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Lintala A, Vapalahti O, Nousiainen A, Kantele A, Hepojoki J. Whole Blood as a Sample Matrix in Homogeneous Time-Resolved Assay-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Antibody Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:720. [PMID: 38611633 PMCID: PMC11011549 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein-L-utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (LFRET) assay enables mix-and-read antibody detection, as demonstrated for sera from patients with, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus, and orthohantavirus infections. In this study, we compared paired serum and whole blood (WB) samples of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients. We found that LFRET also detects specific antibodies in WB samples. In 44 serum-WB pairs from patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, LFRET showed a strong correlation between the sample materials. By analyzing 89 additional WB samples, totaling 133 WB samples, we found that LFRET results were moderately correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results for samples collected 2 to 14 months after receiving COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the correlation decreased for samples >14 months after receiving a diagnosis. When comparing the WB LFRET results to neutralizing antibody titers, a strong correlation emerged for samples collected 1 to 14 months after receiving a diagnosis. This study also highlights the versatility of LFRET in detecting antibodies directly from WB samples and suggests that it could be employed for rapidly assessing antibody responses to infectious agents or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lintala
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arttu Nousiainen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Fung CYJ, Scott M, Lerner-Ellis J, Taher J. Applications of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing: impact of test performance, sample matrices, and patient characteristics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:70-88. [PMID: 37800891 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2254390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory testing has been a key tool in managing the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic. While rapid antigen and PCR testing has proven useful for diagnosing acute SARS-CoV-2 infections, additional testing methods are required to understand the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections on immune response. Serological testing, a well-documented laboratory practice, measures the presence of antibodies in a sample to uncover information about host immunity. Although proposed applications of serological testing for clinical use have previously been limited, current research into SARS-CoV-2 has shown growing utility for serological methods in these settings. To name a few, serological testing has been used to identify patients with past infections and long-term active disease and to monitor vaccine efficacy. Test utility and result interpretation, however, are often complicated by factors that include poor test sensitivity early in infection, lack of immune response in some individuals, overlying infection and vaccination responses, lack of standardization of antibody titers/levels between instruments, unknown titers that confer immune protection, and large between-individual biological variation following infection or vaccination. Thus, the three major components of this review will examine (1) factors that affect serological test utility: test performance, testing matrices, seroprevalence concerns and viral variants, (2) patient factors that affect serological response: timing of sampling, age, sex, body mass index, immunosuppression and vaccination, and (3) informative applications of serological testing: identifying past infection, immune surveillance to guide health practices, and examination of protective immunity. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing should be beneficial for clinical care if it is implemented appropriately. However, as with other laboratory developed tests, use of SARS-CoV-2 serology as a testing modality warrants careful consideration of testing limitations and evaluation of its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yiu Jordan Fung
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Scott
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Lerner-Ellis
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Joshi D, Nyhoff LE, Zarnitsyna VI, Moreno A, Manning K, Linderman S, Burrell AR, Stephens K, Norwood C, Mantus G, Ahmed R, Anderson EJ, Staat MA, Suthar MS, Wrammert J. Infants and young children generate more durable antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults. iScience 2023; 26:107967. [PMID: 37822504 PMCID: PMC10562792 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic, it is critical to understand immunity following early-life infection. We evaluated humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 23 infants/young children. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens peaked approximately 30 days after infection and were maintained up to 500 days with little apparent decay. While the magnitude of humoral responses was similar to an adult cohort recovered from mild/moderate COVID-19, both binding and neutralization titers to WT SARS-CoV-2 were more durable in infants/young children, with spike and RBD IgG antibody half-life nearly 4X as long as in adults. IgG subtype analysis revealed that while IgG1 formed the majority of the response in both groups, IgG3 was more common in adults and IgG2 in infants/young children. These findings raise important questions regarding differential regulation of humoral immunity in infants/young children and adults and could have broad implications for the timing of vaccination and booster strategies in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Joshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay E. Nyhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Manning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Linderman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison R. Burrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Stephens
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carson Norwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace Mantus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Eberhardt N, Noval MG, Kaur R, Amadori L, Gildea M, Sajja S, Das D, Cilhoroz B, Stewart O, Fernandez DM, Shamailova R, Guillen AV, Jangra S, Schotsaert M, Newman JD, Faries P, Maldonado T, Rockman C, Rapkiewicz A, Stapleford KA, Narula N, Moore KJ, Giannarelli C. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pro-atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary vessels. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:899-916. [PMID: 38076343 PMCID: PMC10702930 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present increased risk for ischemic cardiovascular complications up to 1 year after infection. Although the systemic inflammatory response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection likely contributes to this increased cardiovascular risk, whether SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the coronary vasculature and attendant atherosclerotic plaques remains unknown. Here we report that SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA is detectable and replicates in coronary lesions taken at autopsy from severe COVID-19 cases. SARS-CoV-2 targeted plaque macrophages and exhibited a stronger tropism for arterial lesions than adjacent perivascular fat, correlating with macrophage infiltration levels. SARS-CoV-2 entry was increased in cholesterol-loaded primary macrophages and dependent, in part, on neuropilin-1. SARS-CoV-2 induced a robust inflammatory response in cultured macrophages and human atherosclerotic vascular explants with secretion of cytokines known to trigger cardiovascular events. Our data establish that SARS-CoV-2 infects coronary vessels, inducing plaque inflammation that could trigger acute cardiovascular complications and increase the long-term cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Eberhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Noval
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Letizia Amadori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gildea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swathy Sajja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dayasagar Das
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Burak Cilhoroz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - O’Jay Stewart
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dawn M. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roza Shamailova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Vasquez Guillen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Newman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Faries
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Maldonado
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Division, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caron Rockman
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Division, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Rapkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Ivanova EN, Shwetar J, Devlin JC, Buus TB, Gray-Gaillard S, Koide A, Cornelius A, Samanovic MI, Herrera A, Mimitou EP, Zhang C, Karmacharya T, Desvignes L, Ødum N, Smibert P, Ulrich RJ, Mulligan MJ, Koide S, Ruggles KV, Herati RS, Koralov SB. mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the persistent inflammation seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2021.04.20.21255677. [PMID: 33907755 PMCID: PMC8077568 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.20.21255677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell dataset of peripheral blood of patients with acute COVID-19 and of healthy volunteers before and after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and booster. We compared host immune responses to the virus and vaccine using transcriptional profiling, coupled with B/T cell receptor repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. These findings were validated in an independent dataset. Analysis of B and T cell repertoires revealed that, while the majority of clonal lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients were effector cells, clonal expansion was more evident among circulating memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, dramatic expansion of clonal γδT cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables comparative analyses of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Integrating our data with publicly available datasets allowed us to validate our findings in larger cohorts. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset to include comprehensive profiling of longitudinal samples from healthy volunteers pre/post SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and booster.
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Joshi D, Nyhoff LE, Zarnitsyna VI, Moreno A, Manning K, Linderman S, Burrell AR, Stephens K, Norwood C, Mantus G, Ahmed R, Anderson EJ, Staat MA, Suthar MS, Wrammert J. Infants and young children generate more durable antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.10.23288360. [PMID: 37090559 PMCID: PMC10120804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.23288360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, research has shown that adult patients mount broad and durable immune responses to infection. However, response to infection remains poorly studied in infants/young children. In this study, we evaluated humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 23 infants/young children before and after infection. We found that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens peaked approximately 30 days after infection and were maintained up to 500 days with little apparent decay. While the magnitude of humoral responses was similar to an adult cohort recovered from mild/moderate COVID-19, both binding and neutralization titers to WT SARS-CoV-2 were more durable in infants/young children, with Spike and RBD IgG antibody half-life nearly 4X as long as in adults. The functional breadth of adult and infant/young children SARS-CoV-2 responses were comparable, with similar reactivity against panel of recent and previously circulating viral variants. Notably, IgG subtype analysis revealed that while IgG1 formed the majority of both adults' and infants/young children's response, IgG3 was more common in adults and IgG2 in infants/young children. These findings raise important questions regarding differential regulation of humoral immunity in infants/young children and adults and could have broad implications for the timing of vaccination and booster strategies in this age group.
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8
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Mendez-Cortina Y, Rodriguez-Perea AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Lopera TJ, Alvarez-Mesa N, Rodas-Marín JK, Moncada DC, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Dynamics of humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different clinical stages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007068. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic remains a global health problem. As in other viral infections, the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be crucial for controlling the infection. However, the dynamic of B cells in the clinical spectrum of this disease is still controversial. This study aimed to characterize B cell subsets and neutralizing responses in COVID-19 patients according to disease severity through a one-month follow-up.MethodsA cohort of 71 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR were recruited and classified into four groups: i) asymptomatic; ii) symptomatic outpatients; iii) hospitalized in ward, and iv) intensive care unit patients (ICU). Samples were taken at days 0 (inclusion to the study), 7 and 30. B cell subsets and neutralizing antibodies were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry and plaque reduction neutralization, respectively.ResultsOlder age, male gender and body mass index over 25 were common factors among hospitalized and ICU patients, compared to those with milder clinical presentations. In addition, those requiring hospitalization had more comorbidities. A significant increase in the frequencies of CD19+ cells at day 0 was observed in hospitalized and ICU patients compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Likewise, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly increased at the first sample in the ICU group compared to the asymptomatic group, but then waned over time. The frequency of naïve B cells decreased at days 7 and 30 compared to day 0 in hospitalized and ICU patients. The neutralizing antibody titers were higher as the severity of COVID-19 increased; in asymptomatic individuals, it was strongly correlated with the percentage of IgM+ switched memory B cells, and a moderate correlation was found with plasmablasts.ConclusionThe humoral immune response is variable among SARS-CoV-2 infected people depending on the severity and time of clinical evolution. In severe COVID-19 patients, a higher plasmablast frequency and neutralizing antibody response were observed, suggesting that, despite having a robust humoral immunity, this response could be late, having a low impact on disease outcome.
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9
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Evaluation of commercially available fully automated and ELISA-based assays for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19020. [PMID: 36347859 PMCID: PMC9643483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate measurement of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) is paramount for monitoring immunity in infected and vaccinated subjects. The current gold standard relies on pseudovirus neutralization tests which require sophisticated skills and facilities. Alternatively, recent competitive immunoassays measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 nAbs are proposed as a quick and commercially available surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Here, we report the performance evaluation of three sVNTs, including two ELISA-based assays and an automated bead-based immunoassay for detecting nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The performance of three sVNTs, including GenScript cPass, Dynamiker, and Mindray NTAb was assessed in samples collected from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (n = 160), COVID-19 vaccinated individuals (n = 163), and pre-pandemic controls (n = 70). Samples were collected from infected patients and vaccinated individuals 2-24 weeks after symptoms onset or second dose administration. Correlation analysis with pseudovirus neutralization test (pVNT) and immunoassays detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibodies was performed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was generated to assess the optimal threshold for detecting nAbs by each assay. All three sVNTs showed an excellent performance in terms of specificity (100%) and sensitivity (100%, 97.0%, and 97.1% for GenScript, Dynamiker, and Mindray, respectively) in samples collected from vaccinated subjects. GenScript demonstrated the strongest correlation with pVNT (r = 0.743, R2 = 0.552), followed by Mindray (r = 0.718, R2 = 0.515) and Dynamiker (r = 0.608, R2 = 0.369). Correlation with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibodies was variable, but the strongest correlations were observed between anti-RBD IgG antibodies and Mindray (r = 0.952, R2 = 0.907). ROC curve analyses demonstrated excellent performance for all three sVNT assays in both groups, with an AUC ranging between 0.99 and 1.0 (p < 0.0001). Also, it was shown that the manufacturer's recommended cutoff values could be modified based on the tested cohort without significantly affecting the sVNT performance. The sVNT provides a rapid, low-cost, and scalable alternative to conventional neutralization assays for measuring and expanding nAbs testing across various research and clinical settings. Also, it could aid in evaluating actual protective immunity at the population level and assessing vaccine effectiveness to lay a foundation for boosters' requirements.
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10
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Descriptive evaluation of antibody responses to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid in a nursing home cohort-Arkansas, June-August 2020. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022; 43:1610-1617. [PMID: 34802478 PMCID: PMC9379264 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immune responses in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from nursing home residents during and after natural infection. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Nursing home. PARTICIPANTS SARS-CoV-2-infected nursing home residents. METHODS A convenience sample of 14 SARS-CoV-2-infected nursing home residents, enrolled 4-13 days after real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, were followed for 42 days. After diagnosis, plasma SARS-CoV-2-specific pan-Immunoglobulin (Ig), IgG, IgA, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies were measured at 5 time points, and GCF SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA were measured at 4 time points. RESULTS All participants demonstrated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 12 phlebotomized participants, plasma was positive for pan-Ig and IgG in all 12 participants. Neutralizing antibodies were positive in 11 participants; IgM was positive in 10 participants, and IgA was positive in 9 participants. Among 14 participants with GCF specimens, GCF was positive for IgG in 13 participants and for IgA in 12 participants. Immunoglobulin responses in plasma and GCF had similar kinetics; median times to peak antibody response were similar across specimen types (4 weeks for IgG; 3 weeks for IgA). Participants with pan-Ig, IgG, and IgA detected in plasma and GCF IgG remained positive throughout this evaluation, 46-55 days after diagnosis. All participants were viral-culture negative by the first detection of antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Nursing home residents had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma and GCF after infection. Kinetics of antibodies detected in GCF mirrored those from plasma. Noninvasive GCF may be useful for detecting and monitoring immunologic responses in populations unable or unwilling to be phlebotomized.
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11
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Tang L, Cherry S, Tuomanen EI, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Lin CY, Allison KJ, Gowen A, Freiden P, Allen EK, Su Y, Gaur AH, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Krammer F, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S, Wolf J. Host Predictors of Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern Differ Between Infection and Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e705-e714. [PMID: 34891165 PMCID: PMC8689782 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination there is significant variability between individuals in protective antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2, and within individuals against different virus variants. However, host demographic or clinical characteristics that predict variability in cross-reactive antibody levels are not well-described. These data could inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers on the populations most likely to require vaccine booster shots. METHODS In an institutional review board-approved prospective observational cohort study of staff at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, we identified participants with plasma samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 infection, after mRNA vaccination, and after vaccination following infection, and quantitated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) from 5 important SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan Hu-1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2). We used regression models to identify factors that contributed to cross-reactive IgG against 1 or multiple viral variants. RESULTS Following infection, a minority of the cohort generated cross-reactive antibodies, IgG antibodies that bound all tested variants. Those who did had increased disease severity, poor metabolic health, and were of a particular ancestry. Vaccination increased the levels of cross-reactive IgG levels in all populations, including immunocompromised, elderly, and persons with poor metabolic health. Younger people with a healthy weight mounted the highest responses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important new information on individual antibody responses to infection/vaccination that could inform clinicians on populations that may require follow-on immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Chun Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashleigh Gowen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aditya H Gaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USAand
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Variants to Vaccine-Elicited Sera and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061334. [PMID: 35746806 PMCID: PMC9228817 DOI: 10.3390/v14061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants with heavily mutated spike proteins has posed a challenge to the effectiveness of current vaccines and to monoclonal antibody therapy for severe COVID-19. After two immunizations of individuals with no history of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection with BNT162b2 vaccine, neutralizing titer against BA.1 and BA.2 were 20-fold decreased compared to titers against the parental D614G virus. A third immunization boosted overall neutralizing titers by about 5-fold but titers against BA.1 and BA.2 remained about 10-fold below that of D614G. Both Omicron variants were highly resistant to several of the emergency use authorized therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The variants were highly resistant to Regeneron REGN10933 and REGN10987 and Lilly LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016 while Vir-7831 and the mixture of AstraZeneca monoclonal antibodies AZD8895 and AZD1061 were significantly decreased in neutralizing titer. Strikingly, a single monoclonal antibody LY-CoV1404 potently neutralized both Omicron variants.
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13
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Hennings V, Thörn K, Albinsson S, Lingblom C, Andersson K, Andersson C, Järbur K, Pullerits R, Idorn M, Paludan SR, Eriksson K, Wennerås C. The presence of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA appears to protect primary health care workers from COVID-19. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:800-809. [PMID: 35128644 PMCID: PMC9087394 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 were studied in Swedish primary health care workers (n = 156) for 6 months during the Covid-19 pandemic. Serum IgA and IgG to SARS-CoV-2, T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, demographic and clinical data, PCR-verified infection, and self-reported symptoms were monitored. The multivariate method OPLS-DA was used to identify immune response patterns coupled to protection from Covid-19. Contracting Covid-19 was associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing serum IgG, T cell, IFN-γ, and granzyme B responses to SARS-CoV-2, self-reported typical Covid-19 symptoms, male sex, higher BMI, and hypertension. Not contracting Covid-19 was associated with female sex, IgA-dominated, or no antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, airborne allergy, and smoking. The IgG-responders had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses including a cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell population expressing CD25, CD38, CD69, CD194, CD279, CTLA-4, and granzyme B. IgA-responders with no IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 constituted 10% of the study population. The IgA responses were partially neutralizing and only seen in individuals who did not succumb to Covid-19. To conclude, serum IgG-dominated responses correlated with T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and PCR-confirmed Covid-19, whereas IgA-dominated responses correlated with not contracting the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hennings
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
| | - Karolina Thörn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchSahlgrenska AcademyInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Sofie Albinsson
- Department of Infectious DiseasesInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Christine Lingblom
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
| | - Kerstin Andersson
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
| | | | - Katarina Järbur
- Nötkärnan Primary Health Care Center ConsortiumGöteborgSweden
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchSahlgrenska AcademyInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchSahlgrenska AcademyInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchSahlgrenska AcademyInstitute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
| | - Christine Wennerås
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRegion Västra GötalandSahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
- Department of Infectious DiseasesInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGöteborgSweden
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14
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Goyins KA, Yu JJ, Papp SB, Beddard R, Murthy AK, Chambers JP, Arulanandam BP. Isotyping and quantitation of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1055-1060. [DOI: 10.1177/15353702221084966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is important for development of effective diagnostics and vaccines. We report here a broad antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) in 100 convalescent patient plasma samples. Antibody isotypes IgA, IgM, and IgG exhibited significantly higher anti-RBD titers when compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative controls. IgG subtyping indicated IgG1 and IgG3 to be most abundant. Greater than 90 % of SARS-CoV-2 positive plasma samples tested exhibited significant neutralization capacity using a surrogate virus neutralization assay. Of the IgG subclasses, IgG1 and IgG3 exhibited the highest viral neutralization capacity; whereas, IgG2 and IgG4 viral neutralization was not observed. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 elicited total IgG binding to emerging variant (alpha, beta, and delta) RBDs indicated decreased binding. Furthermore, neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma of delta and omicron variant RBDs was significantly decreased suggesting that neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma are less effective in inhibiting variants currently in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Goyins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sara B Papp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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15
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Tada T, Zhou H, Dcosta BM, Samanovic MI, Chivukula V, Herati RS, Hubbard SR, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant to neutralization by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic antibodies. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103944. [PMID: 35465948 PMCID: PMC9021600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently authorized for emergency use have been highly successful in preventing infection and lessening disease severity. The vaccines maintain effectiveness against earlier SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern but the heavily mutated, highly transmissible Omicron variant presents an obstacle both to vaccine protection and monoclonal antibody therapies. METHODS Pseudotyped lentiviruses were incubated with serum from vaccinated and boosted donors or therapeutic monoclonal antibody and then applied to target cells. After 2 days, luciferase activity was measured in a microplate luminometer. Resistance mutations of the Omicron spike were identified using point-mutated spike protein pseudotypes and mapped onto the three-dimensional spike protein structure. FINDINGS Virus with the Omicron spike protein was 26-fold resistant to neutralization by recovered donor sera and 26-34-fold resistance to Pfizer BNT162b2 and Moderna vaccine-elicited antibodies following two immunizations. A booster immunization increased neutralizing titres against Omicron. Neutralizing titres against Omicron were increased in the sera with a history of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies showed that the Regeneron and Eli Lilly monoclonal antibodies were ineffective against the Omicron pseudotype while Sotrovimab and Evusheld were partially effective. INTERPRETATION The results highlight the benefit of a booster immunization to protect against the Omicron variant and demonstrate the challenge to monoclonal antibody therapy. The decrease in neutralizing titres against Omicron suggest that much of the vaccine efficacy may rely on T cells. FUNDING The work was funded by grants from the NIH to N.R.L. (DA046100, AI122390 and AI120898) and 55 to M.J.M. (UM1AI148574).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, Rm 509, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, Rm 509, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Belinda M Dcosta
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, Rm 509, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidya Chivukula
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, Rm 509, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stevan R Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, Rm 509, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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16
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Tada T, Zhou H, Samanovic MI, Dcosta BM, Cornelius A, Herati RS, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:797589. [PMID: 35350781 PMCID: PMC8957851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.797589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding possible decreases in vaccine effectiveness. Here, neutralizing antibody titers elicited by mRNA-based and adenoviral vector-based vaccines against variant pseudotyped viruses were measured. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-elicited antibodies showed modest neutralization resistance against Beta, Delta, Delta plus and Lambda variants whereas Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibodies from a significant fraction of vaccinated individuals had less neutralizing titer (IC50 <50). The data underscore the importance of surveillance for breakthrough infections that result in severe COVID-19 and suggest a potential benefit by second immunization following Ad26.COV2.S to increase protection from current and future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Belinda M Dcosta
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Langone Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Šošić L, Paolucci M, Duda A, Hasler F, Walton SM, Kündig TM, Johansen P. Kinetics and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation and antibodies after BNT162b2 vaccination in a Swiss cohort. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e583. [PMID: 34965032 PMCID: PMC8926495 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), substantial effort has been made to gain knowledge about the immunity elicited by infection or vaccination. Methods We studied the kinetics of antibodies and virus neutralisation induced by vaccination with BNT162b2 in a Swiss cohort of SARS‐CoV‐2 naïve (n = 40) and convalescent (n = 9) persons. Blood sera were analysed in a live virus neutralisation assay and specific IgG and IgA levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay and analysed by descriptive statistics. Results Virus neutralisation was detected in all individuals 2–4 weeks after the second vaccine. Both neutralisation and antibodies remained positive for >4 months. Neutralisation and antibodies showed positive correlation, but immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion took place 2–4 weeks faster than neutralisation. Spike‐protein specific IgG levels rose significantly faster and were more stable over time than virus neutralisation titres or IgA responses. For naïve but not convalescent persons, a clear boosting effect was observed. Convalescent individuals showed faster, more robust and longer‐lasting immune responses after vaccination compared to noninfected persons. No threshold could be determined for spike protein‐specific IgG or IgA that would confer protection in the neutralisation assay, implicating the need for a better correlate of protection then antibody titres alone. Conclusions This study clearly shows the complex translation of antibody data and virus neutralisation, while supporting the evidence of a single dose being sufficient for effective antibody response in convalescent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Šošić
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Paolucci
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Senta M Walton
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research & Development, Saiba Biotech, Pfaeffikon, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Martin MC, Jimenez A, Ortega N, Parrado A, Page I, Gonzalez MI, Blanco-Peris L. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264124. [PMID: 35202394 PMCID: PMC8870513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The vast majority of COVID-19 cases both symptomatic and asymptomatic develop immunity after COVID-19 contagion. Whether lasting differences exist between infection and vaccination boosted immunity is yet to be known. The aim of this study was to determine how long total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies due to past infection persist in peripheral blood and whether sex, age or haematological features can influence their lasting.
Material and methods
A series of 2421 donations either of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma or whole blood from 1107 repeat donors from January 2020 to March 2021 was analysed. An automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for total antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed. Sex, age, blood group, blood cell counts and percentages and immunoglobulin concentrations were extracted from electronic recordings. Blood donation is allowed after a minimum of one-month post symptom’s relapse. Donors were 69.7% males and their average age was 46. The 250 donors who had later donations after a positive one underwent further analysis. Both qualitative (positivity) and quantitative (rise or decline of optical density regarding consecutive donations) outcomes were evaluated.
Results and discussion
In 97.6% of donors with follow-up, anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein N total antibodies remained positive at the end of a follow-up period of 12.4 weeks median time (1–46, SD = 9.65) after the first positive determination. The blood group was not related to antibody waning. Lower lymphocyte counts and higher neutrophils would help predict future waning or decay of antibodies. Most recovered donors maintain their total anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies for at least 16 weeks (at least one month must have been awaited from infection resolution to blood donation). The 10 individuals that could be followed up longer than 40 weeks (approximately 44 weeks after symptom’s relapse) were all still positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Martin
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Jimenez
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Nuria Ortega
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Alba Parrado
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Isabel Page
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Gonzalez
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Lydia Blanco-Peris
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
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19
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Naranbhai V, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Ofoman O, Garcia-Beltran WF, Mairena CB, Bhan AK, Gainor JF, Balazs AB, Iafrate AJ. Neutralization breadth of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants following primary series and booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:103-108.e2. [PMID: 34990570 PMCID: PMC8730528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer are more likely to have impaired immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We study the breadth of responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after primary vaccination in 178 patients with a variety of tumor types and after booster doses in a subset. Neutralization of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta SARS-CoV-2 variants is impaired relative to wildtype, regardless of vaccine type. Regardless of viral variant, mRNA1273 is the most immunogenic, followed by BNT162b2, and then Ad26.COV2.S. Neutralization of more variants (breadth) is associated with a greater magnitude of wildtype neutralization, and increases with time since vaccination; advancing age associates with a lower breadth. The concentrations of anti-spike protein antibody are a good surrogate for breadth (positive predictive value of =90% at >1,000 U/mL). Booster SARS-CoV-2 vaccines confer enhanced breadth. These data suggest that achieving a high antibody titer is desirable to achieve broad neutralization; a single booster dose with the current vaccines increases the breadth of responses against variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Naranbhai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - A John Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity. We evaluated commercially available assays designed to quantify antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antigen, either total (Wantaï SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA) or IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant on Alinity, Abbott, and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, Diasorin). The specificities of the Wantaï, Alinity, and Liaison assays were evaluated using 100 prepandemic sera and were 98, 99, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivities of all three were around 100% when tested on 35 samples taken 15 to 35 days postinfection. They were less sensitive for 150 sera from late infections (>180 days). Using the first WHO international standard (NIBSC), we showed that the Wantai results were concordant with the NIBSC values, while Liaison and Alinity showed a proportional bias of 1.3 and 7, respectively. The results of the 3 immunoassays were significantly globally pairwise correlated and for late infection sera (P < 0.001). They were correlated for recent infection sera measured with Alinity and Liaison (P < 0.001). However, the Wantai results of recent infections were not correlated with those from Alinity or Liaison. All the immunoassay results were significantly correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using a live virus neutralization assay with the B1.160 SARS-CoV-2 strain. These assays will be useful once the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer has been determined. IMPORTANCE Standardization and correlation with virus neutralization assays are critical points to compare the performance of serological assays designed to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to identify their optimal use. We have evaluated three serological immunoassays based on the virus spike antigen that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: a microplate assay and two chemiluminescent assays performed with Alinity (Abbott) and Liaison (Diasorin) analysers. We used an in-house live virus neutralization assay and the first WHO international standard to assess the comparison. This study could be useful to determine guidelines on the use of serological results to manage vaccination and treatment with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies.
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21
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Tada T, Zhou H, Dcosta BM, Samanovic MI, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Partial resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants to vaccine-elicited antibodies and convalescent sera. iScience 2021; 24:103341. [PMID: 34723159 PMCID: PMC8541826 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in India and designated B.1.617, Kappa (B.1.617.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), B.1.618, and B.1.36.29 contain spike mutations L452R, T478K, E484K, E484Q, and N440K located within the spike receptor-binding domain and thus could contribute to increased transmissibility and potentially allow re-infection or cause resistance to vaccine-elicited antibody. To address these issues, we used lentiviruses pseudotyped by variant spikes to measure their neutralization by convalescent sera, vaccine-elicited and Regeneron therapeutic antibodies, and ACE2 affinity. Convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies neutralized viruses with Delta spike with 2- to 5-fold decrease in titer in different donors. Regeneron antibody cocktail neutralized virus with the Delta spike with a 2.6-fold decrease in titer. Neutralization resistance to serum antibodies and monoclonal antibodies was mediated by L452R mutation. These relatively modest decreases in antibody neutralization titer for viruses with variant spike proteins suggest that current vaccines will remain protective against the family of Delta variants. Vaccine-elicited antibodies neutralize Delta spike with 4- to 5-fold decrease in titer Delta variant is resistant to REGN10933 monoclonal antibody Neutralization resistance is mediated by L452R
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Belinda M Dcosta
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, Alexandria West Building, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Chang X, Zeltins A, Mohsen MO, Gharailoo Z, Zha L, Liu X, Walton S, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. A Novel Double Mosaic Virus-like Particle-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Incorporates Both Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) and Fusion Domain. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1287. [PMID: 34835218 PMCID: PMC8619050 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has emerged, and has rapidly become a major health problem worldwide, causing millions of mortalities. Vaccination against COVID-19 is the most efficient way to stop the pandemic. The goal of vaccines is to induce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we present a novel double mosaic virus-like particle (VLP) displaying two independent neutralizing epitopes, namely the receptor binding motif (RBM) located in S1 and the fusion peptide (AA 817-855) located in S2. CuMVTT virus-like particles were used as VLP scaffold and both domains were genetically fused in the middle of CuMVTT subunits, which co-assembled into double mosaic particles (CuMVTT-DF). A single fusion mosaic particle (CuMVTT-FP) containing the fusion peptide only was used for comparison. The vaccines were produced in E. coli, and electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering confirmed their integrity and homogeneity. In addition, the CuMVTT-DF vaccine was well recognized by ACE2 receptor, indicating that the RBM was in native conformation. Both CuMVTT-FP and CuMVTT-DF vaccines induced high levels of high avidity IgG antibodies as well as IgA recognizing spike and RBD in the case of CuMVTT-DF. Both vaccine candidates induced virus-neutralizing antibodies indicating that the fusion peptide can independently induce virus-neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, CuMVTT-DF containing both RBM and fusion peptide induced a higher level of neutralizing antibodies suggesting that the new double mosaic vaccine candidate CuMVTT-DF consisting of two antigens in one VLP maybe an attractive candidate for scale-up in a bacterial fermentation process for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Center, Ratsupites 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Saiba GmbH, 8808 Pfäffikon, Switzerland;
| | - Zahra Gharailoo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Zha
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Xuelan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | | | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (X.C.); (M.O.M.); (Z.G.); (X.L.); (M.V.)
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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23
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Zhou H, Dcosta BM, Samanovic MI, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR, Tada T. B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 Variants Identified in New York City are Neutralized by Vaccine-Elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. mBio 2021; 12:e0138621. [PMID: 34311587 PMCID: PMC8406170 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01386-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequence analysis recently identified the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.526 that is spreading at an alarming rate in the New York City area. Two versions of the variant were identified, both with the prevalent D614G mutation in the spike protein, together with four novel point mutations and with an E484K or S477N mutation in the receptor-binding domain, raising concerns of possible resistance to vaccine-elicited and therapeutic antibodies. We report that convalescent-phase sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies retain full neutralizing titer against the S477N B.1.526 variant and neutralize the E484K version with a modest 3.5-fold decrease in titer compared to D614G. The E484K version was neutralized with a 12-fold decrease in titer by the REGN10933 monoclonal antibody, but the combination cocktail with REGN10987 was fully active. The findings suggest that current vaccines and Regeneron therapeutic monoclonal antibodies will remain protective against the B.1.526 variants. The findings further support the value of widespread vaccination. IMPORTANCE A novel SARS-CoV-2 variant termed B.1.526 was recently identified in New York City and has been found to be spreading at an alarming rate. The variant has mutations in its spike protein that might allow it to escape neutralization by vaccine-elicited antibodies and might cause monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19 to be less successful. We report here that these fears are not substantiated; convalescent-phase sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies neutralized the B.1.526 variant. One of the Regeneron therapeutic monoclonal antibodies was less effective against the B.1.526 (E484K) variant but the two-antibody combination cocktail was fully active. The findings should assuage concerns that current vaccines will be ineffective against the B.1.526 (E484K) variant and suggest the importance of continued widespread vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Belinda M. Dcosta
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel R. Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Garg SS, Sharma A, Gupta J. Immunomodulation and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108842. [PMID: 34461289 PMCID: PMC8393504 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019, a pandemic which was originated from Wuhan city of China. The pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a cytokine storm in the blood (cytokinemia) and tissues, especially the lungs. One of the major repercussions of this inflammatory process is the endothelial injury-causing intestinal bleeding, coagulopathy, and thromboembolism which result in various sudden and unexpected post-COVID complications including kidney failure, myocardial infarction, or multiorgan failure. In this review, we have summarized the immune responses, biochemical changes, and inflammatory responses in the human body after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The increased amount of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and involvement of complement proteins in inflammatory reaction increase the risk of occurrence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourbh Suren Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Atulika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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25
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Tada T, Zhou H, Samanovic MI, Dcosta BM, Cornelius A, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Elicited by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34312623 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.19.452771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding possible decreases in vaccine efficacy. Here, neutralizing antibody titers elicited by mRNA-based and an adenoviral vector-based vaccine against variant pseudotyped viruses were compared. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-elicited antibodies showed modest neutralization resistance against Beta, Delta, Delta plus and Lambda variants whereas Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibodies from a significant fraction of vaccinated individuals were of low neutralizing titer (IC 50 <50). The data underscore the importance of surveillance for breakthrough infections that result in severe COVID-19 and suggest the benefit of a second immunization following Ad26.COV2.S to increase protection against the variants.
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26
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Koide A, Panchenko T, Wang C, Thannickal SA, Romero LA, Teng KW, Li FZ, Akkappedi P, Corrado AD, Caro J, Diefenbach C, Samanovic MI, Mulligan MJ, Hattori T, Stapleford KA, Li H, Koide S. Two-dimensional multiplexed assay for rapid and deep SARS-CoV-2 serology profiling and for machine learning prediction of neutralization capacity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.03.454782. [PMID: 34373852 PMCID: PMC8351774 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.03.454782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses serve as the primary protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection through neutralization of viral entry into cells. We have developed a two-dimensional multiplex bead binding assay (2D-MBBA) that quantifies multiple antibody isotypes against multiple antigens from a single measurement. Here, we applied our assay to profile IgG, IgM and IgA levels against the spike antigen, its receptor-binding domain and natural and designed mutants. Machine learning algorithms trained on the 2D-MBBA data substantially improve the prediction of neutralization capacity against the authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus of serum samples of convalescent patients. The algorithms also helped identify a set of antibody isotype-antigen datasets that contributed to the prediction, which included those targeting regions outside the receptor-binding interface of the spike protein. We applied the assay to profile samples from vaccinated, immune-compromised patients, which revealed differences in the antibody profiles between convalescent and vaccinated samples. Our approach can rapidly provide deep antibody profiles and neutralization prediction from essentially a drop of blood without the need of BSL-3 access and provides insights into the nature of neutralizing antibodies. It may be further developed for evaluating neutralizing capacity for new variants and future pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Tatyana Panchenko
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Sara A. Thannickal
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Larizbeth A. Romero
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Kai Wen Teng
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Francesca-Zhoufan Li
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Padma Akkappedi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Alexis D. Corrado
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Caro
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Department of Hematology Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Catherine Diefenbach
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Department of Hematology Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center and New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center and New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A
- Lead contact
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27
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SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated factors in Manaus, Brazil: baseline results from the DETECTCoV-19 cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:141-150. [PMID: 34273518 PMCID: PMC8346247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manaus, located in the Brazilian rainforest, has experienced two health system collapses due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, little is known about which groups among the general population have been most affected. METHODS A convenience sampling strategy via online advertising recruited 3046 adults between 19 August 2020 and 2 October 2020. Sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19-related symptoms, COVID-19 testing, self-medication and prescribed medications were recorded. Serum anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G antibodies were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained using cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson's regression models. RESULTS A crude positivity rate among asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals was estimated at 29.10%, with maximum possible seroprevalence of 44.82% corrected by test characteristics and an antibody decay rate of 32.31%. Regression models demonstrated a strong association towards marginalized low-income and vulnerable residents with limited access to health care. The presence of a COVID-19 case [PR 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-1.57] or death (PR 2.14, 95% CI 1.74-2.62) in a household greatly increased the risk of other household members acquiring infection. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was higher among those who self-medicated to prevent infection (PR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27-1.46). CONCLUSIONS Disproportionate socio-economic disparity was observed among the study participants. The syndemic nature of COVID-19 in the Amazon region needs differential policies and urgent solutions to control the ongoing pandemic.
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28
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Diefenbach C, Caro J, Koide A, Grossbard M, Goldberg JD, Raphael B, Hymes K, Moskovits T, Kreditor M, Kaminetzky D, Fleur-Lominy SS, Choi J, Thannickal SA, Stapleford KA, Koide S. Impaired Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and CLL Patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34100025 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.02.21257804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hematologic malignancies are a high priority for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, yet the benefit they will derive is uncertain. We investigated the humoral response to vaccination in 53 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), or CLL patients. Peripheral blood was obtained 2 weeks after first vaccination and 6 weeks after second vaccination for antibody profiling using the multiplex bead-binding assay. Serum IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody levels to the spike specific receptor binding domain (RBD) were evaluated as a measure of response. Subsequently, antibody-positive serum were assayed for neutralization capacity against authentic SARS-CoV-2. Histology was 68% lymphoma and 32% CLL; groups were: patients receiving anti-CD20-based therapy (45%), monitored with disease (28%), receiving BTK inhibitors (19%), or chemotherapy (all HL) (8%). SARS-CoV-2 specific RBD IgG antibody response was decreased across all NHL and CLL groups: 25%, 73%, and 40%, respectively. Antibody IgG titers were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) for CD20 treated and targeted therapy patients, and (p = 0.003) for monitored patients. In 94% of patients evaluated after first and second vaccination, antibody titers did not significantly boost after second vaccination. Only 13% of CD20 treated and 13% of monitored patients generated neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with ICD50s 135 to 1767, and 445 and > 10240. This data has profound implications given the current guidance relaxing masking restrictions and for timing of vaccinations. Unless immunity is confirmed with laboratory testing, these patients should continue to mask, socially distance, and to avoid close contact with non-vaccinated individuals. Statement of Translational Relevance Non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients who are treated with anti-CD20 antibody therapy, BTK inhibitor therapy, or who are monitored with active disease, have decreased antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and decreased antibody titers compared to healthy controls. Antibody titers do not boost following second vaccination, and very few patients generate neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This data is of particular importance, given the recent guidance from the CDC that vaccinated patients no longer need to be masked indoors as well as outdoors. Patients with NHL or CLL who fall into these categories should not consider their immunity from vaccination to be assured. If infected with SARS-CoV-2, they should be a high priority for monoclonal antibody directed therapy. Unless immune response to vaccination is confirmed with laboratory testing, they should continue to mask, socially distance, and to avoid close contact with non-vaccinated individuals.
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29
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The immune response to the novel coronavirus infection. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2021. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract64677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on the humoral and T-cell immunity to the novel coronavirus infection. A special attention is paid to the viral proteins that induce production of antibodies, different types of immunoglobulins and their role in the protection against the virus as well as to the duration of the humoral immune response. In addition, a concise analysis of the T-cell immunity status during COVID-19 and its input into the antiviral defense is presented. The collected data demonstrating preservation of both the humoral and T-cell immunity are urgently needed in the medical professionals' community for evidence-based decisions on the immunity monitoring, estimation of (re)vaccination time, as well as for knowing the factors that should be considered while choosing the most effective vaccine. Finally, several directions for the future research are pointed out
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