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Voss OH, Moin I, Gaytan H, Ullah S, Sadik M, Azad AF, Rahman MS. Pathogenic rickettsiae utilize the phosphatidylserine binding receptor CD300f on macrophages for host invasion and pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593542. [PMID: 38766217 PMCID: PMC11100818 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Some arthropod-borne obligate intracellular rickettsiae are among the most virulent human pathogens. Upon entry, Rickettsia species modulate immune (e.g., macrophages; MΦ) and non-immune cell (e.g., endothelial cells) responses to create a habitable environment for host colonization. In particular, MΦ play a crucial role in either terminating an infection at an early stage or succumbing to bacterial replication and colonization. However, our understanding on how Rickettsia species modulate crucial cellular processes within MΦ, including phagocytosis, and host cell defenses, to establish an intracytosolic replication niche, remain poorly defined. In this study, we describe a previously unappreciated mechanism, in which pathogenic rickettsiae infection is mediated by the phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding receptor, CD300f. We found that CD300f -/- mice but not wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were protected against R. typhi - or R. rickettsii [ Shelia Smith ]-induced fatal rickettsiosis. Adoptative transfer studies further revealed that CD300f-expressing bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMΦ) are important mediators to control rickettsiosis in WT mice. Mechanistical analysis, using WT or CD300f -/- BMDMΦ, showed that CD300f facilitates the engulfment of both pathogenic R. typhi and R. rickettsii species, likely via a PS-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, CD300f was involved in the intracytosolic replication of both pathogenic rickettsiae by differentially modulating the anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-10 and anti-rickettsial IL-1α and IL-1β cytokine responses. Collectively, our findings describe a previously unappreciated role for the efferocytic receptor, CD300f, to facilitate engulfment and the intracellular survival of pathogenic rickettsiae within the host. Significance Statement Vector-borne diseases, which are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, like ticks and fleas, present a perilous threat to public health. In fact, tick- and flea-borne rickettsial diseases are on the rise globally and our current inadequate understanding on how Rickettsia interacts with their mammalian host has significantly impaired the development of effective interventions against pathogenic rickettsial infections. Here, we identified the phosphatidylserine (PS)-receptor, CD300f, as an important mediator of pathogenic rickettsiae infection in vivo and in vitro . Specifically, we showed that CD300f-expressing macrophages facilitate rickettsial infection by differentially modulating anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-10 and anti-rickettsial IL-1α and IL-1β cytokine responses. In sum, our data described CD300f as an important regulator of rickettsial infection and may present a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Nersesian S, Carter EB, Lee SN, Westhaver LP, Boudreau JE. Killer instincts: natural killer cells as multifactorial cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269614. [PMID: 38090565 PMCID: PMC10715270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells integrate heterogeneous signals for activation and inhibition using germline-encoded receptors. These receptors are stochastically co-expressed, and their concurrent engagement and signaling can adjust the sensitivity of individual cells to putative targets. Against cancers, which mutate and evolve under therapeutic and immunologic pressure, the diversity for recognition provided by NK cells may be key to comprehensive cancer control. NK cells are already being trialled as adoptive cell therapy and targets for immunotherapeutic agents. However, strategies to leverage their naturally occurring diversity and agility have not yet been developed. In this review, we discuss the receptors and signaling pathways through which signals for activation or inhibition are generated in NK cells, focusing on their roles in cancer and potential as targets for immunotherapies. Finally, we consider the impacts of receptor co-expression and the potential to engage multiple pathways of NK cell reactivity to maximize the scope and strength of antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emily B. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stacey N. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Hardy J, Bauzon M, Chan CKF, Makela AV, Kanada M, Schneider D, Blankenberg F, Contag CH, Hermiston T. Gla-domain mediated targeting of externalized phosphatidylserine for intracellular delivery. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23113. [PMID: 37486772 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201250rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid normally localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells but is externalized onto the cell surface during apoptosis as well as in malignant and infected cells. Consequently, PS may comprise an important molecular target in diagnostics, imaging, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. While an array of PS-binding molecules exist, their utility has been limited by their inability to internalize diagnostic or therapeutic payloads. We describe the generation, isolation, characterization, and utility of a PS-binding motif comprised of a carboxylated glutamic acid (GLA) residue domain that both recognizes and binds cell surface-exposed PS, and then unlike other PS-binding molecules is internalized into these cells. Internalization is independent of the traditional endosomal-lysosomal pathway, directly entering the cytosol of the target cell rapidly. We demonstrate that this PS recognition extends to stem cells and that GLA-domain-conjugated probes can be detected upon intravenous administration in animal models of infectious disease and cancer. GLA domain binding and internalization offer new opportunities for specifically targeting cells with surface-exposed PS for imaging and delivery of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hardy
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maxine Bauzon
- Biologics Research US, Bayer HealthCare, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ashley V Makela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Doug Schneider
- Biologics Research US, Bayer HealthCare, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francis Blankenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology/MIPS, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Terry Hermiston
- Biologics Research US, Bayer HealthCare, San Francisco, California, USA
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Dufour S, Tacnet-Delorme P, Kleman JP, Glushonkov O, Thielens N, Bourgeois D, Frachet P. Nanoscale imaging of CD47 informs how plasma membrane modifications shape apoptotic cell recognition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:207. [PMID: 36813842 PMCID: PMC9947010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 recognized by its macrophage receptor SIRPα serves as a "don't eat-me" signal protecting viable cells from phagocytosis. How this is abrogated by apoptosis-induced changes in the plasma membrane, concomitantly with exposure of phosphatidylserine and calreticulin "eat-me" signals, is not well understood. Using STORM imaging and single-particle tracking, we interrogate how the distribution of these molecules on the cell surface correlates with plasma membrane alteration, SIRPα binding, and cell engulfment by macrophages. Apoptosis induces calreticulin clustering into blebs and CD47 mobility. Modulation of integrin affinity impacts CD47 mobility on the plasma membrane but not the SIRPα binding, whereas CD47/SIRPα interaction is suppressed by cholesterol destabilization. SIRPα no longer recognizes CD47 localized on apoptotic blebs. Overall, the data suggest that disorganization of the lipid bilayer at the plasma membrane, by inducing inaccessibility of CD47 possibly due to a conformational change, is central to the phagocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Dufour
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Tacnet-Delorme
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Kleman
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Oleksandr Glushonkov
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole Thielens
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Bourgeois
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Liu P. Efferocytosis in multisystem diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:13. [PMID: 34779503 PMCID: PMC8600411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. Effective efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, terminates inflammatory responses, promotes self‑tolerance and activates pro‑resolving pathways to maintain homeostasis. When efferocytosis is impaired, apoptotic cells that could not be cleared in time aggregate, resulting in the necrosis of apoptotic cells and release of pro‑inflammatory factors. In addition, defective efferocytosis inhibits the intracellular cholesterol reverse transportation pathways, which may lead to atherosclerosis, lung damage, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The uncleared apoptotic cells can also release autoantigens, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells escape from phagocytosis via efferocytosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies for diseases related to defective efferocytosis are proposed. This review illustrated the mechanisms of efferocytosis in multisystem diseases and organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of defective efferocytosis. Several drugs and treatments available to enhance efferocytosis are also mentioned in the review, serving as new evidence for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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6
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Zhao Y, Hasse S, Bourgoin SG. Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1: A friend or the devil in disguise. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101112. [PMID: 34166709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various human tissues and cells express phospholipase A1 member A (PLA1A), including the liver, lung, prostate gland, and immune cells. The enzyme belongs to the pancreatic lipase family. PLA1A specifically hydrolyzes sn-1 fatty acid of phosphatidylserine (PS) or 1-acyl-lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-lysoPS). PS externalized by activated cells or apoptotic cells or extracellular vesicles is a potential source of substrate for the production of unsaturated lysoPS species by PLA1A. Maturation and functions of many immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells, can be regulated by PLA1A and lysoPS. Several lysoPS receptors, including GPR34, GPR174 and P2Y10, have been identified. High serum levels and high PLA1A expression are associated with autoimmune disorders such as Graves' disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Increased expression of PLA1A is associated with metastatic melanomas. PLA1A may contribute to cardiometabolic disorders through mediating cholesterol transportation and producing lysoPS. Furthermore, PLA1A is necessary for hepatitis C virus assembly and can play a role in the antivirus innate immune response. This review summarizes recent findings on PLA1A expression, lysoPS and lysoPS receptors in autoimmune disorders, cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, antivirus immune responses, as well as regulations of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Stephan Hasse
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Bourgoin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Leppkes M, Schick M, Hohberger B, Mahajan A, Knopf J, Schett G, Muñoz LE, Herrmann M. Updates on NET formation in health and disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 49:S43-S48. [PMID: 31779852 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Following a recent presentation at ATT Mallorca in May 2019, this paper gives insight into the current research of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their role in conditions of health and disease. Though NETs reportedly support disease progression and play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, we argue that NETs are mandatory for the mammalian immune system. They are especially important to patrol and surveil outer and inner body surfaces and are capable to perform major anti-microbial activities. Neutrophils are the first cells to be recruited to wounds, where they form NETs and aggregated NETs (aggNETs). The latter close the wounds and are ever-present in skinfolds, where the integrity of the skin is impaired. On infected ocular surfaces NETs form an antimicrobial barrier, which prevents bacterial dissemination into the brain. In the oral cavity, NETs display anti-bacterial properties. Although NETs on internal body surfaces like ducts and vessels offer superficial surveillance, exaggerated aggNET formation may directly block vessels and ducts and thus cause thrombi and ductal occlusion, respectively. In the case of biliopancreatic ducts, clogging by aggNETs may even cause acute pancreatitis. Insufficient clearance of apoptotic remnants and NETs can lead to autoimmune diseases or unwanted, chronic inflammation. To prevent this, macrophages cloak dead cells, while apoptotic cells are cleared. We conclude that neutrophils, NETs and aggNETs can be considered double edged swords that orchestrate the innate immune response but carry the risk to precipitate autoimmunity and epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leppkes
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schick
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Ophtalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 90154 Erlangen, Germany
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Sapar ML, Ji H, Wang B, Poe AR, Dubey K, Ren X, Ni JQ, Han C. Phosphatidylserine Externalization Results from and Causes Neurite Degeneration in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2273-2286. [PMID: 30157423 PMCID: PMC6174084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of degenerating dendrites or axons is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing neuroinflammation. Externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) has been postulated to be an ‘‘eat-me’’ signal allowing recognition of degenerating neurites by phagocytes. Here we show that in Drosophila, PS is dynamically exposed on degenerating dendrites during developmental pruning and after physical injury, but PS exposure is suppressed when dendrite degeneration is genetically blocked. Ectopic PS exposure via phospholipid flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression induced PS exposure preferentially at distal dendrites and caused distinct modes of neurite loss that differ in larval sensory dendrites and in adult olfactory axons. Surprisingly, extracellular lactadherin that lacks the integrin-interaction domain induced phagocyte-dependent degeneration of PS-exposing dendrites, revealing an unidentified bridging function that potentiates phagocytes. Our findings establish a direct causal relationship between PS exposure and neurite degeneration in vivo. Using in vivo phosphatidylserine (PS) sensors, Sapar et al. reveal dynamic patterns of PS exposure on degenerating dendrites in Drosophila. Flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression lead to ectopic PS exposure on distal dendrites and context-dependent neurite degeneration. Lactadherin potentiates phagocytes to destruct PS-exposing dendrites, independent of its integrin-interaction domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sapar
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Ji
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy R Poe
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kush Dubey
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Bollinger AL, Bollinger T, Rupp J, Shima K, Gross N, Padayachy L, Chicheportiche R, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Annexin V expression on CD4 + T cells with regulatory function. Immunology 2019; 159:205-220. [PMID: 31642515 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells induce immunologic tolerance by suppressing effector functions of conventional lymphocytes in the periphery. On the other hand, immune silencing is mediated by recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Here we describe expression of the PS-binding protein Annexin V (ANXA5) in CD4+ CD25hi Treg cells at the mRNA and protein levels. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells constitute about 0·1%-0·6% of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells, exhibit co-expression of several Treg markers, such as Forkhead box P3, programmed cell death protein-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and CD38. In vitro, ANXA5+ Treg cells showed enhanced adhesion to PS+ endothelial cells. Stimulated by anti-CD3 and PS+ syngeneic antigen-presenting cells CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells expanded in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells suppressed CD4+ ANXA5- T-cell proliferation and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, partially dependent on cell contact. CD4+ ANXA5+ T-cell-mediated suppression was allo-specific and accompanied by an increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In vivo, using a model of delayed type hypersensitivity, murine CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells inhibited T helper type 1 responses. In conclusion, we report for the first time expression of ANXA5 on a subset of Treg cells that might bridge classical regulatory Treg function with immune silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Bollinger
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalie Gross
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Laura Padayachy
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Chicheportiche
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Dieter Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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FTY720 induces non-canonical phosphatidylserine externalization and cell death in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:847. [PMID: 31699964 PMCID: PMC6838108 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FTY720 (fingolimod) is a FDA-approved sphingosine analog that is phosphorylated in vivo to modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) signaling for immunosuppression in patients with refractory multiple sclerosis. FTY720 also exhibits promising anticancer efficacy in several preclinical models. While FTY720-induced cytotoxicity is not due to S1PR signaling, the mechanism remains unclear and is reported to occur through various cell death pathways. Here, we performed a systematic, mechanistic study of FTY720-induced cell death in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that FTY720 induced cell death in a panel of genetically diverse AML cell lines that was accompanied by rapid phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. Importantly, FTY720-induced PS exposure was not due to any direct effects on plasma membrane integrity and was independent of canonical signaling by regulated cell death pathways known to activate lipid flip-flop, including caspase-dependent apoptosis/pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death. Notably, PS exposure required cellular vacuolization induced by defects in endocytic trafficking and was suppressed by the inhibition of PP2A and shedding of Annexin V-positive subcellular particles. Collectively, our studies reveal a non-canonical pathway underlying PS externalization and cell death in AML to provide mechanistic insight into the antitumor properties of FTY720.
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11
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Towards a pro-resolving concept in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:681-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Barth ND, Marwick JA, Heeb MJ, Gale AJ, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Augmentation of Human Monocyte Responses to Lipopolysaccharide by the Protein S and Mer/Tyro3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2602-2611. [PMID: 30249810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of the inflammatory response requires coordinated regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator production, together with clearance of recruited inflammatory cells. Many different receptors have been implicated in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including Mer, a receptor tyrosine kinase that can mediate recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells. In this manuscript, we examine the expression and function of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family of receptors by human monocytes. We demonstrate that the Mer ligand, protein S, binds to the surface of viable monocytes via phosphatidylserine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Importantly, we have identified a novel role for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the augmentation of monocyte cytokine release in response to LPS. We propose that low-level phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane of viable monocytes allows protein S binding that leads to TAM-dependent augmentation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our findings identify a potentially important role for TAM-mediated signaling during the initiation phase of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary Jo Heeb
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
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13
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Kerr D, Tietjen GT, Gong Z, Tajkhorshid E, Adams EJ, Lee KYC. Sensitivity of peripheral membrane proteins to the membrane context: A case study of phosphatidylserine and the TIM proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2126-2133. [PMID: 29920237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a diverse class of peripheral membrane-binding proteins that specifically bind phosphatidylserine (PS), a lipid that signals apoptosis or cell fusion depending on the membrane context of its presentation. PS-receptors are specialized for particular PS-presenting pathways, indicating that they might be sensitive to the membrane context. In this review, we describe a combination of thermodynamic, structural, and computational techniques that can be used to investigate the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity. As an example, we focus on three PS-receptors of the T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin containing (TIM) protein family, which we have previously shown to differ in their sensitivity to PS surface density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerr
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Gregory T Tietjen
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Zhiliang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ka Yee C Lee
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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14
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Muñoz LE, Leppkes M, Fuchs TA, Hoffmann M, Herrmann M. Missing in action-The meaning of cell death in tissue damage and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:26-40. [PMID: 29027227 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Billions of cells die every day in higher organisms as part of the normal process of tissue homeostasis. During special conditions like in development, acute infections, mechanical injuries, and immunity, cell death is a common denominator and it exerts profound effects in the outcome of these scenarios. To prevent the accumulation of aged, superfluous, infected, damaged and dead cells, professional phagocytes act in a rapid and efficient manner to clear the battle field and avoid spread of the destruction. Neutrophils are the most abundant effector immune cells that extravasate into tissues and can turn injured tissues into gory battle fields. In peace times, neutrophils tend to patrol tissues without provoking inflammatory reactions. We discuss in this review actual and forgotten knowledge about the meaning of cell death during homeostatic processes and drive the attention to the importance of the action of neutrophils during patrolling and for the maintenance or recovery of the homeostatic state once the organism gets attacked or injured, respectively. In this fashion, we disclose several disease conditions that arise as collateral damage of physiological responses to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pulmonology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias A Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Belzile O, Huang X, Gong J, Carlson J, Schroit AJ, Brekken RA, Freimark BD. Antibody targeting of phosphatidylserine for the detection and immunotherapy of cancer. Immunotargets Ther 2018; 7:1-14. [PMID: 29417044 PMCID: PMC5788995 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid in all eukaryotic cells that is actively sequestered to the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. Exposure of PS on apoptotic cells is a normal physiological process that triggers their rapid removal by phagocytic engulfment under noninflammatory conditions via receptors primarily expressed on immune cells. PS is aberrantly exposed in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to the overall immunosuppressive signals that antagonize the development of local and systemic antitumor immune responses. PS-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is further exacerbated by chemotherapy and radiation treatments that result in increased levels of PS on dying cells and necrotic tissue. Antibodies targeting PS localize to tumors and block PS-mediated immunosuppression. Targeting exposed PS in the tumor microenvironment may be a novel approach to enhance immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Belzile
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xianming Huang
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jay Carlson
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Schroit
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bruce D Freimark
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
The engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, a process referred to as efferocytosis, is essential for maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and a prerequisite for the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils are the predominant circulating white blood cell in humans, and contain an arsenal of toxic substances that kill and degrade microbes. Neutrophils are short-lived and spontaneously die by apoptosis. This review will highlight how the engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils by human phagocytes occurs, how heterogeneity of phagocyte populations influences efferocytosis signaling, and downstream consequences of efferocytosis. The efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages promotes anti-inflammatory signaling, prevents neutrophil lysis, and dampens immune responses. Given the immunomodulatory properties of efferocytosis, understanding pathways that regulate and enhance efferocytosis could be harnessed to combat infection and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallary C Greenlee-Wacker
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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18
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Oyler-Yaniv J, Oyler-Yaniv A, Shakiba M, Min NK, Chen YH, Cheng SY, Krichevsky O, Altan-Bonnet N, Altan-Bonnet G. Catch and Release of Cytokines Mediated by Tumor Phosphatidylserine Converts Transient Exposure into Long-Lived Inflammation. Mol Cell 2017; 66:635-647.e7. [PMID: 28575659 PMCID: PMC6611463 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells constantly survey the host for pathogens or tumors and secrete cytokines to alert surrounding cells of these threats. In vivo, activated immune cells secrete cytokines for several hours, yet an acute immune reaction occurs over days. Given these divergent timescales, we addressed how cytokine-responsive cells translate brief cytokine exposure into phenotypic changes that persist over long timescales. We studied melanoma cell responses to transient exposure to the cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ) by combining a systems-scale analysis of gene expression dynamics with computational modeling and experiments. We discovered that IFNγ is captured by phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of viable cells both in vitro and in vivo then slowly released to drive long-term transcription of cytokine-response genes. This mechanism introduces an additional function for PS in dynamically regulating inflammation across diverse cancer and primary cell types and has potential to usher in new immunotherapies targeting PS and inflammatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Computational Biology
- Computer Simulation
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Janus Kinases/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Phosphatidylserines/immunology
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mojdeh Shakiba
- Program in Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina K Min
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oleg Krichevsky
- Physics Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Ilse Kats Center for Nanoscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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19
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Klöditz K, Chen YZ, Xue D, Fadeel B. Programmed cell clearance: From nematodes to humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:491-497. [PMID: 27919685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell clearance is a highly regulated physiological process of elimination of dying cells that occurs rapidly and efficiently in healthy organisms. It thus ensures proper development as well as homeostasis. Recent studies have disclosed a considerable degree of conservation of cell clearance pathways between nematodes and higher organisms. The externalization of the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) has emerged as an important "eat-me" signal for phagocytes and its exposition on apoptotic cells is controlled by phospholipid translocases and scramblases. However, there is mounting evidence that PS exposure occurs not only in apoptosis, but may also be actively expressed on the surface of cells undergoing other forms of cell death including necrosis; PS is also expressed on the surface of engulfing cells. Additionally, PS may act as a "save-me" signal during axonal regeneration. Here we discuss mechanisms of PS exposure and its recognition by phagocytes as well as the consequences of PS signaling in nematodes and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klöditz
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu-Zen Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Pistiki A, Tsaganos T, Tsangaris I, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Change of annexin binding of monocytes as an expression of cellular response to Candida albicans: down-regulation in severe sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1787-1793. [PMID: 27488436 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the differences of monocyte activation by albicans and non-albicans species of Candida and its change in sepsis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 17 healthy volunteers and 26 patients with severe sepsis/shock, and incubated in the absence/presence of heat-killed (HK) isolates of four different Candida species and purified β-D-glucan from C.albicans. Experiments were repeated in the presence and absence of inhibitors of intracellular activation pathways. Expression of annexin V on cells membranes of monocytes and lymphocytes, cytoplasmic activity of caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation of monocytes were studied. Membrane expression of annexin V on viable monocytes of healthy volunteers decreased significantly after incubation with C.albicans but not with non-albicans species. The decrease was dose-dependent from the Candida inoculum and by the concentration of β-D-glucan. A relationship with inhibition of apoptosis was found as the activity of caspase-3 activity, and the level of DNA fragmentation were also decreased. Incubation in the absence/presence of inhibitors showed that the decrease by annexin V expression resulted by activation of the dectin-1 pathway and Raf-1 by β-D glucan. The decrease of annexin V(+)/PI(-) expression was not shown on monocytes of patients with severe sepsis/shock, where no effect of inhibitors was found. Decrease of annexin V binding on monocytes can be viewed as a selective response to C.albicans partly effected through activation of dectin-1. This response is down-regulated after a septic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pistiki
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - T Tsaganos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - I Tsangaris
- 2nd Department of Critical Care Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - N Antonakos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - G Damoraki
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - E J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece. .,4th Department of Internal Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, 124 62, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Dimitrova M, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F, Simhadri VR. CD300c is uniquely expressed on CD56 bright Natural Killer Cells and differs from CD300a upon ligand recognition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23942. [PMID: 27040328 PMCID: PMC4819222 DOI: 10.1038/srep23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired receptors on NK cells recognize similar ligands with varied strength of binding ability and perform different functions. The CD300 molecules are emerging as novel immune regulators in health and disease due to their interaction with their lipid-nature ligands. Particularly, the paired receptors CD300c and CD300a have been shown to elicit activating and inhibitory capabilities, respectively. In the current study, we seek to investigate the expression and function of CD300c on human NK cells. We demonstrate that IL-2 and IL-15 treatment significantly induce CD300c expression exclusively on CD56(bright) NK cells. CD300c up-regulation requires STAT5 and its expression is inhibited by IL-4. Consistently, IL-2 secreted from activated CD4(+) T cells specifically induces the expression of CD300c on CD56(bright) NK cells. Crosslinking CD300c with a specific antibody enhances the proficiency of CD56(bright) NK cells to degranulate and induce chemokine and cytokine secretion. We also show the differential binding of CD300a and CD300c to their ligands phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) and their differential ability to affect CD56(bright) NK cell functions. Our results provide an insight into the novel set of paired receptors CD300a and CD300c that are distinctively expressed on CD56(bright) NK cells with varied effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dimitrova
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-I, Office of Biotechnology Products Review and Research, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, USA
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Immunotherapy Group, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Immunotherapy Group, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Venkateswara R Simhadri
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-I, Office of Biotechnology Products Review and Research, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, USA
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22
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Birge RB, Boeltz S, Kumar S, Carlson J, Wanderley J, Calianese D, Barcinski M, Brekken RA, Huang X, Hutchins JT, Freimark B, Empig C, Mercer J, Schroit AJ, Schett G, Herrmann M. Phosphatidylserine is a global immunosuppressive signal in efferocytosis, infectious disease, and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:962-78. [PMID: 26915293 PMCID: PMC4987730 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death modality. It serves important roles in physiology by sculpting complex tissues during embryogenesis and by removing effete cells that have reached advanced age or whose genomes have been irreparably damaged. Apoptosis culminates in the rapid and decisive removal of cell corpses by efferocytosis, a term used to distinguish the engulfment of apoptotic cells from other phagocytic processes. Over the past decades, the molecular and cell biological events associated with efferocytosis have been rigorously studied, and many eat-me signals and receptors have been identified. The externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) is arguably the most emblematic eat-me signal that is in turn bound by a large number of serum proteins and opsonins that facilitate efferocytosis. Under physiological conditions, externalized PS functions as a dominant and evolutionarily conserved immunosuppressive signal that promotes tolerance and prevents local and systemic immune activation. Pathologically, the innate immunosuppressive effect of externalized PS has been hijacked by numerous viruses, microorganisms, and parasites to facilitate infection, and in many cases, establish infection latency. PS is also profoundly dysregulated in the tumor microenvironment and antagonizes the development of tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the biology of PS with respect to its role as a global immunosuppressive signal and how PS is exploited to drive diverse pathological processes such as infection and cancer. Finally, we outline the rationale that agents targeting PS could have significant value in cancer and infectious disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - S Boeltz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - J Carlson
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Wanderley
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Barcinski
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - X Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - J T Hutchins
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - B Freimark
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - C Empig
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Mercer
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A J Schroit
- Simmons Cancer Center and the Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Mahajan A, Herrmann M, Muñoz LE. Clearance Deficiency and Cell Death Pathways: A Model for the Pathogenesis of SLE. Front Immunol 2016; 7:35. [PMID: 26904025 PMCID: PMC4745266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and the neutrophil specific kind of death called NETosis, can represent a potential source of autoantigens. Defects in the clearance of apoptotic cells may be responsible for the initiation of systemic autoimmunity in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autoantigens are released mainly from secondary necrotic cells because of a defective clearance of apoptotic cells or an inefficient degradation of DNA-containing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These modified autoantigens are presented by follicular dendritic cells to autoreactive B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. This results in the loss of self-tolerance and production of autoantibodies, a unifying feature of SLE. Immune complexes (IC) are formed from autoantibodies bound to uncleared cellular debris in blood or tissues. Clearance of IC by blood phagocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells leads to proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In particular, plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce high amounts of interferon-α upon IC uptake, thereby contributing to the interferon signature of patients with SLE. The clearance of antinuclear IC via Fc-gamma receptors is considered a central event in amplifying inflammatory immune responses in SLE. Along with this, the accumulation of cell remnants represents an initiating event of the etiology, while the subsequent generation of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens (including NETs) results in the perpetuation of inflammation and tissue damage in patients with SLE. Here, we discuss the implications of defective clearance of apoptotic cells and NETs in the development of clinical manifestations in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mahajan
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology , Erlangen , Germany
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Chaurio RA, Muñoz LE, Maueröder C, Janko C, Harrer T, Fürnrohr BG, Niederweis M, Bilyy R, Schett G, Herrmann M, Berens C. The progression of cell death affects the rejection of allogeneic tumors in immune-competent mice - implications for cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:560. [PMID: 25426116 PMCID: PMC4227513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of dead and dying cells are produced during cancer therapy and allograft rejection. Depending on the death pathway and stimuli involved, dying cells exhibit diverse features, resulting in defined physiological consequences for the host. It is not fully understood how dying and dead cells modulate the immune response of the host. To address this problem, different death stimuli were studied in B16F10 melanoma cells by regulated inducible transgene expression of the pro-apoptotic active forms of caspase-3 (revCasp-3), Bid (tBid), and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-necrosis inducing toxin (CpnTCTD). The immune outcome elicited for each death stimulus was assessed by evaluating the allograft rejection of melanoma tumors implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c mice immunized with dying cells. Expression of all proteins efficiently killed cells in vitro (>90%) and displayed distinctive morphological and physiological features as assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry analysis. BALB/c mice immunized with allogeneic dying melanoma cells expressing revCasp-3 or CpnTCTD showed strong rejection of the allogeneic challenge. In contrast, mice immunized with cells dying either after expression of tBid or irradiation with UVB did not, suggesting an immunologically silent cell death. Surprisingly, immunogenic cell death induced by expression of revCasp-3 or CpnTCTD correlated with elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels at the time point of immunization. Conversely, early mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tBid expression or UVB irradiation accounted for the absence of intracellular ROS accumulation at the time point of immunization. Although ROS inhibition in vitro was not sufficient to abrogate the immunogenicity in our allo-immunization model, we suggest that the point of ROS generation and its intracellular accumulation may be an important factor for its role as damage associated molecular pattern in the development of allogeneic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Chaurio
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany ; Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section for Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Barbara G Fürnrohr
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany ; Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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Tanacetum polycephalum (L.) Schultz-Bip. induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in MCF7 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:9478-501. [PMID: 24995928 PMCID: PMC6270824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanacetumpolycephalum (L.) Schultz-Bip (Mokhaleseh) has been traditionally used in the treatment of headaches, migraines, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate its anticancer properties and possible mechanism of action using MCF7 as an invitro model. T.polycephalum leaves were extracted using hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents and the cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Detection of the early apoptotic cells was investigated using acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. An Annexin-V-FITC assay was carried out to observe the phosphatidylserine externalization as a marker for apoptotic cells. High content screening was applied to analyze the cell membrane permeability, nuclear condensation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cytochrome c release. Apoptosis was confirmed by using caspase-8, caspase-9 and DNA laddering assays. In addition, Bax/Bcl-2 expressions and cell cycle arrest also have been investigated. MTT assay revealed significant cytotoxicity of T.Polycephalum hexane extract (TPHE) on MCF7 cells with the IC50 value of 6.42 ± 0.35 µg/mL. Significant increase in chromatin condensation was also observed via fluorescence analysis. Treatment of MCF7 cells with TPHE encouraged apoptosis through reduction of MMP by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax, triggering the cytochrome c leakage from mitochondria to the cytosol. The treated MCF7 cells significantly arrested at G1 phase. The chromatographic analysis elicited that the major active compound in this extract is 8β-hydroxy-4β,15-dihydrozaluzanin C. Taken together, the results presented in this study demonstrated that the hexane extract of T.Polycephalum inhibits the proliferation of MCF7 cells, resulting in the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which was explained to be through the mitochondrial pathway.
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Spencer DM, Gauley J, Pisetsky DS. The properties of microparticles from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells undergoing in vitro activation or apoptosis. Innate Immun 2014; 20:239-48. [PMID: 23839527 PMCID: PMC4165519 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913492552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles that arise from dead and dying cells, and display pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activity. As shown previously, the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line can release MPs following stimulation with LPS or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], ligands of TLR4 and TLR3 respectively. To determine the relationship of these MPs to those released during apoptosis, the nucleic acid content of MPs from cultures stimulated with LPS or poly (I:C) was compared with the nucleic acid content of MPs from untreated cells or cells induced to undergo apoptosis by treatment with etoposide or staurosporine (STS). As results of these studies showed, MPs from activated, apoptotic and untreated cells had features in common, as demonstrated by binding of the nucleic acid dyes SYTO 13 and propidium iodide; molecular mass of DNA; and binding of monoclonal anti-DNA and anti-nucleosome Abs. While MPs from the different culture conditions all contained ribosomal RNA, ribosomal RNA from MPs from STS-treated cells showed cleavage and degradation. Taken together, these studies indicate that the nucleic acid content of MPs from activated and apoptotic cells have important similarities, suggesting that events during TLR activation may lead to apoptosis and subsequent MP release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David S. Pisetsky
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Chen HM, Zhu BZ, Chen RJ, Wang BJ, Wang YJ. The pentachlorophenol metabolite tetrachlorohydroquinone induces massive ROS and prolonged p-ERK expression in splenocytes, leading to inhibition of apoptosis and necrotic cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89483. [PMID: 24586814 PMCID: PMC3935892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been used extensively as a biocide and a wood preservative and has been reported to be immunosuppressive in rodents and humans. Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) is a major metabolite of PCP. TCHQ has been identified as the main cause of PCP-induced genotoxicity due to reactive oxidant stress (ROS). However, the precise mechanisms associated with the immunotoxic effects of PCP and TCHQ remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of PCP and TCHQ on the induction of ROS and injury to primary mouse splenocytes. Our results shown that TCHQ was more toxic than PCP and that a high dose of TCHQ led to necrotic cell death of the splenocytes through induction of massive and sudden ROS and prolonged ROS-triggered ERK activation. Inhibition of ROS production by N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) partially restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited ERK activity, elevated caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage, and, eventually, switched the TCHQ-induced necrosis to apoptosis. We suggest that prolonged ERK activation is essential for TCHQ-induced necrosis, and that ROS play a pivotal role in the different TCHQ-induced cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Min Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bour-Jr. Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (Y-JW); (B-JW)
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (Y-JW); (B-JW)
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28
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Biermann M, Maueröder C, Brauner JM, Chaurio R, Janko C, Herrmann M, Muñoz LE. Surface code--biophysical signals for apoptotic cell clearance. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065007. [PMID: 24305041 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death and the clearance of dying cells play an important and physiological role in embryonic development and normal tissue turnover. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis proceeds in an anti-inflammatory manner. It is orchestrated by the timed release and/or exposure of so-called 'find-me', 'eat me' and 'tolerate me' signals. Mononuclear phagocytes are attracted by various 'find-me' signals, including proteins, nucleotides, and phospholipids released by the dying cell, whereas the involvement of granulocytes is prevented via 'stay away' signals. The exposure of anionic phospholipids like phosphatidylserine (PS) by apoptotic cells on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is one of the main 'eat me' signals. PS is recognized by a number of innate receptors as well as by soluble bridging molecules on the surface of phagocytes. Importantly, phagocytes are able to discriminate between viable and apoptotic cells both exposing PS. Due to cytoskeleton remodeling PS has a higher lateral mobility on the surfaces of apoptotic cells thereby promoting receptor clustering on the phagocyte. PS not only plays an important role in the engulfment process, but also acts as 'tolerate me' signal inducing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines by phagocytes. An efficient and fast clearance of apoptotic cells is required to prevent secondary necrosis and leakage of intracellular danger signals into the surrounding tissue. Failure or prolongation of the clearance process leads to the release of intracellular antigens into the periphery provoking inflammation and development of systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease like systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we review the current findings concerning apoptosis-inducing pathways, important players of apoptotic cell recognition and clearance as well as the role of membrane remodeling in the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Biermann
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Janko C, Jeremic I, Biermann M, Chaurio R, Schorn C, Muñoz LE, Herrmann M. Cooperative binding of Annexin A5 to phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell membranes. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065006. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Jog NR, Caricchio R. Differential regulation of cell death programs in males and females by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 and 17β estradiol. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e758. [PMID: 23928697 PMCID: PMC3763428 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be divided into the anti-inflammatory process of apoptosis and the
pro-inflammatory process of necrosis. Necrosis, as apoptosis, is a regulated form of cell
death, and Poly-(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and Receptor-Interacting Protein (RIP)
1/3 are major mediators. We previously showed that absence or inhibition of PARP-1
protects mice from nephritis, however only the male mice. We therefore hypothesized that
there is an inherent difference in the cell death program between the sexes. We show here
that in an immune-mediated nephritis model, female mice show increased apoptosis compared
to male mice. Treatment of the male mice with estrogens induced apoptosis to levels
similar to that in female mice and inhibited necrosis. Although PARP-1 was activated in
both male and female mice, PARP-1 inhibition reduced necrosis only in the male mice. We
also show that deletion of RIP-3 did not have a sex bias. We demonstrate here that male
and female mice are prone to different types of cell death. Our data also suggest that
estrogens and PARP-1 are two of the mediators of the sex-bias in cell death. We therefore
propose that targeting cell death based on sex will lead to tailored and better treatments
for each gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Jog
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Lioi AB, Rodriguez ALR, Funderburg NT, Feng Z, Weinberg A, Sieg SF. Membrane damage and repair in primary monocytes exposed to human β-defensin-3. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:1083-91. [PMID: 22837529 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of AMPs with plasma membranes of primary human immune cells are poorly characterized. Analysis of PI exclusion as a measure of membrane integrity indicated that hBD-3 caused membrane perturbations in monocytes but not T or B cells at concentrations typically used to kill bacteria or to induce activation of APCs. Bleb-like structures were observed in monocytes exposed to hBD-3. These cells also increased surface expression of LAMP1, a membrane repair marker after exposure to hBD-3. Furthermore, cell death was enhanced by adding an inhibitor of membrane repair. Removal of cholesterol from membranes resulted in greater susceptibility of cells to hBD-3, but cholesterol content was not different between the cell types, as assessed by filipin staining. Freshly isolated monocytes expressed higher levels of the negatively charged phospholipid, PS, on their outer leaflet compared with B or T cells. Preincubation of monocytes with molecules that bind PS protected these cells from hBD-3-induced membrane damage, suggesting that outer-membrane PS expression can at least partially explain monocyte susceptibility to hBD-3. The potential for membrane disruption caused by AMPs should be evaluated in various cell types when considering these molecules for therapeutic applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Lioi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hamalainen-Laanaya HK, Orloff MS. Analysis of cell viability using time-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity. Anal Biochem 2012; 429:32-8. [PMID: 22796501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of resazurin (AlamarBlue) dye in a robust assay for cell viability of primary cells. Human mononuclear cells were used here for immunological studies, but the method can be applied to monitor reduction potential of any living cell. Reduction of AlamarBlue dye is widely used in several commercial assays of cell viability. Although it is fast and easy with immortal cell lines, the method is impractical for the primary cells due to their slower metabolic activity. We propose that the viability of human primary cells can be determined with AlamarBlue by monitoring the increase in fluorescence intensity in a matter of a few hours. In the presence of AlamarBlue, the dynamic increase in cellular reduction capacity is linear for several hours or, alternatively, the assay can be repeated to monitor the viability at any time point of cell culture. In addition to testing cellular growth rates and cytotoxicity, the application can be used to compare sample quality of cells that have been frozen or represent a pool of multiple donors. This application of the AlamarBlue cell viability assay is simple, rapid, and cost-effective, and therefore it is also well suited for high-throughput studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Hamalainen-Laanaya
- Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
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Kimura T, Yeliseev AA, Vukoti K, Rhodes SD, Cheng K, Rice KC, Gawrisch K. Recombinant cannabinoid type 2 receptor in liposome model activates g protein in response to anionic lipid constituents. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:4076-87. [PMID: 22134924 PMCID: PMC3281699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.268425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cannabinoid type 2 (CB(2)) receptor expressed in Escherichia coli was purified and successfully reconstituted in the functional form into lipid bilayers composed of POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (POPS), and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS). Reconstitution was performed by detergent removal from the protein/lipid/detergent mixed micelles either on an adsorbent column, or by rapid dilution to below the critical micelle concentration of detergent followed by removal of detergent monomers on a concentrator. Proteoliposomes prepared at a protein/phospholipid/CHS molar ratio of 1/620-650/210-220 are free of detergent as shown by (1)H NMR, have a homogeneous protein/lipid ratio shown by isopycnic gradient ultracentrifugation, and are small in size with a mean diameter of 150-200 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering. Functional integrity of the reconstituted receptor was confirmed by quantitative binding of (2)H-labeled agonist CP-55,940-d(6) measured by (2)H magic angle spinning NMR, as well as by activation of G protein. The efficiency of G protein activation by agonist-bound CB(2) receptor was affected by negative electric surface potentials of proteoliposomes controlled by the content of anionic CHS or POPS. The activation was highest at an anionic lipid content of about 50 mol %. There was no correlation between the efficiency of G protein activation and an increase of hydrocarbon chain order induced by CHS or cholesterol. The results suggest the importance of anionic lipids in regulating signal transduction by CB(2) receptor and other class A GPCR. The successful reconstitution of milligram quantities of pure, functional CB(2) receptor enables a wide variety of structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, and
| | | | - Krishna Vukoti
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, and
| | - Steven D. Rhodes
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, and
| | - Kejun Cheng
- the Chemical Biology Research Branch, NIDA and NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- the Chemical Biology Research Branch, NIDA and NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852
| | - Klaus Gawrisch
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, and
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Human CD300a binds to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, and modulates the phagocytosis of dead cells. Blood 2012; 119:2799-809. [PMID: 22302738 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-372425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD300a is an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) containing molecule that belongs to the CD300 family of paired activating/inhibitory receptors. It has been shown that its ligation inhibits activation signals on cells of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. The ligands for CD300a have not been identified. Here, we show that a CD300a-Ig fusion protein specifically binds to apoptotic cells that are evolutionary apart, such as human and insect cells, suggesting that the ligand has to be conserved. Using surface plasmon resonance, ultracentrifugation, ELISA, and reporter cell assays, we identified phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), 2 phospholipids that translocate to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of dead cells, as the ligands for CD300a. Mutational and structural modeling studies identified residues that are involved in the binding of CD300a to PE and PS and that form a cavity where the hydrophilic heads of PE and PS, can penetrate. CD300a down-regulates the uptake of apoptotic cells by macrophages and its ectopic expression in CD300a-negative cell lines also decreased the engulfment of dead cells. Collectively, our results indicate that PE and PS are ligands for CD300a, and that this interaction plays an important role in regulating the removal of dead cells.
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Beginnings of a good apoptotic meal: the find-me and eat-me signaling pathways. Immunity 2011; 35:445-55. [PMID: 22035837 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prompt and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is necessary to prevent secondary necrosis of dying cells and to avoid immune responses to autoantigens. Recent studies have shed light on how apoptotic cells through soluble "find-me" signals advertise their presence to phagocytes at the earliest stages of cell death. Phagocytes sense the find-me signal gradient, and in turn the presence of dying cells, and migrate to their vicinity. The apoptotic cells also expose specific "eat-me" signals on their surface that are recognized by phagocytes through specific engulfment receptors. This review covers the recent progress in the areas of find-me and eat-me signals and how these relate to prompt and immunologically silent clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Smith BA, Gammon ST, Xiao S, Wang W, Chapman S, McDermott R, Suckow MA, Johnson JR, Piwnica-Worms D, Gokel GW, Smith BD, Leevy WM. In vivo optical imaging of acute cell death using a near-infrared fluorescent zinc-dipicolylamine probe. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:583-90. [PMID: 21323375 DOI: 10.1021/mp100395u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental biological process that is present in numerous disease pathologies. Fluorescent probes that detect cell death have been developed for a myriad of research applications ranging from microscopy to in vivo imaging. Here we describe a synthetic near-infrared (NIR) conjugate of zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn²+-DPA) for in vivo imaging of cell death. Chemically induced in vivo models of myopathy were established using an ionphore, ethanol, or ketamine as cytotoxins. The Zn²+-DPA fluorescent probe or corresponding control was subsequently injected, and whole animal fluorescence imaging demonstrated probe uptake at the site of muscle damage, which was confirmed by ex vivo and histological analyses. Further, a comparative study with a NIR fluorescent conjugate Annexin V showed less intense uptake at the site of muscle damage and high accumulation in the bladder. The results indicate that the fluorescent Zn²+-DPA conjugate is an effective probe for in vivo cell death detection and in some cases may be an appropriate alternative to fluorescent Annexin V conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Das R, Plow EF. Phosphatidylserine as an anchor for plasminogen and its plasminogen receptor, histone H2B, to the macrophage surface. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:339-49. [PMID: 21040449 PMCID: PMC3881192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen (Plg) binding to cell surface Plg receptors (Plg-Rs) on the surface of macrophages facilitates Plg activation and migration of these cells. Histone H2B (H2B) acts as a Plg-R and its cell surface expression is up-regulated when monocytes are differentiated to macrophages via a pathway dependent on L-type Ca(2+) channels and intracellular Ca(2+). OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the mechanism by which H2B, a protein without a transmembrane domain, is retained on the macrophage surface. METHODS THP-1 monocytoid cells were induced to differentiate with interferon gamma + Vitamin D3 or to undergo apoptosis by treatment with camptothecin. Flow cytometry and cell surface biotinylation followed by Western blotting were used to measure the interrelationship between Plg binding, cell surface expression of H2B and outer membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). RESULTS H2B interacted directly with PS via an electrostatic interaction. Anti-PS or PS binding proteins, annexin V and protein S, diminished H2B interaction with PS on the surface of differentiated or apoptotic cells and these same reagents inhibited Plg binding to these cells. L-type Ca(2+) channels played a significant role in PS exposure, H2B surface expression and Plg binding induced either by differentiation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that H2B tethers to the surface of cells by interacting with PS on differentiated or apoptotic monocytoid cells. L-type Ca(2+) channels regulate PS exposure on the surface of these cells. The exposed PS interacts directly with H2B and hence provides sites for Plg to bind to.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Inefficient clearance of dying cells in patients with SLE: anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, MFG-E8, HMGB-1 and other players. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1098-113. [PMID: 20198437 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease resulting from inflammatory responses of the immune system against several autoantigens. Inflammation is conditioned by the continuous presence of autoantibodies and leaked autoantigens, e.g. from not properly cleared dying and dead cells. Various soluble molecules and biophysical properties of the surface of apoptotic cells play significant roles in the appropriate recognition and further processing of dying and dead cells. We exemplarily discuss how Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), biophysical membrane alterations, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and anti-nuclear autoantibodies may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Up to date knowledge about these key elements may provide new insights that lead to the development of new treatment strategies of the disease.
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Frey B, Gaipl US. The immune functions of phosphatidylserine in membranes of dying cells and microvesicles. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:497-516. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Alam IS, Neves AA, Witney TH, Boren J, Brindle KM. Comparison of the C2A Domain of Synaptotagmin-I and Annexin-V As Probes for Detecting Cell Death. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:884-91. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9004415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israt S. Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Andre A. Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Boren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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Phospholipids: key players in apoptosis and immune regulation. Molecules 2009; 14:4892-914. [PMID: 20032867 PMCID: PMC6255253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed.
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Cohen A, Shirvan A, Levin G, Grimberg H, Reshef A, Ziv I. From the Gla domain to a novel small-molecule detector of apoptosis. Cell Res 2009; 19:625-37. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by neutropenia, among other defects. As yet, the correlation between the mitochondrial defect in BTHS and the neutropenia observed in these patients is unclear. In this review, we hope to shed some light upon the correlation between the metabolic properties of neutrophil mitochondria and their susceptibility to the defects observed in BTHS. RECENT FINDINGS BTHS neutrophils avidly expose phosphatidyl serine, a phospholipid that is normally restrained to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Although phosphatidyl serine exposure is usually considered to be a marker for apoptosis, BTHS neutrophils have no other apoptotic features and function normally. It has recently become clear that the respiratory chain in all BTHS tissues lacks super-complex organization, leading to inefficient electron transport. In neutrophils, the super-complex organization of the respiratory chain is disturbed by default, even in healthy individuals. Further disturbance in BTHS patients may lie at the basis of their neutropenia. SUMMARY It seems unlikely that neutropenia in BTHS is caused by apoptosis of the myeloid precursor cells or end-stage neutrophils. Instead, mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species may act as signaling intermediates that trigger phosphatidyl serine exposure. This, in turn, appears to lead to increased clearance of neutrophils by tissue macrophages.
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Ovchinnikov DA. Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: Much more than just giant phagocytes. Genesis 2008; 46:447-62. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Trouw L, Blom A, Gasque P. Role of complement and complement regulators in the removal of apoptotic cells. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sarter K, Schulze C, Voll RE, Herrmann M. Role of apoptosis failure in etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and murine lupus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2008; 4:33-42. [PMID: 20477585 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis serves many functions in the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Defects in apoptosis may lead to clonal expansion and accumulation of autoreactive lymphocytes, which may result in the rare human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, a mild autoimmune reaction against cells in the blood. Defects in the clearance of apoptotic cells lead to accumulation of dying cells, which may enter later stages of cell death and release their contents, thereby critically contributing to the etiopathogenesis of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. For an efficient therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus, it is necessary to analyze apoptosis and clearance defects and to unravel factors leading to its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sarter
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Lupus nephritis is characterized by the presence of subendothelial and subepithelial immune complexes and thickening of the glomerular basement membranes (GBM). Electron-dense structures (EDS) in mesangium and GBM have been demonstrated to constitute target structures for nephritogenic autoantibodies in vivo. Whether these antibodies bind nucleosomal antigens within the EDS or cross-react with components of the GBM has not been resolved. Data recently published point at intra-GBM-associated nucleosomes as target for the nephritogenic autoantibodies. Colocalization IEM has demonstrated that autoantibodies and experimental antibodies against DNA, histones, or transcription factors like TATA box-binding protein colocalize in the EDS. By using terminal transferase in situ nick-end labeling in combination with immune electron microscopy to detect DNA specifically in human and murine SLE kidneys, we were able to detect DNA within the EDS of nephritic glomeruli that corresponded with the detected autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Fenton
- Molecular Immunology Research group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Witasp E, Uthaisang W, Elenström-Magnusson C, Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Nagata S, Orrenius S, Fadeel B. Bridge over troubled water: milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 promotes human monocyte-derived macrophage clearance of non-blebbing phosphatidylserine-positive target cells. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1063-5. [PMID: 17256011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Franz S, Herrmann K, Fürnrohr BG, Führnrohr B, Sheriff A, Frey B, Gaipl US, Voll RE, Kalden JR, Jäck HM, Herrmann M. After shrinkage apoptotic cells expose internal membrane-derived epitopes on their plasma membranes. Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:733-42. [PMID: 17170754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells are crucial processes. At best the phagocytic machinery detects and swallows all apoptotic cells in a way that progression to secondary necrosis is avoided. Otherwise, inflammation and autoimmune diseases may occur. Most apoptotic cells are phagocytosed instantaneously in a silent fashion; however, some dying cells escape their clearance. If the cells are not cleared early, they lose membranes due to extensive shedding of membrane surrounded vesicles (blebbing) and shrink. It is unclear how apoptotic cells compensate their massive loss of plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum- (ER) resident proteins (calnexin, the KDEL receptor and a dysfunctional immunoglobulin heavy chain) were exposed at the surfaces of shrunken late apoptotic cells. Additionally, these cells showed an increased binding of lectins, which recognize sugar structures predominantly found as moieties of incompletely processed proteins in ER and Golgi. In addition the ER resident lipophilic ER-Tracker Blue-White DPX, and internal GM1 were observed to translocate to the cell surfaces during late apoptosis. We conclude that during blebbing of apoptotic cells the surface membrane loss is substituted by immature membranes from internal stores. This mechanism explains the simultaneous appearance of preformed recognition structures for several adaptor proteins known to be involved in clearance of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franz
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Krysko DV, D'Herde K, Vandenabeele P. Clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells and its immunological consequences. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1709-26. [PMID: 16951923 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-9527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate and most favorable fate of almost all dying cells is engulfment by neighboring or specialized cells. Efficient clearance of cells undergoing apoptotic death is crucial for normal tissue homeostasis and for the modulation of immune responses. Engulfment of apoptotic cells is finely regulated by a highly redundant system of receptors and bridging molecules on phagocytic cells that detect molecules specific for dying cells. Recognition of necrotic cells by phagocytes is less well understood than recognition of apoptotic cells, but an increasing number of recent studies, which are discussed here, are highlighting its importance. New observations indicate that the interaction of macrophages with dying cells initiates internalization of the apoptotic or necrotic targets, and that internalization can be preceded by "zipper"-like and macropinocytotic mechanisms, respectively. We emphasize that clearance of dying cells is an important fundamental process serving multiple functions in the regulation of normal tissue turnover and homeostasis, and is not just simple anti- or pro-inflammatory responses. Here we review recent findings on genetic pathways participating in apoptotic cell clearance, mechanisms of internalization, and molecules involved in engulfment of apoptotic versus necrotic cells, as well as their immunological consequences and relationships to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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