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Moradkasani S, Goodarzi F, Beig M, Tadi DA, Sholeh M. Prevalence of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus aminoglycoside-resistant isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:429-439. [PMID: 38228936 PMCID: PMC10920566 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aminoglycosides are vital antibiotics for treating Brucella infections, because they interfere with bacterial protein production and are often combined with other antibiotics. They are cost-effective, have fewer side effects, and can penetrate biofilms. The prevalence of brucellosis has increased in recent years, increasing the need for effective treatments. In addition, the emergence of multidrug-resistant Brucella strains has highlighted the need for an updated and comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the global prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance in B. melitensis and B. abortus. METHODS A systematic search of online databases was conducted and eligible studies met certain criteria and were published in English. Quality assessment was performed using the JBI Checklist. A random-effects model was fitted to the data, and meta-regression, subgroup, and outlier/influential analyses were performed. The analysis was performed using R and the metafor package. RESULTS The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that the average prevalence rates of streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin resistance were 0.027 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.015-0.049), 0.023 (95% CI, 0.017-0.032), and 0.008 (95% CI, 0.002-0.039), respectively. The prevalence of streptomycin resistance was higher in the unidentified Brucella group than in the B. abortus and B. melitensis groups (0.234, 0.046, and 0.017, respectively; p < 0.02). The prevalence of gentamicin resistance increased over time (r = 0.064; 95% CI, 0.018 to 0.111; p = 0.007). The prevalence of resistance did not correlate with the quality score for any antibiotic. Funnel plots showed a potential asymmetry for streptomycin and gentamicin. These results suggest a low prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the studied populations. CONCLUSION The prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance in B. melitensis and B. abortus was low. However, gentamicin resistance has increased in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive and updated understanding of aminoglycoside resistance in B. melitensis and B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Forough Goodarzi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beig
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danyal Abbasi Tadi
- Department of Veterinary, Azad University of Shahr-E Kord, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Fahmy NA, Abdel Hady BH, Kumar S, Ganguly A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Alfadly SO, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review. Ann Med 2024; 55:2295398. [PMID: 38165919 PMCID: PMC10769134 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. Objective: This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. Methods: Pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between bacteria and the host immune system, resulting in chronic infections characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnostic process is arduous owing to non-specific symptomatology and sampling challenges, necessitating a fusion of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood cultures, serological assays, and molecular methods. Management typically entails multiple antibiotics, although the rise in antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains poses a problem. Animal vaccination is a potential strategy to curb the spread of infection, particularly within livestock populations. Results: The study provides insights into the complex pathogenesis of brucellosis, the challenges in its diagnosis, and the management strategies involving antibiotic therapy and animal vaccination. It also highlights the emerging issue of antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains. Conclusions: In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Adil Parvez
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nada A. Fahmy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Health Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Bassant H. Abdel Hady
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shweta Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anusmita Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed O. Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Sallam AM, Abou-Souliman I, Reyer H, Wimmers K, Rabee AE. New insights into the genetic predisposition of brucellosis and its effect on the gut and vaginal microbiota in goats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20086. [PMID: 37973848 PMCID: PMC10654701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Goats contribute significantly to the global food security and industry. They constitute a main supplier of meat and milk for large proportions of people in Egypt and worldwide. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that causes a significant economic loss in animal production. A case-control genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was conducted using the infectious status of the animal as a phenotype. The does that showed abortion during the last third period of pregnancy and which were positive to both rose bengal plate and serum tube agglutination tests, were considered as cases. Otherwise, they were considered as controls. All animals were genotyped using the Illumina 65KSNP BeadChip. Additionally, the diversity and composition of vaginal and fecal microbiota in cases and controls were investigated using PCR-amplicone sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rDNA. After applying quality control criteria, 35,818 markers and 66 does were available for the GWAS test. The GWAS revealed a significantly associated SNP (P = 5.01 × 10-7) located on Caprine chromosome 15 at 29 megabases. Four other markers surpassed the proposed threshold (P = 2.5 × 10-5). Additionally, fourteen genomic regions accounted for more than 0.1% of the variance explained by all genome windows. Corresponding markers were located within or in close vicinity to several candidate genes, such as ARRB1, RELT, ATG16L2, IGSF21, UBR4, ULK1, DCN, MAPB1, NAIP, CD26, IFIH1, NDFIP2, DOK4, MAF, IL2RB, USP18, ARID5A, ZAP70, CNTN5, PIK3AP1, DNTT, BLNK, and NHLRC3. These genes play important roles in the regulation of immune responses to the infections through several biological pathways. Similar vaginal bacterial community was observed in both cases and controls while the fecal bacterial composition and diversity differed between the groups (P < 0.05). Faeces from the control does showed a higher relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota compared to cases (P < 0.05), while the latter showed more Firmicutes, Spirochaetota, Planctomycetota, and Proteobacteria. On the genus level, the control does exhibited higher abundances of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Christensenellaceae R-7 group (P < 0.05), while the infected does revealed higher Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 (P < 0.05). This information increases our understanding of the genetics of the susceptibility to Brucella in goats and may be useful in breeding programs and selection schemes that aim at controlling the disease in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Sallam
- Animal and Poultry Breeding Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alaa Emara Rabee
- Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Rezaei Shahrabi A, Moradkasani S, Goodarzi F, Beig M, Sholeh M. Prevalence of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus tetracyclines resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106321. [PMID: 37673354 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which are typically transmitted through contact with infected animals, unpasteurized dairy products, or airborne pathogens. Tetracyclines (tetracycline and doxycycline) are antibiotics commonly used to treat brucellosis; however, antibiotic resistance has become a major concern. This study assessed the worldwide prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Brucella isolates. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE using relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms until August 13, 2022, to identify relevant studies for meta-analysis. A random effects model was used to estimate the proportion of resistance. Meta-regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and examination of outliers and influential studies were also performed. RESULTS The prevalence rates of resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline were estimated to be 0.017 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.009-0.035) and 0.017 (95%CI, 0.011-0.026), respectively, based on 51 studies conducted from 1983 to 2020. Both drugs showed increasing resistance over time (tetracycline: r = 0.077, P = 0.012; doxycycline: r = 0.059, P = 0.026). CONCLUSION The prevalence of tetracycline and doxycycline resistance in Brucella was low (1.7%) but increased over time. This increase in tetracycline and doxycycline resistance highlights the need for further research to understand resistance mechanisms and develop more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Forough Goodarzi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beig
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Moreno E, Middlebrook EA, Altamirano-Silva P, Al Dahouk S, Araj GF, Arce-Gorvel V, Arenas-Gamboa Á, Ariza J, Barquero-Calvo E, Battelli G, Bertu WJ, Blasco JM, Bosilkovski M, Cadmus S, Caswell CC, Celli J, Chacón-Díaz C, Chaves-Olarte E, Comerci DJ, Conde-Álvarez R, Cook E, Cravero S, Dadar M, De Boelle X, De Massis F, Díaz R, Escobar GI, Fernández-Lago L, Ficht TA, Foster JT, Garin-Bastuji B, Godfroid J, Gorvel JP, Güler L, Erdenliğ-Gürbilek S, Gusi AM, Guzmán-Verri C, Hai J, Hernández-Mora G, Iriarte M, Jacob NR, Keriel A, Khames M, Köhler S, Letesson JJ, Loperena-Barber M, López-Goñi I, McGiven J, Melzer F, Mora-Cartin R, Moran-Gilad J, Muñoz PM, Neubauer H, O'Callaghan D, Ocholi R, Oñate Á, Pandey P, Pappas G, Pembroke JT, Roop M, Ruiz-Villalonos N, Ryan MP, Salcedo SP, Salvador-Bescós M, Sangari FJ, de Lima Santos R, Seimenis A, Splitter G, Suárez-Esquivel M, Tabbaa D, Trangoni MD, Tsolis RM, Vizcaíno N, Wareth G, Welburn SC, Whatmore A, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Moriyón I. If You're Not Confused, You're Not Paying Attention: Ochrobactrum Is Not Brucella. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0043823. [PMID: 37395662 PMCID: PMC10446859 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00438-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Brucella are facultative intracellular parasites that cause brucellosis, a severe animal and human disease. Recently, a group of taxonomists merged the brucellae with the primarily free-living, phylogenetically related Ochrobactrum spp. in the genus Brucella. This change, founded only on global genomic analysis and the fortuitous isolation of some opportunistic Ochrobactrum spp. from medically compromised patients, has been automatically included in culture collections and databases. We argue that clinical and environmental microbiologists should not accept this nomenclature, and we advise against its use because (i) it was presented without in-depth phylogenetic analyses and did not consider alternative taxonomic solutions; (ii) it was launched without the input of experts in brucellosis or Ochrobactrum; (iii) it applies a non-consensus genus concept that disregards taxonomically relevant differences in structure, physiology, population structure, core-pangenome assemblies, genome structure, genomic traits, clinical features, treatment, prevention, diagnosis, genus description rules, and, above all, pathogenicity; and (iv) placing these two bacterial groups in the same genus creates risks for veterinarians, medical doctors, clinical laboratories, health authorities, and legislators who deal with brucellosis, a disease that is particularly relevant in low- and middle-income countries. Based on all this information, we urge microbiologists, bacterial collections, genomic databases, journals, and public health boards to keep the Brucella and Ochrobactrum genera separate to avoid further bewilderment and harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Earl A. Middlebrook
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Pamela Altamirano-Silva
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - George F. Araj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Ángela Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Javier Ariza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Giorgio Battelli
- Department of Medical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wilson J. Bertu
- Brucellosis Research Laboratory, Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - José María Blasco
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mile Bosilkovski
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Medical Faculty, Saints Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Simeon Cadmus
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Clayton C. Caswell
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jean Celli
- Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Carlos Chacón-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Diego J. Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Silvio Cravero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Xavier De Boelle
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriela I. Escobar
- Laboratorio de Brucelosis, Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Fernández-Lago
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Thomas A. Ficht
- Texas A&M University, Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Bruno Garin-Bastuji
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Leyla Güler
- MG Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevil Erdenliğ-Gürbilek
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology Department, Şanlıurfa, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Amayel M. Gusi
- Brucellosis Research Laboratory, Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jiang Hai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Mora
- Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nestor R. Jacob
- Hospital Argerich, Department of Infectious Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne Keriel
- Centre National de Référence des Brucella, U1047, University of Montpellier/INSERM, CHU de Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Maamar Khames
- University of Medea, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Medea, Algeria
| | - Stephan Köhler
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Biology of Microorganisms, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Maite Loperena-Barber
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio López-Goñi
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John McGiven
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- FAO Reference Centre for Brucellosis, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mora-Cartin
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Microbiology, Advanced Genomics, and Infection Control Applications Laboratory, Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pilar M. Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - David O'Callaghan
- Centre National de Référence des Brucella, U1047, University of Montpellier/INSERM, CHU de Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Reuben Ocholi
- Bacteriology, Parasitology, and Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Ángel Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Georgios Pappas
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - J. Tony Pembroke
- School of Natural Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Martin Roop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nazaret Ruiz-Villalonos
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Michael P. Ryan
- Department of Applied Science, Technological University of the Shanno, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Suzana P. Salcedo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miriam Salvador-Bescós
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Félix J. Sangari
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Renato de Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aristarchos Seimenis
- Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Centre, World Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Gary Splitter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marcela Suárez-Esquivel
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Darem Tabbaa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hama University, Hama, Syria
| | - Marcos David Trangoni
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Renee M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nieves Vizcaíno
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan C. Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Whatmore
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- FAO Reference Centre for Brucellosis, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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6
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Long GS, Hider J, Duggan AT, Klunk J, Eaton K, Karpinski E, Giuffra V, Ventura L, Prowse TL, Fornaciari A, Fornaciari G, Holmes EC, Golding GB, Poinar HN. A 14th century CE Brucella melitensis genome and the recent expansion of the Western Mediterranean clade. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011538. [PMID: 37523413 PMCID: PMC10414615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella and typically transmitted through contact with infected ruminants. It is one of the most common chronic zoonotic diseases and of particular interest to public health agencies. Despite its well-known transmission history and characteristic symptoms, we lack a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of its best-known species-Brucella melitensis. To address this knowledge gap we fortuitously found, sequenced and assembled a high-quality ancient B. melitensis draft genome from the kidney stone of a 14th-century Italian friar. The ancient strain contained fewer core genes than modern B. melitensis isolates, carried a complete complement of virulence genes, and did not contain any indication of significant antimicrobial resistances. The ancient B. melitensis genome fell as a basal sister lineage to a subgroup of B. melitensis strains within the Western Mediterranean phylogenetic group, with a short branch length indicative of its earlier sampling time, along with a similar gene content. By calibrating the molecular clock we suggest that the speciation event between B. melitensis and B. abortus is contemporaneous with the estimated time frame for the domestication of both sheep and goats. These results confirm the existence of the Western Mediterranean clade as a separate group in the 14th CE and suggest that its divergence was due to human and ruminant co-migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Long
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jessica Hider
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ana T. Duggan
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jennifer Klunk
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katherine Eaton
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Emil Karpinski
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ventura
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Division of Pathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Coppito, Italy
| | - Tracy L. Prowse
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Antonio Fornaciari
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Hendrik N. Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- CIFAR Humans and the Microbiome Program, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Dadar M, Brangsch H, Alamian S, Neubauer H, Wareth G. Whole-genome sequencing for genetic diversity analysis of Iranian Brucella spp. isolated from humans and livestock. One Health 2023; 16:100483. [PMID: 36632477 PMCID: PMC9827381 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses in the Middle East. It is causing economic losses to the livestock industry and has a great public health concern. Little is known about the genetic diversity and distribution of brucellae in Iran. Therefore, forty Brucella spp. strains (B. abortus and B. melitensis) isolated from animals and humans were analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Brucella isolates were obtained from lymph nodes (cows and camels), milk (cows, camels and sheep), and aborted foetus samples (sheep and goats), as well as cerebrospinal fluid and blood of humans. The isolates were originating from thirteen provinces of Iran and isolated between 2015 and 2020. According to in-silico MLST, ST8 and ST2 were the most frequent sequence types in B. melitensis and B. abortus, respectively. Based on phylogeographic reconstruction using cgSNP analysis, the investigated Iranian B. melitensis strains belonged to the American and Mediterranean lineages of the B. melitensis phylogeny. Furthermore, cgSNP analysis revealed a similarity between Iranian B. abortus isolates and strains from Iraq and Egypt. Therefore, the origin of the Iranian strains can be suggested to be strains from neighboring and Middle East countries. Moreover, cgMLST analysis showed that the Iranian B. melitensis strains were closely relative to strains recovered from sheep and humans in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Turkmenistan, and Pakistan. In the current panel of strains, cgMLST and cgSNP analysis provided an appropriate and accurate tool for effective traceback analyses for Brucella spp. from Iran. The results of cgSNP and cgMLST helped to understand the geographic distribution and interspecies transmission of Iranian strains and highlight the importance of specific brucellosis control measures in Iran with regard to the One-Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hanka Brangsch
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Saeed Alamian
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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8
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Dorneles EMS, Santana JA, Costa ACTRB, Júnior DGJ, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Equine brucellosis: current understanding and challenges. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104298. [PMID: 37072072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis in equines, including horses, donkeys, and mules, is characterized by abscesses in tendons, bursae, and joints. Reproductive disorders, which are common in other animals, are rare in both males and females. Joint breeding of horses, cattle, and pigs was found as the main risk factor for equine brucellosis, with the transmission from equines to cattle or among equines possible, although unlikely. Hence, evaluation of the disease in equines can be considered an indirect indicator of the effectiveness of brucellosis control measures employed for other domestic species. Generally, the disease in equines reflects disease status in the sympatric domestic species, mainly cattle. It is important to note that in equines, the disease has no validated diagnostic test, which limits the interpretation of available data. Finally, it is important to mention that equines also represent significant Brucella spp. infection sources for humans. Considering the zoonotic aspect of brucellosis, the significant losses due to infection, and the representativeness of horses, mules, and donkeys in the society, as well as the continuous efforts to control and eradicate the disease in livestock, in this review, we covered the various aspects of brucellosis in equines and compile the sparse and diffuse information on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 3037, Campus Universitário, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 3037, Campus Universitário, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo Guedes Junqueira Júnior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87. Butantã. São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil..
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Bardenstein S, Grupel D, Blum SE, Motro Y, Moran-Gilad J. Public and animal health risks associated with spillover of Brucella melitensis into dairy farms. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37115199 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis with important public health, animal health and economic implications. Brucella melitensis, commonly associated with small ruminants, is an emerging bovine pathogen in dairy farms. We analysed all B. melitensis outbreaks affecting dairy farms in Israel since 2006, combining traditional and genomic epidemiology to explore the public health implications of this One Health challenge. Whole-genome sequencing was applied to bovine and related human B. melitensis isolates from dairy farm outbreaks. cgMLST-based and SNP-based typing was integrated with epidemiological and investigation data. A secondary analysis combining the bovine-human isolates with endemic human isolates from southern Israel was performed. A total of 92 isolates from dairy cows and related human cases originating from 18 epidemiological clusters were analysed. Most genomic and epi-clusters were congruent, but sequencing showed relatedness between apparently unrelated farm outbreaks. Nine secondary human infections were also genomically confirmed. The bovine-human cohort appeared intermixed with 126 endemic human isolates in southern Israel. We show a persistent and widespread circulation of B. melitensis in dairy farms in Israel with secondary occupational human infection. The genomic epidemiology also uncovered cryptic connections between outbreaks. A regional connection between bovine and endemic human brucellosis cases points to a common reservoir, most probably local small ruminant herds. Control of humans and bovine brucellosis is inseparable. Epidemiological and microbiological surveillance and implementation of control measures across the entire range of farm animals is needed to mitigate this public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bardenstein
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Daniel Grupel
- Internal Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomo E Blum
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Yair Motro
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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10
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Determination of Virulence-Associated Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Brucella Isolates Recovered from Humans and Animals in Iran Using NGS Technology. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010082. [PMID: 36678430 PMCID: PMC9865427 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease in Iran. Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Brucella isolates have been reported from different developing countries, posing an imminent health hazard. The objective of this study was to evaluate AMR and virulence-associated factors in Brucella isolates recovered from humans and animals in different regions of Iran using classical phenotyping and next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Our findings revealed that B. melitensis is the most common species in bovines, small ruminants and camels. B. abortus was isolated only from one human case. Probable intermediate or resistant phenotype patterns for rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin were found. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) identified mprF, bepG, bepF, bepC, bepE, and bepD in all isolates but failed to determine other classical AMR genes. Forty-three genes associated with five virulence factors were identified in the genomes of all Brucella isolates, and no difference in the distribution of virulence-associated genes was found. Of them, 27 genes were associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 12 genes were related to a type IV secretion system (virB1-B12), two were associated with the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing proteins (btpA, btpB), one gene encoded the Rab2 interacting conserved protein A (ricA) and one was associated with the production of cyclic β-1,2 glucans (cgs). This is the first investigation reporting the molecular-based AMR and virulence factors in brucellae isolated from different animal hosts and humans in Iran. Iranian B. abortus and B. melitensis isolates are still in vitro susceptible to the majority of antibiotics used for the treatment of human brucellosis. WGS failed to determine classical AMR genes and no difference was found in the distribution of virulence-associated genes in all isolates. Still, the absence of classical AMR genes in genomes of resistant strains is puzzling, and investigation of phenotypic resistance mechanisms at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels is needed.
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11
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Ma F, Xiao M, Zhu L, Jiang W, Jiang J, Zhang PF, Li K, Yue M, Zhang L. An integrated platform for Brucella with knowledge graph technology: From genomic analysis to epidemiological projection. Front Genet 2022; 13:981633. [PMID: 36186430 PMCID: PMC9516312 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.981633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation:Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis, is a global zoonotic pathogen that threatens both veterinary and human health. The main sources of brucellosis are farm animals. Importantly, the bacteria can be used for biological warfare purposes, requiring source tracking and routine surveillance in an integrated manner. Additionally, brucellosis is classified among group B infectious diseases in China and has been reported in 31 Chinese provinces to varying degrees in urban areas. From a national biosecurity perspective, research on brucellosis surveillance has garnered considerable attention and requires an integrated platform to provide researchers with easy access to genomic analysis and provide policymakers with an improved understanding of both reported patients and detected cases for the purpose of precision public health interventions. Results: For the first time in China, we have developed a comprehensive information platform for Brucella based on dynamic visualization of the incidence (reported patients) and prevalence (detected cases) of brucellosis in mainland China. Especially, our study establishes a knowledge graph for the literature sources of Brucella data so that it can be expanded, queried, and analyzed. When similar “epidemiological comprehensive platforms” are established in the distant future, we can use knowledge graph to share its information. Additionally, we propose a software package for genomic sequence analysis. This platform provides a specialized, dynamic, and visual point-and-click interface for studying brucellosis in mainland China and improving the exploration of Brucella in the fields of bioinformatics and disease prevention for both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Ma
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizhe Jiang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Le Zhang, ; Min Yue,
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Le Zhang, ; Min Yue,
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12
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Mitra S, Sultana SA, Prova SR, Uddin TM, Islam F, Das R, Nainu F, Sartini S, Chidambaram K, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Investigating forthcoming strategies to tackle deadly superbugs: current status and future vision. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1309-1332. [PMID: 36069241 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Superbugs are microorganisms that cause disease and have increased resistance to the treatments typically used against infections. Recently, antibiotic resistance development has been more rapid than the pace at which antibiotics are manufactured, leading to refractory infections of pathogenic bacteria. Scientists are concerned that a particularly virulent and lethal "superbug" will one day join the ranks of existing bacteria that cause incurable diseases, resulting in a global health disaster on the scale of the Black Death. AREAS COVERED Therefore, this study highlights the current developments in the management of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and recommends strategies for further regulating antibiotic-resistant microorganisms associated with the healthcare system. This review also addresses the origins, prevalence, and pathogenicity of superbugs, and the design of antibacterial against these growing multidrug-resistant organisms from a medical perspective. EXPERT OPINION It is recommended that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) should be addressed by limiting human-to-human transmission of resistant strains, lowering the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and developing novel antimicrobials. Using the risk-factor domains framework from this study would assure that not only clinical but also community and hospital-specific factors are covered, lowering the chance of confounders. Extensive subjective research is necessary to fully understand the underlying factors and uncover previously unexplored areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sifat Ara Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shajuthi Rahman Prova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Mahtab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Adaptation of Brucella melitensis Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing to the ISO 20776 Standard and Validation of the Method. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071470. [PMID: 35889189 PMCID: PMC9316112 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, mainly caused by Brucella (B.) melitensis, is associated with a risk of chronification and relapses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) standards for B. melitensis are not available, and the agent is not yet listed in the EUCAST breakpoint tables. CLSI recommendations for B. melitensis exist, but they do not fulfill the requirements of the ISO 20776 standard regarding the culture medium and the incubation conditions. Under the third EU Health Programme, laboratories specializing in the diagnostics of highly pathogenic bacteria in their respective countries formed a working group within a Joint Action aiming to develop a suitable method for the AST of B. melitensis. Under the supervision of EUCAST representatives, this working group adapted the CLSI M45 document to the ISO 20776 standard after testing and validation. These adaptations included the comparison of various culture media, culture conditions and AST methods. A Standard Operation Procedure was derived and an interlaboratory validation was performed in order to evaluate the method. The results showed pros and cons for both of the two methods but also indicate that it is not necessary to abandon Mueller–Hinton without additives for the AST of B. melitensis.
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14
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Deng X, Ji T, Ma Z, Yang N, Xu M, Li H, Yi J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sheng J, Wang Z, Chen C. Using a Relative Quantitative Proteomic Method to Identify Differentially Abundant Proteins in Brucella melitensis Biovar 3 and Brucella melitensis M5-90. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929040. [PMID: 35928811 PMCID: PMC9343586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella spp., is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Vaccination is still considered the best way to control brucellosis. An investigation into the differential proteome expression patterns of wild and vaccine strains may help researchers and clinicians differentiate between the strains to diagnose and better understand the mechanism(s) underlying differences in virulence. In the present study, a mass spectrometry-based, label-free relative quantitative proteomics approach was used to investigate the proteins expressed by the wild strain, B. melitensis biovar 3 and compare it with those expressed by B. melitensis M5-90. The higher level of virulence for B. melitensis biovar 3 compared to B. melitensis M5-90 was validated in vitro and in vivo. A total of 2133 proteins, encompassing 68% of the theoretical proteome, were identified and quantified by proteomic analysis, resulting in broad coverage of the B. melitensis proteome. A total of 147 proteins were identified as differentially expressed (DE) between these two strains. In addition, 9 proteins and 30 proteins were identified as unique to B. melitensis M5-90 and B. melitensis biovar 3, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed that the majority of the DE proteins were involved in iron uptake, quorum sensing, pyrimidine metabolism, glycine betaine biosynthetic and metabolic processes, thiamine-containing compound metabolism and ABC transporters. The expression of BtpA and VjbR proteins (two well-known virulence factors) in B. melitensis biovar 3 was 8-fold and 2-fold higher than in B. melitensis M5-90. In summary, our results identified many unique proteins that could be selected as candidate markers for differentiating vaccinated animals from animals with wild-type infections. BtpA and VjbR proteins might be responsible for the residual virulence of B. melitensis M5-90, while ABC transporters and thiamine metabolism associated proteins may be newly identified Brucella virulence factors. All of the identified DE proteins provide valuable information for the development of vaccines and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Taiwang Ji
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Zhongchen Ma
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Ningning Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Mingguo Xu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Honghuan Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang, ; Chuangfu Chen,
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang, ; Chuangfu Chen,
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanzhi Wang, ; Zhen Wang, ; Chuangfu Chen,
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15
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Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Improved Characterization and Epidemiological Surveillance of Pathogenic Brucella. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0031122. [PMID: 35852343 PMCID: PMC9387271 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00311-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis poses a significant burden to human and animal health worldwide. Robust and harmonized molecular epidemiological approaches and population studies that include routine disease screening are needed to efficiently track the origin and spread of Brucella strains. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) is a powerful genotyping system commonly used to delineate pathogen transmission routes for disease surveillance and control. Except for Brucella melitensis, cgMLST schemes for Brucella species are currently not established. Here, we describe a novel cgMLST scheme that covers multiple Brucella species. We first determined the phylogenetic breadth of the genus using 612 Brucella genomes. We selected 1,764 genes that were particularly well conserved and typeable in at least 98% of these genomes. We tested the new scheme on 600 genomes and found high agreement with the whole-genome-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Next, we applied the scheme to reanalyze the genome of Brucella strains from epidemiologically linked outbreaks. We demonstrated the applicability of the new scheme for high-resolution typing required in outbreak investigations as previously reported with whole-genome SNP methods. We also used the novel scheme to define the global population structure of the genus using 1,322 Brucella genomes. Finally, we demonstrated the possibility of tracing distribution of Brucella strains by performing cluster analysis of cgMLST profiles and found nearly identical cgMLST profiles in different countries. Our results show that sequencing depth of more than 40-fold is optimal for allele calling with this scheme. In summary, this study describes a novel Brucella-wide cgMLST scheme that is applicable in Brucella molecular epidemiology and helps in accurately tracking and thus controlling the sources of infection. The scheme is publicly accessible and should represent a valuable resource for laboratories with limited computational resources and bioinformatics expertise.
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Rowaiye AB, Ogugua AJ, Ibeanu G, Bur D, Asala MT, Ogbeide OB, Abraham EO, Usman HB. Identifying potential natural inhibitors of Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase through an in-silico approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009799. [PMID: 35312681 PMCID: PMC8970508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Although it is the most common zoonosis worldwide, there are increasing reports of drug resistance and cases of relapse after long term treatment with the existing drugs of choice. This study therefore aims at identifying possible natural inhibitors of Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase through an in-silico approach. Methods Using PyRx 0.8 virtual screening software, the target was docked against a library of natural compounds obtained from edible African plants. The compound, 2-({3-[(3,5-dichlorobenzyl) amino] propyl} amino) quinolin-4(1H)-one (OOU) which is a co-crystallized ligand with the target was used as the reference compound. Screening of the molecular descriptors of the compounds for bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and bioactivity was performed using the SWISSADME, pkCSM, and Molinspiration web servers respectively. The Fpocket and PLIP webservers were used to perform the analyses of the binding pockets and the protein ligand interactions. Analysis of the time-resolved trajectories of the Apo and Holo forms of the target was performed using the Galaxy and MDWeb servers. Results The lead compounds, Strophanthidin and Isopteropodin are present in Corchorus olitorius and Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s-claw) plants respectively. Isopteropodin had a binding affinity score of -8.9 kcal / ml with the target and had 17 anti-correlating residues in Pocket 1 after molecular dynamics simulation. The complex formed by Isopteropodin and the target had a total RMSD of 4.408 and a total RMSF of 9.8067. However, Strophanthidin formed 3 hydrogen bonds with the target at ILE21, GLY262 and LEU294, and induced a total RMSF of 5.4541 at Pocket 1. Conclusion Overall, Isopteropodin and Strophanthidin were found to be better drug candidates than OOU and they showed potentials to inhibit the Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase at Pocket 1, hence abilities to treat brucellosis. In-vivo and in-vitro investigations are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the lead compounds. The cure for brucellosis involves a long course of treatment with a combination of antibiotics. However, some of the drugs are not recommended for very young children and pregnant women. Moreover, cases of relapse and resistance to these drugs are reported. With the Brucella Methionyl-tRNA synthetase as a target, molecular docking and virtual screening was used to identify possible drug candidates from a library of 1524 compounds obtained from edible African plants. Two lead compounds, Strophanthidin and Isopteropodin usually present in Corchorus olitorius and Uncaria tomentosa (Cat’s claw) plants showed potentials to inhibit the Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Their bioactivities were also confirmed in their molecular dynamic simulation with the target protein. Consequently, both compounds have potentials for safety and efficacy in the treatment of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akwoba Joseph Ogugua
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gordon Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Doofan Bur
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mercy Titilayo Asala
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Hamzah Bundu Usman
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Gusau, Gusau, Nigeria
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Petrillo M, Fabbri M, Kagkli DM, Querci M, Van den Eede G, Alm E, Aytan-Aktug D, Capella-Gutierrez S, Carrillo C, Cestaro A, Chan KG, Coque T, Endrullat C, Gut I, Hammer P, Kay GL, Madec JY, Mather AE, McHardy AC, Naas T, Paracchini V, Peter S, Pightling A, Raffael B, Rossen J, Ruppé E, Schlaberg R, Vanneste K, Weber LM, Westh H, Angers-Loustau A. A roadmap for the generation of benchmarking resources for antimicrobial resistance detection using next generation sequencing. F1000Res 2022; 10:80. [PMID: 35847383 PMCID: PMC9243550 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.39214.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing technologies significantly impact the field of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) detection and monitoring, with immediate uses in diagnosis and risk assessment. For this application and in general, considerable challenges remain in demonstrating sufficient trust to act upon the meaningful information produced from raw data, partly because of the reliance on bioinformatics pipelines, which can produce different results and therefore lead to different interpretations. With the constant evolution of the field, it is difficult to identify, harmonise and recommend specific methods for large-scale implementations over time. In this article, we propose to address this challenge through establishing a transparent, performance-based, evaluation approach to provide flexibility in the bioinformatics tools of choice, while demonstrating proficiency in meeting common performance standards. The approach is two-fold: first, a community-driven effort to establish and maintain “live” (dynamic) benchmarking platforms to provide relevant performance metrics, based on different use-cases, that would evolve together with the AMR field; second, agreed and defined datasets to allow the pipelines’ implementation, validation, and quality-control over time. Following previous discussions on the main challenges linked to this approach, we provide concrete recommendations and future steps, related to different aspects of the design of benchmarks, such as the selection and the characteristics of the datasets (quality, choice of pathogens and resistances, etc.), the evaluation criteria of the pipelines, and the way these resources should be deployed in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Fabbri
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Guy Van den Eede
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium
| | - Erik Alm
- The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derya Aytan-Aktug
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Catherine Carrillo
- Ottawa Laboratory – Carling, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kok-Gan Chan
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teresa Coque
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Hammer
- BIOMES. NGS GmbH c/o Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Gemma L. Kay
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES Site de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alison E. Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Thierry Naas
- French-NRC for CPEs, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Silke Peter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arthur Pightling
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - John Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Schlaberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Vanneste
- Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lukas M. Weber
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wareth G, Dadar M, Ali H, Hamdy MER, Al-Talhy AM, Elkharsawi AR, Tawab AAAE, Neubauer H. The perspective of antibiotic therapeutic challenges of brucellosis in the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries: Current situation and therapeutic management. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1253-e1268. [PMID: 35244335 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is among the most prevalent zoonotic infections in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries, critically impacting human and animal health. A comprehensive review of studies on antibiotic susceptibility and therapeutic regimes for brucellosis in ruminants and humans in the MENA region was conducted to evaluate the current therapeutic management in this region. Different scientific databases were searched for peer-reviewed original English articles published from January 1989 to February 2021. Reports from research organizations and health authorities have been taken into consideration. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus have been reported from the majority of MENA countries, suggesting a massive prevalence particularly of B. melitensis across these countries. Several sporadic cases of brucellosis relapse, therapeutic failure, and antibiotic resistance of animal and human isolates have been reported from the MENA region. However, several studies proved that brucellae are still in-vitro susceptible to the majority of antibiotic compounds and combinations in current recommended WHO treatment regimens, e.g. levofloxacin, tetracyclines, doxycycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tigecycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The current review presents an overview on resistance development of brucellae and highlights the current knowledge on effective antibiotics regimens for treating human brucellosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Department of Brucellosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E R Hamdy
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo, 12618, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed R Elkharsawi
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious diseases, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Ashraf A Abd El Tawab
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Sibhat B, Tessema TS, Nile E, Asmare K. Brucellosis in Ethiopia: A comprehensive review of literature from the year 2000-2020 and the way forward. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1231-e1252. [PMID: 35196417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of considerable economic and public health significance globally. Despite the limited bacteriological evidence, a large number of serological works revealed that it is prevalent both in livestock and humans in Ethiopia. The current comprehensive review was carried out to provide apparent pooled seroprevalence (APS) estimates at individual animal and herd levels in livestock, and identify factors causing variability between studies conducted over the last two decades, show the spatial distribution, as well as summarizes Brucella species reported from livestock. It also provides APS of brucellosis in humans and evaluates the public health awareness of zoonotic brucellosis. In this review, systematic and synthetic review approaches were followed to summarize the available information. For the systematic review and meta-analysis, articles were selected based on predefined criteria. Data extracted from these articles were analyzed using meta-analytical approaches to provide APS estimates and in-between study variations for humans and all livestock species considered. Sensitivity analyses and bias assessments were conducted using influence plot analysis and, Egger's and Begg's statistics along with funnel plots, respectively. Synthetic review approaches were used to summarize data on isolates and public health awareness. Pooled seroprevalence estimate of brucellosis at national level was 2.6% (95% CI, 2.2-3.0) in cattle, 4% (95% CI, 3.1-5.1) in goats, 3% (95% CI, 2.3-3.9) in sheep and 3% (95% CI, 2.4-3.7) in camels. At a herd level, 16.3% (95% CI, 12.9, 20.5) of cattle, 12.1% (7.1, 19.9) of goat, 13.3% (7.6, 22.1) of sheep and 19.7% (13.8, 27.4) of camel herds in the country had at least one seropositive animal. Cattle in the pastoral/agropastoral production systems had significantly higher (p < 0.05) APS compared to mixed crop-livestock and urban/peri-urban dairy production systems. Pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants (8.3%, 95% CI, 6.3, 10.8) and camels (4.4%, 95% CI, 3.5, 5.6) in Afar were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in other regions. Reports conducted using ELISA and serial Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT)-ELISA had higher (p<0.05) APS estimates than serial RBPT and complement fixation test. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus were reported from goats and cattle, respectively, from three available reports. The APS of brucellosis in humans was 5% (95% CI: 3.3, 7.3). Public awareness of brucellosis was low (18.4%), while, practices that expose humans to Brucella infection were high. Scenario-based control interventions on regions and production systems using one health approach are suggested. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Sibhat
- College Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emmor Nile
- Oregon Department of Forestry, 2600 State St., Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Yang X, Wang Y, Li J, Chen J, Liu J, Tian G, Zhao H, Piao D, Fan Y, Jiang H. Genetic characteristics of an amikacin-resistant Brucella abortus strain first isolated from Marmota himalayana. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105402. [PMID: 35038548 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that can persistently colonize animal host cells and cause zoonotic brucellosis. Brucellosis affects public health and safety and even affects economic development. Our lab found that a Brucella strain isolated from Marmota himalayana exhibited amikacin resistance. To annotate and analyze the potential resistance genes in this strain, we utilized sequencing platforms in this study and cloned potential resistance genes. The findings showed that the isolated strain belonged to B. abortus biovar 1 and was similar to B. abortus 2308. The isolate had amikacin resistance genes encoding aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase. Based on the results of genome analysis, the isolated strain may have obtained amikacin resistance genes from Salmonella spp. through Tn3 family transposons. Notably, this study establishes a foundation for further research on the resistance mechanism of Brucella spp. and provides data that may be useful for the prevention and control of drug-resistant Brucella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiquan Li
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Tongliao Institute of Mongolian Medicine, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guozhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongri Piao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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21
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Elbehiry A, Aldubaib M, Al Rugaie O, Marzouk E, Abaalkhail M, Moussa I, El-Husseiny MH, Abalkhail A, Rawway M. Proteomics-based screening and antibiotic resistance assessment of clinical and sub-clinical Brucella species: An evolution of brucellosis infection control. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262551. [PMID: 35025975 PMCID: PMC8757992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellae are intracellular sneaky bacteria and they can elude the host's defensive mechanisms, resulting in therapeutic failure. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to rapid identification of Brucella species collected from animals and humans in Saudi Arabia, as well as to evaluate their resistance to antibiotics. On selective media, 364 animal samples as well as 70 human blood samples were cultured. Serological and biochemical approaches were initially used to identify a total of 25 probable cultured isolates. The proteomics of Brucella species were identified using the MALDI Biotyper (MBT) system, which was subsequently verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and microfluidic electrophoresis assays. Both Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) and Brucella abortus (B. abortus) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby Bauer method and the E-test. In total, 25 samples were positive for Brucella and included 11 B. melitensis and 14 B. abortus isolates. Twenty-two out of 25 (88%) and 24/25 (96%) of Brucella strains were recognized through the Vitek 2 Compact system. While MBT was magnificently identified 100% of the strains at the species level with a score value more than or equal to 2.00. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and ampicillin resistance in B. melitensis was 36.36%, 31.82%, 27.27%, and 22.70%, respectively. Rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam resistance was found in 35.71%, 32.14%, 32.14%, and 28.57% of B. abortus isolates, correspondingly. MBT confirmed by microfluidic electrophoresis is a successful approach for identifying Brucella species at the species level. The resistance of B. melitensis and B. abortus to various antibiotics should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Musaad Aldubaib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abaalkhail
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Adil Abalkhail
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rawway
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Brucella melitensis Phylogeny and Virulence Factors. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis has a wide range of clinical severity in humans that remains poorly understood. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis may be able to detect variation in virulence genes. We used Brucella melitensis sequences in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database to assemble 248 whole genomes, and additionally, assembled 27 B. melitensis genomes from samples of human patients in Southern Israel. We searched the 275 assembled genomes for the 43 B. melitensis virulence genes in the Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Bacteria Database (VFDB) and 10 other published putative virulence genes. We explored pan-genome variation across the genomes and in a pilot analysis, explored single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation among the ten putative virulence genes. More than 99% of the genomes had sequences for all Brucella melitensis virulence genes included in the VFDB. The 10 other virulence genes of interest were present across all the genomes, but three of these genes had SNP variation associated with particular Brucella melitensis genotypes. SNP variation was also seen within the Israeli genomes obtained from a small geographic region. While the Brucella genome is highly conserved, this novel and large whole genome study of Brucella demonstrates the ability of whole genome and pan-genome analysis to screen multiple genomes and identify SNP variation in both known and novel virulence genes that could be associated with differential disease virulence. Further development of whole genome techniques and linkage with clinical metadata on disease outcomes could shed light on whether such variation in the Brucella genome plays a role in pathogenesis.
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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical and non-clinical Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus isolates from Egypt. One Health 2021; 13:100255. [PMID: 34027005 PMCID: PMC8122161 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious and incapacitating disease of humans, livestock and wildlife species globally. Treatment of brucellosis in animals is not recommended, and in humans, combinations of antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization are used. However, sporadic antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) isolates and relapse cases have been reported from different endemic regions. In the current study, molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility testing using the microdilution method for 35 B. abortus and B. melitensis strains isolated from humans, milk and animal were carried out. Additionally, Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) technology was applied to confirm Brucella at the species level and investigate AMR and pathogenicity-associated determinants. MALDI-TOF seemed to be a rapid and reliable tool for routine identification of brucellae to the genus level; however, DNA-based identification is indispensable for accurate species identification. Brucella abortus strains were isolated from two human cases and a sheep. Such infections are uncommon in Egypt. Egyptian Brucella strains are still in-vitro susceptible to doxycycline, tetracyclines, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tigecycline. Probable (no CLSI/EUCAST breakpoints have been defined yet) in-vitro resistance to rifampicin and azithromycin was observed. WGS failed to determine classical AMR genes, and no difference in the distribution of virulence-associated genes in all isolates was found. Isolates of human and non-human origins were still susceptible to the majority of antibiotics used for treatment in humans. The absence of classical AMR genes in genomes of “resistant” Brucella strains may reflect a lack of information in databases, or resistance might not be encoded by single resistance genes. The One Health approach is necessary for tackling brucellosis. Continuous susceptibility testing, updating of breakpoints, assessing mutations that lead to resistance are needed. Brucella abortus was isolated from human and sheep which is uncommon in Egypt. Egyptian Brucella strains are still in-vitro susceptible to majority of antibiotics used for treatment of human brucellosis. WGS failed to determine classical AMR genes, and no difference in the distribution of virulence genes in all isolates. A combination of DNA-based assays such as PCR or WGS is indispensable in diagnosing Brucella at the species level.
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Whatmore AM, Foster JT. Emerging diversity and ongoing expansion of the genus Brucella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104865. [PMID: 33872784 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable genetic diversity and breadth of host species has been uncovered in the Brucella genus over the past decade, fundamentally changing our concept of what it means to be a Brucella. From ocean fishes and marine mammals, to pond dwelling amphibians, forest foxes, desert rodents, and cave-dwelling bats, Brucella have revealed a variety of previously unknown niches. Classical microbiological techniques have been able to help us classify many of these new strains but at times have limited our ability to see the true relationships among or within species. The closest relatives of Brucella are soil bacteria and the adaptations of Brucella spp. to live intracellularly suggest that the genus has evolved to live in vertebrate hosts. Several recently discovered species appear to have phenotypes that are intermediate between soil bacteria and core Brucella, suggesting that they may represent ancestral traits that were subsequently lost in the traditional species. Remarkably, the broad relationships among Brucella species using a variety of sequence and fragment-based approaches have been upheld when using comparative genomics with whole genomes. Nonetheless, genomes are required for fine-scale resolution of many of the relationships and for understanding the evolutionary history of the genus. We expect that the coming decades will reveal many more hosts and previously unknown diversity in a wide range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Whatmore
- OIE and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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25
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Schaeffer J, Revilla-Fernández S, Hofer E, Posch R, Stoeger A, Leth C, Schmoll F, Djordjevic V, Lakicevic B, Matovic K, Hufnagl P, Indra A, Allerberger F, Ruppitsch W. Tracking the Origin of Austrian Human Brucellosis Cases Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:635547. [PMID: 33718408 PMCID: PMC7943447 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.635547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. and a major concern for livestock. Most human cases are caused by B. melitensis and clinical presentation is usually a mild febrile illness. However, treatment failure is frequent and more severe complications can occur. In Austria, every human brucellosis is investigated to determine whether it was imported from endemic areas or is the sign of an undetected autochthonous transmission. For this study, 21 B. melitensis strains isolated in Austria between 2005 and 2019 were collected, 17 strains from 15 different patients and four strains from cattle. Whole genome sequencing combined with core-genome MLST analysis was used to characterize these strains. A cluster of seven isolates from 2018 (three human and four cattle isolates) was identified, with fewer than two allelic differences. They corresponded to the only Austrian B. melitensis outbreak that happened over the past 15 years. The other 12 Austrian brucellosis cases were single cases, and geographical origins were available for 8/12. Genomic data was used to locate probable geographical origins and compared with the results of the epidemiological investigations. Austrian strains were compared with 67 published B. melitensis sequences available on NCBI. The result of genomic analysis matched for 7/8 cases with documented conclusion of the epidemiological investigation. Genome analysis also pointed to the geographical origin for three of the four cases with missing epidemiological data. Strains from six cases were grouped together (<40 allelic differences) with 4/6 cases imported from the Balkans. Additional B. melitensis isolates from Serbian animals were analyzed and grouped with this branch, suggesting frequent importation from Balkan countries to Austria. Overall, this study highlights the specificities of human brucellosis in Austria. It also underlines the value of whole genome sequencing as a tool to investigate brucellosis cases, allowing to identify and investigate outbreaks but also to support epidemiological investigation of imported cases. However, the reliability of such methods depends on the number of strains for comparison, which can be challenging in low incidence countries. Increasing the availability of published sequences with documented geographical origins would help establishing genomic-based methods for investigating brucellosis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Schaeffer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria.,EUPHEM Fellowship, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Erwin Hofer
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Romana Posch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Anna Stoeger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Leth
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | - Vesna Djordjevic
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brankica Lakicevic
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kazimir Matovic
- Department for Laboratory Diagnostic, Veterinary Specialized Institute, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Peter Hufnagl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Indra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
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26
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Petrillo M, Fabbri M, Kagkli DM, Querci M, Van den Eede G, Alm E, Aytan-Aktug D, Capella-Gutierrez S, Carrillo C, Cestaro A, Chan KG, Coque T, Endrullat C, Gut I, Hammer P, Kay GL, Madec JY, Mather AE, McHardy AC, Naas T, Paracchini V, Peter S, Pightling A, Raffael B, Rossen J, Ruppé E, Schlaberg R, Vanneste K, Weber LM, Westh H, Angers-Loustau A. A roadmap for the generation of benchmarking resources for antimicrobial resistance detection using next generation sequencing. F1000Res 2021; 10:80. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.39214.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing technologies significantly impact the field of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) detection and monitoring, with immediate uses in diagnosis and risk assessment. For this application and in general, considerable challenges remain in demonstrating sufficient trust to act upon the meaningful information produced from raw data, partly because of the reliance on bioinformatics pipelines, which can produce different results and therefore lead to different interpretations. With the constant evolution of the field, it is difficult to identify, harmonise and recommend specific methods for large-scale implementations over time. In this article, we propose to address this challenge through establishing a transparent, performance-based, evaluation approach to provide flexibility in the bioinformatics tools of choice, while demonstrating proficiency in meeting common performance standards. The approach is two-fold: first, a community-driven effort to establish and maintain “live” (dynamic) benchmarking platforms to provide relevant performance metrics, based on different use-cases, that would evolve together with the AMR field; second, agreed and defined datasets to allow the pipelines’ implementation, validation, and quality-control over time. Following previous discussions on the main challenges linked to this approach, we provide concrete recommendations and future steps, related to different aspects of the design of benchmarks, such as the selection and the characteristics of the datasets (quality, choice of pathogens and resistances, etc.), the evaluation criteria of the pipelines, and the way these resources should be deployed in the community.
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Abstract
This report of the EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2019 in 36 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and eight non-MS). The first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The EU trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable (flat) during 2015-2019. The proportion of human salmonellosis cases due to Salmonella Enteritidis acquired in the EU was similar to that in 2017-2018. Of the 26 MS reporting on Salmonella control programmes in poultry, 18 met the reduction targets, whereas eight failed to meet at least one. The EU prevalence of Salmonella target serovar-positive flocks has been stable since 2015 for breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys, with fluctuations for breeding turkey flocks. Salmonella results from competent authorities for pig carcases and for poultry tested through national control programmes were more frequently positive than those from food business operators. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection was the third most reported zoonosis in humans and increased from 2015 to 2019. Yersiniosis was the fourth most reported zoonosis in humans in 2019 with a stable trend in 2015-2019. The EU trend of confirmed listeriosis cases remained stable in 2015-2019 after a long period of increase. Listeria rarely exceeded the EU food safety limit tested in ready-to-eat food. In total, 5,175 food-borne outbreaks were reported. Salmonella remained the most detected agent but the number of outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis decreased. Norovirus in fish and fishery products was the agent/food pair causing the highest number of strong-evidence outbreaks. The report provides further updates on bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, West Nile virus, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.
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Bokhary H, Pangesti KNA, Rashid H, Abd El Ghany M, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Travel-Related Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:11. [PMID: 33467065 PMCID: PMC7838817 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that human movement facilitates the global spread of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. We systematically reviewed the literature on the impact of travel on the dissemination of AMR. We searched the databases Medline, EMBASE and SCOPUS from database inception until the end of June 2019. Of the 3052 titles identified, 2253 articles passed the initial screening, of which 238 met the inclusion criteria. The studies covered 30,060 drug-resistant isolates from 26 identified bacterial species. Most were enteric, accounting for 65% of the identified species and 92% of all documented isolates. High-income countries were more likely to be recipient nations for AMR originating from middle- and low-income countries. The most common origin of travellers with resistant bacteria was Asia, covering 36% of the total isolates. Beta-lactams and quinolones were the most documented drug-resistant organisms, accounting for 35% and 31% of the overall drug resistance, respectively. Medical tourism was twice as likely to be associated with multidrug-resistant organisms than general travel. International travel is a vehicle for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance globally. Health systems should identify recent travellers to ensure that adequate precautions are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bokhary
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
- University Medical Center, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Jamiah, Makkah, Makkah Region 24243, Saudi Arabia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Krisna N. A. Pangesti
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
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29
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Cell membrane components of Brucella melitensis play important roles in the resistance of low-level rifampicin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008888. [PMID: 33373362 PMCID: PMC7771680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that can persistently colonize host cells and cause the zoonosis- brucellosis. The WHO recommended a treatment for brucellosis that involves a combination of doxycycline, rifampicin, or streptomycin. The aim of this study was to screen rifampicin-resistance related genes by transcriptomic analysis and gene recombination method at low rifampicin concentrations and to predict the major rifampicin- resistance pathways in Brucella spp. The results showed that the MIC value of rifampicin for B. melitensis bv.3 Ether was 0.5 μg / mL. Meanwhile, B. melitensis had an adaptive response to the resistance of low rifampicin in the early stages of growth, while the SNPs changed in the rpoB gene in the late stages of growth when incubated at 37°C with shaking. The transcriptome results of rifampicin induction showed that the functions of significant differentially expressed genes were focused on metabolic process, catalytic activity and membrane and membrane part. The VirB operon, β-resistance genes, ABC transporters, quorum-sensing genes, DNA repair- and replication -related genes were associated with rifampicin resistance when no variations of the in rpoB were detected. Among the VirB operons, VirB7-11 may play a central role in rifampicin resistance. This study provided new insights for screening rifampicin resistance-related genes and also provided basic data for the prevention and control of rifampicin-resistant Brucella isolates. Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that can persistently colonize host cells and cause the zoonosis- brucellosis. The WHO recommended a treatment for brucellosis that involves a combination of doxycycline, rifampicin, or streptomycin. Rifampicin-resistance related genes were screened by transcriptomic analysis and gene recombination method at low rifampicin concentrations and the major rifampicin- resistance pathways in Brucella spp were predicted. The results showed that the VirB operon, β-resistance genes, ABC transporters, quorum-sensing genes, DNA repair- and replication -related genes were associated with rifampicin resistance when no variations of the in rpoB were detected. Among the VirB operons, VirB7-11 may play a central role in rifampicin resistance.
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30
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Khodadadi E, Zeinalzadeh E, Taghizadeh S, Mehramouz B, Kamounah FS, Khodadadi E, Ganbarov K, Yousefi B, Bastami M, Kafil HS. Proteomic Applications in Antimicrobial Resistance and Clinical Microbiology Studies. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1785-1806. [PMID: 32606829 PMCID: PMC7305820 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences of the genomes of all-important bacterial pathogens of man, plants, and animals have been completed. Still, it is not enough to achieve complete information of all the mechanisms controlling the biological processes of an organism. Along with all advances in different proteomics technologies, proteomics has completed our knowledge of biological processes all around the world. Proteomics is a valuable technique to explain the complement of proteins in any organism. One of the fields that has been notably benefited from other systems approaches is bacterial pathogenesis. An emerging field is to use proteomics to examine the infectious agents in terms of, among many, the response the host and pathogen to the infection process, which leads to a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This trend also enables us to identify quantitative measurements for proteins extracted from microorganisms. The present review study is an attempt to summarize a variety of different proteomic techniques and advances. The significant applications in bacterial pathogenesis studies are also covered. Moreover, the areas where proteomics may lead the future studies are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Zeinalzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepehr Taghizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mehramouz
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK 2100, Denmark
| | - Ehsan Khodadadi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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31
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Pelerito A, Nunes A, Núncio MS, Gomes JP. Genome-scale approach to study the genetic relatedness among Brucella melitensis strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229863. [PMID: 32150564 PMCID: PMC7062273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals. To date, laboratory surveillance is still essentially based on the traditional MLVA-16 methodology and the associated epidemiological information is frequently scarce. Our goal was to contribute to the improvement of Brucella spp. surveillance through the implementation of a whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach. We created a curated ready-to-use species-specific wgMLST scheme enrolling a panel of 2656 targets (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3575026) and used this schema to perform a retrospective analysis of the genetic relatedness among B. melitensis strains causing human infection in Portugal (a country where brucellosis is an endemic disease) from 2010 to 2018. The strains showed a phylogenetic clustering within genotype II (25 out of 36) and IV (4 out of 36), and shared clades with strains isolated from countries with which Portugal has intense food trading, tourism and similar eating habits, such as Spain, Italy and Greece. In addition, our results point to the identification of strong associations between B. melitensis strains, likely underlying missed "outbreaks" as 22 out of the 36 strains showed genetic linkage with others. In fact, the applied gene-by-gene approach grouped these strains into six genetic clusters each one containing putative epidemiological links. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed in order to define the appropriate range of cut-offs (probable non-static cut-offs) that best illustrate the association between genetic linkage and epidemiological information and may serve as alerts for the health authorities. The release of this freely available and scalable schema contributes to the required technological transition for laboratorial surveillance of brucellosis and will facilitate the assessment of ongoing and future outbreaks in order to prevent the transmission spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pelerito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency Response and Biopreparedness Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Sofia Núncio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Emergency Response and Biopreparedness Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2018 in 36 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and 8 non‐MS). The first and second most commonly reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The European Union (EU) trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable during 2014–2018. The proportion of human salmonellosis cases due to Salmonella Enteritidis was at the same level in 2018 as in 2017. Of the 27 reporting MS, 16 met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 11 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased during recent years but stalled in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results from Competent Authorities for pig carcasses and for poultry tested through National Control Programmes were more frequently positive compared with food business operators. Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans were the third most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU and increased from 2014 to 2018. Yersiniosis was the fourth most frequently reported zoonosis in humans in 2018 with a stable trend in 2014–2018. The number of reported confirmed listeriosis cases further increased in 2018, despite Listeria rarely exceeding the EU food safety limit tested in ready‐to‐eat food. In total, 5,146 food‐ and waterborne outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the most commonly detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one in five outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and egg products was the highest risk agent/food pair. A large increase of human West Nile virus infections was reported in 2018. The report further updates on bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.
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33
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Khan AU, Shell WS, Melzer F, Sayour AE, Ramadan ES, Elschner MC, Moawad AA, Roesler U, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Identification, Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Brucella spp. Isolated from Livestock in Egypt. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120603. [PMID: 31766725 PMCID: PMC6955977 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis worldwide with economic and public health impacts. The aim of the present study was to identify Brucella (B.) spp. isolated from animal populations located in different districts of Egypt and to determine their antimicrobial resistance. In total, 34-suspected Brucella isolates were recovered from lymph nodes, milk, and fetal abomasal contents of infected cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats from nine districts in Egypt. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differentiation and genotyping were confirmed using multiplex PCR for B. abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis (AMOS) and Bruce-ladder PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against clinically used antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) was performed using E-Test. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes and mutations in Brucella isolates were confirmed using molecular tools. In total, 29 Brucella isolates (eight B. abortus biovar 1 and 21 B. melitensis biovar 3) were identified and typed. The resistance of B. melitensis to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, rifampicin, and streptomycin were 76.2%, 19.0%, 76.2%, 66.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. Whereas, 25.0%, 87.5%, 25.0%, and 37.5% of B. abortus were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampicin, respectively. Mutations in the rpoB gene associated with rifampicin resistance were identified in all phenotypically resistant isolates. Mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes associated with ciprofloxacin resistance were identified in four phenotypically resistant isolates of B. melitensis. This is the first study highlighting the antimicrobial resistance in Brucella isolated from different animal species in Egypt. Mutations detected in genes associated with antimicrobial resistance unravel the molecular mechanisms of resistance in Brucella isolates from Egypt. The mutations in the rpoB gene in phenotypically resistant B. abortus isolates in this study were reported for the first time in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ullah Khan
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 35200 Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Waleed S. Shell
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, 11517 Abbasaia-Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Ashraf E. Sayour
- Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12618 Dokki-Giza, Egypt;
| | - Eman Shawkat Ramadan
- Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12556 Al Ahram-Giza, Egypt;
| | - Mandy C. Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Amira A. Moawad
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Provincial Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health Research, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.U.K.); (F.M.); (M.C.E.); (A.A.M.); (H.N.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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34
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Sacchini L, Wahab T, Di Giannatale E, Zilli K, Abass A, Garofolo G, Janowicz A. Whole Genome Sequencing for Tracing Geographical Origin of Imported Cases of Human Brucellosis in Sweden. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E398. [PMID: 31561594 PMCID: PMC6843523 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Brucella melitensis are occasionally reported in Sweden, despite the fact that the national flocks of sheep and goats are officially free from brucellosis. The aim of our study was to analyze 103 isolates of B. melitensis collected from patients in Sweden between 1994 and 2016 and determine their putative geographic origin using whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based tools. The majority of the strains were assigned to East Mediterranean and African lineages. Both in silico Multiple Loci VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) Analysis (MLVA) and core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) analyses identified countries of the Middle East as the most probable source of origin of the majority of the strains. Isolates collected from patients with travel history to Iraq or Syria were often associated with genotypes from Turkey, as the cgMLST profiles from these countries clustered together. Sixty strains were located within a distance of 20 core genes to related genotypes from the publicly available database, and for eighteen isolates, the closest genotype was different by more than 50 loci. Our study showed that WGS based tools are effective in tracing back the geographic origin of infection of patients with unknown travel status, provided that public sequences from the location of the source are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sacchini
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Tara Wahab
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Katiuscia Zilli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Anna Abass
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Osman AY, Kadir AA, Jesse FF, Saharee AA. Modelling the immunopathophysiology of Brucella melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide in mice infected via oral route of exposure. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103669. [PMID: 31445124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella melitensis is one of the leading zoonotic pathogens with significant economic implications in animal industry worldwide. Lipopolysaccharide, however, remains by far the major virulence with substantial role in diseases pathogenesis. Nonetheless, the effect of B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide on immunopathophysiological aspects largely remains an enigma. This study examines the effect of B.melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide on immunopathophysiological parameters following experimental infection using mouse model. Eighty four (n = 84) mice, BALB/c, both sexes with equal gender distribution and 6-8 weeks-old were randomly assigned into three groups. Group 1-2 (n = 72) were orally inoculated with 0.4 mL containing 109 CFU/mL of B. melitensis and its LPS, respectively. Group 3 (n = 12) was challenged orally with phosphate buffered saline and served as a control group. Animals were observed for clinical signs, haematological and histopathological analysis for a period of 24 days post-infection. We hereby report that B.melitensis infected group demonstrated significant clinical signs and histopathological changes than LPS infected group. However, both infected groups showed elevated levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and antibody levels (IgM and IgG) with varying degrees of predominance in LPS infected group than B. melitensis infected group. For hormone analysis, low levels of progesterone, estradiol and testosterone were observed in both B. melitensis and LPS groups throughout the study period. Moreover, in B. melitensis infected group, the organism was re-isolated from the organs and tissues of gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive systems thereby confirming the infection and transmission dynamics. This report is the first detailed investigation comparing the infection progression and host responses in relation to the immunopathophysiological aspects in a mouse model after oral inoculation with B. melitensis and its lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdinasir Yusuf Osman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Arifah Abdul Kadir
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Saharee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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