitive impairment in the context of metabolic syndrome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7813. [PMID: 38306420 PMCID: PMC10836723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment, and a complex interaction of genetic and environmental dietary factors may be implicated. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) may bridge the genetic and dietary aspects of MetS development. However, the role of Ffar4 in MetS-related cognitive dysfunction is unclear. In this study, we found that Ffar4 expression is down-regulated in MetS mice and MetS patients with cognitive impairment. Conventional and microglial conditional knockout of Ffar4 exacerbated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety, whereas microglial Ffar4 overexpression improved HFD-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety. Mechanistically, we found that microglial Ffar4 regulated microglial activation through type I interferon signaling. Microglial depletion and NF-κB inhibition partially reversed cognitive dysfunction and anxiety in microglia-specific Ffar4 knockout MetS mice. Together, these findings uncover a previously unappreciated role of Ffar4 in negatively regulating the NF-κB-IFN-β signaling and provide an attractive therapeutic target for delaying MetS-associated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jinyou Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Siyuan Cui
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Yulin Kong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
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8
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Nijssen KM, Mensink RP, Plat J, Ivanov D, Preissl H, Joris PJ. Mixed nut consumption improves brain insulin sensitivity: a randomized, single-blinded, controlled, crossover trial in older adults with overweight or obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:314-323. [PMID: 38128733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving brain insulin sensitivity, which can be assessed by measuring regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to intranasal insulin, may prevent age-related metabolic and cognitive diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate longer-term effects of mixed nuts on brain insulin sensitivity in older individuals with overweight/obesity. METHODS In a randomized, single-blinded, controlled, crossover trial, 28 healthy adults (mean ± standard deviation: 65 ± 3 years; body mass index: 27.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2) received either daily 60-g mixed nuts (15 g of walnuts, pistachio, cashew, and hazelnuts) or no nuts (control) for 16 weeks, separated by an 8-week washout period. Throughout the study, participants were instructed to adhere to the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. During follow-up, brain insulin action was assessed by quantifying acute effects of intranasal insulin on regional CBF using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test), intrahepatic lipids, and cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed. RESULTS Body weight and composition did not change. Compared with control, mixed nut consumption improved regional brain insulin action in 5 clusters located in the left (difference in CBF responses to intranasal insulin: -4.5 ± 4.7 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001; -4.6 ± 4.8 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001; and -4.3 ± 3.6 mL/100 g/min; P = 0.007) and right occipital lobes (-4.3 ± 5.6 mL/100 g/min; and -3.9 ± 4.9 mL/100 g/min; P = 0.028). A fifth cluster was part of the left frontal lobe (-5.0 ± 4.6 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001). Peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected. Intrahepatic lipid content (-0.7%-point; 95% CI: -1.3%-point to -0.1%-point; P = 0.027), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (-0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.04 mmol/L; P = 0.019), and systolic blood pressure (-5 mm Hg; 95% CI: -8 to -1 mm Hg; P = 0.006) were lower after the mixed nut intervention. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term mixed nut consumption affected insulin action in brain regions involved in the modulation of metabolic and cognitive processes in older adults with overweight/obesity. Intrahepatic lipid content and different cardiometabolic risk markers also improved, but peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04210869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mr Nijssen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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9
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Zhang X, Zhao D, Guo S, Yang J, Liu Y. Association between triglyceride glucose index and depression in hypertensive population. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2024; 26:177-186. [PMID: 38240354 PMCID: PMC10857486 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that hypertensive individuals have a greater risk of developing depression, and depression can also increase the incidence of hypertension. In the hypertensive population, the association between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and depression remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between TyG index and depression in hypertensive people through the cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018). To assess the relationship between TyG index and depression in hypertensive population, we conducted weighted multiple logistic regression models and used a generalized additive model to probe for nonlinear correlations. In addition, we employed a recursive algorithm to determine the inflection point and established a two-piece linear regression model. This study enrolled 5897 individuals. In the model adjusted for all covariates, the ORs (95% CI) for the relationship between TyG index and depression in hypertensive population were 1.32 (1.12-1.54). A nonlinear association was found between TyG index and depression, with an inflection point at 8.7. After the inflection point, the ORs (95% CI) were 1.44 (1.15-1.79). Only the interaction with the obese population was statistically significant. Our study highlighted a nonlinear association between TyG index and depression in American hypertensive adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
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10
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Sun HY, Lin XY. Analysis of the management and therapeutic performance of diabetes mellitus employing special target. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1721-1737. [PMID: 38222785 PMCID: PMC10784800 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized predominantly by hyperglycemia. The most common causes contributing to the pathophysiology of diabetes are insufficient insulin secretion, resistance to insulin's tissue-acting effects, or a combination of both. Over the last 30 years, the global prevalence of diabetes increased from 4% to 6.4%. If no better treatment or cure is found, this amount might climb to 430 million in the coming years. The major factors of the disease's deterioration include age, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Finding new therapies to manage diabetes safely and effectively without jeopardizing patient compliance has always been essential. Among the medications available to manage DM on this journey are glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, thiazolidinediones, sulphonyl urease, glinides, biguanides, and insulin-targeting receptors discovered more than 10 years ago. Despite the extensive preliminary studies, a few clinical observations suggest this process is still in its early stages. The present review focuses on targets that contribute to insulin regulation and may be employed as targets in treating diabetes since they may be more efficient and secure than current and traditional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, Shandong Province, China
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11
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González-Vila A, Luengo-Mateos M, Silveira-Loureiro M, Garrido-Gil P, Ohinska N, González-Domínguez M, Labandeira-García JL, García-Cáceres C, López M, Barca-Mayo O. Astrocytic insulin receptor controls circadian behavior via dopamine signaling in a sexually dimorphic manner. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8175. [PMID: 38071352 PMCID: PMC10710518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian clocks respond to feeding and light cues, adjusting internal rhythms with day/night cycles. Astrocytes serve as circadian timekeepers, driving daily physiological rhythms; however, it's unknown how they ensure precise cycle-to-cycle rhythmicity. This is critical for understanding why mistimed or erratic feeding, as in shift work, disrupts circadian physiology- a condition linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we show that astrocytic insulin signaling sets the free-running period of locomotor activity in female mice and food entrainment in male mice. Additionally, ablating the insulin receptor in hypothalamic astrocytes alters cyclic energy homeostasis differently in male and female mice. Remarkably, the mutants exhibit altered dopamine metabolism, and the pharmacological modulation of dopaminergic signaling partially restores distinct circadian traits in both male and female mutant mice. Our findings highlight the role of astrocytic insulin-dopaminergic signaling in conveying time-of-feeding or lighting cues to the astrocyte clock, thus governing circadian behavior in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía González-Vila
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Luengo-Mateos
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Silveira-Loureiro
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Department of Morphological Science, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nataliia Ohinska
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Marco González-Domínguez
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Labandeira-García
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Department of Morphological Science, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Munich & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Olga Barca-Mayo
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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12
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Starling S. Brain insulin action in women. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:683. [PMID: 37814002 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
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13
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Khilazheva ED, Mosiagina AI, Panina YA, Belozor OS, Komleva YK. Impact of NLRP3 Depletion on Aging-Related Metaflammation, Cognitive Function, and Social Behavior in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16580. [PMID: 38068904 PMCID: PMC10705877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence and chronic inflammation associated with old age accompany brain aging and the loss of complex behaviors. Neuroinflammation in the hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the development of cognitive impairment and anxiety. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. In this study, we aimed to investigate the disruption of insulin signaling and the mechanisms underlying metabolic inflammation ("metaflammation") in the brains of wild-type (WT) and NLRP3 knockout (KO) mice of different ages. We found a significant upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus during aging, leading to an increase in the expression of phosphorylated metaflammation proteinases and inflammatory markers, along with an increase in the number of senescent cells. Additionally, metaflammation causes anxiety and impairs social preference behavior in aged mice. On the other hand, deletion of NLRP3 improves some behavioral and biochemical characteristics associated with aging, such as signal memory, neuroinflammation, and metabolic inflammation, but not anxious behavior. These results are associated with reduced IL-18 signaling and the PKR/IKKβ/IRS1 pathway as well as the SASP phenotype. In NLRP3 gene deletion conditions, PKR is down-regulated. Therefore, it is likely that slowing aging through various NLRP3 inhibition mechanisms will lessen the corresponding cognitive decline with aging. Thus, the genetic knockout of the NLRP3 inflammasome can be seen as a new therapeutic strategy for slowing down central nervous system (CNS) aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena D. Khilazheva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia (A.I.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Angelina I. Mosiagina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia (A.I.M.)
| | - Yulia A. Panina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia (A.I.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Olga S. Belozor
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia (A.I.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Yulia K. Komleva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia (A.I.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Professor V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
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14
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Ebrahimi M, Thompson P, Lauer AK, Sivaprasad S, Perry G. The retina-brain axis and diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023; 33:2079-2095. [PMID: 37259525 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231172229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major contributor to permanent vision loss and blindness. Changes in retinal neurons, glia, and microvasculature have been the focus of intensive study in the quest to better understand DR. However, the impact of diabetes on the rest of the visual system has received less attention. There are reports of associations of changes in the visual system with preclinical and clinical manifestations of diabetes. Simultaneous investigation of the retina and the brain may shed light on the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in diabetics. Additionally, investigating the links between DR and other neurodegenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease may reveal shared mechanisms for neurodegeneration and potential therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas K Lauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute of Health and Care Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas and San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Dave BP, Shah YB, Maheshwari KG, Mansuri KA, Prajapati BS, Postwala HI, Chorawala MR. Pathophysiological Aspects and Therapeutic Armamentarium of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3847-3884. [PMID: 37725199 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and is characterized by the death of brain cells due to the accumulation of insoluble amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles within the cells. AD is also associated with other pathologies such as neuroinflammation, dysfunction of synaptic connections and circuits, disorders in mitochondrial function and energy production, epigenetic changes, and abnormalities in the vascular system. Despite extensive research conducted over the last hundred years, little is established about what causes AD or how to effectively treat it. Given the severity of the disease and the increasing number of affected individuals, there is a critical need to discover effective medications for AD. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several new drug molecules for AD management since 2003, but these drugs only provide temporary relief of symptoms and do not address the underlying causes of the disease. Currently, available medications focus on correcting the neurotransmitter disruption observed in AD, including cholinesterase inhibitors and an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which temporarily alleviates the signs of dementia but does not prevent or reverse the course of AD. Research towards disease-modifying AD treatments is currently underway, including gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy. These innovative approaches aim to target the underlying pathological processes of AD rather than just managing the symptoms. This review discusses the novel aspects of pathogenesis involved in the causation of AD of AD and in recent developments in the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of AD such as gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Yesha B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kunal G Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kaif A Mansuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Bhadrawati S Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Humzah I Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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16
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García-Bermúdez MY, Vohra R, Freude K, van Wijngaarden P, Martin K, Thomsen MS, Aldana BI, Kolko M. Potential Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15834. [PMID: 37958816 PMCID: PMC10649108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a major diagnostic challenge, as early detection is crucial for effective intervention. This review examines the diagnostic challenges facing current AD evaluations and explores the emerging field of retinal alterations as early indicators. Recognizing the potential of the retina as a noninvasive window to the brain, we emphasize the importance of identifying retinal biomarkers in the early stages of AD. However, the examination of AD is not without its challenges, as the similarities shared with other retinal diseases introduce complexity in the search for AD-specific markers. In this review, we address the relevance of using the retina for the early diagnosis of AD and the complex challenges associated with the search for AD-specific retinal biomarkers. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and highlight avenues for progress in AD diagnosis by retinal examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models and Embryology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Keith Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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17
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Spoelder M, Bright Y, Morrison MC, van Kempen V, de Groodt L, Begalli M, Schuijt N, Kruiger E, Bulthuis R, Gross G, Kleemann R, van Diepen JA, Homberg JR. Cognitive Performance during the Development of Diabetes in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Cells 2023; 12:2463. [PMID: 37887307 PMCID: PMC10605915 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased insulin levels may support the development of neural circuits involved in cognition, while chronic mild inflammation may also result in cognitive impairment. This study aimed to gain more insight into whether cognition is already impacted during adolescence in a genetic rat model for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Visual discrimination learning throughout adolescence and the level of motivation during early adulthood were investigated in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) obese and ZDF lean rats using operant touchscreens. Blood glucose, insulin, and lipids were longitudinally analyzed. Histological analyses were performed in the liver, white adipose tissues, and the prefrontal cortex. Prior to the experiments with the genetic ZDF research model, all experimental assays were performed in two groups of outbred Long Evans rats to investigate the effect of different feeding circumstances. Adolescent ZDF obese rats outperformed ZDF lean rats on visual discrimination performance. During the longitudinal cognitive testing period, insulin levels sharply increased over weeks in ZDF obese rats and were significantly enhanced from 6 weeks of age onwards. Early signs of liver steatosis and enlarged adipocytes in white adipose tissue were observed in early adult ZDF obese rats. Histological analyses in early adulthood showed no group differences in the number of prefrontal cortex neurons and microglia, nor PSD95 and SIRT1 mRNA expression levels. Together, our data show that adolescent ZDF obese rats even display enhanced cognition despite their early diabetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Yami Bright
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Sylviusweg 71, 2333 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle van Kempen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Lilian de Groodt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Malvina Begalli
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Nikita Schuijt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Eva Kruiger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Ronald Bulthuis
- Metris B.V., Kruisweg 829c, 2132 NG Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Sylviusweg 71, 2333 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janna A. van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
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18
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Vestergaard MB, Laursen JC, Heinrich NS, Rossing P, Hansen TW, Larsson HBW. Patients with type 1 diabetes and albuminuria have a reduced brain glycolytic capability that is correlated with brain atrophy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1229509. [PMID: 37869511 PMCID: PMC10585154 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1229509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) demonstrate brain alterations, including white matter lesions and cerebral atrophy. In this case-control study, we investigated if a reason for this atrophy could be because of diabetes-related complications affecting cerebrovascular or cerebral glycolytic functions. Cerebral physiological dysfunction can lead to energy deficiencies and, consequently, neurodegeneration. Methods We examined 33 patients with T1D [18 females, mean age: 50.8 years (range: 26-72)] and 19 matched healthy controls [7 females, mean age: 45.0 years (range: 24-64)]. Eleven (33%) of the patients had albuminuria. Total brain volume, brain parenchymal fraction, gray matter volume and white matter volume were measured by anatomical MRI. Cerebral vascular and glycolytic functions were investigated by measuring global cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral lactate concentration in response to the inhalation of hypoxic air (12-14% fractional oxygen) using phase-contrast MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques. The inspiration of hypoxic air challenges both cerebrovascular and cerebral glycolytic physiology, and an impaired response will reveal a physiologic dysfunction. Results Patients with T1D and albuminuria had lower total brain volume, brain parenchymal fraction, and gray matter volume than healthy controls and patients without albuminuria. The inhalation of hypoxic air increased CBF and lactate in all groups. Patients with albuminuria had a significantly (p = 0.032) lower lactate response compared to healthy controls. The CBF response was lower in patients with albuminuria compared to healthy controls, however not significantly (p = 0.24) different. CMRO2 was unaffected by the hypoxic challenge in all groups (p > 0.16). A low lactate response was associated with brain atrophy, characterized by reduced total brain volume (p = 0.003) and reduced gray matter volume (p = 0.013). Discussion We observed a reduced response of the lactate concentration as an indication of impaired glycolytic activity, which correlated with brain atrophy. Inadequacies in upregulating cerebral glycolytic activity, perhaps from reduced glucose transporters in the brain or hypoxia-inducible factor 1 pathway dysfunction, could be a complication in diabetes contributing to the development of neurodegeneration and declining brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik B. W. Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Alberry B, Silveira PP. Brain insulin signaling as a potential mediator of early life adversity effects on physical and mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105350. [PMID: 37544390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In numerous brain structures, insulin signaling modulates the homeostatic processes, sensitivity to reward pathways, executive function, memory, and cognition. Through human studies and animal models, mounting evidence implicates central insulin signaling in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological consequences of early life adversity. In this review, we describe the consequences of early life adversity in the brain where insulin signaling is a key factor and how insulin may moderate the effects of adversity on psychiatric and cardio-metabolic health outcomes. Further understanding of how early life adversity and insulin signaling impact specific brain regions and mental and physical health outcomes will assist in prevention, diagnosis, and potential intervention following early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Alberry
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Hummel J, Benkendorff C, Fritsche L, Prystupa K, Vosseler A, Gancheva S, Trenkamp S, Birkenfeld AL, Preissl H, Roden M, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Peter A, Wagner R, Kullmann S, Heni M. Brain insulin action on peripheral insulin sensitivity in women depends on menstrual cycle phase. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1475-1482. [PMID: 37735274 PMCID: PMC10513929 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin action in the human brain modulates eating behaviour, whole-body metabolism and body fat distribution1,2. In particular, brain insulin action increases whole-body insulin sensitivity, but these studies were mainly performed in lean men3,4. Here we investigate metabolic and hypothalamic effects of brain insulin action in women with a focus on the impact of menstrual cycle ( ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03929419 ).Eleven women underwent four hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, two in the follicular phase and two in the luteal phase. Brain insulin action was introduced using nasal insulin spray5-7 and compared to placebo spray in a fourfold crossover design with change in glucose infusion rate as the primary endpoint. Here we show that during the follicular phase, more glucose has to be infused after administration of nasal insulin than after administration of placebo. This remains significant after adjustment for blood glucose and insulin. During the luteal phase, no significant influence of brain insulin action on glucose infusion rate is detected after adjustment for blood glucose and insulin (secondary endpoint). In 15 other women, hypothalamic insulin sensitivity was assessed in a within-subject design by functional magnetic resonance imaging with intranasal insulin administration8. Hypothalamus responsivity is influenced by insulin in the follicular phase but not the luteal phase.Our study therefore highlights that brain insulin action improves peripheral insulin sensitivity also in women but only during the follicular phase. Thus, brain insulin resistance could contribute to whole-body insulin resistance in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hummel
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Charlotte Benkendorff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Prystupa
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Vosseler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Trenkamp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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Bednarik P, Goranovic D, Svatkova A, Niess F, Hingerl L, Strasser B, Deelchand DK, Spurny-Dworak B, Krssak M, Trattnig S, Hangel G, Scherer T, Lanzenberger R, Bogner W. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of deuterated glucose and of neurotransmitter metabolism at 7 T in the human brain. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1001-1013. [PMID: 37106154 PMCID: PMC10861140 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Impaired glucose metabolism in the brain has been linked to several neurological disorders. Positron emission tomography and carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used to quantify the metabolism of glucose, but these methods involve exposure to radiation, cannot quantify downstream metabolism, or have poor spatial resolution. Deuterium MRSI (2H-MRSI) is a non-invasive and safe alternative for the quantification of the metabolism of 2H-labelled substrates such as glucose and their downstream metabolic products, yet it can only measure a limited number of deuterated compounds and requires specialized hardware. Here we show that proton MRSI (1H-MRSI) at 7 T has higher sensitivity, chemical specificity and spatiotemporal resolution than 2H-MRSI. We used 1H-MRSI in five volunteers to differentiate glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid and glucose deuterated at specific molecular positions, and to simultaneously map deuterated and non-deuterated metabolites. 1H-MRSI, which is amenable to clinically available magnetic-resonance hardware, may facilitate the study of glucose metabolism in the brain and its potential roles in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bednarik
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dario Goranovic
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alena Svatkova
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Niess
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Hingerl
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dinesh K Deelchand
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Spurny-Dworak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krssak
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilbert Hangel
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High-Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Dini I, Mancusi A. Weight Loss Supplements. Molecules 2023; 28:5357. [PMID: 37513229 PMCID: PMC10384751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Being overweight or obese can predispose people to chronic diseases and metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular illnesses, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, which are costly public health problems and leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many people hope to solve this problem by using food supplements, as they can be self-prescribed, contain molecules of natural origin considered to be incapable of causing damage to health, and the only sacrifice they require is economic. The market offers supplements containing food plant-derived molecules (e.g., primary and secondary metabolites, vitamins, and fibers), microbes (probiotics), and microbial-derived fractions (postbiotics). They can control lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reduce appetite (interacting with the central nervous system) and adipogenesis, influence intestinal microbiota activity, and increase energy expenditure. Unfortunately, the copious choice of products and different legislation on food supplements worldwide can confuse consumers. This review summarizes the activity and toxicity of dietary supplements for weight control to clarify their potentiality and adverse reactions. A lack of research regarding commercially available supplements has been noted. Supplements containing postbiotic moieties are of particular interest. They are easier to store and transport and are safe even for people with a deficient immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy
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23
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Jin M, Lv P, Liang H, Teng Z, Gao C, Zhang X, Ni A, Cui X, Meng N, Li L. Association of triglyceride-glucose index with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34058. [PMID: 37327285 PMCID: PMC10270554 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been proposed as a new marker for insulin resistance, which is associated with a risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aims to explore whether the TyG index is correlated with MDD. In total, 321 patients with MDD and 325 non-MDD patients were included in the study. The presence of MDD was identified by trained clinical psychiatrists using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. The TyG index was calculated as follows: Ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). The results revealed that the MDD group presented higher TyG index values than the non-MDD group (8.77 [8.34-9.17] vs 8.62 [8.18-9.01], P < .001). We also found significantly higher morbidity of MDD in the highest TyG index group than in the lower TyG index group (59.9% vs 41.4%, P < .001). Binary logistic regression revealed that TyG was an independent risk factor for MDD (odds ratio [OR] 1.750, 95% confidence interval: 1.284-2.384, P < .001). We further assessed the effect of TyG on depression in sex subgroups. The OR was 3.872 (OR 2.014, 95% confidence interval: 1.282-3.164, P = .002) for the subgroup of men. It is suggested that the TyG index could be closely associated with morbidity in MDD patients; thus, it may be a valuable marker for identifying MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Cardiology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenjie Teng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xueru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aihua Ni
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
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24
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Li Y, Chang P, Sankaran S, Jang H, Nie Y, Zeng A, Hussain S, Wu JY, Chen X, Shi L. Bioorthogonal Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging Uncovers Lipid Metabolic Dynamics in Drosophila Brain During Aging. GEN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 2:247-261. [PMID: 37363411 PMCID: PMC10286263 DOI: 10.1089/genbio.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that brain lipid metabolism is associated with biological aging and influenced by dietary and genetic manipulations; however, the underlying mechanisms are elusive. High-resolution imaging techniques propose a novel and potent approach to understanding lipid metabolic dynamics in situ. Applying deuterium water (D2O) probing with stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) microscopy, we revealed that lipid metabolic activity in Drosophila brain decreased with aging in a sex-dependent manner. Female flies showed an earlier occurrence of lipid turnover decrease than males. Dietary restriction (DR) and downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, two scenarios for lifespan extension, led to significant enhancements of brain lipid turnover in old flies. Combining SRS imaging with deuterated bioorthogonal probes (deuterated glucose and deuterated acetate), we discovered that, under DR treatment and downregulation of IIS pathway, brain metabolism shifted to use acetate as a major carbon source for lipid synthesis. For the first time, our study directly visualizes and quantifies spatiotemporal alterations of lipid turnover in Drosophila brain at the single organelle (lipid droplet) level. Our study not only demonstrates a new approach for studying brain lipid metabolic activity in situ but also illuminates the interconnection of aging, dietary, and genetic manipulations on brain lipid metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Phyllis Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shriya Sankaran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hongje Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yuhang Nie
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Audrey Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sahran Hussain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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25
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Becerra LA, Gavrieli A, Khan F, Novak P, Lioutas V, Ngo LH, Novak V, Mantzoros CS. Daily intranasal insulin at 40IU does not affect food intake and body composition: A placebo-controlled trial in older adults over a 24-week period with 24-weeks of follow-up. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:825-834. [PMID: 37084469 PMCID: PMC10330069 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Centrally administered insulin stimulates the reward system to reduce appetite in response to food intake in animal studies. In humans, studies have shown conflicting results, with some studies suggesting that intranasal insulin (INI) in relatively high doses may decrease appetite, body fat, and weight in various populations. These hypotheses have not been tested in a large longitudinal placebo-controlled study. Participants in the Memory Advancement with Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes (MemAID) trial were enrolled in this study. This study on energy homeostasis enrolled 89 participants who completed baseline and at least 1 intervention visit (42 women; age 65 ± 9 years; 46 INI, 38 with type 2 diabetes) and 76 completed treatment (16 women, age 64 ± 9; 38 INI, 34 with type 2 diabetes). The primary outcome was the INI effect on food intake. Secondary outcomes included the effect of INI on appetite and anthropometric measures, including body weight and body composition. In exploratory analyses, we tested the interaction of treatment with gender, body mass index (BMI), and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. There was no INI effect on food intake or any of the secondary outcomes. INI also showed no differential effect on primary and secondary outcomes when considering gender, BMI, and type 2 diabetes. INI did not alter appetite or hunger nor cause weight loss when used at 40 I.U. intranasally daily for 24 weeks in older adults with and without type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aponte Becerra
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Gavrieli
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faizan Khan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Novak
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasileios Lioutas
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long H Ngo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vera Novak
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Wu D, Chen Q, Chen X, Han F, Chen Z, Wang Y. The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:217. [PMID: 37231000 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Recent breakthrough in materials science and nanotechnology provides a library of advanced materials with customized structure and property serving as a powerful toolkit for targeted drug delivery. In-depth research in the field of anatomical and pathological study on brain and BBB further facilitates the development of brain-targeted strategies for enhanced BBB crossing. In this review, the physiological structure and different cells contributing to this barrier are summarized. Various emerging strategies for permeability regulation and BBB crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, membrane coating, stimuli-triggered BBB disruption, and other strategies to overcome BBB obstacle are highlighted. Versatile drug delivery systems ranging from organic, inorganic, and biologics-derived materials with their synthesis procedures and unique physio-chemical properties are summarized and analyzed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive guideline for researchers in diverse fields, offering perspectives on further development of brain-targeted drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
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Metz M, O'Hare J, Cheng B, Puchowicz M, Buettner C, Scherer T. Brain insulin signaling suppresses lipolysis in the absence of peripheral insulin receptors and requires the MAPK pathway. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101723. [PMID: 37100238 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin's ability to counterbalance catecholamine-induced lipolysis defines insulin action in adipose tissue. Insulin suppresses lipolysis directly at the level of the adipocyte and indirectly through signaling in the brain. Here, we further characterized the role of brain insulin signaling in regulating lipolysis and defined the intracellular insulin signaling pathway required for brain insulin to suppress lipolysis. METHODS We used hyperinsulinemic clamp studies coupled with tracer dilution techniques to assess insulin's ability to suppress lipolysis in two different mouse models with inducible insulin receptor depletion in all tissues (IRΔWB) or restricted to peripheral tissues excluding the brain (IRΔPER). To identify the underlying signaling pathway required for brain insulin to inhibit lipolysis, we continuously infused insulin +/- a PI3K or MAPK inhibitor into the mediobasal hypothalamus of male Sprague Dawley rats and assessed lipolysis during clamps. RESULTS Genetic insulin receptor deletion induced marked hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in both IRΔPER and IRΔWB mice. However, the ability of insulin to suppress lipolysis was largely preserved in IRΔPER, but completely obliterated in IRΔWB mice indicating that insulin is still able to suppress lipolysis as long as brain insulin receptors are present. Blocking the MAPK, but not the PI3K pathway impaired the inhibition of lipolysis by brain insulin signaling. CONCLUSION Brain insulin is required for insulin to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis and depends on intact hypothalamic MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Metz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - James O'Hare
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Bob Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106 USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901 USA.
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria; Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA.
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Xu J, Ni B, Ma C, Rong S, Gao H, Zhang L, Xiang X, Huang Q, Deng Q, Huang F. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances hippocampal insulin sensitivity to promote cognitive function of aged rats on a high-fat diet. J Adv Res 2023; 45:31-42. [PMID: 35618634 PMCID: PMC10006543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diminished brain insulin sensitivity is associated with reduced cognitive function. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to maintain normal brain function. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether DHA impacts hippocampal insulin sensitivity and cognitive function in aged rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Eight-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 50 each). Rats in the aged group, HFD group, and DHA treatment group received standard diet (10 kcal% fat), HFD (45 kcal% fat), and DHA-enriched HFD (45 kcal% fat, 1% DHA, W/W) for 10 months, respectively. Four-month-old female rats (n = 40) that received a standard diet served as young controls. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid formation, and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus, as well as systemic glucose homeostasis and cognitive function, were tested. RESULTS DHA treatment relieved a block in the insulin signaling pathway and consequently protected aged rats against HFD-induced hippocampal insulin resistance. The beneficial effects were explained by a DHA-induced decrease in systemic glucose homeostasis dysregulation, hippocampal neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, DHA treatment broke the reciprocal cycle of hippocampal insulin resistance, Aβ burden, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Importantly, treatment of model rats with DHA significantly increased their cognitive capacity, as evidenced by their increased hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, restored neuron morphology, enhanced cholinergic activity, and activated cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein. CONCLUSION DHA improves cognitive function by enhancing hippocampal insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqu Xu
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Ben Ni
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Ma
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, No. 11, Lingjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430015, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xiang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qingde Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China.
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Garcia-Chica J, Paraiso WKD, Zagmutt S, Fosch A, Reguera AC, Alzina S, Sánchez-García L, Fukushima S, Toh K, Casals N, Serra D, Herrero L, Garcia J, Kataoka K, Ariza X, Quader S, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R. Nanomedicine targeting brain lipid metabolism as a feasible approach for controlling the energy balance. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2336-2347. [PMID: 36804651 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeting brain lipid metabolism is a promising strategy to regulate the energy balance and fight metabolic diseases such as obesity. The development of stable platforms for selective delivery of drugs, particularly to the hypothalamus, is a challenge but a possible solution for these metabolic diseases. Attenuating fatty acid oxidation in the hypothalamus via CPT1A inhibition leads to satiety, but this target is difficult to reach in vivo with the current drugs. We propose using an advanced crosslinked polymeric micelle-type nanomedicine that can stably load the CPT1A inhibitor C75-CoA for in vivo control of the energy balance. Central administration of the nanomedicine induced a rapid attenuation of food intake and body weight in mice via regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides and neuronal activation of specific hypothalamic regions driving changes in the liver and adipose tissue. This nanomedicine targeting brain lipid metabolism was successful in the modulation of food intake and peripheral metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Garcia-Chica
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - West Kristian Dizon Paraiso
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - Anna Fosch
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Reguera
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - Sara Alzina
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain.
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Toh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
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De la Cruz-Concepción B, Flores-Cortez YA, Barragán-Bonilla MI, Mendoza-Bello JM, Espinoza-Rojo M. Insulin: A connection between pancreatic β cells and the hypothalamus. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:76-91. [PMID: 36926659 PMCID: PMC10011898 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreatic β cells. The concentration of glucose in circulation is proportional to the secretion of insulin by these cells. In target cells, insulin binds to its receptors and activates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, inducing different mechanisms depending on the cell type. In the liver it activates the synthesis of glycogen, in adipose tissue and muscle it allows the capture of glucose, and in the hypothalamus, it regulates thermogenesis and appetite. Defects in insulin function [insulin resistance (IR)] are related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases in obese people. Furthermore, in obesity and diabetes, its role as an anorexigenic hormone in the hypothalamus is diminished during IR. Therefore, hyperphagia prevails, which aggravates hyper-glycemia and IR further, becoming a vicious circle in which the patient cannot regulate their need to eat. Uncontrolled calorie intake induces an increase in reactive oxygen species, overcoming cellular antioxidant defenses (oxidative stress). Reactive oxygen species activate stress-sensitive kinases, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, that induce phos-phorylation in serine residues in the insulin receptor, which blocks the insulin signaling pathway, continuing the mechanism of IR. The brain and pancreas are organs mainly affected by oxidative stress. The use of drugs that regulate food intake and improve glucose metabolism is the conventional therapy to improve the quality of life of these patients. Currently, the use of antioxidants that regulate oxidative stress has given good results because they reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, and they also have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda De la Cruz-Concepción
- Molecular and Genomic Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Yaccil Adilene Flores-Cortez
- Molecular and Genomic Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Martha Isela Barragán-Bonilla
- Molecular and Genomic Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Juan Miguel Mendoza-Bello
- Molecular and Genomic Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Monica Espinoza-Rojo
- Molecular and Genomic Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
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31
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Della Guardia L, Codella R. Exercise Restores Hypothalamic Health in Obesity by Reshaping the Inflammatory Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020297. [PMID: 36829858 PMCID: PMC9951965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overnutrition induce inflammation, leptin-, and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. The mediobasal hypothalamus responds to exercise enabling critical adaptions at molecular and cellular level that positively impact local inflammation. This review discusses the positive effect of exercise on obesity-induced hypothalamic dysfunction, highlighting the mechanistic aspects related to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. In HFD-fed animals, both acute and chronic moderate-intensity exercise mitigate microgliosis and lower inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Notably, this associates with restored leptin sensitivity and lower food intake. Exercise-induced cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 mediate part of these positive effect on the ARC in obese animals. The reduction of obesity-associated pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., FFAs, TNFα, resistin, and AGEs), and the improvement in the gut-brain axis represent alternative paths through which regular exercise can mitigate hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that the regular practice of exercise can restore a proper functionality in the hypothalamus in obesity. Further analysis investigating the crosstalk muscle-hypothalamus would help toward a deeper comprehension of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50330356
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32
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Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: The Emerging Role of Cellular Lipotoxicity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010183. [PMID: 36671568 PMCID: PMC9855893 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's diseases (AD) represent major health issues that have reached alarming levels in the last decades. Although growing evidence demonstrates that AD is a significant comorbidity of T2D, and there is a ~1.4-2-fold increase in the risk of developing AD among T2D patients, the involvement of possible common triggers in the pathogenesis of these two diseases remains largely unknown. Of note, recent mechanistic insights suggest that lipotoxicity could represent the missing ring in the pathogenetic mechanisms linking T2D to AD. Indeed, obesity, which represents the main cause of lipotoxicity, has been recognized as a major risk factor for both pathological conditions. Lipotoxicity can lead to inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, ceramide and amyloid accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ferroptosis, and autophagy, which are shared biological events in the pathogenesis of T2D and AD. In the current review, we try to provide a critical and comprehensive view of the common molecular pathways activated by lipotoxicity in T2D and AD, attempting to summarize how these mechanisms can drive future research and open the way to new therapeutic perspectives.
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33
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Insulin ameliorates dim blue light at night-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons via the IR/IRS1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114488. [PMID: 36586168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the damaging effects of night light pollution, one of the environmental pollutions, on memory has been attracting attention. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which light at night, especially blue light at night, impairs memory remains unclear. Here, a total of 42 C57BL6/J mice that exposed to no light at night, dim white light at night (dLAN-WL), or dim blue light at night (dLAN-BL) for 28 days. Behavioral data indicated that exposure to dLAN-BL resulted in severe recognition memory impairment, as evidenced by the reduced recognition index and discrimination index in the novel object recognition test. At the same time, we observed a decrease in plasma insulin levels. Consistent with these changes, we also observed that dLAN-BL reduced the number of neurons in the CA1, CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus, up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Bax, down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and the protein expression level of pIRS1, pAKT, pGSK3β, β-catenin in the hippocampus. In vitro experiments, we found that insulin (10 nM) inhibited apoptosis and up-regulated the protein expression levels of pAKT, pGSK3β, β-catenin of HT22 cells induced by H2O2 (200 μM). However, these changes disappeared when the insulin receptors (IR) in HT22 cells were silenced. Taken together, our findings suggested that the impairment of memory in mice induced by dLAN-BL was mediated by insulin via the IR/IRS1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. DATA AVAILABILITY: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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34
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Liu Z, Feng Y, Zhao H, Hu J, Chen Y, Liu D, Wang H, Zhu X, Yang H, Shen Z, Xia X, Ye J, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids in rats and its effects on liver enzyme activity. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136772. [PMID: 36873997 PMCID: PMC9981942 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloids (SZ-A) derived from twigs of mulberry (Morus alba L., genus Morus in the Moraceae family) was approved by the National Medical Products Administration in 2020 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to excellent hypoglycemic effect, increasing evidence has confirmed that SZ-A exerts multiple pharmacological effects, such as protecting pancreatic ß-cell function, stimulating adiponectin expression, and alleviating hepatic steatosis. Importantly, a specific distribution of SZ-A in target tissues following oral absorption into the blood is essential for the induction of multiple pharmacological effects. However, there is a lack of studies thoroughly exploring the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of SZ-A following oral absorption into the blood, particularly dose-linear pharmacokinetics and target tissue distribution associated with glycolipid metabolic diseases. In the present study, we systematically investigated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of SZ-A and its metabolites in human and rat liver microsomes, and rat plasma, as well as its effects on the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s). The results revealed that SZ-A was rapidly absorbed into the blood, exhibited linear pharmacokinetic characteristics in the dose range of 25-200 mg/kg, and was broadly distributed in glycolipid metabolism-related tissues. The highest SZ-A concentrations were observed in the kidney, liver, and aortic vessels, followed by the brown and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and the heart, spleen, lung, muscle, pancreas, and brain. Except for the trace oxidation products produced by fagomine, other phase I or phase II metabolites were not detected. SZ-A had no inhibitory or activating effects on major CYP450s. Conclusively, SZ-A is rapidly and widely distributed in target tissues, with good metabolic stability and a low risk of triggering drug-drug interactions. This study provides a framework for deciphering the material basis of the multiple pharmacological functions of SZ-A, its rational clinical use, and the expansion of its indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Yang
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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35
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Migliolo L, de A. Boleti A, de O. Cardoso P, Frihling BF, e Silva P, de Moraes LRN. Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:38-46. [PMID: 35799506 PMCID: PMC9241402 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Inyushkin AN, Mistryugov KA, Ledyaeva OV, Romanova ID, Isakova TS, Inyushkin AA. The Effects of Insulin on Spike Activity of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurones and Functional State of Afferent Inputs from the Arcuate Nucleus in Rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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38
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Zhao Y, Bhutani S, Kahnt T. Appetite-regulating hormones modulate odor perception and odor-evoked activity in hypothalamus and olfactory cortices. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad039. [PMID: 37796827 PMCID: PMC10590159 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odors guide food seeking, and food intake modulates olfactory function. This interaction is mediated by appetite-regulating hormones like ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, which alter activity in the rodent olfactory bulb, but their effects on downstream olfactory cortices have not yet been established in humans. The olfactory tract connects the olfactory bulb to the cortex through 3 main striae, terminating in the piriform cortex (PirC), amygdala (AMY), olfactory tubercule (OT), and anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). Here, we test the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones modulate olfactory processing in the endpoints of the olfactory tract and the hypothalamus. We collected odor-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and leptin from human subjects (n = 25) after a standardized meal. We found that a hormonal composite measure, capturing variance relating positively to insulin and negatively to ghrelin, correlated inversely with odor intensity ratings and fMRI responses to odorized vs. clean air in the hypothalamus, OT, and AON. No significant correlations were found with activity in PirC or AMY, the endpoints of the lateral stria. Exploratory whole-brain analyses revealed significant correlations near the diagonal band of Broca and parahippocampal gyrus. These results demonstrate that high (low) blood plasma concentrations of insulin (ghrelin) decrease perceived odor intensity and odor-evoked activity in the cortical targets of the medial and intermediate striae of the olfactory tract, as well as the hypothalamus. These findings expand our understanding of the cortical mechanisms by which metabolic hormones in humans modulate olfactory processing after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
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Cheon SY, Song J. Novel insights into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dementia: insulin resistance, hyperammonemia, gut dysbiosis, vascular impairment, and inflammation. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:99. [PMID: 35765060 PMCID: PMC9237975 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease characterized by multiple pathologies. The progression of dementia with NAFLD may be affected by various risk factors, including brain insulin resistance, cerebrovascular dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation. Many recent studies have focused on the increasing prevalence of dementia in patients with NAFLD. Dementia is characterized by cognitive and memory deficits and has diverse subtypes, including vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s dementia, and diabetes mellitus-induced dementia. Considering the common pathological features of NAFLD and dementia, further studies on the association between them are needed to find appropriate therapeutic solutions for diseases. This review summarizes the common pathological characteristics and mechanisms of NAFLD and dementia. Additionally, it describes recent evidence on association between NAFLD and dementia progression and provides novel perspectives with regard to the treatment of patients with dementia secondary to NAFLD.
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40
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Dewanjee S, Chakraborty P, Bhattacharya H, Chacko L, Singh B, Chaudhary A, Javvaji K, Pradhan SR, Vallamkondu J, Dey A, Kalra RS, Jha NK, Jha SK, Reddy PH, Kandimalla R. Altered glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:134-157. [PMID: 36206930 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism is largely present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain utilizes glucose as its main energy source and a decline in its metabolism directly reflects on brain function. Weighing on recent evidence, here we systematically assessed the aberrant glucose metabolism associated with amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau accumulation in AD brain. Interlink between insulin signaling and AD highlighted the involvement of the IRS/PI3K/Akt/AMPK signaling, and GLUTs in the disease progression. While shedding light on the mitochondrial dysfunction in the defective glucose metabolism, we further assessed functional consequences of AGEs (advanced glycation end products) accumulation, polyol activation, and other contributing factors including terminal respiration, ROS (reactive oxygen species), mitochondrial permeability, PINK1/parkin defects, lysosome-mitochondrial crosstalk, and autophagy/mitophagy. Combined with the classic plaque and tangle pathologies, glucose hypometabolism with acquired insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction potentiate these factors to exacerbate AD pathology. To this end, we further reviewed AD and DM (diabetes mellitus) crosstalk in disease progression. Taken together, the present work discusses the emerging role of altered glucose metabolism, contributing impact of insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the defective cerebral glucose utilization in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Hiranmoy Bhattacharya
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Leena Chacko
- BioAnalytical Lab, Meso Scale Discovery, 1601 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Station, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Kalpana Javvaji
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, India
| | | | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 9040495, Japan
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, UP, 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, UP, 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Neurology Departments School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, India.
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Derkach KV, Sorokoumov VN, Bakhtyukov AA, Bondareva VM, Shpakov AO. Insulin and Leptin Levels in Blood and Brain Structures of Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity and the Effect of Various Drugs on Them. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Virtuoso A, De Luca C, Korai SA, Papa M, Cirillo G. Neuroinflammation and glial activation in the central nervous system: a metabolic perspective. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1025-1026. [PMID: 36254985 PMCID: PMC9827792 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sohaib Ali Korai
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Division of Human Anatomy, Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy,Correspondence to: Giovanni Cirillo, .
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Kullmann S, Goj T, Veit R, Fritsche L, Wagner L, Schneeweiss P, Hoene M, Hoffmann C, Machann J, Niess A, Preissl H, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Moller A, Weigert C, Heni M. Exercise restores brain insulin sensitivity in sedentary adults who are overweight and obese. JCI Insight 2022; 7:161498. [PMID: 36134657 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDInsulin resistance of the brain can unfavorably affect long-term weight maintenance and body fat distribution. Little is known if and how brain insulin sensitivity can be restored in humans. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an exercise intervention on insulin sensitivity of the brain and how this relates to exercise-induced changes in whole-body metabolism and behavior.METHODSIn this clinical trial, sedentary participants who were overweight and obese underwent an 8-week supervised aerobic training intervention. Brain insulin sensitivity was assessed in 21 participants (14 women, 7 men; age range 21-59 years; BMI range 27.5-45.5 kg/m2) using functional MRI, combined with intranasal administration of insulin, before and after the intervention.RESULTSThe exercise program resulted in enhanced brain insulin action to the level of a person of healthy weight, demonstrated by increased insulin-induced striatal activity and strengthened hippocampal functional connectivity. Improved brain insulin action correlated with increased mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle, reductions in visceral fat and hunger, as well as improved cognition. Mediation analyses suggest that improved brain insulin responsiveness helps mediate the peripheral exercise effects leading to healthier body fat distribution and reduced perception of hunger.CONCLUSIONOur study demonstrates that an 8-week exercise intervention in sedentary individuals can restore insulin action in the brain. Hence, the ameliorating benefits of exercise toward brain insulin resistance may provide an objective therapeutic target in humans in the challenge to reduce diabetes risk factors.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03151590).FUNDINGBMBF/DZD 01GI0925.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Wagner
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schneeweiss
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and
| | | | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Moller
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Novak V, Mantzoros CS, Novak P, McGlinchey R, Dai W, Lioutas V, Buss S, Fortier CB, Khan F, Aponte Becerra L, Ngo LH. MemAID: Memory advancement with intranasal insulin vs. placebo in type 2 diabetes and control participants: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurol 2022; 269:4817-4835. [PMID: 35482079 PMCID: PMC9046533 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at assessing the long-term effects of intranasal insulin (INI) on cognition and gait in older people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Phase 2 randomized, double-blinded trial consisted of 24 week treatment with 40 IU of INI (Novolin® R, off-label use) or placebo (sterile saline) once daily and 24 week follow-up. Primary outcomes were cognition, normal (NW), and dual-task (DTW) walking speeds. Of 244 randomized, 223 completed baseline (51 DM-INI, 55 DM-Placebo, 58 Control-INI, 59 Control-Placebo; 109 female, 65.8 ± 9.1; 50-85 years old); 174 completed treatment (84 DM, 90 Controls); 156 completed follow-up (69 DM). RESULTS DM-INI had faster NW (~ 7 cm/s; p = 0.025) and DTW on-treatment (p = 0.007; p = 0.812 adjusted for baseline difference) than DM-Placebo. Control-INI had better executive functioning on-treatment (p = 0.008) and post-treatment (p = 0.007) and verbal memory post-treatment (p = 0.004) than Control-Placebo. DM-INI increased cerebral blood flow in medio-prefrontal cortex (p < 0.001) on MRI. Better vasoreactivity was associated with faster DTW (p < 0.008). In DM-INI, plasma insulin (p = 0.006) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.013) decreased post-treatment. Overall INI effect demonstrated faster walking (p = 0.002) and better executive function (p = 0.002) and verbal memory (p = 0.02) (combined DM-INI and Control-INI cohort, hemoglobin A1c-adjusted). INI was not associated with serious adverse events, hypoglycemic episodes, or weight gain. CONCLUSION There is evidence for positive INI effects on cognition and gait. INI-treated T2DM participants walked faster, showed increased cerebral blood flow and decreased plasma insulin, while controls improved executive functioning and verbal memory. The MemAID trial provides proof-of-concept for preliminary safety and efficacy and supports future evaluation of INI role to treat T2DM and age-related functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novak
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Rd, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Novak
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiying Dai
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Vasileios Lioutas
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Rd, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie Buss
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Rd, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Catherine B Fortier
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faizan Khan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Rd, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura Aponte Becerra
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 185 Pilgrim Rd, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Long H Ngo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Alpha-Ketoglutarate Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Central Insulin Resistance through Inhibiting S6K1 Phosphorylation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9148257. [PMID: 36062190 PMCID: PMC9436633 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9148257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is believed to play an important role in early brain injury after SAH. The energy metabolism of neuron is closely related to its survival. The transient hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance (IR) after SAH seriously affects the prognosis of patients. However, the specific mechanisms of IR after SAH are still not clear. Studies have shown that α-KG takes part in the regulation of IR and cell apoptosis. In this study, we aim to investigate whether α-KG can reduce IR after SAH, improve the disorder of neuronal glucose metabolism, alleviate neuronal apoptosis, and ultimately play a neuroprotective role in SAH-induced EBI. We first measured α-KG levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with SAH. Then, we established a SAH model through hemoglobin (Hb) stimulation with HT22 cells for further mechanism research. Furthermore, an in vivo SAH model in mice was established by endovascular perforation. Our results showed that α-KG levels in CSF significantly increased in SAH patients and could be used as a potential prognostic biomarker. In in vitro model of SAH, we found that α-KG not only inhibited IR-induced reduction of glucose uptake in neurons after SAH but also alleviated SAH-induced neuronal apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that α-KG inhibits neuronal IR by inhibiting S6K1 activation after SAH. Moreover, neuronal apoptosis significantly increased when glucose uptake was reduced. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that α-KG could also alleviate neuronal apoptosis in vivo SAH model. In conclusion, our study suggests that α-KG alleviates apoptosis by inhibiting IR induced by S6K1 activation after SAH.
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Derkach KV, Bondareva VM, Shpakov AO. [Influence of intranasally administered insulin on metabolic and hormonal parameters in adult male rats, impaired due to three-day fasting in the early postnatal period]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:263-271. [PMID: 36005844 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226804263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temporary cessation or restriction of breastfeeding can lead to metabolic disorders in adulthood. However, data on the effect of fasting in the early postnatal period on the functions of the endocrine system in adulthood are rare and contradictory. Approaches for the correction of metabolic and hormonal disorders caused by premature cessation of breastfeeding have not been developed yet. The aim of the work was to study the metabolic and hormonal parameters and changes in the hormonal status of the gonadal and thyroid systems in 10-month-old male rats with interruption of breastfeeding on days P19-P21, as well as to evaluate the restorative effect on them of four weeks of treatment with intranasal insulin (II) administered in the postnatal period (P28-P55) or in adulthood (P183-P210). Lactation interruption has been induced by treatment of lactating females with bromocriptine (10 mg/day/rat, P19-P21). Male rats with temporary cessation of breastfeeding developed characteristic signs of the metabolic syndrome (obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperleptinemia), decreased levels of testosterone and thyroid hormones (fT4, tT3) and weakened the synthesis of testosterone and thyroxine, stimulated respectively by GnRH and thyroliberin. This was due to a decrease in the sensitivity of the testes to luteinizing hormone (LH) and the thyroid gland to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Treatment with II in early ontogenesis reduced body weight and fat, improved lipid profile, sensitivity to insulin, leptin, LH and TSH, restored the levels of testosterone and thyroid hormones and their stimulation by releasing factors. Treatment with II in adulthood normalized the levels of testosterone, thyroid hormones, their stimulation by releasing factors, but had a little effect on metabolic and hormonal parameters. The obtained data point to a wide range of metabolic and hormonal disorders in adult male rats with the "neonatal" model of metabolic syndrome and to the effectiveness of various strategies for their correction using long-term II treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Derkach
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V M Bondareva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Fernandes BS, Salagre E, Enduru N, Grande I, Vieta E, Zhao Z. Insulin resistance in depression: A large meta-analysis of metabolic parameters and variation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104758. [PMID: 35777578 PMCID: PMC11056930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased insulin resistance is recognized in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but its occurrence in depression is less clear. Our aims were to verify if insulin resistance is altered in depression, to test the metabolic subgroup hypothesis of depression and if there are changes with antidepressants. Inclusion criteria were studies including adult subjects with depression and either a control group or follow-up after treatment with antidepressants, and assessing fasting insulin or glucose levels or the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Seventy studies with 240,704 participants were included. Both insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index were increased in acute depression. Neither insulin nor the HOMA-IR index were altered during remission. Insulin was increased in atypical, but not typical depression. There was higher variation in insulin in individuals with depression than in controls. Insulin resistance did not change with antidepressant treatment. Insulin resistance is increased in depression during acute episodes. Heterogeneity was high in most of the analyses. Laboratory assessment of insulin resistance might have clinical utility in people with depression for diagnosis of the metabolic subtype and treatment selection, following precision psychiatry standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa S Fernandes
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Estela Salagre
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nitesh Enduru
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Iria Grande
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Zhu W, Hong Y, Li Y, Li Y, Zhong J, He X, Zheng N, Sheng L, Li H. Microbial and Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Diet-Related Alterations of Metabolism in Metabolic Disordered Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:923377. [PMID: 35928832 PMCID: PMC9344047 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.923377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are the prelude of metabolic diseases, which are mainly due to the high-energy intake and genetic contribution. High-fat diet (HFD) or high-sucrose diet is widely used for inducing metabolic disorders characterized by increased body weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and alteration of gut microbiome. However, the triangle relationship among diets, gut microbiome, and host metabolism is poorly understood. In our study, we investigated the dynamic changes in gut microbiota, and host metabolism in mice that were fed with either chow diet, HFD, or chow diet with 30% sucrose in drinking water (HSD) for continued 12 weeks. The gut microbiota was analyzed with 16S rDNA sequencing on feces. Hepatic gene expression profile was tested with transcriptomics analysis on liver tissue. The host metabolism was evaluated by measuring body weight, insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism of liver. The results showed that HFD feeding affected body weight, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis more significantly than HSD feeding. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HFD rapidly and steadily suppressed species richness, altered microbiota structure and function, and increased the abundance of bacteria responsible for fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory signaling. In contrast, HSD had minor impact on the overall bacteria structure or function but activated microbial bile acid biosynthesis. Fecal microbiota transplantation suggested that some metabolic changes induced by HFD or HSD feeding were transferrable, especially in the weight of white adipose tissue and hepatic triglyceride level that were consistent with the phenotypes in donor mice. Moreover, transcriptomic results showed that HFD feeding significantly inhibited fatty acid degradation and increase inflammation, while HSD increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and inhibited primary bile acid synthesis alternative pathway. In general, our study revealed the dynamic and diversified impacts of HFD and HSD on gut microbiota and host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weize Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Lili Sheng
| | - Houkai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Houkai Li
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Nascimento ALCS, Fernandes RP, Carvalho ACS, Frigieri I, Alves RC, Chorilli M. Insights for Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy and current clinical trials. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105401. [PMID: 35842055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the scientific community has sought improvements in the life quality of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synaptic loss and neuronal death observed in the regions responsible for cognitive functions represent an irreversible progressive disease that is clinically characterized by impaired cognitive and functional abilities, along with behavioral symptoms. Currently, image and body fluid biomarkers can provide early dementia diagnostic, being it the best way to slow the disease's progression. The first signs of AD development are still complex, the existence of individual genetic and phenotypic characteristics about the disease makes it difficult to standardize studies on the subject. The answer seems to be related between Aβ and tau proteins. Aβ deposition in the medial parietal cortex appears to be the initial stage of AD, but it does not have a strong correlation with neurodegeneration. The strongest link between symptoms occurs with tau aggregation, which antecede Aβ deposits in the medial temporal lobe, however, the protein can be found in cognitively healthy older people. The answer to the question may lie in some catalytic effect between both proteins. Amid so many doubts, Aducanumab was approved, which raised controversies and results intense debate in the scientific field. Abnormal singling of some blood biomarkers produced by adipocytes under high lipogenesis, such as TNFα, leptin, and interleukin-6, demonstrate to be linked to neuroinflammation worsens, diabetes, and also severe cases of COVID-19, howsoever, under higher lipolysis, seem to have therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects in the brain, which has increasingly contributed to the understanding of AD. In addition, the relationship of severe clinical complications caused by Sars-CoV-2 viral infection and AD, go beyond the term "risk group" and may be related to the development of dementia long-term. Thus, this review summarized the current emerging pharmacotherapies, alternative treatments, and nanotechnology applied in clinical trials, discussing relevant points that may contribute to a more accurate look.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L C S Nascimento
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R P Fernandes
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Department of Chemistry, 78060-900, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - A C S Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Frigieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C Alves
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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El Mehdi M, Takhlidjt S, Devère M, Arabo A, Le Solliec MA, Maucotel J, Bénani A, Nedelec E, Duparc C, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Anouar Y, Prévost G, Chartrel N, Picot M. The 26RFa (QRFP)/GPR103 neuropeptidergic system in mice relays insulin signalling into the brain to regulate glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1198-1211. [PMID: 35476025 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS 26RFa (pyroglutamilated RFamide peptide [QRFP]) is a biologically active peptide that regulates glucose homeostasis by acting as an incretin and by increasing insulin sensitivity at the periphery. 26RFa is also produced by a neuronal population localised in the hypothalamus. In this study we investigated whether 26RFa neurons are involved in the hypothalamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. METHODS 26Rfa+/+, 26Rfa-/- and insulin-deficient male C57Bl/6J mice were used in this study. Mice received an acute intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 26RFa, insulin or the 26RFa receptor (GPR103) antagonist 25e and were subjected to IPGTTs, insulin tolerance tests, acute glucose-stimulated insulin secretion tests and pyruvate tolerance tests (PTTs). Secretion of 26RFa by hypothalamic explants after incubation with glucose, leptin or insulin was assessed. Expression and quantification of the genes encoding 26RFa, agouti-related protein, the insulin receptor and GPR103 were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and RNAscope in situ hybridisation. RESULTS Our data indicate that i.c.v.-injected 26RFa induces a robust antihyperglycaemic effect associated with an increase in insulin production by the pancreatic islets. In addition, we found that insulin strongly stimulates 26Rfa expression and secretion by the hypothalamus. RNAscope experiments revealed that neurons expressing 26Rfa are mainly localised in the lateral hypothalamic area, that they co-express the gene encoding the insulin receptor and that insulin induces the expression of 26Rfa in these neurons. Concurrently, the central antihyperglycaemic effect of insulin is abolished in the presence of a GPR103 antagonist and in 26RFa-deficient mice. Finally, our data indicate that the hypothalamic 26RFa neurons are not involved in the central inhibitory effect of insulin on hepatic glucose production, but mediate the central effects of the hormone on its own peripheral production. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION We have identified a novel mechanism in the hypothalamic regulation of glucose homeostasis, the 26RFa/GPR103 system, and we provide evidence that this neuronal peptidergic system is a key relay for the central regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna El Mehdi
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Saloua Takhlidjt
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Mélodie Devère
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Arabo
- Department of Biological Resources (SRB), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Anne Le Solliec
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Department of Biological Resources (SRB), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Bénani
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nedelec
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Duparc
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëtan Prévost
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Chartrel
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie Picot
- Inserm, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
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