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Wang S, Li H, Zhang K, Wu H, Pang S, Wu W, Ye L, Su J, Zhang Y. scSID: A lightweight algorithm for identifying rare cell types by capturing differential expression from single-cell sequencing data. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:589-600. [PMID: 38274993 PMCID: PMC10809081 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is currently an important technology for identifying cell types and studying diseases at the genetic level. Identifying rare cell types is biologically important as one of the downstream data analyses of single-cell RNA sequencing. Although rare cell identification methods have been developed, most of these suffer from insufficient mining of intercellular similarities, low scalability, and being time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a single-cell similarity division algorithm (scSID) for identifying rare cells. It takes cell-to-cell similarity into consideration by analyzing both inter-cluster and intra-cluster similarities, and discovers rare cell types based on the similarity differences. We show that scSID outperforms other existing methods by benchmarking it on different experimental datasets. Application of scSID to multiple datasets, including 68K PBMC and intestine, highlights its exceptional scalability and remarkable ability to identify rare cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hengxiao Li
- Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Kuijie Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
- School of Software, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Shanchen Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Lan Ye
- Cancer Center, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Jionglong Su
- School of AI and Advanced Computing, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Systems Science, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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2
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Fey SK, Vaquero-Siguero N, Jackstadt R. Dark force rising: Reawakening and targeting of fetal-like stem cells in colorectal cancer. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114270. [PMID: 38787726 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells play pivotal roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, orchestrating regeneration, and in key steps of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression. Intriguingly, adult stem cells are reduced during many of these processes. On the contrary, primitive fetal programs, commonly detected in development, emerge during tissue repair, CRC metastasis, and therapy resistance. Recent findings indicate a dynamic continuum between adult and fetal stem cell programs. We discuss critical mechanisms facilitating the plasticity between stem cell states and highlight the heterogeneity observed upon the appearance of fetal-like states. We focus on therapeutic opportunities that arise by targeting fetal-like CRC cells and how those concepts can be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid K Fey
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nuria Vaquero-Siguero
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rene Jackstadt
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, Core Center Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Tang W, Ni Z, Wei Y, Hou K, Valencak TG, Wang H. Extracellular vesicles of Bacteroides uniformis induce M1 macrophage polarization and aggravate gut inflammation during weaning. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00045-X. [PMID: 38777177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Weaning process is commonly associated with gastrointestinal inflammation and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbes. In particular, the impact of gut bacteria and of extracellular vesicles (EV) on the etiology of intestinal inflammation during weaning is not well understand. We have uncovered a potential link between gut inflammation and the corresponding variation of macrophage bacterial sensing and pro-inflammatory polarization during the weaning process of piglet through single-cell transcriptomic analyses. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of bacterial distribution across the gastrointestinal tract and pinpointed Bacteroides uniformis (B. uniformis) enriching in piglets undergoing weaning. Next, we found out that exposure to B. uniformis-derived EVs (BEVs) exacerbated gut inflammation in a murine colitis model while recruiting and polarizing intestinal macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. BEVs modulated the function of macrophages cultured in vitro by suppressing the GM-CSF/STAT5/ARG1 pathway, thereby affecting polarization towards an M1-like state. The effects of BEVs were verified both in the macrophage-clearance murine model and by using an adoptive transfer assay. Our findings highlight the involvement of BEVs in facilitating the polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages and promoting gut inflammation during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Tang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhixiang Ni
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yusen Wei
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kangwei Hou
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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4
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Higa T, Nakayama KI. Cell cycle heterogeneity and plasticity of colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1370-1377. [PMID: 38413370 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a long-lived and self-renewing cancer cell population that drives tumor propagation and maintains cancer heterogeneity. They are also implicated in the therapeutic resistance of various types of cancer. Recent studies of CSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) have uncovered fundamental paradigms that have increased understanding of CSC systems in solid tumors. Colorectal CSCs share multiple biological properties with normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs), including expression of the stem cell marker Lgr5. New evidence suggests that colorectal CSCs manifest substantial heterogeneity, as exemplified by the existence of both actively cycling Lgr5+ CSCs as well as quiescent Lgr5+ CSCs that are resistant to conventional anticancer therapies. The classical view of a rigid cell hierarchy and irreversible cell differentiation trajectory in normal and neoplastic tissues is now challenged by the finding that differentiated cells have the capacity to revert to stem cells through dynamic physiological reprogramming events. Such plasticity of CSC systems likely underlies both carcinogenesis and therapeutic resistance in CRC. Further characterization of the mechanisms underpinning the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs should inform future development of eradicative therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunaki Higa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Anticancer Strategies Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Lee J, Gleizes A, Takaesu F, Webster SF, Hailstock T, Barker N, Gracz AD. Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells are required for organoid survival after genotoxic injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588400. [PMID: 38645040 PMCID: PMC11030406 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Progenitors and mature cells can maintain the intestinal epithelium by dedifferentiation and facultative intestinal stem cell (fISC) function when active ISCs (aISCs) are lost to damage. Here, we sought to model fISC activation in intestinal organoids with doxorubicin (DXR), a chemotherapeutic known to ablate Lgr5+ aISCs in vivo. We identified low and high doses of DXR compatible with long-term organoid survival. Similar fISC gene activation was observed between organoids treated with low vs high DXR, despite significantly decreased survival at the higher dose. aISCs exhibit dose-dependent loss after DXR but survive at doses compatible with organoid survival. We ablated residual aISCs after DXR using a Lgr52A-DTR allele and observed that aISC survival of the initial genotoxic insult is required for organoid survival following DXR. These results suggest that while typical fISC genes are activated by DXR injury in organoids, functional stemness remains dependent on the aISC pool. Our data establish a reproducible model of DXR injury in intestinal organoids and reveal differences in in vitro responses to an established in vivo damage modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University
| | - Antoine Gleizes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University
| | - Felipe Takaesu
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
| | - Sarah F Webster
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
| | - Taylor Hailstock
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University
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6
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Cadinu P, Sivanathan KN, Misra A, Xu RJ, Mangani D, Yang E, Rone JM, Tooley K, Kye YC, Bod L, Geistlinger L, Lee T, Mertens RT, Ono N, Wang G, Sanmarco L, Quintana FJ, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK, Moffitt JR, Nowarski R. Charting the cellular biogeography in colitis reveals fibroblast trajectories and coordinated spatial remodeling. Cell 2024; 187:2010-2028.e30. [PMID: 38569542 PMCID: PMC11017707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Gut inflammation involves contributions from immune and non-immune cells, whose interactions are shaped by the spatial organization of the healthy gut and its remodeling during inflammation. The crosstalk between fibroblasts and immune cells is an important axis in this process, but our understanding has been challenged by incomplete cell-type definition and biogeography. To address this challenge, we used multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH) to profile the expression of 940 genes in 1.35 million cells imaged across the onset and recovery from a mouse colitis model. We identified diverse cell populations, charted their spatial organization, and revealed their polarization or recruitment in inflammation. We found a staged progression of inflammation-associated tissue neighborhoods defined, in part, by multiple inflammation-associated fibroblasts, with unique expression profiles, spatial localization, cell-cell interactions, and healthy fibroblast origins. Similar signatures in ulcerative colitis suggest conserved human processes. Broadly, we provide a framework for understanding inflammation-induced remodeling in the gut and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cadinu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kisha N Sivanathan
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aditya Misra
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosalind J Xu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Davide Mangani
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan Yang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph M Rone
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine Tooley
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yoon-Chul Kye
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lloyd Bod
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Center for Computational Biomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyrone Lee
- Center for Computational Biomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Randall T Mertens
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liliana Sanmarco
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Moffitt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Roni Nowarski
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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7
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Morral C, Ayyaz A, Kuo HC, Fink M, Verginadis II, Daniel AR, Burner DN, Driver LM, Satow S, Hasapis S, Ghinnagow R, Luo L, Ma Y, Attardi LD, Koumenis C, Minn AJ, Wrana JL, Lee CL, Kirsch DG. p53 promotes revival stem cells in the regenerating intestine after severe radiation injury. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3018. [PMID: 38589357 PMCID: PMC11001929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces cell death in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium by activating p53. However, p53 also prevents animal lethality caused by radiation-induced acute GI syndrome. Through single-cell RNA-sequencing of the irradiated mouse small intestine, we find that p53 target genes are specifically enriched in regenerating epithelial cells that undergo fetal-like reversion, including revival stem cells (revSCs) that promote animal survival after severe damage of the GI tract. Accordingly, in mice with p53 deleted specifically in the GI epithelium, ionizing radiation fails to induce fetal-like revSCs. Using intestinal organoids, we show that transient p53 expression is required for the induction of revival stem cells and is controlled by an Mdm2-mediated negative feedback loop. Together, our findings reveal that p53 suppresses severe radiation-induced GI injury by promoting fetal-like reprogramming of irradiated intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Morral
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arshad Ayyaz
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mardi Fink
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis I Verginadis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea R Daniel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Danielle N Burner
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lucy M Driver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sloane Satow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Reem Ghinnagow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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Namoto K, Baader C, Orsini V, Landshammer A, Breuer E, Dinh KT, Ungricht R, Pikiolek M, Laurent S, Lu B, Aebi A, Schönberger K, Vangrevelinghe E, Evrova O, Sun T, Annunziato S, Lachal J, Redmond E, Wang L, Wetzel K, Capodieci P, Turner J, Schutzius G, Unterreiner V, Trunzer M, Buschmann N, Behnke D, Machauer R, Scheufler C, Parker CN, Ferro M, Grevot A, Beyerbach A, Lu WY, Forbes SJ, Wagner J, Bouwmeester T, Liu J, Sohal B, Sahambi S, Greenbaum LE, Lohmann F, Hoppe P, Cong F, Sailer AW, Ruffner H, Glatthar R, Humar B, Clavien PA, Dill MT, George E, Maibaum J, Liberali P, Tchorz JS. NIBR-LTSi is a selective LATS kinase inhibitor activating YAP signaling and expanding tissue stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:554-569.e17. [PMID: 38579685 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The YAP/Hippo pathway is an organ growth and size regulation rheostat safeguarding multiple tissue stem cell compartments. LATS kinases phosphorylate and thereby inactivate YAP, thus representing a potential direct drug target for promoting tissue regeneration. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the selective small-molecule LATS kinase inhibitor NIBR-LTSi. NIBR-LTSi activates YAP signaling, shows good oral bioavailability, and expands organoids derived from several mouse and human tissues. In tissue stem cells, NIBR-LTSi promotes proliferation, maintains stemness, and blocks differentiation in vitro and in vivo. NIBR-LTSi accelerates liver regeneration following extended hepatectomy in mice. However, increased proliferation and cell dedifferentiation in multiple organs prevent prolonged systemic LATS inhibition, thus limiting potential therapeutic benefit. Together, we report a selective LATS kinase inhibitor agonizing YAP signaling and promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo, enabling future research on the regenerative potential of the YAP/Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Namoto
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Clara Baader
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Orsini
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eva Breuer
- University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kieu Trinh Dinh
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Research Group Experimental Hepatology, Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bo Lu
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Aebi
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivera Evrova
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Liver Diseases, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julie Lachal
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily Redmond
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Louis Wang
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristie Wetzel
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gabi Schutzius
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Trunzer
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dirk Behnke
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Magali Ferro
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Grevot
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei-Yu Lu
- University of Edinburgh, Center for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- University of Edinburgh, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Wagner
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bindi Sohal
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Felix Lohmann
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Hoppe
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Cong
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Heinz Ruffner
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Glatthar
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael T Dill
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Research Group Experimental Hepatology, Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Intoxication, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Tchorz
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Nita A, Moroishi T. Hippo pathway in cell-cell communication: emerging roles in development and regeneration. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:18. [PMID: 38566194 PMCID: PMC10986044 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a central regulator of tissue growth that has been widely studied in mammalian organ development, regeneration, and cancer biology. Although previous studies have convincingly revealed its cell-autonomous functions in controlling cell fate, such as cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, accumulating evidence in recent years has revealed its non-cell-autonomous functions. This pathway regulates cell-cell communication through direct interactions, soluble factors, extracellular vesicles, and the extracellular matrix, providing a range of options for controlling diverse biological processes. Consequently, the Hippo pathway not only dictates the fate of individual cells but also triggers multicellular responses involving both tissue-resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. Here, we have highlighted the recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the Hippo pathway controls cell-cell communication and discuss its importance in tissue homeostasis, especially in development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nita
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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10
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Chu K, Dow LE. Adding New Dimensions to 3D Cancer Models. Cancer Res 2024; 84:798-799. [PMID: 38335538 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding patient-specific responses to anticancer therapies and how individual tumors interact with their tumor microenvironment (TME) is a challenging task. To measure the impact of the TME on diverse and clinically relevant treatments, Ramos Zapatero and colleagues coupled patient-derived organoid (PDO) and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) cocultures with high-throughput mass cytometry-based assessment of cell state. Using a newly developed "Trellis" algorithm enabled integration and analysis of highly complex, multidimensional treatment response data. This work showed that tumor cell response to chemotherapy was associated with both intrinsic and nonintrinsic signaling states, whereby proliferative rate, growth factor signaling, and CAFs interaction influenced chemoprotection. Furthermore, the work suggests a potential role for the TME in promoting lineage plasticity associated with drug resistance. In all, the pipeline described provides a blueprint for exploring the intricate interplay of factors influencing cancer treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan Chu
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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11
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Ogasawara N, Kano Y, Yoneyama Y, Kobayashi S, Watanabe S, Kirino S, Velez-Bravo FD, Hong Y, Ostapiuk A, Lutsik P, Onishi I, Yamauchi S, Hiraguri Y, Ito G, Kinugasa Y, Ohashi K, Watanabe M, Okamoto R, Tejpar S, Yui S. Discovery of non-genomic drivers of YAP signaling modulating the cell plasticity in CRC tumor lines. iScience 2024; 27:109247. [PMID: 38439969 PMCID: PMC10910304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In normal intestines, a fetal/regenerative/revival cell state can be induced upon inflammation. This plasticity in cell fate is also one of the current topics in human colorectal cancer (CRC). To dissect the underlying mechanisms, we generated human CRC organoids with naturally selected genetic mutation profiles and exposed them to two different conditions by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM). Among tested mutation profiles, a fetal/regenerative/revival state was induced following YAP activation via a collagen type I-enriched microenvironment. Mechanistically, YAP transcription was promoted by activating AP-1 and TEAD-dependent transcription and suppressing intestinal lineage-determining transcription via mechanotransduction. The phenotypic conversion was also involved in chemoresistance, which could be potentially resolved by targeting the underlying YAP regulatory elements, a potential target of CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ogasawara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kano
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sakurako Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sakura Kirino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yourae Hong
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Computational Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iichiroh Onishi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamauchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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12
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Xu C, Shao J. High-throughput omics technologies in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 555:117828. [PMID: 38355001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing intestinal disease. Elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of IBD requires high-throughput technologies (HTTs) to effectively obtain and analyze large amounts of data. Recently, HTTs have been widely used in IBD, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, microbiomics, metabolomics and single-cell sequencing. When combined with endoscopy, the application of these technologies can provide an in-depth understanding on the alterations of intestinal microbe diversity and abundance, the abnormalities of signaling pathway-mediated immune responses and functionality, and the evaluation of therapeutic effects, improving the accuracy of early diagnosis and treatment of IBD. This review comprehensively summarizes the development and advancement of HTTs, and also highlights the challenges and future directions of these technologies in IBD research. Although HTTs have made striking breakthrough in IBD, more standardized methods and large-scale dataset processing are still needed to achieve the goal of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, Anhui, PR China.
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13
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Tape CJ. Plastic persisters: revival stem cells in colorectal cancer. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:185-195. [PMID: 38071119 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is traditionally considered to be a genetically driven disease. However, nongenetic plasticity has recently emerged as a major driver of tumour initiation, metastasis, and therapy response in CRC. Central to these processes is a recently discovered cell type, the revival colonic stem cell (revCSC). In contrast to traditional proliferative CSCs (proCSCs), revCSCs prioritise survival over propagation. revCSCs play an essential role in primary tumour formation, metastatic dissemination, and nongenetic chemoresistance. Current evidence suggests that CRC tumours leverage intestinal stem cell plasticity to both proliferate (via proCSCs) when unchallenged and survive (via revCSCs) in response to cell-extrinsic pressures. Although revCSCs likely represent a major source of therapeutic failure in CRC, our increasing knowledge of this important stem cell fate provides novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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14
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Hughes EP, Syage AR, Tantin D. Durable CD4 + T cell immunity: cherchez la stem. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:158-166. [PMID: 38388231 PMCID: PMC10947858 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian stem cells govern development, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. Following years of study, their functions have been delineated with increasing precision. The past decade has witnessed heightened widespread use of stem cell terminology in association with durable T cell responses to infection, antitumor immunity, and autoimmunity. Interpreting this literature is complicated by the fact that descriptions are diverse and criteria for labeling 'stem-like' T cells are evolving. Working under the hypothesis that conceptual frameworks developed for actual stem cells can be used to better evaluate and organize T cells described to have stem-like features, we outline widely accepted properties of stem cells and compare these to different 'stem-like' CD4+ T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P Hughes
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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15
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Hlavca S, Chan WH, Engel RM, Abud HE. Clusterin: a marker and mediator of chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:379-391. [PMID: 38319453 PMCID: PMC11015998 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Intra-tumoural heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity in colorectal cancer (CRC) have been key challenges to effective treatment for patients. It has been suggested that a subpopulation of LGR5-expressing cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for driving tumour relapse and therapy resistance in CRC. However, studies have revealed that the LGR5+ve CSC population is highly sensitive to chemotherapy. It has been hypothesised that another subset of tumour cells can phenotypically revert to a stem-like state in response to chemotherapy treatment which replenishes the LGR5+ve CSC population and maintains tumour growth. Recently, a unique stem cell population marked by enriched clusterin (CLU) expression and termed the revival stem cell (RevSC) was identified in the regenerating murine intestine. This CLU-expressing cell population is quiescent during homeostasis but has the ability to survive and regenerate other stem cells upon injury. More recently, the CLU+ve signature has been implicated in several adverse outcomes in CRC, including chemotherapy resistance and poor patient survival; however, the mechanism behind this remains undetermined. In this review, we discuss recent insights on CLU in CRC and its roles in enhancing the plasticity of cells and further consider the implications of CLU as a prospective target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hlavca
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wing Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Engel
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Cabrini Monash University, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, Cabrini Monash University, Cabrini Hospital, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia.
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16
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Hausmann A, Steenholdt C, Nielsen OH, Jensen KB. Immune cell-derived signals governing epithelial phenotypes in homeostasis and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:239-251. [PMID: 38320941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfills important physiological functions and forms a physical barrier to the intestinal lumen. Barrier function is regulated by several pathways, and its impairment contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory condition affecting more than seven million people worldwide. Current treatment options specifically target inflammatory mediators and have led to improvement of clinical outcomes; however, a significant proportion of patients experience treatment failure. Pro-repair effects of inflammatory mediators on the epithelium are emerging. In this review we summarize current knowledge on involved epithelial pathways, identify open questions, and put recent findings into clinical perspective, and pro-repair effects. A detailed understanding of epithelial pathways integrating mucosal stimuli in homeostasis and inflammation is crucial for the development of novel, more targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hausmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Casper Steenholdt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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17
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Xing YZ, Guo HY, Xiang F, Li YH. Recent progress in hair follicle stem cell markers and their regulatory roles. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:126-136. [PMID: 38455104 PMCID: PMC10915958 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the bulge are a multipotent adult stem cell population. They can periodically give rise to new HFs and even regenerate the epidermis and sebaceous glands during wound healing. An increasing number of biomarkers have been used to isolate, label, and trace HFSCs in recent years. Considering more detailed data from single-cell transcriptomics technology, we mainly focus on the important HFSC molecular markers and their regulatory roles in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhan Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hai-Ying Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Xiang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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18
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Shi R, Wang B. Nutrient metabolism in regulating intestinal stem cell homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2024:e13602. [PMID: 38386338 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are known for their remarkable proliferative capacity, making them one of the most active cell populations in the body. However, a high turnover rate of intestinal epithelium raises the likelihood of dysregulated homeostasis, which is known to cause various diseases, including cancer. Maintaining precise control over the homeostasis of ISCs is crucial to preserve the intestinal epithelium's integrity during homeostasis or stressed conditions. Recent research has indicated that nutrients and metabolic pathways can extensively modulate the fate of ISCs. This review will explore recent findings concerning the influence of various nutrients, including lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamin D, on the delicate balance between ISC proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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19
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Abud HE, Amarasinghe SL, Micati D, Jardé T. Stromal Niche Signals That Orchestrate Intestinal Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:679-685. [PMID: 38342301 PMCID: PMC10957453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Stromal cell populations have a central role in providing signals that support the maintenance, differentiation, and function of the intestinal epithelium. The behavior and fate of epithelial cells is directed by the spatial organization of stromal cells that either sustain stem and progenitor cell identity or drive differentiation. A combination of single-cell analyses, mouse models, and organoid coculture assays have provided insight into the diversity of signals delivered by stromal cells. Signaling gradients are established and fine-tuned by the expression of signaling agonists and antagonists along the crypt-villus axis. On epithelial injury, there are disruptions to the abundance and organization of stromal populations. There are also distinct changes in the signals originating from these cells that impact remodeling of the epithelium. How these signals coordinate to mediate epithelial repair or sustain tissue injury in inflammatory bowel diseases is beginning to emerge. Understanding of these processes may lead to opportunities to target stromal cell populations as a strategy to modify disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Shanika L Amarasinghe
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana Micati
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Ding Q, Zu X, Chen W, Xin J, Xu X, Lv Y, Wei X, Wang J, Wei Y, Li Z, Cai J, Du J, Zhang W. Astragalus polysaccharide promotes the regeneration of intestinal stem cells through HIF-1 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18058. [PMID: 38098246 PMCID: PMC10844761 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced intestinal injury is usually accompanied by high lethality. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are critical and responsible for the regeneration of the damaged intestine. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), one of the main active ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus (AM), has a variety of biological functions. This study was aimed to investigate the potential effects of APS on IR-induced intestine injury via promoting the regeneration of ISCs. We have established models of IR-induced intestinal injury and our results showed that APS played great radioprotective effects on the intestine. APS improved the survival rate of irradiated mice, reversed the radiation damage of intestinal tissue, increased the survival rate of intestinal crypts, the number of ISCs and the expression of intestinal tight junction-related proteins after IR. Moreover, APS promoted the cell viability while inhibited the apoptosis of MODE-K. Through organoid experiments, we found that APS promoted the regeneration of ISCs. Remarkably, the results of network pharmacology, RNA sequencing and RT-PCR assays showed that APS significantly upregulated the HIF-1 signalling pathway, and HIF-1 inhibitor destroyed the radioprotection of APS. Our findings suggested that APS promotes the regeneration of ISCs through HIF-1 signalling pathway, and it may be an effective radioprotective agent for IR-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ding
- School of PharmacyAnhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of PharmacyNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Chen
- School of PharmacyNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiayun Xin
- School of PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Xike Xu
- School of PharmacyNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanhui Lv
- School of PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Xintong Wei
- School of PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Jie Wang
- School of PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Yanping Wei
- School of PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianming Cai
- Faculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medicine UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jicong Du
- Faculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medicine UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of PharmacyAnhui University of Traditional Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
- School of PharmacyNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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21
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Yamaga S, Aziz M, Murao A, Brenner M, Wang P. DAMPs and radiation injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353990. [PMID: 38333215 PMCID: PMC10850293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The heightened risk of ionizing radiation exposure, stemming from radiation accidents and potential acts of terrorism, has spurred growing interests in devising effective countermeasures against radiation injury. High-dose ionizing radiation exposure triggers acute radiation syndrome (ARS), manifesting as hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular ARS. Hematopoietic ARS typically presents with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, while gastrointestinal ARS results in intestinal mucosal injury, often culminating in lethal sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding. This deleterious impact can be attributed to radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress, leading to various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intrinsic molecules released by cells undergoing injury or in the process of dying, either through passive or active pathways. These molecules then interact with pattern recognition receptors, triggering inflammatory responses. Such a cascade of events ultimately results in further tissue and organ damage, contributing to the elevated mortality rate. Notably, infection and sepsis often develop in ARS cases, further increasing the release of DAMPs. Given that lethal sepsis stands as a major contributor to the mortality in ARS, DAMPs hold the potential to function as mediators, exacerbating radiation-induced organ injury and consequently worsening overall survival. This review describes the intricate mechanisms underlying radiation-induced release of DAMPs. Furthermore, it discusses the detrimental effects of DAMPs on the immune system and explores potential DAMP-targeting therapeutic strategies to alleviate radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaga
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Atsushi Murao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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22
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Tyler SR, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Guccione E, Schadt EE. Anti-correlated feature selection prevents false discovery of subpopulations in scRNAseq. Nat Commun 2024; 15:699. [PMID: 38267438 PMCID: PMC10808220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
While sub-clustering cell-populations has become popular in single cell-omics, negative controls for this process are lacking. Popular feature-selection/clustering algorithms fail the null-dataset problem, allowing erroneous subdivisions of homogenous clusters until nearly each cell is called its own cluster. Using real and synthetic datasets, we find that anti-correlated gene selection reduces or eliminates erroneous subdivisions, increases marker-gene selection efficacy, and efficiently scales to millions of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Tyler
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Hamilton M, Mars Z, Sedeuil M, Rolland M, Jean D, Boudreau F, Giroux V. ASCL2 is a key regulator of the proliferation-differentiation equilibrium in the esophageal epithelium. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio059919. [PMID: 38252116 PMCID: PMC10836648 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The esophagus is protected from the hostile environment by a stratified epithelium, which renews rapidly. Homeostasis of this epithelium is ensured by a rare population of stem cells in the basal layer: Keratin 15+ (Krt15+) cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating their distinct features, namely self-renewal, potency and epithelial regeneration. Achaete-scute family BHLH transcription factor 2 (ASCL2) is strongly upregulated in Krt15+ stem cells and is known to contribute to stem cell maintenance in other tissues. Herein, we investigated the role of ASCL2 in maintaining homeostasis under normal and stress conditions in the esophageal epithelium. ASCL2 overexpression severely dysregulated cell differentiation and cell fate. Proliferation was also reduced due potentially to a blockage in the G1 phase of the cell cycle or an induction of quiescence. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed alterations in several proteins associated with differentiation and the cell cycle. In addition, overexpression of ASCL2 enhanced resistance to radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. Overall, these results denote the role of ASCL2 as a key regulator of the proliferation-differentiation equilibrium in the esophageal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Hamilton
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Zoéline Mars
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Université Paris Cité, Magistère Européen de génétique, Paris 75006, France
| | - Molly Sedeuil
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Marjorie Rolland
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Dominique Jean
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Véronique Giroux
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke (IRCUS), Sherbrooke J1E4K8, Canada
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24
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de Jong JCW, van Rooijen KS, Stigter ECA, Gülersönmez MC, de Zoete MR, Top J, Baars MJD, Vercoulen Y, Kuipers F, van Mil SWC, Ijssennagger N. Dietary cystine restriction increases the proliferative capacity of the small intestine of mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290493. [PMID: 38181033 PMCID: PMC10769047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, over 88 million people are estimated to have adopted a vegan or vegetarian diet. Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which availability is largely dependent on dietary intake of meat, eggs and whole grains. Vegan/vegetarian diets are therefore inherently low in cysteine. Sufficient uptake of cysteine is crucial, as it serves as substrate for protein synthesis and can be converted to taurine and glutathione. We found earlier that intermolecular cystine bridges are essential for the barrier function of the intestinal mucus layer. Therefore, we now investigate the effect of low dietary cystine on the intestine. Mice (8/group) received a high fat diet with a normal or low cystine concentration for 2 weeks. We observed no changes in plasma methionine, cysteine, taurine or glutathione levels or bile acid conjugation after 2 weeks of low cystine feeding. In the colon, dietary cystine restriction results in an increase in goblet cell numbers, and a borderline significant increase mucus layer thickness. Gut microbiome composition and expression of stem cell markers did not change on the low cystine diet. Remarkably, stem cell markers, as well as the proliferation marker Ki67, were increased upon cystine restriction in the small intestine. In line with this, gene set enrichment analysis indicated enrichment of Wnt signaling in the small intestine of mice on the low cystine diet, indicative of increased epithelial proliferation. In conclusion, 2 weeks of cystine restriction did not result in apparent systemic effects, but the low cystine diet increased the proliferative capacity specifically of the small intestine and induced the number of goblet cells in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. W. de Jong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel S. van Rooijen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. A. Stigter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Can Gülersönmez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel R. de Zoete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J. D. Baars
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Vercoulen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine and European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia W. C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Ijssennagger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Loe AKH, Rao-Bhatia A, Wei Z, Kim JE, Guan B, Qin Y, Hong M, Kwak HS, Liu X, Zhang L, Wrana JL, Guo H, Kim TH. YAP targetome reveals activation of SPEM in gastric pre-neoplastic progression and regeneration. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113497. [PMID: 38041813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease caused by environmental factors increases the risk of developing gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. A major type of GC uniquely undergoes spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) followed by intestinal metaplasia. Notably, intestinal-type GC patients with high levels of YAP signaling exhibit a lower survival rate and poor prognosis. YAP overexpression in gastric cells induces atrophy, metaplasia, and hyperproliferation, while its deletion in a Notch-activated gastric adenoma model suppresses them. By defining the YAP targetome genome-wide, we demonstrate that YAP binds to active chromatin elements of SPEM-related genes, which correlates with the activation of their expression in both metaplasia and ulcers. Single-cell analysis combined with our YAP signature reveals that YAP signaling is activated during SPEM, demonstrating YAP as a central regulator of SPEM in gastric neoplasia and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K H Loe
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Abilasha Rao-Bhatia
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, China
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bingxin Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Minji Hong
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hyo Sang Kwak
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haiyang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China.
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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26
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Zitter RC, Chugh RM, Bhanja P, Kimler BF, Saha S. LGR5+ Intestinal Stem Cells Display Sex-Dependent Radiosensitivity. Cells 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38201250 PMCID: PMC10778194 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue radiosensitivity plays a critical role in the overall outcome of radiation therapy. Identifying characteristics that predict how a patient may respond to radiotherapy enables clinicians to maximize the therapeutic window. Limited clinical data have suggested a difference in male and female radiotherapy outcomes. Radiotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancy is still a challenge due to intestinal sensitivity to radiation toxicity. In this manuscript, we demonstrated sex-specific differences in intestinal epithelial radiosensitivity. In a mouse model of abdominal irradiation, we observed a significant increase in oxidative stress and injury in males compared to females. Lgr5+ve intestinal stem cells from male mice showed higher sensitivity to radiation-induced toxicity. However, sex-specific differences in intestinal radiosensitivity were not dependent on sex hormones, as we demonstrated similar sex-specific radiosensitivity differences in pre-pubescent mice. In an ex vivo study, we found that patient-derived intestinal organoid (PID) from males showed higher sensitivity to radiation compared to females as evident from loss of budding crypts, organoid size, and membrane integrity. Transcriptomic analysis of human Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells suggested radiation-induced upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in males compared to females, a possible mechanism for radiosensitivity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Zitter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.C.Z.); (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Rishi Man Chugh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.C.Z.); (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Payel Bhanja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.C.Z.); (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Bruce F. Kimler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.C.Z.); (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (B.F.K.)
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (R.C.Z.); (R.M.C.); (P.B.); (B.F.K.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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27
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Lu H, Yan H, Li X, Xing Y, Ye Y, Jiang S, Ma L, Ping J, Zuo H, Hao Y, Yu C, Li Y, Zhou G, Lu Y. Single-cell map of dynamic cellular microenvironment of radiation-induced intestinal injury. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1248. [PMID: 38071238 PMCID: PMC10710489 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestine is a highly radiation-sensitive organ that could be injured during the radiotherapy for pelvic, abdominal, and retroperitoneal tumors. However, the dynamic change of the intestinal microenvironment related to radiation-induced intestine injury (RIII) is still unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we pictured a dynamic landscape of the intestinal microenvironment during RIII and regeneration. We showed that the various cell types of intestine exhibited heterogeneous radiosensitivities. We revealed the distinct dynamic patterns of three subtypes of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and the cellular trajectory analysis suggested a complex interconversion pattern among them. For the immune cells, we found that Ly6c+ monocytes can give rise to both pro-inflammatory macrophages and resident macrophages after RIII. Through cellular communication analysis, we identified a positive feedback loop between the macrophages and endothelial cells, which could amplify the inflammatory response induced by radiation. Besides, we identified different T cell subtypes and revealed their role in immunomodulation during the early stage of RIII through inflammation and defense response relevant signaling pathways. Overall, our study provides a valuable single-cell map of the multicellular dynamics during RIII and regeneration, which may facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of RIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuan Xing
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yumeng Ye
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Siao Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 071002, China
| | - Luyu Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yanhui Hao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230032, China.
| | - Gangqiao Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, 211166, China.
| | - Yiming Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 071002, China.
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28
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Zitter RC, Chugh RM, Bhanja P, Saha S. LGR5+ Intestinal Stem Cells Display Sex Dependent Radiosensitivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570158. [PMID: 38106083 PMCID: PMC10723330 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Radiosensitivity, the susceptibility of cells to ionizing radiation, plays a critical role in understanding the effects of radiation therapy and exposure on tissue health and regeneration. Identifying characteristics that predict how a patient may respond to radiotherapy enables clinicians to maximize the therapeutic window. Limited clinical data suggested a difference in male and female radiotherapy outcomes. Radiotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancy is still a challenge due to intestinal sensitivity to radiation toxicity. In this manuscript, we demonstrated sex-specific differences in intestinal epithelial radiosensitivity. In mice models of abdominal irradiation, we observed a significant increase in oxidative stress and injury in males compared to females. Lgr5+ve intestinal stem cells from male mice showed higher sensitivity to radiation-induced toxicity. However, sex-specific differences in intestinal radiosensitivity are not dependent on sex hormones as we demonstrated similar sex-specific radiosensitivity differences in pediatric mice. In an ex-vivo study, we found that human patient-derived intestinal organoids (PID) derived from males showed higher sensitivity to irradiation compared to females as evidenced by loss of budding crypt, organoid size, and membrane integrity. Transcriptomic analysis of human Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells suggested radiation induced upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in males compared to females' possible mechanism for radiosensitivity differences.
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29
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Qin X, Cardoso Rodriguez F, Sufi J, Vlckova P, Claus J, Tape CJ. An oncogenic phenoscape of colonic stem cell polarization. Cell 2023; 186:5554-5568.e18. [PMID: 38065080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are regulated by oncogenic mutations and microenvironmental signals, yet these processes are often studied separately. To functionally map how cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues co-regulate cell fate, we performed a systematic single-cell analysis of 1,107 colonic organoid cultures regulated by (1) colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenic mutations, (2) microenvironmental fibroblasts and macrophages, (3) stromal ligands, and (4) signaling inhibitors. Multiplexed single-cell analysis revealed a stepwise epithelial differentiation phenoscape dictated by combinations of oncogenes and stromal ligands, spanning from fibroblast-induced Clusterin (CLU)+ revival colonic stem cells (revCSCs) to oncogene-driven LRIG1+ hyper-proliferative CSCs (proCSCs). The transition from revCSCs to proCSCs is regulated by decreasing WNT3A and TGF-β-driven YAP signaling and increasing KRASG12D or stromal EGF/Epiregulin-activated MAPK/PI3K flux. We find that APC loss and KRASG12D collaboratively limit access to revCSCs and disrupt stromal-epithelial communication-trapping epithelia in the proCSC fate. These results reveal that oncogenic mutations dominate homeostatic differentiation by obstructing cell-extrinsic regulation of cell-fate plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qin
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ferran Cardoso Rodriguez
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jahangir Sufi
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Petra Vlckova
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jeroen Claus
- Phospho Biomedical Animation, The Greenhouse Studio 6, London N17 9QU, UK
| | - Christopher J Tape
- Cell Communication Lab, Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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30
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Driskill JH, Pan D. Control of stem cell renewal and fate by YAP and TAZ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:895-911. [PMID: 37626124 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Complex physiological processes control whether stem cells self-renew, differentiate or remain quiescent. Two decades of research have placed the Hippo pathway, a highly conserved kinase signalling cascade, and its downstream molecular effectors YAP and TAZ at the nexus of this decision. YAP and TAZ translate complex biological cues acting on stem cells - from mechanical forces to cellular metabolism - into genome-wide effects to mediate stem cell functions. While aberrant YAP/TAZ activity drives stem cell dysfunction in ageing, tumorigenesis and disease, therapeutic targeting of Hippo signalling and YAP/TAZ can boost stem cell activity to enhance regeneration. In this Review, we discuss how YAP/TAZ control the self-renewal, fate and plasticity of stem cells in different contexts, how dysregulation of YAP/TAZ in stem cells leads to disease, and how therapeutic modalities targeting YAP/TAZ may benefit regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H Driskill
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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31
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Yuan T, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Fan S. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal crypts reveals vital events in damage repair and the double-edged sword effect of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway in irradiated mice. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102942. [PMID: 37918127 PMCID: PMC10638071 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we executed single-cell RNA sequencing of intestinal crypts. We analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different time points (the first, third, and fifth days) after 13 Gy and 15 Gy abdominal body radiation (ABR) exposure and then executed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, RNA velocity analysis, cell communication analysis, and ligand‒receptor interaction analysis to explore the vital events in damage repair and the multiple effects of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway on irradiated mice. Results from bioinformatics analysis were confirmed by a series of biological experiments. Results showed that the antibacterial response is a vital event during the damage response process after 13 Gy ABR exposure; ionizing radiation (IR) induced high heterogeneity in the transient amplification (TA) cluster, which may differentiate into mature cells and stem cells in irradiated small intestine (SI) crypts. Conducting an enrichment analysis of the DEGs between mice exposed to 13 Gy and 15 Gy ABR, we concluded that the Wnt3/β-catenin and MIF-CD74/CD44 signaling pathways may contribute to 15 Gy ABR-induced mouse death. Wnt3/β-catenin promotes the recovery of irradiated SI stem/progenitor cells, which may trigger macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) release to further repair IR-induced SI injury; however, with the increase in radiation dose, activation of CD44 on macrophages provides the receptor for MIF signal transduction, initiating the inflammatory cascade response and ultimately causing a cytokine release syndrome. In contrast to previous research, we confirmed that inhibition of the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway or blockade of CD44 on the second day after 15 Gy ABR may significantly protect against ABR-induced death. This study indicates that the Wnt3/β-catenin pathway plays multiple roles in damage repair after IR exposure; we also propose a novel point that the interaction between intestinal crypt stem cells (ISCs) and macrophages through the MIF-CD74/CD44 axis may exacerbate SI damage in irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, 300192, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Kim J, Kim S, Lee SY, Jo BK, Oh JY, Kwon EJ, Kim KT, Adpaikar AA, Kim EJ, Jung HS, Kim HR, Roe JS, Hong CP, Kim JK, Koo BK, Cha HJ. Partial in vivo reprogramming enables injury-free intestinal regeneration via autonomous Ptgs1 induction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8454. [PMID: 38000027 PMCID: PMC10672161 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration after injury involves the dedifferentiation of somatic cells, a natural adaptive reprogramming that leads to the emergence of injury-responsive cells with fetal-like characteristics. However, there is no direct evidence that adaptive reprogramming involves a shared molecular mechanism with direct cellular reprogramming. Here, we induced dedifferentiation of intestinal epithelial cells using OSKM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) in vivo. The OSKM-induced forced dedifferentiation showed similar molecular features of intestinal regeneration, including a transition from homeostatic cell types to injury-responsive-like cell types. These injury-responsive-like cells, sharing gene signatures of revival stem cells and atrophy-induced villus epithelial cells, actively assisted tissue regeneration following damage. In contrast to normal intestinal regeneration involving Ptgs2 induction, the OSKM promotes autonomous production of prostaglandin E2 via epithelial Ptgs1 expression. These results indicate prostaglandin synthesis is a common mechanism for intestinal regeneration but involves a different enzyme when partial reprogramming is applied to the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Ki Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anish Ashok Adpaikar
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- Theragen Bio Co., Ltd, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Liu CY, Girish N, Gomez ML, Kalski M, Bernard JK, Simons BD, Polk DB. Wound-healing plasticity enables clonal expansion of founder progenitor cells in colitis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2309-2325.e7. [PMID: 37652012 PMCID: PMC10872951 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic colonic injury and inflammation pose high risks for field cancerization, wherein injury-associated mutations promote stem cell fitness and gradual clonal expansion. However, the long-term stability of some colitis-associated mutational fields could suggest alternate origins. Here, studies of acute murine colitis reveal a punctuated mechanism of massive, neutral clonal expansion during normal wound healing. Through three-dimensional (3D) imaging, quantitative fate mapping, and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that epithelial wound repair begins with the loss of structural constraints on regeneration, forming fused labyrinthine channels containing epithelial cells reprogrammed to a non-proliferative plastic state. A small but highly proliferative set of epithelial founder progenitor cells (FPCs) subsequently emerges and undergoes extensive cell division, enabling fluid-like lineage mixing and spreading across the colonic surface. Crypt budding restores the glandular organization, imprinting the pattern of clonal expansion. The emergence and functions of FPCs within a critical window of plasticity represent regenerative targets with implications for preneoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambrian Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Nandini Girish
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marie L Gomez
- Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Martin Kalski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jessica K Bernard
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK; Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - D Brent Polk
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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34
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Chen L, Qiu X, Dupre A, Pellon-Cardenas O, Fan X, Xu X, Rout P, Walton KD, Burclaff J, Zhang R, Fang W, Ofer R, Logerfo A, Vemuri K, Bandyopadhyay S, Wang J, Barbet G, Wang Y, Gao N, Perekatt AO, Hu W, Magness ST, Spence JR, Verzi MP. TGFB1 induces fetal reprogramming and enhances intestinal regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1520-1537.e8. [PMID: 37865088 PMCID: PMC10841757 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium has a remarkable ability to recover from damage. We employed a combination of high-throughput sequencing approaches, mouse genetics, and murine and human organoids and identified a role for TGFB signaling during intestinal regeneration following injury. At 2 days following irradiation (IR)-induced damage of intestinal crypts, a surge in TGFB1 expression is mediated by monocyte/macrophage cells at the location of damage. The depletion of macrophages or genetic disruption of TGFB signaling significantly impaired the regenerative response. Intestinal regeneration is characterized by the induction of a fetal-like transcriptional signature during repair. In organoid culture, TGFB1 treatment was necessary and sufficient to induce the fetal-like/regenerative state. Mesenchymal cells were also responsive to TGFB1 and enhanced the regenerative response. Mechanistically, pro-regenerative factors, YAP/TEAD and SOX9, are activated in the epithelium exposed to TGFB1. Finally, pre-treatment with TGFB1 enhanced the ability of primary epithelial cultures to engraft into damaged murine colon, suggesting promise for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xia Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Abigail Dupre
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Oscar Pellon-Cardenas
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Xiaojiao Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Prateeksha Rout
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Katherine D Walton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Burclaff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27695, USA; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ruolan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenxin Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rachel Ofer
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Alexandra Logerfo
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Kiranmayi Vemuri
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Gaetan Barbet
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Ansu O Perekatt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27695, USA; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 00854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease (CEED), Rutgers EOHSI, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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35
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Karpenko DV. Immune Privileges as a Result of Mutual Regulation of Immune and Stem Systems. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1818-1831. [PMID: 38105201 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune privileges of cancer stem cells is a well-known and widely studied problem, as presence of such cells in tumors is associated with refractoriness, recurrence, and metastasis. Accumulating evidence also suggests presence of immune privileges in non-pathological stem cells in addition to their other defense mechanisms against damaging factors. This similarity between pathological and normal stem cells raises the question of why stem cells have such a potentially dangerous property. Regulation of vital processes of autoimmunity control and regeneration realized through interactions between immune cells, stem cells, and their microenvironment are reviewed in this work as causes of formation of the stem cell immune privilege. Deep mutual integration between regulations of stem and immune cells is noted. Considering diversity and complexity of mutual regulation of stem cells, their microenvironment, and immune system, I suggest the term "stem system".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Karpenko
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation of Hematopoiesis, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, 125167, Russia.
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36
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Kovatcheva M, Melendez E, Chondronasiou D, Pietrocola F, Bernad R, Caballe A, Junza A, Capellades J, Holguín-Horcajo A, Prats N, Durand S, Rovira M, Yanes O, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Kroemer G, Serrano M. Vitamin B 12 is a limiting factor for induced cellular plasticity and tissue repair. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1911-1930. [PMID: 37973897 PMCID: PMC10663163 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Transient reprogramming by the expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC (OSKM) is a therapeutic strategy for tissue regeneration and rejuvenation, but little is known about its metabolic requirements. Here we show that OSKM reprogramming in mice causes a global depletion of vitamin B12 and molecular hallmarks of methionine starvation. Supplementation with vitamin B12 increases the efficiency of reprogramming both in mice and in cultured cells, the latter indicating a cell-intrinsic effect. We show that the epigenetic mark H3K36me3, which prevents illegitimate initiation of transcription outside promoters (cryptic transcription), is sensitive to vitamin B12 levels, providing evidence for a link between B12 levels, H3K36 methylation, transcriptional fidelity and efficient reprogramming. Vitamin B12 supplementation also accelerates tissue repair in a model of ulcerative colitis. We conclude that vitamin B12, through its key role in one-carbon metabolism and epigenetic dynamics, improves the efficiency of in vivo reprogramming and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kovatcheva
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Melendez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dafni Chondronasiou
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Raquel Bernad
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Caballe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Capellades
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Metabolomics Platform, Reus, Spain
| | - Adrián Holguín-Horcajo
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Pancreas Regeneration: Pancreatic Progenitors and Their Niche Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Neus Prats
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvere Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms UMS AMMICa/UMR 1138, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Pancreas Regeneration: Pancreatic Progenitors and Their Niche Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms UMS AMMICa/UMR 1138, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK.
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37
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Verhagen MP, Joosten R, Schmitt M, Valimaki N, Sacchetti A, Rajamaki K, Choi J, Procopio P, Silva S, van der Steen B, van den Bosch TPP, Seinstra D, Doukas M, Augenlicht LH, Aaltonen LA, Fodde R. The origin of intestinal cancer in the context of inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560432. [PMID: 37873142 PMCID: PMC10592905 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
According to conventional views, colon cancer originates from stem cells. However, inflammation, a key risk factor for colon cancer, was shown to suppress intestinal stemness. Here, we employed Paneth cells (PCs) as a model to assess the capacity of differentiated lineages to trigger tumorigenesis in the context of inflammation. Upon inflammation, PC-specific Apc mutations led to intestinal tumors reminiscent not only of those arising in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients but also of a larger fraction of sporadic colon cancers. The latter is likely due to the inflammatory consequences of Western-style dietary habits, the major colon cancer risk factor. Computational methods designed to predict the cell-of-origin of cancer confirmed that, in a substantial fraction of sporadic colon cancers the cells-of-origin are secretory lineages and not stem cells.
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38
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Wang Y, Lou R, Zhang Z, Xiao C, Yu S, Wei S, Liu Y, Fu W, Li B, Chen YG. Stromal BMP signaling regulates mucin production in the large intestine via interleukin-1/17. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1827. [PMID: 37889976 PMCID: PMC10610902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is critical for intestinal development, homeostasis, and function performance. Although the function of BMP signaling in the intestinal epithelium is well appreciated, the direct effect of BMP on intestinal stromal cells is poorly understood. Here, we show that disruption of BMP signaling by genetic ablation of Alk3 or Smad4 expands the stromal cell pool, the mucosa tumefaction, and colonic polyposis in the large intestine. Interleukin (IL) secretion by stromal cells is notably increased, including IL-1, IL-11, and IL-17. Specifically, IL-1 and IL-17a hyperactivate the mucin production by goblet cells through nuclear factor κB signaling, and abnormal mucin accumulation results in the morphological changes, epithelial barrier destruction, and polyposis development. Together, our results provide an insight into the role of BMP signaling in intestinal stromal cells to regulate epithelium function. This study further highlights the role of mucin-producing goblet cells in intestinal homeostasis and colitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Ruoyu Lou
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chuyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Siting Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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39
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Nakata T, Li C, Mayassi T, Lin H, Ghosh K, Segerstolpe Å, Diamond EL, Herbst P, Biancalani T, Gaddam S, Parkar S, Lu Z, Jaiswal A, Li B, Creasey EA, Lefkovith A, Daly MJ, Graham DB, Xavier RJ. Genetic vulnerability to Crohn's disease reveals a spatially resolved epithelial restitution program. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg5252. [PMID: 37878672 PMCID: PMC10798370 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Effective tissue repair requires coordinated intercellular communication to sense damage, remodel the tissue, and restore function. Here, we dissected the healing response in the intestinal mucosa by mapping intercellular communication at single-cell resolution and integrating with spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrated that a risk variant for Crohn's disease, hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC) Arg509His (R509H), disrupted a damage-sensing pathway connecting the coagulation cascade to growth factors that drive the differentiation of wound-associated epithelial (WAE) cells and production of a localized retinoic acid (RA) gradient to promote fibroblast-mediated tissue remodeling. Specifically, we showed that HGFAC R509H was activated by thrombin protease activity but exhibited impaired proteolytic activation of the growth factor macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). In Hgfac R509H mice, reduced MSP activation in response to wounding of the colon resulted in impaired WAE cell induction and delayed healing. Through integration of single-cell transcriptomics and spatial transcriptomics, we demonstrated that WAE cells generated RA in a spatially restricted region of the wound site and that mucosal fibroblasts responded to this signal by producing extracellular matrix and growth factors. We further dissected this WAE cell-fibroblast signaling circuit in vitro using a genetically tractable organoid coculture model. Collectively, these studies exploited a genetic perturbation associated with human disease to disrupt a fundamental biological process and then reconstructed a spatially resolved mechanistic model of tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakata
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chenhao Li
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Helen Lin
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Koushik Ghosh
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Åsa Segerstolpe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emma L. Diamond
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paula Herbst
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ziqing Lu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alok Jaiswal
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bihua Li
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Creasey
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ariel Lefkovith
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Sharifkhodaei Z, Liu CY, Girish N, Huang Y, Punit S, Washington MK, Polk DB. Colitis-induced upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) terminates epithelial regenerative signaling to restore homeostasis. iScience 2023; 26:107829. [PMID: 37736049 PMCID: PMC10510063 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic epithelial repair is a key determinant of health. Repair involves changes in epithelial differentiation, an extensive proliferative response, and upregulation of regeneration-associated "fetal-like" transcripts, including Ly6a (Sca-1), that represent Yap1 and interferon targets. However, little is known about how this regenerative program terminates and how homeostasis is restored during injury and inflammation. Here we show that, after the initial entry into the regenerative state, the subsequent upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (R2, TNFR2, Tnfrsf1b) clears the regenerative signaling and restores homeostatic patterns of epithelial differentiation. Targeted deletion of epithelial TNFR2 in vivo and in colonoid cultures revealed persistent expression of Ly6a, hyperproliferation, and reduced secretory differentiation. Moreover, mice lacking epithelial TNFR2 also failed to complete colon ulcer healing, suggesting that partial resolution of regenerative signaling is essential for the completion of the repair process. These results demonstrate how epithelial cells dynamically leverage a colitis-associated cytokine to choreograph repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifkhodaei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cambrian Y. Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nandini Girish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- The Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivesh Punit
- The Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D. Brent Polk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Chen S, Jiang W, Du Y, Yang M, Pan Y, Li H, Cui M. Single-cell analysis technologies for cancer research: from tumor-specific single cell discovery to cancer therapy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1276959. [PMID: 37900181 PMCID: PMC10602688 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1276959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing (SCS) technology is changing our understanding of cellular components, functions, and interactions across organisms, because of its inherent advantage of avoiding noise resulting from genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity across numerous samples. By directly and individually measuring multiple molecular characteristics of thousands to millions of single cells, SCS technology can characterize multiple cell types and uncover the mechanisms of gene regulatory networks, the dynamics of transcription, and the functional state of proteomic profiling. In this context, we conducted systematic research on SCS techniques, including the fundamental concepts, procedural steps, and applications of scDNA, scRNA, scATAC, scCITE, and scSNARE methods, focusing on the unique clinical advantages of SCS, particularly in cancer therapy. We have explored challenging but critical areas such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), lineage tracing, tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and tumor immunotherapy. Despite challenges in managing and analyzing the large amounts of data that result from SCS, this technique is expected to reveal new horizons in cancer research. This review aims to emphasize the key role of SCS in cancer research and promote the application of single-cell technologies to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhui Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jilin Province People’s Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Manshi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihan Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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42
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Li J, Simmons AJ, Chiron S, Ramirez-Solano MA, Tasneem N, Kaur H, Xu Y, Revetta F, Vega PN, Bao S, Cui C, Tyree RN, Raber LW, Conner AN, Beaulieu DB, Dalal RL, Horst SN, Pabla BS, Huo Y, Landman BA, Roland JT, Scoville EA, Schwartz DA, Washington MK, Shyr Y, Wilson KT, Coburn LA, Lau KS, Liu Q. A Specialized Epithelial Cell Type Regulating Mucosal Immunity and Driving Human Crohn's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.560293. [PMID: 37873404 PMCID: PMC10592875 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.560293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder that may affect any part of gastrointestinal tract with extra-intestinal manifestations and associated immune dysregulation. To characterize heterogeneity in CD, we profiled single-cell transcriptomics of 170 samples from 65 CD patients and 18 non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controls in both the terminal ileum (TI) and ascending colon (AC). Analysis of 202,359 cells identified a novel epithelial cell type in both TI and AC, featuring high expression of LCN2, NOS2, and DUOX2, and thus is named LND. LND cells, confirmed by high-resolution in-situ RNA imaging, were rarely found in non-IBD controls, but expanded significantly in active CD. Compared to other epithelial cells, genes defining LND cells were enriched in antimicrobial response and immunoregulation. Moreover, multiplexed protein imaging demonstrated that LND cell abundance was associated with immune infiltration. Cross-talk between LND and immune cells was explored by ligand-receptor interactions and further evidenced by their spatial colocalization. LND cells showed significant enrichment of expression specificity of IBD/CD susceptibility genes, revealing its role in immunopathogenesis of CD. Investigating lineage relationships of epithelial cells detected two LND cell subpopulations with different origins and developmental potential, early and late LND. The ratio of the late to early LND cells was related to anti-TNF response. These findings emphasize the pathogenic role of the specialized LND cell type in both Crohn's ileitis and Crohn's colitis and identify novel biomarkers associated with disease activity and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan J. Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophie Chiron
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marisol A. Ramirez-Solano
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naila Tasneem
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frank Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paige N. Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shunxing Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Regina N. Tyree
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Larry W. Raber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna N. Conner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn B. Beaulieu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robin L. Dalal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara N. Horst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Baldeep S. Pabla
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai Huo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Scoville
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori A. Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S. Lau
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt Univerity Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Yu L, Qi S, Wei G, Rao X, Luo D, Zou M, Mi Y, Zhang C, Li J. Krüppel-like factor 5 activates chick intestinal stem cell and promotes mucosal repair after impairment. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2142-2160. [PMID: 37950881 PMCID: PMC10732631 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2278938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal renewal, which depends on the intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity, is the foundation of mucosal repairment. Importantly, activation of reserve ISCs (rISCs) plays a vital role in initiating mucosal repair after injury. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of rISCs activation in chickens remains unclear. In this study, immediately after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, mitochondrial morphological destruction and dysfunction appeared in the crypt, accompanied by decreased epithelial secretion (decreased Muc2 mRNA abundance and LYSOZYME protein level). However, immediately after mucosal injury, the mucosal renewal accelerated, as indicated by the increased BrdU positive rate, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein level and mRNA abundance of cell cycle markers (Ccnd1, Cdk2). Concerning the ISCs activity, during the early period of injury, there appeared a reduction of active ISCs (aISCs) marker Lgr5 mRNA and protein, and an increasing of rISCs marker Hopx mRNA and protein. Strikingly, upon LPS challenge, increased mRNA transcriptional level of Krüppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) was detected in the crypt. Moreover, under LPS treatment in organoids, the KLF5 inhibitor (ML264) would decrease the mRNA and protein levels of Stat5a and Hopx, the STAT5A inhibitor (AC-4-130) would suppress the Lgr5 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay confirmed that, KLF5 would bind to Hopx promoter and activate the rISCs, STAT5A would trigger Lgr5 promoter and activate the aISCs. Collectively, KLF5 was upregulated during the early period of injury, further activate the rISCs directly and activate aISCs via STAT5A indirectly, thus initiate mucosal repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sichao Qi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, P.R. China
| | - Guozhen Wei
- Qingliu Animal Husbandry, Veterinary and Aquatic Products Center, Sanming, P.R. China
| | - Xi Rao
- Qingliu Animal Husbandry, Veterinary and Aquatic Products Center, Sanming, P.R. China
| | - Danni Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minyao Zou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Mi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Sun M, Tan Z, Lin K, Li X, Zhu J, Zhan L, Zheng H. Advanced Progression for the Heterogeneity and Homeostasis of Intestinal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2109-2119. [PMID: 37351833 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of the leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is well established, however, the implications of ISC heterogeneity and homeostasis are poorly understood. Prior studies have provided important evidence for the association between heterogeneity of ISC pools with pathogenesis and therapeutic response of malignant disease. Leveraging the advantages of organoids and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), glandular development has been simulated and cell heterogeneity has been clarified. Based on this research, several potential ISCs were identified, such as LGR5 + p27 + quiescent ISCs, LGR5 + Mex3a + slowly proliferating stem cells, and CLU + reverse stem cells. We also illustrated major factors responsible for ISC homeostasis including metabolism-related (LKB1, TGR5, HMGCS2), inflammation-related (IFB-b, IFN2, TNF), and Wnt signaling-related (CREPT, Mex3a, MTG16) factors. ISCs play complex roles in intestinal tumorigenesis, chemoresistance and occasional relapse of colon cancer, which bear discussion. In this review, we focus on novel technical challenges in ISCs fate drawing upon recent research with the goals of clarifying our understanding of complex ISCs, elucidating the integrated intestinal crypt niche, and creating new opportunities for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiong Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenya Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Keqiong Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jicheng Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Singh AK, Rai A, Weber A, Gericke M, Janssen KP, Moser M, Posern G. MRTF-A gain-of-function in mice impairs homeostatic renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:639. [PMID: 37770456 PMCID: PMC10539384 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The actin-regulated transcription factor MRTF-A represents a central relay in mechanotransduction and controls a subset of SRF-dependent target genes. However, gain-of-function studies in vivo are lacking. Here we characterize a conditional MRTF-A transgenic mouse model. While MRTF-A gain-of-function impaired embryonic development, induced expression of constitutively active MRTF-A provoked rapid hepatocyte ballooning and liver failure in adult mice. Specific expression in the intestinal epithelium caused an erosive architectural distortion, villus blunting, cryptal hyperplasia and colonic inflammation, resulting in transient weight loss. Organoids from transgenic mice repeatedly induced in vitro showed impaired self-renewal and defective cryptal compartments. Mechanistically, MRTF-A gain-of-function decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, but did not induce fibrosis. MRTF-A targets including Acta2 and Pai-1 were induced, whereas markers of stem cells and differentiated cells were reduced. Our results suggest that activated MRTF-A in the intestinal epithelium shifts the balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Amrita Rai
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Williams C, Brown R, Zhao Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Blunt K, Pilat J, Parang B, Choksi Y, Lau K, Hiebert S, Short S, Jacobse J, Xu Y, Yang Y, Goettel J. MTGR1 is required to maintain small intestinal stem cell populations. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3315071. [PMID: 37790452 PMCID: PMC10543309 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3315071/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Undifferentiated intestinal stem cells (ISCs), particularly those marked by Lgr5, are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and resolving injury. Lgr5+ cells in the crypt base constantly divide, pushing daughter cells upward along the crypt axis, where they differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types. This process requires coordinated execution of complex transcriptional programs, which allow for the maintenance of undifferentiated stem cells while permitting differentiation of the wide array of intestinal cells necessary for homeostasis. Thus, disrupting these programs may negatively impact homeostasis and response to injury. Previously, members of the myeloid translocation gene (MTG) family have been identified as transcriptional co-repressors that regulate stem cell maintenance and differentiation programs in multiple organ systems, including the intestine. One MTG family member, myeloid translocation gene related 1 (MTGR1), has been recognized as a crucial regulator of secretory cell differentiation and response to injury. However, whether MTGR1 contributes to the function of ISCs has not yet been examined. Here, using Mtgr1-/- mice, we have assessed the effects of MTGR1 loss on ISC biology and differentiation programs. Interestingly, loss of MTGR1 increased the total number of cells expressing Lgr5, the canonical marker of cycling ISCs, suggesting higher overall stem cell numbers. However, expanded transcriptomic analyses revealed MTGR1 loss may instead promote stem cell differentiation into transit-amplifying cells at the expense of cycling ISC populations. Furthermore, ex vivo intestinal organoids established from Mtgr1 null were found nearly completely unable to survive and expand, likely due to aberrant ISC differentiation, suggesting that Mtgr1 null ISCs were functionally deficient as compared to WT ISCs. Together, these results identify a novel role for MTGR1 in ISC function and suggest that MTGR1 is required to maintain the undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Wang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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47
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Wang P, Kljavin N, Nguyen TTT, Storm EE, Marsh B, Jiang J, Lin W, Menon H, Piskol R, de Sauvage FJ. Adrenergic nerves regulate intestinal regeneration through IL-22 signaling from type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1166-1178.e8. [PMID: 37597516 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has high intrinsic turnover rate, and the precise renewal of the epithelium is dependent on the microenvironment. The intestine is innervated by a dense network of peripheral nerves that controls various aspects of intestinal physiology. However, the role of neurons in regulating epithelial cell regeneration remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of gut-innervating adrenergic nerves on epithelial cell repair following irradiation (IR)-induced injury. We observed that adrenergic nerve density in the small intestine increased post IR, while chemical adrenergic denervation impaired epithelial regeneration. Single-cell RNA sequencing experiments revealed a decrease in IL-22 signaling post IR in denervated animals. Combining pharmacologic and genetic tools, we demonstrate that β-adrenergic receptor signaling drives IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) post IR, which in turn promotes epithelial regeneration. These results define an adrenergic-ILC3 axis important for intestinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putianqi Wang
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thi Thu Thao Nguyen
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elaine E Storm
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bryan Marsh
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jian Jiang
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William Lin
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hari Menon
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert Piskol
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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48
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Calafiore M, Fu YY, Vinci P, Arnhold V, Chang WY, Jansen SA, Egorova A, Takashima S, Kuttiyara J, Ito T, Serody J, Nakae S, Turnquist H, van Es J, Clevers H, Lindemans CA, Blazar BR, Hanash AM. A tissue-intrinsic IL-33/EGF circuit promotes epithelial regeneration after intestinal injury. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5411. [PMID: 37669929 PMCID: PMC10480426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain the epithelial lining of the intestines, but mechanisms regulating ISCs and their niche after damage remain poorly understood. Utilizing radiation injury to model intestinal pathology, we report here that the Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2 axis, an immunomodulatory pathway monitored clinically as an intestinal injury biomarker, regulates intrinsic epithelial regeneration by inducing production of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Three-dimensional imaging and lineage-specific RiboTag induction within the stem cell compartment indicated that ISCs expressed IL-33 in response to radiation injury. Neighboring Paneth cells responded to IL-33 by augmenting production of EGF, which promoted ISC recovery and epithelial regeneration. These findings reveal an unknown pathway of niche regulation and crypt regeneration whereby the niche responds dynamically upon injury and the stem cells orchestrate regeneration by regulating their niche. This regenerative circuit also highlights the breadth of IL-33 activity beyond immunomodulation and the therapeutic potential of EGF administration for treatment of intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calafiore
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Paola Vinci
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Viktor Arnhold
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Winston Y Chang
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Suze A Jansen
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Egorova
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shuichiro Takashima
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Jason Kuttiyara
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Serody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Heth Turnquist
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline A Lindemans
- Division of Pediatrics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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49
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Jiang Y, Ma C, Hu Y, Yang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Liu L, Wen S, Moynagh PN, Wang B, Yang S. ECSIT Is a Critical Factor for Controlling Intestinal Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis through Regulating the Translation of YAP Protein. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205180. [PMID: 37409430 PMCID: PMC10477885 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is the fastest renewing tissue in mammals and its regenerative process must be tightly controlled to minimize the risk of dysfunction and tumorigenesis. The orderly expression and activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) are the key steps in driving intestinal regeneration and crucial for intestinal homeostasis. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling this process remain largely unknown. Here, it is discovered that evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT), a multi-functional protein, is enriched along the crypt-villus axis. Intestinal cell-specific ablation of ECSIT results in the dysregulation of intestinal differentiation unexpectedly accompanied with enhanced YAP protein dependent on translation, thus transforming intestinal cells to early proliferative stem "-like" cells and augmenting intestinal tumorigenesis. Loss of ECSIT leads to metabolic reprogramming in favor of amino acid-based metabolism, which results in demethylation of genes encoding the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F pathway and their increased expression that further promotes YAP translation initiation culminating in intestinal homeostasis imbalance and tumorigenesis. It is also shown that the expression of ECSIT is positively correlated with the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Together, these results demonstrate the important role of ECSIT in regulating YAP protein translation to control intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jiang
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Yingchao Hu
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Yongbing Yang
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Chanyuan Ma
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
| | - Paul N. Moynagh
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchDepartment of BiologyNational University of Ireland MaynoothMaynoothW23 F2H6Ireland
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT7 1NNUK
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of PharmacologyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine138 Xianlin AvenueNanjing210023China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of ImmunologyState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthJiangsu Key Lab of Cancer BiomarkersPrevention and TreatmentCollaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer MedicineGusu SchoolThe Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxi People's HospitalWuxi Medical CenterNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing211166China
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50
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Pérez-González A, Bévant K, Blanpain C. Cancer cell plasticity during tumor progression, metastasis and response to therapy. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1063-1082. [PMID: 37537300 PMCID: PMC7615147 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell plasticity represents the ability of cells to be reprogrammed and to change their fate and identity, enabling homeostasis restoration and tissue regeneration following damage. Cell plasticity also contributes to pathological conditions, such as cancer, enabling cells to acquire new phenotypic and functional features by transiting across distinct cell states that contribute to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Here, we review the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms driving cell plasticity that promote tumor growth and proliferation as well as metastasis and drug tolerance. Finally, we discuss how cell plasticity could be exploited for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pérez-González
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Bévant
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- WELBIO, ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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