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Huang MF, Wang YX, Chou YT, Lee DF. Therapeutic Strategies for RB1-Deficient Cancers: Intersecting Gene Regulation and Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1558. [PMID: 38672640 PMCID: PMC11049207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1) is a critical tumor suppressor gene, governing diverse cellular processes implicated in cancer biology. Dysregulation or deletion in RB1 contributes to the development and progression of various cancers, making it a prime target for therapeutic intervention. RB1's canonical function in cell cycle control and DNA repair mechanisms underscores its significance in restraining aberrant cell growth and maintaining genomic stability. Understanding the complex interplay between RB1 and cellular pathways is beneficial to fully elucidate its tumor-suppressive role across different cancer types and for therapeutic development. As a result, investigating vulnerabilities arising from RB1 deletion-associated mechanisms offers promising avenues for targeted therapy. Recently, several findings highlighted multiple methods as a promising strategy for combating tumor growth driven by RB1 loss, offering potential clinical benefits in various cancer types. This review summarizes the multifaceted role of RB1 in cancer biology and its implications for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Fan Huang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (Y.-X.W.)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan-Xin Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (Y.-X.W.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.-F.H.); (Y.-X.W.)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Precision Health, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Chen J, Xia P, Liu Y, Kogan C, Cheng Z. Loss of Rbl2 (Retinoblastoma-Like 2) Exacerbates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024764. [PMID: 36129061 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The postmitotic state of adult cardiomyocytes, maintained by the cell cycle repressor Rbl2 (retinoblastoma-like 2), is associated with considerable resistance to apoptosis. However, whether Rbl2 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains unknown. Methods and Results Here, we show that ablation of Rbl2 increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis following acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, leading to diminished cardiac function and exaggerated ventricular remodeling in the long term. Mechanistically, ischemia/reperfusion induced expression of the proapoptotic protein BCL2 interacting protein 3 (Bnip3), which was augmented by deletion of Rbl2. Because the Bnip3 promoter contains an adenoviral early region 2 binding factor (E2F)-binding site, we further showed that loss of Rbl2 upregulated the transcriptional activator E2F1 but downregulated the transcriptional repressor E2F4. In cultured cardiomyocytes, treatment with H2O2 markedly increased the levels of E2F1 and Bnip3, resulting in mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis. Depletion of Rbl2 significantly augmented H2O2-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in vitro. Conclusions Rbl2 deficiency enhanced E2F1-mediated Bnip3 expression, resulting in aggravated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our results uncover a novel antiapoptotic role for Rbl2 in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the cell cycle machinery may directly regulate apoptosis in postmitotic cardiomyocytes. These findings may be exploited to develop new strategies to limit ischemia/reperfusion injury in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Spokane Washington.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yuening Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Clark Kogan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Spokane Washington
| | - Zhaokang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Washington State University Spokane Washington
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3
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Pentimalli F, Forte IM, Esposito L, Indovina P, Iannuzzi CA, Alfano L, Costa C, Barone D, Rocco G, Giordano A. RBL2/p130 is a direct AKT target and is required to induce apoptosis upon AKT inhibition in lung cancer and mesothelioma cell lines. Oncogene 2018; 37:3657-3671. [PMID: 29606701 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) protein family includes RB1/p105, RBL1/p107, and RBL2/p130, which are key factors in cell-cycle regulation and stand at the crossroads of multiple pathways dictating cell fate decisions. The role of RB proteins in apoptosis is controversial because they can inhibit or promote apoptosis depending on the context, on the apoptotic stimuli and on their intrinsic status, impacting on the response to antitumoral treatments. Here we identified RBL2/p130 as a direct substrate of the AKT kinase, a key antiapoptotic factor hyperactive in multiple cancer types. We showed that RBL2/p130 and AKT1 physically interact and AKT phosphorylates RBL2/p130 Ser941, located in the pocket domain, but not when this residue is mutated into Ala. We found that pharmacological inhibition of AKT, through the highly selective AKT inhibitor VIII (AKTiVIII), impairs RBL2/p130 Ser941 phosphorylation and increases RBL2/p130 stability, mRNA expression and nuclear levels in both lung cancer and mesothelioma cell lines, mirroring the more extensively studied effects on the p27 cell-cycle inhibitor. Consistently, AKT inhibition reduced cell viability, induced cell accumulation in G0/G1, and triggered apoptosis, which proved to be largely dependent on RBL2/p130 itself, as shown upon RBL2/p130 silencing. AKT inhibition induced RBL2/p130-dependent apoptosis also in HEK-293 cells, in which re-expression of a short hairpin-resistant RBL2/p130 was able to rescue AKTiVIII-induced apoptosis upon RBL2/p130 silencing. Our data also showed that the combination of AKT and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors, which converge on the re-activation of RBL2/p130 antitumoral potential, could be a promising anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Iris M Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Esposito
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Scienceand Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Carmelina A Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Alfano
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Costa
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS, "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"; IRCCS, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Scienceand Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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4
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Shakhbazau A, Potapnev M. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells as a therapeutic in ALS and epilepsy patients: Treatment modalities and ex vivo neural differentiation. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1245-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Indovina P, Pentimalli F, Casini N, Vocca I, Giordano A. RB1 dual role in proliferation and apoptosis: cell fate control and implications for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17873-90. [PMID: 26160835 PMCID: PMC4627222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor is one of the most frequent and early recognized molecular hallmarks of cancer. RB1, although mainly studied for its role in the regulation of cell cycle, emerged as a key regulator of many biological processes. Among these, RB1 has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, the alteration of which underlies both cancer development and resistance to therapy. RB1 role in apoptosis, however, is still controversial because, depending on the context, the apoptotic cues, and its own status, RB1 can act either by inhibiting or promoting apoptosis. Moreover, the mechanisms whereby RB1 controls both proliferation and apoptosis in a coordinated manner are only now beginning to be unraveled. Here, by reviewing the main studies assessing the effect of RB1 status and modulation on these processes, we provide an overview of the possible underlying molecular mechanisms whereby RB1, and its family members, dictate cell fate in various contexts. We also describe the current antitumoral strategies aimed at the use of RB1 as predictive, prognostic and therapeutic target in cancer. A thorough understanding of RB1 function in controlling cell fate determination is crucial for a successful translation of RB1 status assessment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena and Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fodazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Casini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena and Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Siena, Italy
| | - Immacolata Vocca
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fodazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena and Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Siena, Italy
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6
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Squillaro T, Severino V, Alessio N, Farina A, Di Bernardo G, Cipollaro M, Peluso G, Chambery A, Galderisi U. De-regulated expression of the BRG1 chromatin remodeling factor in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells induces senescence associated with the silencing of NANOG and changes in the levels of chromatin proteins. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1315-26. [PMID: 25724006 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.995053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have a peculiar chromatin architecture that contributes to their unique properties, including uncommitted status, multi/pluripotency and self-renewal. We analyzed the effect of the de-regulation of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) through the silencing and up-regulation of BRG1, which is the ATPase subunit of the complex. The altered expression of BRG1 promoted the senescence of MSC with suppression of the NANOG transcription, which is part of the transcriptional circuitry governing stem cell functions. To gain insight on the way NANOG was silenced, we evaluated how the de-regulated BRG1 expression affect the binding of activators and repressors on the NANOG promoter. We found 4 E2F binding motifs on NANOG promoter, which can be occupied by RB1 and RB2/P130. These are members of the retinoblastoma gene family. In MSC with a silenced BRG1, the relative binding of the 2 retinoblastoma proteins increased, and this was associated with the recruitment of DNMT1. This induced the methylation of CpG on the NANOG promoter. Opposingly, when a high level of BRG1 was present, the same E2F binding motifs were docking sites for BRG1, which induced chromatin compaction without CpG methylation but with increased histone deacetylation, associated with the presence of HDAC1 on E2F binding sites. Besides the sharp regulation of the NANOG expression, we evidenced, through proteomic analysis, that the de-regulation of the SWI/SNF function affected the expression of histones and other nuclear proteins involved in "nuclear architecture," suggesting that BRG1 may act as global regulator of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Squillaro
- a Department of Experimental Medicine; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section ; Second University of Naples ; Naples , Italy
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7
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Tsai HL, Deng WP, Lai WFT, Chiu WT, Yang CB, Tsai YH, Hwang SM, Renshaw PF. Wnts enhance neurotrophin-induced neuronal differentiation in adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104937. [PMID: 25170755 PMCID: PMC4149376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnts were previously shown to regulate the neurogenesis of neural stem or progenitor cells. Here, we explored the underlying molecular mechanisms through which Wnt signaling regulates neurotrophins (NTs) in the NT-induced neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). NTs can increase the expression of Wnt1 and Wnt7a in hMSCs. However, only Wnt7a enables the expression of synapsin-1, a synaptic marker in mature neurons, to be induced and triggers the formation of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Human recombinant (hr)Wnt7a and general neuron makers were positively correlated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of synaptic markers and neurites was induced by Wnt7a and lithium, a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor, in the NT-induced hMSCs via the canonical/β-catenin pathway, but was inhibited by Wnt inhibitors and frizzled-5 (Frz5) blocking antibodies. In addition, hrWnt7a triggered the formation of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons via the non-canonical/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, and the formation of these neurons was inhibited by a JNK inhibitor and Frz9 blocking antibodies. In conclusion, hrWnt7a enhances the synthesis of synapse and facilitates neuronal differentiation in hMSCS through various Frz receptors. These mechanisms may be employed widely in the transdifferentiation of other adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Li Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Ping Deng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fu Thomas Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Nano-Tissue Engineering and Image Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- Center for Nano-Tissue Engineering and Image Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuan-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charn-Bing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei County Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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8
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Sun C, Shao J, Su L, Zhao J, Bi J, Yang S, Zhang S, Gao J, Miao J. Cholinergic Neuron-Like Cells Derived from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Induced by Tricyclodecane-9-yl-Xanthogenate Promote Functional Recovery and Neural Protection after Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:961-75. [PMID: 23031841 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of neuronal differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vivo is very low; therefore, it is necessary to elevate the number of BMSC-derived neurons to cure neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported that tricyclodecane-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609), an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), induced BMSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells in vitro. However, the neuronal type is not clear, and it is still unknown whether these neuron-like cells possess physiological properties of functional neurons and whether they can contribute to the recovery of neuron dysfunction. To answer these questions, we investigated their characteristics by detecting neuronal function-related neurotransmitters and calcium image. The results showed that these cells exhibited functional cholinergic neurons in vitro. Transplantation of these cholinergic neuron-like cells promoted the recovery of spinal cord-injured mice, and they were more effective than BMSCs. The number of cholinergic neurons was increased after injection with BMSC-derived cholinergic neuron-like cells, indicating their high differentiation rate in vivo. Moreover, the proportion of cholinergic neurons in host cells and secretion of acetylcholine were increased, and preservation of neurofilament was also observed in the lesion of mice implanted with BMSC-derived neurons, suggesting the neuronal protection of BMSC-derived neurons. Our findings provide both a simple method to induce the differentiation of BMSCs into cholinergic neuron-like cells and a putative strategy for the therapy of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianzhong Bi
- Department of Neural Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaonan Yang
- Department of Neural Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangli Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junying Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
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9
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Alessio N, Bohn W, Rauchberger V, Rizzolio F, Cipollaro M, Rosemann M, Irmler M, Beckers J, Giordano A, Galderisi U. Silencing of RB1 but not of RB2/P130 induces cellular senescence and impairs the differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1637-51. [PMID: 23370776 PMCID: PMC11113310 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell senescence is considered deleterious because it may impair tissue renewal and function. On the other hand, senescence may arrest the uncontrolled growth of transformed stem cells and protect organisms from cancer. This double function of senescence is strictly linked to the activity of genes that the control cell cycle such as the retinoblastoma proteins RB1, RB2/P130, and P107. We took advantage of the RNA interference technique to analyze the role of these proteins in the biology of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Cells lacking RB1 were prone to DNA damage. They showed elevated levels of p53 and p21(cip1) and increased regulation of RB2/P130 and P107 expression. These cells gradually adopted a senescent phenotype with impairment of self-renewal properties. No significant modification of cell growth was observed as it occurs in other cell types or systems. In cells with silenced RB2/P130, we detected a reduction of DNA damage along with a higher proliferation rate, an increase in clonogenic ability, and the diminution of apoptosis and senescence. Cells with silenced RB2/P130 were cultivated for extended periods of time without adopting a transformed phenotype. Of note, acute lowering of P107 did not induce relevant changes in the in vitro behavior of MSC. We also analyzed cell commitment and the osteo-chondro-adipogenic differentiation process of clones derived by MSC cultures. In all clones obtained from cells with silenced retinoblastoma genes, we observed a reduction in the ability to differentiate compared with the control clones. In summary, our data show evidence that the silencing of the expression of RB1 or RB2/P130 is not compensated by other gene family members, and this profoundly affects MSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Bohn
- Department of Tumorvirology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena Rauchberger
- Department of Tumorvirology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799 USA
| | - Marilena Cipollaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Helmholtz Zentrum, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Zentrum, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Munich, Germany
- WZW, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799 USA
- Human Health Foundation, Spoleto, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799 USA
- Human Health Foundation, Spoleto, Italy
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10
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Squillaro T, Alessio N, Cipollaro M, Melone MAB, Hayek G, Renieri A, Giordano A, Galderisi U. Reduced expression of MECP2 affects cell commitment and maintenance in neurons by triggering senescence: new perspective for Rett syndrome. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1435-45. [PMID: 22357617 PMCID: PMC3327309 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural differentiation process is studied in mesenchymal stem cells obtained from Rett patients and in neuroblastoma cells carrying a partially silenced MECP2 gene. The data suggest that neural cell fate and neuronal maintenance might be perturbed by senescence triggered by impaired MECP2 protein activity either before or after neural differentiation. MECP2 protein binds preferentially to methylated CpGs and regulates gene expression by causing changes in chromatin structure. The mechanism by which impaired MECP2 activity can induce pathological abnormalities in the nervous system of patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) is not clearly understood. To gain further insight into the role of MECP2 in human neurogenesis, we compared the neural differentiation process in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from a RTT patient and from healthy donors. We further analyzed neural differentiation in a human neuroblastoma cell line carrying a partially silenced MECP2 gene. Senescence and reduced expression of neural markers were observed in proliferating and differentiating MSCs from the RTT patient, which suggests that impaired activity of MECP2 protein may impair neural differentiation, as observed in RTT patients. Next, we used an inducible expression system to silence MECP2 in neuroblastoma cells before and after the induction of neural differentiation via retinoic acid treatment. This approach was used to test whether MECP2 inactivation affected the cell fate of neural progenitors and/or neuronal differentiation and maintenance. Overall, our data suggest that neural cell fate and neuronal maintenance may be perturbed by senescence triggered by impaired MECP2 activity either before or after neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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11
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So AY, Jung JW, Lee S, Kim HS, Kang KS. DNA methyltransferase controls stem cell aging by regulating BMI1 and EZH2 through microRNAs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19503. [PMID: 21572997 PMCID: PMC3091856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is well known mechanism that regulates cellular senescence of cancer cells. Here we show that inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) or with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) against DNMT1 and 3b induced the cellular senescence of human umbilical cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) and increased p16(INK4A) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression. DNMT inhibition changed histone marks into the active forms and decreased the methylation of CpG islands in the p16(INK4A) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) promoter regions. Enrichment of EZH2, the key factor that methylates histone H3 lysine 9 and 27 residues, was decreased on the p16(INK4A) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) promoter regions. We found that DNMT inhibition decreased expression levels of Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins and increased expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), which target PcG proteins. Decreased CpG island methylation and increased levels of active histone marks at genomic regions encoding miRNAs were observed after 5-AzaC treatment. Taken together, DNMTs have a critical role in regulating the cellular senescence of hUCB-MSCs through controlling not only the DNA methylation status but also active/inactive histone marks at genomic regions of PcG-targeting miRNAs and p16(INK4A) and p21(CIP1/WAF1) promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young So
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Analysis of anti-angiogenic mechanism of HangAmDan-B (HAD-B), a Korean traditional medicine, using antibody microarray chip. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Galderisi U, Giordano A, Paggi MG. The bad and the good of mesenchymal stem cells in cancer: Boosters of tumor growth and vehicles for targeted delivery of anticancer agents. World J Stem Cells 2010; 2:5-12. [PMID: 21607110 PMCID: PMC3097917 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer biology, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display aspects that can appear contradictory. On one hand, these cells possess several features which give them the ability to specifically target and then sustain cancer cells in their ability to survive the multifaceted host response against cancer. On the other hand, due to this excellent aptitude to home-in on tumor tissues, regardless their location in the host's body, MSCs are considered to be extremely selective vehicles to reach cancer cells specifically. Recently, MSC sustainment of cancer cell growth is a hot research topic. Indeed, these cells are known to sustain tumor angiogenesis and metastasis formation, to create a microenvironment favorable for cancer cell growth and to down-modulate the immune system capabilities in the host organism. On the other hand, since scientists became able to take advantage of their extremely selective capability to target cancer cells, MSCs are now also thought of in a different light. Indeed, MSCs are now considered a promising vehicle for local expression or delivery of even particularly toxic anticancer agents, ranging from Herpes Simplex Virus to locally-acting antineoplastic drugs. On this basis, investigation is now focused on how to impair the pro-neoplastic features of MSCs on one hand whilst taking advantage of their specific tropism toward cancer cells, on the other. As with the two faces of Janus, this review will concisely explore the research activity in these two apparently conflicting fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Galderisi
- Umberto Galderisi, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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14
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Siniscalco D, Giordano C, Galderisi U, Luongo L, Alessio N, Di Bernardo G, de Novellis V, Rossi F, Maione S. Intra-brain microinjection of human mesenchymal stem cells decreases allodynia in neuropathic mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:655-69. [PMID: 19937263 PMCID: PMC11115751 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a very complex disease, involving several molecular pathways. Current available drugs are usually not acting on the several mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of pain. We used spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain to assess the possible use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as anti-neuropathic tool. Human MSCs were transplanted in the mouse lateral cerebral ventricle. Stem cells injection was performed 4 days after sciatic nerve surgery. Neuropathic mice were monitored 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days after surgery. hMSCs were able to reduce pain-like behaviors, such as mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, once transplanted in cerebral ventricle. Anti-nociceptive effect was detectable from day 10 after surgery (6 days post cell injection). Human MSCs reduced the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-1beta mouse gene, as well as the neural beta-galactosidase over-activation in prefrontal cortex of SNI mice. Transplanted hMSCs were able to reduce astrocytic and microglial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Siniscalco
- Division of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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15
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Lee S, Park JR, Seo MS, Roh KH, Park SB, Hwang JW, Sun B, Seo K, Lee YS, Kang SK, Jung JW, Kang KS. Histone deacetylase inhibitors decrease proliferation potential and multilineage differentiation capability of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:711-20. [PMID: 19689470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an important therapeutic target in cancer. Two of the main anticancer mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors are induction of terminal differentiation and inhibition of cell proliferation. To investigate the role of HDAC in maintenance of self-renewal and cell proliferation, we treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that originated from adipose tissue or umbilical cord blood with valproic acid (VPA) and sodium butyrate (NaBu). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human MSCs were isolated from mammary fat tissue and cord blood. We performed MTT assay and flow cytometry-based cell cycle analysis to assess self-renewal of MSCs. In vitro differentiation assays into osteogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic lineages were conducted to investigate MSC multipotency. Immunocytochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to interrogate molecular pathways. RESULTS VPA and NaBu flattened the morphology of MSCs and inhibited their growth. VPA and NaBu activated the transcription of p21(CIP1/WAF1) by increasing the acetylation of histone H3 and H4 and eventually blocked the cell cycle at G2/M phase. The expression level of p16(INK4A), a cdk inhibitor that is closely related to cellular senescence, was not changed by HDAC inhibitor treatment. We performed controlled differentiation into bone, fat, cartilage and nervous tissue to elucidate the role of HDAC in the pluripotency of MSC to differentiate into functional tissues. VPA and NaBu decreased the efficiency of adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic differentiation as visualized by specific staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, osteogenic differentiation was elevated by HDAC inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSION HDAC activity is essential for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Jackson WM, Aragon AB, Djouad F, Song Y, Koehler SM, Nesti LJ, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from traumatized human muscle. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:129-38. [PMID: 19170141 DOI: 10.1002/term.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues are an important candidate cell type for cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Currently, clinical applications for MSCs require additional surgical procedures to harvest the autologous MSCs (i.e. from bone marrow) or commercial allogeneic alternatives. We have recently identified a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in traumatized muscle tissue that has been surgically debrided from traumatic orthopaedic extremity wounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether MPCs derived from traumatized muscle may provide a clinical alternative to bone-marrow MSCs, by comparing their morphology, proliferation capacity, cell surface epitope profile and differentiation capacity. After digesting the muscle tissue with collagenase, the MPCs were enriched by a direct plating technique. The morphology and proliferation rate of the muscle-derived MPCs was similar to bone-marrow derived MSCs. Both populations expressed cell surface markers characteristic for MSCs (CD 73, CD 90 and CD105), and did not express markers typically absent on MSCs (CD14, CD34 and CD45). After 21 days in specific differentiation media, the histological staining and gene expression of the MPCs and MSCs was characteristic for differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, but not into myoblasts. Our findings demonstrate that traumatized muscle-derived MPCs exhibit a similar phenotype and resemble MSCs derived from the bone marrow. MPCs harvested from traumatized muscle tissue may be considered for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine following orthopaedic trauma requiring circumferential debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Jackson
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedic Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Abstract
It is well known that G1 to S phase transition is tightly regulated by the expression and phosphorylation of a number of well-characterized cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and members of the retinoblastoma gene family. In this review we discuss the role of these components in regulation of G1 to S phase transition in somatic cells and human embryonic stem cells. Most importantly, we discuss some new tenable links between maintenance of pluripotency and cell cycle regulation in embryonic stem cells by describing the role that master transcription factors play in this process. Finally, the differences in cell cycle regulation between murine and human embryonic stem cells are highlighted, raising interesting questions regarding their biology and stages of embryonic development from which they have been derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- North East Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, International Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
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18
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Williamson AJK, Smith DL, Blinco D, Unwin RD, Pearson S, Wilson C, Miller C, Lancashire L, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V, Whetton AD. Quantitative proteomics analysis demonstrates post-transcriptional regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation to hematopoiesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 7:459-72. [PMID: 18045800 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700370-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate in vitro to produce the endothelial and hematopoietic precursor, the hemangioblasts, which are derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Differentiation of Bry(GFP/+) ES cell to hemangioblasts can be followed by the expression of the Bry(GFP/+) and Flk1 genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic changes during this differentiation process were analyzed to identify mechanisms for phenotypic change during early differentiation. Three populations of differentiating Bry(GFP) ES cells were obtained by flow cytometric sorting, GFP-Flk1- (epiblast), GFP+Flk1- (mesoderm), and GFP+Flk1+ (hemangioblast). Microarray analyses and relative quantification two-dimensional LCLC-MS/MS on nuclear extracts were performed. We identified and quantified 2389 proteins, 1057 of which were associated to their microarray probe set. These included a variety of low abundance transcription factors, e.g. UTF1, Sox2, Oct4, and E2F4, demonstrating a high level of proteomic penetrance. When paired comparisons of changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels were performed low levels of correlation were found. A strong correlation between isobaric tag-derived relative quantification and Western blot analysis was found for a number of nuclear proteins. Pathway and ontology analysis identified proteins known to be involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation, and proteins with no described function in early ES cell development were also shown to change markedly at the proteome level only. ES cell development is regulated at the mRNA and protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Stem Cell and Leukemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Kinnaird House, Kinnaird Road, Manchester M20 4QL, United Kingdom
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19
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Wang N, Xie K, Huo S, Zhao J, Zhang S, Miao J. Suppressing phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and elevating ROS level, NADPH oxidase activity and Rb level induced neuronal differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1548-57. [PMID: 17211851 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the previous research, we found that D609 (tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate) could induce human marrow stromal cell (hMSC) differentiation to neuron-like cells. In this study, to understand the possible mechanism, we sequentially investigated the changes of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity, the expression of Rb, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities when D609 induced neuronal differentiation in rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The results showed that D609 obviously inhibited the activity of PC-PLC when it induced neuronal differentiation in rat MSCs. Simultaneously, ROS level and the activity of NADPH oxidase increased significantly, but the MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD activities were not altered. Furthermore, the level of Rb protein was evidently elevated. Our data suggested that PC-PLC mediated neuronal differentiation of rat MSCs by elevating NADPH oxidase activity, ROS level, and up-regulating the expression of Rb protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Jori FP, Galderisi U, Napolitano MA, Cipollaro M, Cascino A, Giordano A, Melone MAB. RB and RB2/P130 genes cooperate with extrinsic signals to promote differentiation of rat neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:299-309. [PMID: 17223573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms governing commitment and differentiation of the cells of the nervous system begin to be elucidated: how extrinsic and intrinsic components are related remains poorly understood. To investigate this issue, we overexpressed genes of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family RB and RB2/p130, which play an important role during nerve cell maturation, in rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Immunostaining of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in cultures overexpressing pRb or pRb2/p130 revealed that these genes affect lineage specification of differentiating NSCs. We observed modifications in percentage of differentiated cells indicating a shift towards the phenotype induced by culture conditions. Results were confirmed by detection of the expression levels of differentiation markers by RT-PCR. Analysis of BrdU incorporation and detection of an early marker of apoptosis suggest that the effect of pRb and pRb2/p130 overexpression is not dependent on the inhibition of cell proliferation, nor does it rely on the regulation of cell survival. Our findings suggest that Rb family genes are involved in fate determination of the cells of the nervous system. However, their role seems subsidiary to that of the extrinsic signals that promote lineage specification and appear to be mediated by a direct effect on the acquisition of a specific phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Jori
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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21
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Forte A, Napolitano MA, Cipollaro M, Giordano A, Cascino A, Galderisi U. An effective method for adenoviral-mediated delivery of small interfering RNA into mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:293-302. [PMID: 16888813 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promise as a main actor of cell-based therapeutic strategies, due to their intrinsic ability to differentiate along different mesenchymal cell lineages, able to repair the diseased or injured tissue in which they are localized. The application of MSCs in therapies requires an in depth knowledge of their biology and of the molecular mechanisms leading to MSC multilineage differentiation. The knockdown of target genes through small interfering RNA (siRNA) carried by adenoviruses (Ad) represents a valid tool for the study of the role of specific molecules in cell biology. Unfortunately, MSCs are poorly transfected by conventional Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors. We set up a method to obtain a very efficient transduction of rat MSCs with low doses of unmodified Ad5, carrying the siRNA targeted against the mRNA coding for Rb2/p130 (Ad-siRNA-Rb2), which plays a fundamental role in cell differentiation. This method allowed a 95% transduction rate of Ad-siRNA in MSC, along with a siRNA-mediated 85% decrease of Rb2/p130 mRNA and a 70% decrease of Rb2/p130 protein 48 h after transduction with 50 multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of Ad5. The effect on Rb2/p130 protein persisted 15 days after transduction. Finally, Ad-siRNA did not compromise the viability of transduced MSCs neither induced any cell cycle modification. The effective Ad-siRNA-Rb2 we constructed, together with the efficient method of delivery in MSCs we set up, will allow an in depth analysis of the role of Rb2/p130 in MSC biology and multilineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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22
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Ory B, Blanchard F, Battaglia S, Gouin F, Rédini F, Heymann D. Zoledronic acid activates the DNA S-phase checkpoint and induces osteosarcoma cell death characterized by apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease-G translocation independently of p53 and retinoblastoma status. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:333-43. [PMID: 17050806 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.028837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular effects of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (Zol) were assessed on several osteosarcoma cell lines differing in their p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) status. Zol inhibited cell proliferation and increased atypical apoptosis. The Zol effects on proliferation were due to cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases subsequent to the activation of the intra-S DNA damage checkpoint with an increase in P-ATR, P-chk1, Wee1, and P-cdc2 levels and a decrease in cdc25c, regardless of the p53 and Rb status. In addition, the atypic apoptosis induced by Zol was independent of caspase activation, and it was characterized by nuclear alterations, increased Bax expression, and reduced Bcl-2 level. Furthermore, mitochondrial permeability was up-regulated by Zol independently of p53 in association with the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease-G (EndoG). Zol also disturbed cytoskeletal organization and cell junctions and inhibited cell migration and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinases. The main difficulty encountered in treating cancer relates to mutations in key genes such as p53, Rb, or proteins affecting caspase signaling carried by many tumor cells. We have demonstrated for the first time that zoledronic acid activated the DNA damage S-phase checkpoint and the mitochondrial pathway via AIF and EndoG translocation, and it inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death, bypassing these potentials mutations. Therefore, zoledronic acid may be considered as an effective therapeutic agent in clinical trials of osteosarcoma in which mutation for p53 and Rb very often occur, and where current treatment with traditional chemotherapeutic agents is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ory
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ERI 7, 44035 Nantes cedex 1, France
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23
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Genovese C, Trani D, Caputi M, Claudio PP. Cell cycle control and beyond: emerging roles for the retinoblastoma gene family. Oncogene 2006; 25:5201-9. [PMID: 16936738 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rb family proteins (pRb/p105, Rb2/p130 and p107) play a key role in cell cycle control and are worthily involved in transcription repression and tumor suppression. The mechanisms of transcriptional activation and repression by the Rb gene family has been extensively investigated: pRb, pRb2/p130 and p107 interact with different E2F family factors and can inhibit E2F responsive promoters, interfering with progression of cell cycle, gene transcription, initiation of apoptotic process and cell differentiation. Recent studies have indicated that Rb and Rb2/p130 may be involved in cellular response to DNA damage events, by influencing the transcription of factors involved in DNA repair pathways. In particular, evidences suggest that Rb loss and target gene deregulation impacts on the repair of UV-induced pyrimidine pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4 PP) by regulating the expression of several DNA damage factors involved in UV DNA damage repair processes, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Ongoing studies are focused on the mechanisms by which Rb family genes drive cell cycle exit following DNA damage induction, and how Rb gene family's interaction with chromatin remodeling factors can influence DNA repair dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Genovese
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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24
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Galderisi U, Cipollaro M, Giordano A. The retinoblastoma gene is involved in multiple aspects of stem cell biology. Oncogene 2006; 25:5250-6. [PMID: 16936744 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic programs controlling self-renewal and multipotentiality of stem cells have overlapping pathways with cell cycle regulation. Components of cell cycle machinery can play a key role in regulating stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and aging. Among the negative regulators of cell cycle progression, the RB family members play a prominent role in controlling several aspects of stem cell biology. Stem cells contribute to tissue homeostasis and must have molecular mechanisms that prevent senescence and hold 'stemness'. RB can induce senescence-associated changes in gene expression and its activity is downregulated in stem cells to preserve self-renewal. Several reports evidenced that RB could play a role in lineage specification of several types of stem cells. RB has a role in myogenesis as well as in cardiogenesis. These effects are not only related to its role in suppressing E2F-responsive genes but also to its ability to modulate the activity of tissue-specific transcription factors. RB is also involved in adipogenesis through a strict control of lineage commitment and differentiation of adipocytes as well in determining the switch between brown and white adipocytes. Also, hematopoietic progenitor cells utilize the RB pathway to modulate cell commitment and differentiation. In this review, we will also discuss the role of the other two RB family members: Rb2/p130 and p107 showing that they have both specific and overlapping functions with RB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Galderisi
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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